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1
Irving, Joy. "Designating "dangerousness", implications of indeterminacy in Canada's dangerous offender provisions." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ60990.pdf.
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2
MONTORSI, MATTEO. "Passato, presente e futuro della confisca di prevenzione." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/314916.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Il presente lavoro si propone di analizzare la complessa evoluzione della confisca di prevenzione ed evidenziare le problematiche più rilevanti che caratterizzano questo strumento per come attualmente concepito ed applicato. A tal fine l’analisi muove dalla ricostruzione storica e normativa della nascita e dell’affermazione del sistema preventivo, in origine composto da misure solamente di carattere personale che, tuttavia, ancora oggi condividono con le misure patrimoniali il presupposto “identitario” costituito dalla possibilità di inquadrare il prevenuto in una fattispecie di pericolosità sociale. L’analisi è poi estesa alla giurisprudenza convenzionale più rilevante in tema di misure preventive e forme di confisca allargata dei proventi, nonché ai principali atti normativi che delineano la politica dell’Unione Europea in quest’ultima materia. L’ascesa di strumenti patrimoniali “moderni”, e in parte simili alla confisca di prevenzione, anche nelle altre legislazioni dell’Unione Europea ha peraltro suggerito l’opportunità di una breve comparazione con i modelli più interessanti del panorama europeo, ed in particolare con la corrispondente disciplina spagnola in tema di misure preventive e confisca dei proventi. Il lavoro si conclude con la formulazione di alcune osservazioni che, muovendo dalle ultime pronunce della Corte Costituzionale in tema di natura cd “ripristinatoria” della confisca di prevenzione (e della confisca allargata), si propongono di mettere a fuoco la perdurante problematicità -anche- della nuova impostazione prospettata, formulando comunque qualche spunto per un suo parziale superamento<br>Thesis aims to analyze the complex evolution of preventive italian confiscation and highlight the most relevant problems that characterize this tool as it is currently conceived and applied. The analysis starts from historical and normative reconstruction of birth and development of the preventive system, originally composed by personal measures that still today share with the preventive confiscation the presupposition constituted by the possibility to place the person whom it is addressed into a (more or less specific) cases of social dangerousness. The analysis is then extended to the most relevant ECHR jurisprudence about preventive measures and extended confiscation of proceeds of crime, as well as to the main regulatory acts that outline the policy of the European Union in the latter matter. The rise of "modern" type of tools in many other European Union legislations (which often share some aspects of the Italian preventive confiscation structure) has also suggested the opportunity of a brief comparison with the most interesting European models, especially regarding the corresponding Spanish legislation on preventive measures and confiscation of proceeds and assets of crime, Starting from the latest rulings of the Constitutional Court about the so-called "restorative" nature of the preventive confiscation (and of the extended confiscation), this work concludes with some observations that aim to focus on the main persisting problems of this tool (concern also the recent perspective mentioned before), however formulating some ideas for its partial overcoming
3
Bonk, David M. "Denying the dangerous: preventing firearms from entering the hands of the dangerously mentally ill." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/44524.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited<br>Mass shootings in the United States tend to be succeeded by a period of great public attention to gun control laws. Often of particular concern is the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS), which is promulgated by law to prevent statutorily defined individuals, including the dangerously mentally ill, from obtaining firearms. This thesis analyzed the NICS, particularly its ability or inability to prevent firearm access to the mentally ill. The examination looked at three criteria: (1) the weaknesses in the NICS that inhibit its ability in preventing the dangerously mentally ill from obtaining firearms, (2) how consistently applicable records are submitted to the NICS from the individual states, and (3) the proposed recommendations to change and create a more efficient NICS. Specific high-profile mass shootings in the United States were reviewed to illustrate legislative response to those shootings and the changes to the NICS, if any, that followed them. The goal was to identify any immediate deficiencies in the NICS and determine any corrective actions necessary to enhance it to produce a more reliable system. This research should serve as a roadmap for committees or individuals tasked with gun control legislation in the United States.
4
Rowlands, Michael T. "Dangerous sex offenders: Recidivism and risk factors associated with serious sexual offending." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/116343/2/Michael_Rowlands_Thesis.pdf.
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There is limited research on dangerous sex offenders in Australia. The current PhD study examined reoffending rates of offenders classified as dangerous in Queensland Supreme Courts. A review of the literature noted that sex offenders generally have low recidivism rates. Offenders considered high-risk are more likely to re-offend with general offences, but the overall level of sexual and nonsexual violent recidivism was low. Further, early onset of offending, diverse criminal careers, diverse victimologies, ecological change, and substance misuse were factors for recidivism. Last, the project identified that conceptualising dangerousness is complex and fraught with ethical and legal concerns.
5
Holt, Kirsten. "Dangerous Instincts." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5643.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Dangerous Instincts is a collection of poems unified thematically by recurring and interstitial questions of the wilderness, the natural sciences - particularly astrophysics - the occult, and the mythic universe. These poems explore the mystical implications of the natural world and its meaning in the aesthetic consciousness, particularly in a highly secular century. Implied is the poet's self-discovery and search for the divine. The collection emerges, not simply as interpretation, but a means of coming to terms with the fear of and compulsion to question the universe, and through those questions find illumination in the ordinariness of lived life and in the mystery and magic of complex phenomena. As a whole, the work is largely lyrical; occasionally it calls upon forms such as the villanelle and ekphrasis as deliberate formal poetic experiments. Sometimes the images are familiar recreations of creation myths and forest fires, and sometimes they range into as private and esoteric a realm as occult rituals, Scottish fairytale, and quantum entanglement. Dangerous Instincts is divided into five sections that explore the physical realm in terms of distances: from outward to inward, from heights to depths, and from beyond the speaker's understanding to intrinsically self-reflexive poems written to amplify my notion that at the heart of poetry is myth.<br>M.F.A.<br>Masters<br>English<br>Arts and Humanities<br>Creative Writing
6
Russ, Jana R. "Dangerous Women." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1208185207.
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7
Kozlovska, O. A. "Mascara: safe or dangerous?" Thesis, Sumy State University, 2014. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/45602.
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The word “mascara” derives from the Spanish word “mascara “ which means ‘mask’ or ‘stain’.
As for the history of mascara, ancient Egyptians played a large part in its rich history. Dating as far as 3400-30 B.C., Egyptians used bone and ivory as mascara applicators, and blended kohl with crocodile dung, water and honey to create the first mascara.
8
Forbes, Tracey-Anne Michelle. "Dangerous places: A novel." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2002. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36412/6/36412_Digitised%20Thesis.pdf.
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Dangerous Places is a novel about the gap between mythological (or 'dreamed') constructions of reality and actual life. The story centres on V en, a married woman with two young children. Her love for her children is fiercely protective and encompassing, but she feels alienated from her husband and to a
certain extent her society; so when her first love, Yanni, re-enters her life,she is strongly tempted to resume her affair with him. She is however seduced more by the memories she has 'mythologized' about him than by his physical reality; in the course of the novel she is forced to come to terms with her own delusions.
The subplot of the novel involves other characters who are
caught between illusion and reality as well, and who deal with 'truth' in differing ways.
The themes of the book are explored using a number of
structures which underlie and support the surface story. The
Greek myths of Adonis/ Aphrodite and Hades/Persephone are
framing agents for the plot, and the setting in contemporary
Brisbane and North Stradbroke Island is symbolic.
9
Hogg, Jonny. "DANGEROUS TIMES, DANGEROUS PLACES: HOW POLITICS IMPACTS HUMANITARIAN WORKER SECURITY IN DR CONGO." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-394003.
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DR Congo has experienced more than two decades of conflict and profound political upheaval, sparking humanitarian crises which have seen large-scale relief efforts to alleviate them. Aid workers and UN staff working there have been caught up in the violence, sometimes with deadly results and major disruption to aid operations. Nonetheless there has been a tendency to assume that most security incidents involving aid workers are a result either of pure criminality, or because the victims happened to be in the wrong place at the wrong time. Is that really the case however, or are humanitarian workers perceived as political actors, and thus vulnerable to politically motivated violence? This dissertation conducts an empirical data study of attacks against humanitarian actors, UN workers and peacekeepers between 2006-2018, mapping them against political developments. Following previous work by Hoelscher, Mikllian & Nygard, this research tests what impact the nature of the conflict or the change of peacekeeping mandate has on both aid-worker and UN personnel security, as well as exploring the different risks faced by national and international staff working for international NGOs. It also, using an interpretivist lens first proposed by Labonte & Edgerton, explores the role of the Congolese state in aid-worker security, testing whether relations between the host government and aid providers can impact individual aid-worker security on the ground. The results indicate that both conflict intensity and elections cycles could impact on rates of attacks against aid-workers, as well as clearly demonstrating that national staff are far more exposed to risk of attack, and that fatalities of UN staff since the peacekeeping mission (MONUSCO) in DRC received its more aggressive mandate in 2013 have risen sharply. The research also raises questions about the potential threat posed by the Congolese state to aid-worker security, given the nature of statehood in DRC, its motives and perceptions of aid operations, and the state’s role as both the main belligerent and security provider in zones where humanitarian workers chiefly operate.
10
Filipovic, Zlatan. "De Man, That Dangerous Supplement." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.514280.
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To ask whether Paul de Man still matters is perhaps to have already answered the question. De Man's work, as 1. Hillis Miller writes in a telling irony, "is a violent allergen that provokes fits of coughing, sneezing, and burning eyes, perhaps even worse symptoms, unless it can be neutralized or expelled." There is something inherently resistant in de Man then that goes beyond his wartime journalism. Dust having settled, one must have good reasons today to whip it up and risk another reactive fit. Yet it is precisely this resistance in de Man that will pivot the movement ofthis thesis, as it sneezes and coughs along the way. Relayed through the allergen of terms like deconstruction, unreadability, rhetoric, it will come to remark a trace of something inappropriable, inhuman in texts, which persistently stalks our attempts to be rid of it. It articulates a crisis in the empire of cognition and a disruption of epistemo-aesthetic ideologies that inform our thinking of the political. The thesis plots a narrative that interrogates the relation between the rhetorical, the inhuman and the political, which in de Man comes to activate a new exigency of reading, constantly overtasking received epistemic regimes that integrate dissention to open a passage for the new ones to emerge. What is consistently traced is the measured emptying out of ontology and psychologism from language and its opening to unmasterable linguistic agencies. This general freeing of latency in structural closures that de Man's reading always teases out not only unsettles their epistemic reliability but also calls for a permanent assault on the authoritative grounding of their legitimacy. What shocks in de Man's work, provoking systemic fits, is a kind of permanent revolution to which his writing is committed.
11
Dolan, Corrine, and Bill Mannan. "Preventing Dangerous Interactions with Wildlife." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146738.
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2 pp.<br>Tips for Arizona's Rural Landowners: Wildlife Unit<br>The Tips for Arizona's Rural Landowners Fact Sheet Series is intended to educate homeowners who have recently purchased small acreages in Arizona. The purpose of the series is to give homeowners information about living in rural settings. The Wildlife Unit includes fact sheets on wildlife habitat enhancement, the legal status of wildlife, venomous wildlife, wildlife transmitted diseases, aggressive wildlife and pet safety, wildlife-human conflicts, fencing, safe pesticide alternatives, and invasive wildlife.
12
Nash, Michael. "The probation service and public protection : salvation or deconstruction?" Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390685.
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13
Wong, Tak-hing Michael. "Brain function and structure in violent metally abnormal offenders." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21254163.
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14
Ruhl, Monika J. "Dangerous sexual offender legislation in Canada." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5325.
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15
Helm, Amanda E. "Cynical consumers dangerous enemies, loyal friends /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4352.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.<br>The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 1, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.
16
Heffernan, Lee. "A dangerous job teacher as editor /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3290761.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Language Education, 2007.<br>Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-11, Section: A, page: 4638. Adviser: Mitzi Lewison. Title from dissertation home page (viewed May 22, 2008).
17
Anderson, Janet. "Risk-taking, dangerous behaviour in childhood." Thesis, University of East London, 2001. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/3576/.
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This thesis describes qualitative research into risk-taking, dangerous behaviour in childhood using a post-Kleinian, psychoanalytic clinical approach. Risk-taking, dangerous behaviour itself has received no research attention, although a wider category of externalising behaviour has been the subject of many studies. Many factors have been identified which are associated with externalising behaviour but there is an absence of explanation between these factors and the problematic behaviour, neither a causal nor a meaningful link being made between them. Assessment and therapeutic treatments of children from three different age groups were undertaken. Clinical data from different sources were analysed using the constant comparative method of grounded theory, within a psychoanalytic framework. The factors already known to be associated with externalising behaviour were found to be present in the research families but none of these factors, nor other similarities and differences between families based on historical data, provided an organising principle enabling the risk-taking, dangerous behaviour to be understood. The organising principle which meaningfully discriminated between cases was the evident emotion of the parent or primary carer and an exploration of this revealed different emotional configurations in the parent-child relationship. Three different configurations were identified, emerging from the clinical material, which were linked to and extend established psychoanalytic theory. These were called illusory-haven, no-haven and periloushaven each of which is unsafe for the child. The connections made between these configurations and Oedipal theory gives the latter a central place in understanding the origin, structure and meaning of the risk-taking, dangerous behaviour. The concepts developed have significance for clinical work and are useful tools for any professionals working with children and families, helping them to identify different family patterns for which there are different strategies and different prognoses.
18
Kurugöl, Orc̣un. "Drawing driver's attention to potentially dangerous objects." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/45214.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 41-43).<br>Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2008.<br>Drivers often have difficulties noticing potentially dangerous objects due to weather or lighting conditions or when their field of view is restricted. This thesis presents a display method for potentially dangerous objects to assist drivers in noticing dangerous situations. The object segment is denoised by adaptive thresholding, and the contrast, brightness and color of the segment are enhanced in order to make the object more noticeable. The contrast of the background is reduced to increase the effect of enhancement, and dynamic effects like changing the enhancement window size, window location, contrast, and brightness are added to increase the detectibility of the object by the driver. Experiments showed that our method increased the perceptibility of potentially dangerous objects.<br>by Orc̣un Kurugöl.<br>S.M.
19
Wattman, Jessica M. (Jessica Marie). "Dangerous diasporas : émigré nationalism and ethnic violence." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62655.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Political Science, 2010.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 280-291).<br>The number of exceptionally brutal ethnic confrontations that followed the end of the Cold War brought with them question of diaspora contributions to violence. The unwritten assumption was that diaspora compatriots were natural allies, sharing a strong sense of nationalism and standing at the ready to support their cousins abroad. Indeed, members of ethnic diasporas have shown a propensity to get involved in homeland wars. This study focuses on the extreme elements of these communities, tackling the question of why diaspora nationalists persist in advocating for maximalist solutions to home country conflicts when rationality suggests that they should do nothing or assume a compromise position. The dissertation argues that such hard line positions are the result of strong and enduring emotions. It lays out a model whereby emotions serve as the mechanism through which destructive nationalistic feelings come to dictate diaspora leaders' political positioning. This dynamic results in unyielding stances that are hostile and aggressive. Noteworthy about such reactions is that the primary operating emotion--humiliation--is, in fact, anchored in past episodes of trauma and dishonor that remain significant to certain members of the diaspora community. It endures in the everyday lives of diaspora individuals as a type of potential energy--simmering under the surface but not leading to any kind of extreme action. Only in the face of a specific triggering event does this emotion reactivate and become a vehicle for the expression of zealous ethno-nationalism. While the focus of this dissertation is fairly narrow--diaspora reaction to homeland violence--the work done on framing a theory of emotional causality can provide a launching point off of which a more general theory of emotions and radicalization can be built. While not directly stated, emotions are often assumed in most explanations of errant or radical behavior. Whether it be frustration, humiliation, anger, or alienation that drives people to action that harms themselves and others, it is obvious that a greater understanding of the causes will need to heavily rely on theories of emotions and how, and under what conditions, they lead to extreme behavior.<br>by Jessica M. Wattman.<br>Ph.D.
20
Bowerman, Niel H. A. "Emission targets for avoiding dangerous climate change." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a330ad41-54e4-46d7-99b5-110bd40a820b.
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A number of recent studies have found a strong link between peak global warming due to anthropogenic carbon dioxide and cumulative carbon emissions from the start of the industrial revolution. This thesis builds on this work by using a simple climate model to apply the concept of cumulative emissions to emission floors, by comparing cumulative emissions with other types of emissions target, and by extending the work to apply to noncarbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) greenhouse gases and short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs). Though peak global warming correlates well with cumulative carbon emissions, the link to emissions over shorter periods or in the years 2020 or 2050 is shown to be weaker. It is also shown that the introduction of emissions floors does not reduce the importance of cumulative emissions, but may make some warming targets unachievable. For pathways that give a most likely warming up to about 4°C, cumulative emissions from pre-industrial times to year 2200 correlate strongly with most likely resultant peak warming in the simple model used, regardless of the type of emissions floor used. The maximum rate of CO2- induced warming is not determined by cumulative emissions but is shown to be limited by the peak rate of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. A simple model of non-CO<sub>2</sub> greenhouse gases is also developed and used to investigate SLCFs. It is shown that emissions of SLCFs today have little impact on peak warming, and that delaying near-term reductions in SLCFs would not have a significant impact on peak warming. Only once CO<sub>2</sub> emissions are falling do SLCF emissions have a significant impact on peak warming. A global climate policy framework is presented as an example of how the work in this thesis could be used in policy. Future work is also discussed, particularly verification of these results in a more complex model.
21
Bradley, A. Mark. "The dangerous ritual baptism of the dead /." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 1999. http://www.tren.com.
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Cornwell, D. J. "Criminal dangerousness and its punishment : Beyond the phenomenological illusion." Thesis, University of York, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234961.
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Erenrich, Susan J. "Rhythms of Rebellion: Artists Creating Dangerously for Social Change." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1286560130.
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Wexler, Sharon A. "Dangerous connections : maternal ambivalence in psychotherapy between women." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=102233.
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This two-year qualitative clinical study investigates the intea-psychic (within a person) and inter-relational (between people) effect of maternal ambivalence in female psychotherapy relationships. The participants are five, low-income single mothers, and I am the therapist researcher. Ambivalence describes the co-existence of loving and hating feelings. In traditional psychoanalytic theory, ambivalence originates in the developing infant's relationship to the mother and forms the basis of all adult relationships. A mother's experience of ambivalence is viewed as a regressive return to an earlier emotional experience with her mother. Maternal ambivalence is a feminist psychoanalytic concept developed by Parker (1995, 1997). Parker expands the Freudian and post-Freudian object relations concept of ambivalence using the perspective of the adult mother. In Parker's conceptualization of maternal ambivalence, a mother experiences feelings of ambivalence towards her infant and child that are not simply regressive, but are part of her normal adult development as a mother. Each mother's experiences and expressions of maternal ambivalence are affected by her social and cultural context of mothering. Each woman is consciously and unconsciously affected by her psychosocial constructions of maternal ambivalence and brings her beliefs and experiences into the clinical relationship. Through highlighting the narratives and interpreting the transference and counter-transference material, this study shows the impact of maternal ambivalence on the therapeutic alliance of women working with women in clinical social work. The therapeutic alliance refers to the quality of the relational bond between the therapist and client. This population of mothers was selected because they represent a significant group of clients seen in various clinical social work Dangerous Connections settings, such as youth protection, non-profit counseling agencies, and community centers. In this manuscript-based thesis, I present two of my participants' cases as an indepth exploration of my research process, its analysis, and the applicable theories I used. This research process indicates that in seeking to develop a more culturally and gender sensitive clinical practice and therapeutic connections, social workers may benefit from reflectively challenging their internalized psychosocial idealizations and denigrations of motherhood.
25
Seymour, Emma Ursula Harriet. "#Dangerous conceits' : mind, body, and metaphor 1590-1640." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295352.
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Ivanova, A. S. "The most dangerous disease of the XXI century." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/45944.
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Allergies are among the most common chronic conditions worldwide. Allergy symptoms range from making you miserable to putting you at risk for life-threatening reactions. According to statistics, today every fifth inhabitant of our planet suffers from allergy. In the developed countries, about 20% of people are affected by allergic rhinitis, about 6% of people have at least one food allergy and about 18% of people have asthma. International statistics shows that over the past two decades, the incidence of allergies has increased 3-4 times. And if the XX century was the century of cardiovascular diseases, according to the forecasts the XXI will be the century of allergy.
27
Линник, Юлія Миколаївна, Юлия Николаевна Линник, and Yuliia Mykolaivna Lynnyk. "Consumer promotion of ecologically dangerous goods and services." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2006. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8444.
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Kim, Daehyeon. "Does Marijuana Decriminalization Make the Roads More Dangerous?" BYU ScholarsArchive, 2017. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6490.
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As the movement to decriminalize marijuana has gained more support throughout the United States, as of early 2017, 21 states have decriminalized the possession of a small amount of marijuana for personal recreational use, and more states are expected to decriminalize marijuana (GOVERNING 2017). Despite this strong move toward decriminalizing marijuana, however, the consequences of implementing such a policy are still very much unknown. One of the concerns regarding this movement to decriminalize marijuana is its potential impact on road safety (Schrader 2015; Roberts 2017; Halsey 2015). Although there are a few studies that have examined the association between marijuana use and availability and traffic fatalities, these studies are correlational in nature and show divergent outcomes (Anderson and Ree 2011; Anderson et al. 2013). Furthermore, these studies do not examine the impact of decriminalizing marijuana on road safety. In order to fill this gap, my research investigates the causal association between marijuana decriminalization and traffic fatalities by using the synthetic control method, pioneered by Abadie et al. (2010). This study estimates the causal effects of 2009 Massachusetts's marijuana decriminalization on Massachusetts' total traffic fatalities by comparing Massachusetts's trends in total traffic fatalities and its synthetic counterpart. The results of this study show a temporary increase in the number of total traffic fatalities in Massachusetts compared to its synthetic counterpart between 2009 and 2012, suggesting marijuana decriminalization's detrimental effect on road safety. Future studies should consider investigating the heterogeneous effects of marijuana decriminalization on traffic fatalities based on age groups, gender, and residential density and the causal mechanism between marijuana decriminalization and traffic fatalities.
29
Mythen, Gabe. "Living dangerously? : a critical examination of the risk society thesis." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343544.
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Brambila, Ramirez Julieta Alejandra. "Reporting dangerously in Mexico : capital, risks and strategies among journalists." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/22084/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Over the last decades violence against journalists has increased dramatically worldwide. Within this trend, Mexico stands out as being the most dangerous country for journalists in the Western hemisphere. This thesis investigates how local journalists in Mexico address work-related risks and keep reporting amidst threatening and dangerous conditions. Based on the theoretical framework of the sociology of journalism and employing key concepts and hypotheses of field theory, the main argument of this thesis is that journalists’ individual dispositions regarding forms and quantity of capital (material and symbolic resources) both constrain (e.g. increase risk exposure) and enable (e.g. through strategies for enhancing professional autonomy) journalistic practice in violent settings. The research pursues a subnational comparative research strategy to analyse the dilemmas and strategies of journalists at the local and regional levels where most of the violence and harassments against journalists take place. Based on a set of 65 interviews with journalists (49) and key informants (16) from the ten most violent states in the country, this study suggests that exposure to risk among local journalists working on sensitive topics (such as crime, drugs and corruption) is unevenly distributed in the field and, more importantly, journalists who possess lower levels of capital (cultural, economic, social and symbolic) are at greater risk of danger and violence than journalists who possess higher levels of capital. Conversely, high levels of capital enable journalists to acquire the resources needed for fostering strategies aimed at enhancing their safety and professional autonomy in a working environment featuring violence and risk. However, the data gathered suggests that the role of capital and the repertoire of strategic behaviours have some professional, organisational and social limitations. Overall, this thesis offers a more comprehensive and theory-driven explanation of the cultural, economic, social and symbolic forces influencing journalistic practice in violent settings than has been offered by most of the current scholarship on this topic.
31
Forsberg, Erik. "Dangerous elections : A study on electoral violence and clientelism." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-341453.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Why do some elections spark violence whilst others do not? That is a question that has gained increased interest from scholars during the last few years. However, because of the field’s relative novelty, and despite the vast literature on democratization and civil war, it is still a question that is not fully comprehended. In this thesis, a theory claiming that clientelism should increase the risk of electoral violence is presented. It is argued that clientelism increases the stakes of elections by increasing the costs of losing and the rewards of winning them. This should also increase the risk that electoral violence is employed as a strategy in elections. It is further argued that this relationship should be present both when an incumbent is partaking in the election and when no incumbent does so. It is further argued that violence both prior to and after elections should correlate positively with clientelism. The theory is tested by a series of regression models. It is found that clientelism only has a consistently positive and statistical significant relationship with post-election violence. Furthermore, evidence is found disproving the hypothesis that electoral violence is positively correlated with clientelism regardless of whether an incumbent partakes in the election or not. On the other hand, evidence is found that a condition for the proposed theoretical mechanism is that an incumbent is running for office. The thesis contributes to the knowledge about electoral violence in general, but also to the vast literature on democratization in Africa.
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Hughes, Nelika Karen Biological Earth & Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science UNSW. "Dangerous liaisons: the predation risks of receiving olfactory signals." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43315.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Individuals are at risk when communicating because conspicuous signals attract both conspecifics and eavesdropping predators. This predation cost of communicating has typically been attributed to signalling individuals because of their conspicuous role. But if predators are attracted to signals, then receivers, both intended or otherwise, may also find themselves at risk of predation. In this thesis, I used olfactorily communicating house mice Mus domesticus to address several key questions regarding the predation risks to receivers of conspecific signals. Using field experiments, I established that several predator species are rapidly attracted to the scent signals of their mouse prey. Male house mice were sensitive to this risk of predation when receiving conspecific signals. Mice traded off the predation risks of receiving with the perceived social value of a conspecific scent signal, however, and were more willing to receive signals of high social value than those of low social value when in the presence of a predation cue. But mice did not relinquish all antipredatory behaviours to receive signals. Instead, spatial point pattern analyses revealed that they used small-scale changes in space use to maintain receiving rates of conspecific signals, while minimising excess movements likely to attract a predator??s attention. Mice were also sensitive to the risks posed by scents in different spatial configurations. They perceived patchily distributed scents as more risky than randomly or regularly distributed scents, highlighting the importance of considering scale when examining predator:prey interactions. I further extended the concept of risky receiving to show that it includes interspecific eavesdropping ?? greatly generalising our concept of the landscape of fear. In a final laboratory experiment, I reveal a mechanism for the otherwise maladaptive maintenance of receiving under predation risk. The effects of social isolation on aggressive and anti-social behaviours were gradually attenuated by exposing male mice to the scents of an increasing number of conspecifics, despite a lack of physical contact. Thus, while prey are sensitive to the increased risks of predation when receiving con- and hetero-specific signals, they must balance this risk against the perceived social benefits of receiving a signal, and the potentially severe social costs of not doing so.
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Van, Wyck Peter C. "Signs of danger/dangerous signs, responding to nuclear threat." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ44615.pdf.
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Greybar, Milliken Shannon J. "The dangerous reality| Sexual risk taking among college women." Thesis, DePaul University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3586284.
Texte intégralRésumé :
<p> Research has shown a link between sexual risk taking among college women and a decrease in self-esteem. The primary purpose of this study is to explore the sexual risktaking practices occurring within the academic achieving, more affluent, Caucasian and female college student population. The secondary purpose of this study is to explore what sexual risk-taking patterns exist within behavioral and sociocultural constructed variables and demographic information among college women. The variables examined are religion, self-esteem and reported depressive symptoms. Additional variables used during analysis are body weight and race and/or ethnicity of college women. There are three primary research questions being examined in this study: (a) Do college women with higher academic achievement report more sexual risk-taking practices than those with lower academic achievement? (b) Do women of a higher socioeconomic status choose birth control over disease prevention in their sexual encounters? (c) Do behavioral and sociocultural variables make a difference in risky sexual behavior of college women? The American College Health Association (ACHA) National College Health Assessment II (NCHA-II) has been used to measure the college student health habits and practices at over 540 college and universities in the United States and Canada. The instrument was administered online in spring 2010 and received 872 responses, of which 542 were from female students. The data is analyzed through multiple logistic regressions. Findings of statistical significance were found between academic achievement and sexual risk taking, the number of partners a college woman has and sexual risk taking, and increase in human papillomavirus (HPV). This study also affirmed prior research that there was a significant difference in the sexual risk taking between college women who had been diagnosed with depression in the last year. The study demonstrates the connection between depressive symptoms and sexual risk taking. The research does not present a judgment about sex—but rather, evidence regarding the lack of disease prevention, the long-term implications, and possible causes of increases in casual sex on college campuses.</p>
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Gibson, Barry. "Dangerous dentaling : a grounded theory of HIV and dentistry." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388053.
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Горобченко, Неля Георгіївна, Неля Георгиевна Горобченко, Nelia Heorhiivna Horobchenko, H. S. Maslak, and A. O. Sharafullina. "World Health Organization combating the most dangerous epidemic diseases." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/15946.
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Ross, Benjamin David. "Transhumanism: An Ontology of the World's Most Dangerous Idea." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2019. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1505282/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Transhumanism is the name given to the cultural and philosophical movement which advocates radical human technological enhancement. In what follows, I use perspectives drawn from existential philosophy to problematize transhumanists' desire to recast human finitude as a series of technical problems with technical solutions. The ontological account of transhumanism offered here questions the assumed benefit and inevitability across six chapters. Following an introductory chapter, Chapter 2 introduces the key players, and present the philosophy of transhumanism and the opposing view of bioconservativism. Chapter 3 offers a narrative of transhumanism beginning with its mythical antecedents, and proceeds to describe the emergence of contemporary transhumanist institutions. Chapter 4 focuses on the challenge that transhumanists Aubrey de Grey and Ray Kurzweil present to mortality. The chapter asks whether human immortality is a coherent idea, and consider the consequences of achieving a data-driven amortality. Chapter 5 continues the analysis of transhumanism as it challenges limits to knowledge (ignorance), and limits to well-being (suffering). Ray Kurzweil is presented as a key figure of transhumanist thought, along with David Pearce, who desires to eradicate suffering through genetic engineering. The hubris of transhumanism is viewed through the lens of Friedrich Nietzsche in chapter 6. Nietzsche's critique of the "last human" is interpreted in terms of transhumanist thought, and a role for the philosopher in the context of transhumanism is presented. Finally, chapter 7 offers Buddhism as an alternative response to suffering. This chapter profiles "Buddhist Transhumanists," and consider what connection transhumanism has with Buddhism's philosophy of impermanence.
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Sarkisyan, Inna. "Přeprava nebezpečného nákladu v podmínkách společnosti Schenker." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-18641.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The diploma thesis deals with carriage of dangerous goods by road, defines and describes main activities connected with this kind of transportation as they are presented in European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road. The theoretical findings are then applied to the activities of company SCHENKER spol. s r.o. concerning the carriage of dangerous goods by road.
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Slonowsky, Deborah. "Dangerousness and Difference: The Representation of Muslims within Canada's Security Discourses." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23529.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper presents the results of a critical discourse analysis of a selection of Canada’s security texts and argues that the country’s security discourses construct Muslims as dangerous and different from the normative Canadian. The research relies on a social constructionist understanding of discourse and the recognition that our state’s representatives and agents, operating from positions of discursive power, wield disproportionate influence in directing the national conversation and managing the signals that shape our social attitudes and imaginaries. By persistently qualifying terrorism with Islam, portraying the terrorist figure as a religiously and ideologically-motivated actor opposed to ‘Western values’ and by casting suspicion on the ordinary behaviour of Muslims, Canada’s security discourses produce a mental model in which Islam and its followers are associated with a propensity for terrorist violence. The discourses also naturalize the idea that Muslims are in need of surveillance, not only by the state’s agents, but by the public itself. When examined alongside a body of research illustrating Canada’s ‘visible minority’ population continues to be negatively affected by dominant group discrimination, the results of the study raise questions about the culpability of state representatives in the reproduction of ideas of difference which continue to inform the country’s social imaginary and hinder the equality and inclusivity of minority groups within the national collective.
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Kocián, Marek. "Letecká přeprava nebezpečného zboží." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-76460.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Diploma thesis topic deals with air transport of dangerous goods. In the beginning part it describes air cargo transportation itself as well as the main characteristics. Thesis introduces organizations involved in international transport of dangerous goods. Next part of diploma thesis reveals project analysis of air transportation of dangerous goods in respect of IATA Dangerous Goods regulations and procedures. Thesis also covers introduction to air transportation of dangerous goods in specific conditions of DHL Express Company.
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Abbott, Marianne. "Dangerous intervention an analysis of humanitarian fatalities in assistance contexts /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1134419987.
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Tan, See Kam. "Dangerous encounters the new Hong Kong cinema and (Post)coloniality /." Online version, 1997. http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/31018.
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Button, Nancy Patricia. "Release and fire incident rates for trucks carrying dangerous goods." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0010/NQ38226.pdf.
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Sawada, Elena Kim. "Dangerous appropriations, online fans, cultural forms, and questions of ownership." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0021/MQ48363.pdf.
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Chomey, Brenda. "Dangerous bedfellows, industry and medicine : life savers or disease makers." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=97930.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Advertising of products and services has become an accepted and integral part of everyday life, and advancements in mass media technology have made it easy to convey information to a large proportion of the population. However, when addressing health related services and products, the messages contained in today's advertisements have taken on a new purpose and tone. The healthcare industry in North America, especially pharmaceutical companies, and to a lesser extent the diagnostic imaging and the medical device industry, use direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising to convey a message to a target population. On its face, the promotion of health awareness is an acceptable and worthy practice, but ethical concerns are raised when the health industry plays an instrumental role in creating "illnesses" or "conditions" for which they are providing treatments.<br>At one time, to protect health consumers, legislation and regulations prohibited directly advertising of prescription healthcare products and services to consumers, since it was thought that physicians were the ones best equipped to deal with this information. However, times have changed, and DTC advertising now is openly allowed in some countries, and in others in some narrowly specific situations.<br>This thesis examines the ethical and practical issues raised by this development, arguing that the negative consequences of permitting Direct-to-Consumer advertising far exceeds any positive benefits. If governments do not take an active role in preventing the further commercialization of medicine, Canada (and other countries as well) may be destined to become a nation of worried well.
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Patni, Rachana. "Emotional fools and dangerous robots : postcolonial engagements with emotion management." Thesis, Brunel University, 2011. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/5561.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis examines the context and practices of emotion management for National workers in International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs) through a study of national workers recruited into disaster intervention in India. The research draws on postcolonial theory and problematizes current work exploring the implications of race and intersectionality within emotion management. The data collection strategy involved a narrative-based semi-structured interview process with a view to surfacing social and discursive constructions. The interpretation comprised of three levels of reading that included explication, explanation and exploration based reading using postcolonial and poststructural-feminist theories. Results highlight the dominance of neoliberal practices in INGOs and explain how these practices foreground various colonial continuities in the ways in which INGOs respond to disasters. Neoliberal practices inform and impact on the emotion management of National workers as they create a masculine and instrumental emotion regime where emotions and compassion are seen as dispensable. The colonial continuities on which neoliberalism draws, have an impact on the relationships between National and Expatriate workers. These relationships become ‘emotional encounters’ based on asymmetries that disadvantage the former. This understanding paves the way for proposing changes in contemporary disaster management practices. In this context the emotion management of National workers is a complex performance. These complex performances are linked to the postcolonial concepts of mimicry, sly-civility and hybridity and to the operation of power through desires and subjectivity. Through this context based interpretation, emotion management and theorising can be extended in useful ways. In particular, I go beyond the normative nature of much current theorising. In doing so I am able to consider emotion management as an ‘embodied emotional performance’ that places additional stress on stigmatised identities. This formulation helps break down the binaries that inform our current conceptualisation of emotion management such as emotion work and emotional labour; surface and deep acting; real and fake emotions; felt and expressed emotions. It also blurs the distinction between emotional labour and aesthetic labour. Further, it helps identify different forms of resistance to neoliberal dictates about the role of emotions in organizations. This allows for the recognition that embodied emotional performances enable conformity as well as creative resistance against emotion norms in organizations.
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Krausz, Barbara [Verfasser]. "Detection and Simulation of Dangerous Human Crowd Behavior / Barbara Krausz." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1044867698/34.
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Johnson, Kathryn. "A dangerous age : adolescent agencies in inter-war British literature." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2010. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2000/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis explores the creative synergy between an era of cultural flux and seismic social upheaval, and a life stage conceived of as fraught, transitional and poised between progress and regress. It contends that adolescence functioned as an organising trope and a dominant paradigm of modern subjectivity in diverse British novels of the period 1918-1939. I develop a wide-ranging thematic analysis which draws established luminaries of the inter-war literary canon into dialogue with neglected mavericks and ‘middlebrow’ authors including Rosamond Lehmann, Patrick Hamilton, E.H. Young, Stevie Smith and Walter Greenwood. The theorisation of adolescence by anthropologists, psychologists, sociologists and cultural critics including G.Stanley Hall, Margaret Mead, Ruth Benedict, and Wyndham Lewis is canvassed in detail in Chapter I and provides a vital and enriching context for the close textual analyses which follow. Chapters III and V draw on original archival material to trace the evolution of distinctive adolescent agencies and visions of maturity in the striking inter-war novels of Elizabeth Bowen and Graham Greene. Julia Kristeva’s reflections on the ‘adolescent novel’ and the mechanics of abjection offer salient points of illumination and debate in each chapter. These case-studies are elaborated and contextualised by close scrutiny of the gender differentials shaping literary constructions of adolescence in this era. Chapter IV takes inspiration from the parallel drawn by social psychologist Kurt Lewin between the adolescent and the socially disempowered or oppressed ‘marginal man’. In the light of theories of masochism, it calibrates the interrogative force of novels which accentuate the failures and sufferings of male adolescent protagonists. Chapter II gauges the radical aspirations towards female self-fulfilment and definition embedded in narratives of generational conflict and alliance between women and positions the post-war ‘modern girl’ as an enabling yet also peculiarly problematic avatar of female emancipation.
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Trimble, Matthew Alexander. "Ornament is dangerous : a wildfire hazard center for Los Angeles." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/42078.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2008.<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Page 144 blank.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 138-143).<br>There is no such thing as an unadorned building. While the the role and relevance of ornament in architecture has been criticized for centuries, its position has been, for the most part, supported as essential to architecture. In his seminal work On the Art of Building in Ten Books, Alberti wrote, "ornament may be defined as a form of auxiliary light and complement to beauty... ornament, rather than being inherent, has the character of something attached or additional." This understanding of ornament stems from the notion that within a work of art or architecture, that which is essential (the work) may be distinguished from that which is supplementary (the ornament).<br>(cont) Similarly, for Immanuel Kant ornament is "only an adjunct, and not an intrinsic constituent..." Kant suggests that the work exists on the level of the primary, with respect to that of the secondariness of its ornamentation. Therefore ornament, in this primitive form, is something tacked on to that which is already complete in itself. Regardless of the specific nature of its use, or the extent of its distinguishability from structure, ornament is still typically thought of as an adjunct to architecture. It is required to conform to predetermined logics of space, material, surface, and structure, with room to maneuver only insofar as those arguments remain essentially intact. Instead, could ornament vis-a-vis architecture be conceived as genetic rather than epidermic? Could the eloquence of ornament become an impetus for making architecture, assuming the responsibilities of both master and slave. Henri Focillon begins to grapple with this idea in The Life of Forms in Art. He proposes that "Ornament shapes, straightens and stabilizes the bare arid field on which it is inscribed. Not only does it exist in and of itself, but it also shapes its own environment -- to which it imparts form." This thesis speculates that the role of ornament is greatly limited when thought of strictly as an appliqué, and will therefore begin by attempting to posit ornament as a primary architectural consideration rather than exclusively supplementary. In a manner consistent with the critique of ornament as strictly supplementary, the notion that ornament must be built up from a predetermined, constructive rule set will also be challenged. Rather than working toward an idea of ornament fixed by the work to which it is applied, processes of destruction will be developed as tools to establish an emergent ornamentation. Instead of subscribing to an additive logic, ornament will emerge from a destructive, transformative logic. The Southern California Wildfire Hazard Center (WHC) is an existing organization based at the University of California in Santa Barbara.<br>(cont) The WHC employs current and near-term capabilities of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Earth Science Enterprise (NASA ESE), and is a joint endeavor of a consortium of universities, research organizations, and the Los Angeles County Fire Department. The key goal of the WHC is to assist in the management of fire hazards at the urban-wildlands interface. It pursues this goal by developing new data sources, analysis techniques, database management tools, and fire hazard prediction tools. The thesis project, an LA Wildfire Hazard Center, will serve as a local subsidiary to the Southern California Wildfire Hazard Center, hosting both research and educational facilities focusing on Los Angeles County. "Ornament is but the guiled shore to a most dangerous sea." - Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice<br>by Matthew Alexander Trimble.<br>M.Arch.
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Raymond, Leigh Alice. "Dangerous people and places : a community newspaper's constructions of crime." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013091.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis argues that there is a clear imbalance in the representation of crime in the newspaper, Grocott’s Mail, in Grahamstown, in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. The thesis concludes that the system of marginalisation and segregation which was established during the apartheid era is the foundation for the continued segregation and marginalisation of certain groups of people in Grahamstown as depicted in crime journalism. Previous research shows that not only people, but spaces are marginalised through media representations of crime. As people are represented as dangerous, so too the spaces they occupy become dangerous spaces. Importantly, the research shows that discourses of marginalisation are present in newspaper reports reproducing the discourses prominent in society, and in turn, the newspaper itself perpetuates these marginalising discourses. This extends into the coverage that different crimes receive in newspapers. For instance, the reports show that a middle-class audience will be more concerned with property crime in middle-class neighbourhoods, than other crimes in lower-class neighbourhoods. I argue that not only the type of crime, but the severity, the effect, and the necessity for justice represented by the newspaper, are all largely determined by the region of the crime. Further, I show that the criminal is not only demonised and represented as individually deviant in the reports in the newspaper, but that these representations are made by this newspaper because they are deeply imbedded as a discourse in society. This is partly because this newspaper has taken on a monitorial role, requiring neutral reporting from journalists, and a dedication to surveying the processes of state institutions, like the police and courts. As a result, the ways in which crime is reported on in the newspaper is fairly well fixed, making it difficult for journalists to conceive of different ways of reporting crime. The representations of the criminal justice system that the monitorial media, this newspaper included present, are a careful balance between the interest of the public, and the need to preserve relationships with sources. The monitorial media in general, and this newspaper in particular, represent the criminal justice system. The relationship between the police and the newspaper, and the courts and the media, therefore strongly influences the way in which crime news is reported. In particular, crime news is represented from the perspective of the criminal justice system. This research was carried out using Critical Discourse Analysis, qualitative interviews, and focus group interviews.