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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Debts, Public – Ireland »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Debts, Public – Ireland"

McGaughey, Jane. « Blood-debts and Battlefields : Ulster Imperialism and Masculine Authority on the Western Front 1916–1918 ». Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 20, n^o 2 (15 septembre 2010) : 3–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/044397ar.

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Men’s bodies were one of the more notable sites of conflict in Northern Ireland after the 1918 armistice. Long before the war was over, Ulstermen had become part of a public legacy of blood-sacrifice and the epic mythology of warrior manliness surrounding the 36th (Ulster) Division. The predominantly Protestant north-east of Ireland revelled in heroic language and romantic sentiment about their losses and the consequences of their sacrifice. For years after their most famous battle at the Somme on the 1st of July 1916, Unionists maintained a vibrant communal memory that pointedly excluded the achievements and sacrifices of the 16th (Irish) and 10th (Irish) Divisions, to the detriment of northern Nationalist veterans. More importantly, the ramifications of northern society’s understanding of soldiering masculinities directly led to some of the more infamous physical events of The Troubles from 1920 to 1922. These episodes included the violent shipyard expulsions in Belfast, the intimidation of shell-shocked ex-servicemen, membership in vigilante paramilitary societies, and government-mandated floggings of Catholic veterans in a society that prized service in the Great War as the greatest hallmark of modern Irish masculinity. The language of sacrifice within the public sphere, witnessed in public discourse and literally imprinted upon the bodies of those deemed unworthy and unmanly, mythologized one group of men at the expense of another, making the legacy of the Great War and the actions of and upon male bodies highly significant and influential factors in Northern Ireland for the rest of the twentieth century.

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Huart, Florence. « Is Fiscal Policy Procyclical in the Euro Area ? » German Economic Review 14, n^o 1 (1 février 2013) : 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geer.12000.

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Abstract We test the relationship between the cyclically adjusted primary balance and alternative indicators of cyclical conditions for the euro area and 18 OECD countries over the period 1970-2009. A countercyclical stance of discretionary fiscal policy is found during bad times after 1999 in the euro area as a whole and in a few member countries only (France, Ireland and The Netherlands). It is also associated with high public deficits or low public debts. There is no significant case of procyclical fiscal policy after 1999, neither in good times nor in bad times.

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Durand, Cédric, et Sébastien Villemot. « Balance sheets after the EMU : an assessment of the redenomination risk ». Socio-Economic Review 18, n^o 2 (30 janvier 2018) : 367–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwy004.

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Abstract The probability of a partial or complete break-up of the euro has risen over the last years. Such an event could create a balance sheet problem for economic agents, if the redenomination process introduced significant currency mismatches between the asset and liability sides. We propose a new assessment of this redenomination risk, by country and by main institutional sector, for two scenarios: a single country exit and a complete break-up. Our main conclusion is that, even though the problem has to be taken seriously, its order of magnitude should not be exaggerated. Only a few sectors are at significant risk: public debts of Greece and Portugal, financial sectors of Greece, Ireland and Luxembourg. In particular, the balance sheet exposure of the non-financial private sector to the redenomination risk appears to be limited.

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Mucha-Leszko, Bogumiła, et Katarzyna Twarowska. « The European Union As A Global Economic Power ». Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 19, n^o 3 (30 septembre 2016) : 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cer-2016-0019.

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The aim of this study is to evaluate the EU economic position in 1995–2014 as well as the prospective growth potential in the global dimension up to 2025. The subject of the research is real and projected data including: GDP growth rate, main growth factors (labour, labour productivity and Total Factor Productivity), and their input to GDP growth, as well as data showing public debts and budget deficits. The analysis was conducted for the years 1995–2014 and 2015–2025. The authors' basic conclusions are: 1) the technological and economic gap between the European Union and the United States has been deepening; 2) the increasing polarisation of world economic powers and low GDP growth in the European Union limit the EU’s chances of maintaining the position as the second centre in the world economy; 3) improving the situation in public finances in the European Union as compared to the US is a factor which could raise GDP growth rates in European countries, however, there are countries whose future is in doubt due to the dramatically poor state of public finances, such as Greece, Italy, Portugal or Ireland; 4) economic growth forecasts indicate a deepening of the economic gap between the largest EU countries and the US.

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Moore, Sean. « Devouring Posterity : A Modest Proposal, Empire, and Ireland's “Debt of the Nation” ». PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 122, n^o 3 (mai 2007) : 679–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2007.122.3.679.

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Scholars have rightly asserted that the cannibal motif of Jonathan Swift's A Modest Proposal is the mechanism by which the author covertly addresses colonialist pillaging in Ireland. Less attention has been paid to an unresolved problem, that of the satire's audience. This article claims that its publication in Dublin at the height of the Irish parliamentary session of 1729 suggests that Anglo-Irish legislators were its target readers. If so, the figure of the cannibal may signify how national debt and the mortgaging of future public revenues needed to amortize that debt metaphorically devoured the posterity of the colonized Irish natives. Given that the famine conditions of 1729 had reduced revenues and produced a crisis in paying Ireland's “debt of the nation,” the satire's calendar for the harvesting and slaughtering of Ireland's babies could be taken as mimicry of the debates over how to raise new taxes and schedule their collection and expenditure.

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Brazys, Samuel, et Aidan Regan. « The Politics of Capitalist Diversity in Europe : Explaining Ireland’s Divergent Recovery from the Euro Crisis ». Perspectives on Politics 15, n^o 2 (juin 2017) : 411–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592717000093.

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The 2008 financial crisis hit few places harder than the Euro periphery. Faced with high levels of public debt, Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece, and Spain were each compelled to implement harsh austerity reforms. Yet despite this common policy response, the recoveries have shown significantdivergence.In particular, Ireland seems to have managed to succeed economically in a way that the other peripheral countries have not. The prevailing narrative is that Ireland’s recovery from the crisis is due to “austerity” and improved “cost competitiveness.” Drawing upon theories from the study of comparative capitalism we challenge this narrative, and argue that the Irish recovery is an outcome of a state-ledenterprise policyaimed at nurturing a close relationship with corporate firms from Silicon Valley. Using qualitative and quantitative investigation we find evidence that this state-led FDI growth model, rather than austerity induced competitiveness, kick-started Ireland’s recovery from crisis. As Ireland is a critical case for the “success” story of austerity in Europe, our findings represent a significant challenge to the politics of adjustment. It suggests the strategies of business-state elites, and not simply the workings of electoral coalitions, explains the politics of adjustment in advanced capitalism.

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Kalinowska, Katarzyna. « Overcoming the consequences of financial crisis on the example of Island and Ireland ». Central European Review of Economics & ; Finance 33, n^o 2 (31 août 2021) : 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/ceref.2021.007.

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Will Ireland share the fate of Iceland? Is this open, small economy with a debt-to-GDP ratio of above 130% on the verge of bankruptcy? Economists argue that if public debt is greater than national income, then smaller economies, heavily involved in the international division of labor are at risk of becoming insolvent. The bankruptcy of Ireland, whose prosperity is based on its reputation for being a good place to do business, could be a catastrophy. Contrary to the countries of southern Europe, the economy of the Green Island has never had problems with paying its liabilities and with solvency. While Greece has gone bankrupt five times since gaining independence in 1826 and Spain as many as thirteen in the past two centuries, Ireland's history in this area is impeccable (Reinhard, Rogoff, 2009, p. 3-6). Since the beginning of the 21st century Ireland's economic development has been based mainly on construction industry and not exports, as it used to be in the 1990s when the country was nicknamed the Celtic Tiger. The boom resulted in a budget surplus and a positive balance in current settlements. But it also resulted in higher prices - the Irish no longer had to accept slow wage growth to stay internationally competitive - which, combined with the low nominal interest rate of the European Central Bank, provided fertile ground for the build-up of the real estate bubble. The aim of the article is to identify the factors that led Ireland to the brink of bankruptcy and to try to answer the question whether the action of recapitalization of failing banks by the government and international financial institutions will bring the expected results in the form of healing the financial system and returning Green Island to the path of economic growth.

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Barbant, Yasmim Dalila, et Leonardo Flauzino de Souza. « Debt patterns of the peripheral economies of Europe : from the increased growth post-implementation of the Euro to the Great Recession ». Brazilian Keynesian Review 5, n^o 1 (21 septembre 2019) : 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33834/bkr.v5i1.182.

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<p>The main purpose of this article is to outline the specificities of the indebtedness process of each country of the European periphery — Greece, Italy, Ireland, Portugal, and Spain — that guided the behavior of the demand and the indebtedness of the domestic economic agents from 2000 to 2017. The main results indicated that from 2000 to 2008, all of the countries had foreign sector surpluses (current account deficits), which characterized distinct indebtedness processes of the domestic economic agents. The reversal of these processes was accompanied by larger public deficits and the replacement of private debt with public debt. With the exception of Ireland, the positive impacts on the economic performance of these countries between 2009 and 2017 came from the foreign sector through the devaluation of the euro in the period.</p>

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Miruka, Collins Ogutu, Gisele Mah et Mamello A. Nchake. « Financial guarantees and public debt in South Africa ». Risk Governance and Control : Financial Markets and Institutions 5, n^o 3 (2015) : 214–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rgcv5i3c2art7.

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A few years since the worst of the Euro sovereign debt crisis, many nations, from Cyprus to Ireland, including South Africa are re-visiting their public debt management to avert or lessen the impact of similar such happenings in the future. There are a number of studies on risk assessments of fiscal sustainability; however, few focus on contingent liabilities and even fewer on financial guarantees. In South Africa, financial guarantees have consistently comprised just above or below 50% of all contingent liabilities since the early days of majoritarian rule. In lieu of this, the paper analyses the risks posed by financial guarantees to fiscal sustainability in South Africa. We estimate the effect of financial guarantees on public debt in South Africa via the Engle Granger and causality model with quarterly time series data obtained from the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) as well as the National Treasury. The data covers the April 1997 to December 2011 period. All econometric methods were executed using the statistical software package E-Views 7. We found that no long run relationship exists between national net loan debt and financial guarantees in South Africa. The pass rate of financial guarantees significantly affects its present value. The pass rate of financial guarantees has a predicting ability in determining the present value of national net loan debt. These findings may be contrary to what would be expected in the case of South Africa considering that the country is managing the issuance of financial guarantees prudently and that at present levels, there is no need for a radical policy shift. The study therefore offers a lesson to similar merging economies on the good governance of contingent liabilities.

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López, Isidro, et Emmanuel Rodríguez. « Das spanische Modell ». PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 42, n^o 166 (1 janvier 2012) : 113–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v42i166.21.

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Prior to the debacle of 2008,Spain’s economy was an object of particular admiration for Western commentators. In thecontext of the global crisis, however, Spain has been hovering on the brink of classification asa case for Eurozone bail-out, following Greece, Ireland and Portugal. We borrow from RobertBrenner’s concept of ‘asset-price Keynesianism’ in order to analyse the recent crash of theSpanish economy as well as its social and political consequences. The bursting of the Spanishbubble has torn the veil from a highly polarized social order, with a large proportion of thepopulation deep in debt, many out of work and dependent on public services doubly hit byspending cuts and privatization.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Debts, Public – Ireland"

Considine, John. « Issues in fiscal deficit measurement : the case of Ireland ». Thesis, University of York, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245872.

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Miroto, Liliana Martins. « How did the the public debt risk of the PIIGS (Portuguese, Ireland, Italy, Greece and Spain) progressed compared with Germany for different yields between 2000 and 2013 ? » Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/11392.

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Mestrado em Finanças
Nos recentes anos temos vindo a observar um aumento da dívida soberana nos países como os PIIGS (Portugal, Grécia, Irlanda, Itália e Espanha). Isto fez com que os investidores, gradualmente começassem a refugiar os seus investimentos em países seguros como a Alemanha. Neste trabalho, queremos perceber como progrediu o risco da dívida pública para os PIIGS, comparativamente com a Alemanha para as diferentes yields (2, 5 e 10 anos), entre 2000 e 2013. Para medir este risco usamos uma medida bastante conhecida, chamada Value at Risk (VaR). Mas, será este VaR um método de avaliação apropriado do risco de dívida soberana? Do ponto de vista do investidor, uma questão importante surge, qual foi a percepção do risco, entre 2000 e 2002 (período em que o EURO entrou em vigor), e entre 2002 e 2008 (período antes da crise)? E depois de 2008 (crise financeira e crise da dívida soberana)? E por fim, o que é que pode explicar a crise da dívida soberana em termos de risco de crédito? As principais conclusões deste trabalho são que os PIIGS, apresentam uma volatilidade elevada (países com maior risco), o que implica um elevado VaR e uma baixa correlação em contraste com o que é observado na Alemanha. Outra conclusão obtida foi a de que os resultados do VaR são diferentes dependendo do país e do período em questão.
In recent years, we have observed an increase in sovereign debt on countries such as the PIIGS (Portugal, Greece, Ireland, Italy and Spain). This led investors to, gradually start to refugee their investments in safer countries like Germany. In this work we intend to study how did the public debt risk for PIIGS progressed, comparatively with Germany in different yields (2, 5 and 10 years), between 2000 and 2013. To measure this risk we used a well know measure, called Value at Risk. But, is VaR an appropriated valuation method of sovereign debt risks? In that sense, this work is innovative. Despite being a very relevant subject, no evidence was found on studies done of the use of VaR to measure this type of risk faced by European investors. From the point of view of the investor an important issue is performed, what was the risk perception, between 2000 and 2002 (period of entry into force of the Euro) and between 2002 and 2008 (period pre-crisis)? And after 2008 (financial crisis and sovereign debt crisis)? And ultimately, what can explain the debt sovereign crisis in terms of credit risks? The main conclusions of this work are that PIIGS, present higher volatility, which means they are riskier countries, also present higher VaR and low correlation, in contrast to what is observed in Germany. Another conclusion reached is that, the results are different depending on the period and country.

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Křen, Šimon. « Analýza vybraných aspektů finanční krize a možností jejího řešení v EU (s důrazem na problémové státy) ». Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-113988.

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This work analysis chosen aspects of financial and economical crisis in the EU. Then it aims to analyse the possible solutions of debt problems of Greece, Ireland and Portugal and finally this work offers possible solutions of debt crisis and impact on the EU.

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Koukalová, Eva. « Vývoj a dopady veřejného zadlužení ve vybraných zemích EU ». Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-77804.

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The main goal of this thesis is to introduce the topic of public debt and its connection to budget deficit, and to compare the situation in 2 selected countries of the European Union, Ireland and Portugal. The first chapter describes the theory of public finance, its function and the main principles. It focuses on the problem of fiscal imbalance, approach of the European union (especially with regards to the Stability and Growth Pact), it also explains the theory of budget deficit and public debt. Second and third chapters are focused on the selected countries of the EU - Ireland and Portugal - as countries that are facing major problems in the area of public finance and are highly likely to ask for financial help, as it happend in the case of Greece. The chapters describe an overall economic situation of the two countries, the causes of public debt and its increase, approach of the EU towards them, proposed and agreed austerity measures, possible solutions and also further prospects for the future.

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O'Connell, Philip J. « Transnational economic relations, class politics, and the fiscal crisis of the state ». 1989. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/29303453.html.

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SALO, Sanna. « The curious prevalence of austerity : economic ideas in public debates on the Eurozone crisis in Ireland and Finland, 2008-2012 ». Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/45946.

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Defence date: 31 March 2017
Examining Board: Professor Hanspeter Kriesi, EUI (EUI Supervisor); Professor Pepper D. Culpepper, formerly EUI/University of Oxford (Co-Supervisor); Professor Mark Blyth, Brown University; Professor Niamh Hardiman, University College Dublin
This thesis explores why, and in what political process, austerity became the uniformly accepted policy response of Eurozone governments in the economic crisis of 2008–2012. It traces the path to austerity in two distinct Eurozone Member States, Ireland and Finland. Ireland, in this crisis, became a debtor country that had to do heavy domestic adjustment; Finland, by contrast, ended up in the group of Eurozone creditor countries, imposing structural adjustment programmes on the debtor countries. The analysis of the thesis emphasizes political agency behind ideas and shows the political process where perceptions about the economic crisis were formed. It argues that two types of politicization of the crisis were necessary for the outcome of interest, the prevalence of austerity, to happen. The Irish case demonstrates a two-stage process of politicization and internalization of the crisis, where the significant policy decisions were reached in a transnational, fairly technocratic policy process but were debated and internalized in domestic, redistributive and politicized process. The transnational stage was characterized by economic and practical reasoning, whereas the domestic stage represented a conflict about distributive justice. For Finland, the 2008–9 financial crisis was not domestically politicized at all. This only changed in 2010–12, when the crisis became re-interpreted as a sovereign debt crisis of the GIIPS countries. Yet the politicization in Finland did not come about as a typical domestic redistributive debate, but as a new type of supranational conflict over distributive justice. Such conflict was not primarily framed in terms of just burden-sharing, but in terms of national and European interest. It was simultaneously a debate on borders and boundaries – polity and identity – as it was about distributive justice. Alongside rhetoric, the official line of Finnish EU policy became tougher and Finland became perceived as an increasingly difficult and selfish member of the EU community.

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Livres sur le sujet "Debts, Public – Ireland"

What if Ireland defaults ? Blackrock Co. Dublin, Ireland : Orpen Press, 2012.

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The good room : Why we ended up in a debtors' prison - and how we can break free. Dublin : Penguin Ireland, 2012.

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Department of Agriculture, Foodand Forestry : FEOGA borrowing. Dublin : Stationery Office, 1995.

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Assembly, Canada Legislature Legislative. Bill : An act to provide for the reduction of law costs in the collection of debts, and the abolishment of imprisonment for debt. Quebec : Thompson, 2002.

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Carlisle, Frederick Howard, Earl of, 1748-1825, dir. Four letters to the Earl of Carlisle, from William Eden, Esq. : On certain perversions of political reasoning, and on the nature, progress, and effect of party-spirit and of parties, on the present circumstances of the war between Great Britain and the combined powers of France and Spain, on the public debts, on the public credit, and on the means of raising supplies, on the representations of Ireland, respecting a free-trade. Edinburgh : And sold for R. and G. Fleming, 1989.

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Assembly, Canada Legislature Legislative. Bill : An act to provide for the consolidation and liquidation of certain debts of the town of Guelph not affected by the act respecting the Consolidated municipal loan fund. Quebec : Thompson, 2003.

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Committee on the Administration of Justice. Debt - an emergency situation ? : A history of the Payments for Debt Actin Northern Ireland and its effects on public employees and people on state benefits. Belfast : The Committee, 1989.

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Allamby, Les. Debt - an emergency situation ? : A history of the Payments for Debt Act in Northern Ireland and its effects on public employees and people on state benefits. Belfast : CAJ, 1989.

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Assembly, Canada Legislature Legislative. Bill : An act for holding vessels liable for debt. Quebec : Hunter, Rose & Lemieux, 2003.

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Assembly, Canada Legislature Legislative. Bill : An act to enable the city of Toronto to issue debentures for two hundred thousand dollars, and to consolidate the public debt of the city. Quebec : Thompson, Hunter, 2003.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Debts, Public – Ireland"

Christoph, Ohler. « Banking Supervision ». Dans The EU Law of Economic and Monetary Union. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793748.003.0045.

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The sovereign debt crisis in Europe that started in early 2010 was the ground on which profound institutional reforms of the Economic Monetary Union (EMU) were put into place. It was triggered by the inability of Greece, Ireland, Portugal, and later on also Spain, to continue borrowing from the markets when fears increased that these Member States could default on their sovereign debt. The reasons why these Member States lost their access to the financial markets differed considerably, however. Greece had been suffering from a high level of indebtedness for many years, while rising sovereign debt in Ireland, Portugal and Spain was the result of public bail-outs of the national banking systems. The rescue measures in the latter countries had become necessary when, due to the financial crisis that preceded the debt crisis, a boom in the private housing markets came to a sudden halt. Common features of the development in all these countries were the high levels of sovereign debt and the strong dynamics of indebtedness, so that the governments lost their ability to borrow freely and at interest rates acceptable in the context of public budgetary systems.

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Chorafas, Dimitris N. « Iceland, Latvia, Ireland, Britain, Germany, and a Taste of Fantasy Economics ». Dans Public Debt Dynamics of Europe and the US, 321–42. Elsevier, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-420021-0.00014-2.

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Murat, Dilek, et Simla Güzel. « Institutional, Economic, and Social Impacts of Globalization and Liberalization ». Dans Handbook of Research on Institutional, Economic, and Social Impacts of Globalization and Liberalization, 169–84. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4459-4.ch010.

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The present study aimed to rank the financial development levels of European Union (EU) nations and Turkey based on selected financial and economic indicators. Thus, the most recent annual data for these countries (2017) were analyzed with grey relational analysis (GRA). In the analysis, the decision criteria for 24 EU member nations and Turkey were determined as public debt, public expenditure, unemployment rate, Gini coefficient, and GDP growth. The grey coefficient scores obtained in the analysis revealed the financial performance ranking for the analyzed nations. Based on the entropy weighting method (EM) ranking, the top three countries with highest scores were Ireland, Czech Republic, and Slovakia, while the countries with the lowest scores were Spain, Italy, and Greece.

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Schmidt, Vivien A. « Policy Effectiveness and Performance in the Eurozone Crisis ». Dans Europe's Crisis of Legitimacy, 223–58. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797050.003.0009.

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Chapter 9 examines the output legitimacy of Eurozone crisis governance, based in its policy effectiveness and performance. The chapter begins by showing that the crisis was misframed as one of public debt rather than private debt and misdiagnosed as resulting from bad behavior rather than the structure of the euro. The narratives did not reflect the periphery’s pre-crisis low deficits and debt (except for Greece) or account for the impact of competitive wage deflation and current account surpluses in Germany, as well as for bank-spurred wage inflation in the periphery (especially by German and French banks). The chapter then argues that EU actors chose the wrong remedies—budgetary austerity and structural reform instead of growth through stimulus and investment—and failed to devise adequate solutions. This is evidenced by the EU’s lack of effectiveness in monetary policy and investment compared to the US and by the increasing divergence in performance between Northern and Southern Europe. To blame is the failure to complete the architecture of the euro with the necessary economic instruments, not the fact that the Eurozone would never be an Optimum Currency Area (OCA). At fault were equally the excessive socioeconomic costs of austerity, reflected in levels of unemployment, inequality, and poverty, and the perversity of EU-led structural reforms. These “one size fits all” socioeconomic policies failed to take account of differences in national varieties of capitalism and growth models, while taking a tremendous toll on countries under conditionality—not just Greece but also Portugal, Spain, Italy, and even Ireland.

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« Public debt management under stressed market conditions : A review of the recent experiences of Greece, Iceland, Ireland and Portugal ». Dans OECD Sovereign Borrowing Outlook, 65–86. OECD, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/8c2014ed-en.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Debts, Public – Ireland"

Topcu, Mustafa Kemal, Poyraz Gürson, Halil İbrahim Ülker et Turan Erman Erkan. « EU Debt Crisis and Contagious Effect via Transmission Mechanisms : Possible Effects on Turkey ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00641.

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The common features of the crises, which are resulted from global crisis rooted from the US and emerged in Euro Zone sequentially, are the rate of public debt and budget deficit of GNP far from reflecting Maastricht criteria. Beginning in Greece in 2009, it has been seen in Ireland, Italy, Portugal, and Spain in a recent time. Although money union is established, leaving financial policies to country’s own initiative resulted in unsolved problems. Seeking solutions with IMF led to some sustainability programs. However, expectations show that debts will not be overcome for a long period. Towards this end, it is possible for Turkey to be affected since European Union is her biggest trade partner. There is a general consensus on that trade and credit channel of transmission mechanisms would affect Turkey. Export preserves its level at 55%. Likewise, a large part of foreign debt of Turkey is to European banks. Furthermore, sustainment of the recent growth trend of Turkey requires new funds. In case European banks strengthen their capital by means of downsizing their balance sheets as a restructuring, Turkey may be in a challenging position.

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