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f, f. « Czech and Slovak in the mirror of Czech-Slovak relations in the 19th and 21st centuries ». Korean Association of Slavic Languages 29, no 1 (30 avril 2024) : 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30530/jsl.2024.29.1.1.
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Czech and Slovak are two close West Slavic languages spoken by two close peoples - Czechs and Slovaks. The socio-historical circumstances led to the emergence of a special coexistence and the creation of a specific passive bilingualism, which was applied in the so-called semi-communication. That semi-communicativeness and passive Czech-Slovak bilingualism was strengthened by the joint broadcasting of Czechoslovak Radio and Czechoslovak Television. After 1989, a new period of democratic development of Czech and Slovak society and language begins. The return to democracy, a new social and economic situation, and new international contacts caused a whole series of changes in both languages as well. Expressions connected with the communist past gradually disappeared from both languages, and expressions that had ceased to be used in the 1950s returned to active use in both languages. On January 1, 1993, based on a law of the Federal Assembly, the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic ceased to exist and two new independent states appeared on the map of Europe - the Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic. The paths of the two nations parted peacefully, but they did not stop communicating with each other. Even today, Czechs and Slovaks get along well without major problems, although the younger generations, who were socialized linguistically only after the division of the former Czechoslovakia, may have certain difficulties in communication. To a large extent, Czech-Slovak passive bilingualism and semi-communicative competence persist. However, some research shows that especially the young and the youngest generation of Czech and Slovak speakers understand the second language less and less. During the 20th century, both Czechs and Slovaks went through dramatic twists of fate, they came together and parted ways, but they were always actually together. And Czech and Slovak naturally reflected these twists. They entered the 20th century as languages not quite fully legal and despised by many (Czech was only a regional language, Slovak within Hungary a language intended for gradual Magyarization), they entered the 21st century as official languages of two separate equal states and as official languages of the European Union.
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Šimáčková, Šárka, Václav Jonáš Podlipský et Kateřina Chládková. « Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia ». Journal of the International Phonetic Association 42, no 2 (août 2012) : 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100312000102.
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As a western Slavic language of the Indo-European family, Czech is closest to Slovak and Polish. It is spoken as a native language by nearly 10 million people in the Czech Republic (Czech Statistical Office n.d.). About two million people living abroad, mostly in the USA, Canada, Austria, Germany, Slovakia, and the UK, claim Czech heritage (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic 2009). However, it is not known how many of them are native speakers of Czech.
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Koscelníková, Mária. « The localization of video games into less widely spoken languages that share a common history ». Journal of Internationalization and Localization 8, no 1 (13 septembre 2021) : 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jial.20013.kos.
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Abstract Even though video games are highly popular, localization into Slovak is rather rare and the language struggles to maintain a presence in the video game industry. This is partly because Slovak is a less widely spoken language, and also because it is mutually intelligible with the more dominant Czech language, having a common history. Our paper examines the Slovak-Czech parallels in the respective language-, audiovisual- and multimedia- related legislation as well as market practices. A similar comparative analysis is conducted with other less widely spoken European languages, namely Serbian, Croatian and Slovenian. Our results show that among the examined languages, Czech is by far in the strongest position as a supported language in video games on various platforms whereas Slovak, Serbian, Croatian and Slovenian are hardly present. We hope that the results of our research will stimulate the discussion on this issue.
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Janda, Laura A., et Charles E. Townsend. « A Description of Spoken Prague Czech ». Modern Language Journal 75, no 3 (1991) : 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/328736.
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Naughton, James, et Charles E. Townsend. « A Description of Spoken Prague Czech ». Modern Language Review 87, no 3 (juillet 1992) : 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3733051.
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Eckert, Eva, et Charles Townsend. « A Description of Spoken Prague Czech ». Slavic and East European Journal 36, no 2 (1992) : 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/308983.
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Oloff, Florence, et Martin Havlík. « An initial description of syntactic extensions in spoken Czech ». Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 28, no 3 (27 août 2018) : 361–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.17003.olo.
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Abstract This paper aims to describe different patterns of syntactic extensions of turns-at-talk in mundane conversations in Czech. Within interactional linguistics, same-speaker continuations of possibly complete syntactic structures have been described for typologically diverse languages, but have not yet been investigated for Slavic languages. Based on previously established descriptions of various types of extensions (Vorreiter 2003; Couper-Kuhlen & Ono 2007), our initial description shall therefore contribute to the cross-linguistic exploration of this phenomenon. While all previously described forms for continuing a turn-constructional unit seem to exist in Czech, some grammatical features of this language (especially free word order and strong case morphology) may lead to problems in distinguishing specific types of syntactic extensions. Consequently, this type of language allows for critically evaluating the cross-linguistic validity of the different categories and underlines the necessity of analysing syntactic phenomena within their specific action contexts.
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Waclawičová, Martina. « Differences in Spoken Language Processing in General Corpora (ORAL, ORTOFON) and in a Specialized Corpus (DIALEKT) and their Reflection in the Mapka Application ». Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 74, no 1 (1 juin 2023) : 204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2023-0038.
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Abstract ORAL and ORTOFON, general corpora of the spoken Czech language, capture authentic and prototypical informal spoken language. DIALEKT, a specialized corpus, represents traditional regional dialects of the Czech language. Since the corpora’s goals and the nature of the captured language data differ, different data collection methods were required. It concerns not only the choice of speakers, but the whole communication situation. Samples chosen from these three corpora are included in the Mapka application and reflect the distinct character of the corpora. The ORAL and ORTOFON samples show general spoken language in various informal situations and capture a wide range of speakers. The DIALEKT samples represent traditional regional dialects spoken by chosen types of speakers in a semiformal situation of guided interview.
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Hulešová, Martina. « Development of a Framework of Reference for Sign Languages and Reference Level Descriptors for Czech Sign Language ». CEFR Journal - Research and Practice 5 (31 décembre 2022) : 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37546/jaltsig.cefr5-4.
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The CEFR is a well-known, useful, and widely exploited tool used for many European languages, as well as in some non- European language contexts. Most of the contexts where the CEFR is used concern spoken languages. However, regarding sign languages, there have only been a few attempts to explore how the CEFR might be adapted and modified. In 2019, a CEFR-related project started in the Czech Republic (as one of five key activities of a bigger project – called APIV A – that concerned inclusion of users of first languages other than Czech) with the original aim of adapting the outcomes of the ProSign project1 led by The European Centre for Modern Languages, which basically meant creating proficiency scales for the description of Czech Sign Language. However, it became clear that a mere translation or a slight adaptation is neither possible nor appropriate. Therefore, the project became much broader, and, in the end, two original comprehensive and interrelated documents were developed: a general Framework of Reference for Sign Languages and a more specific Reference Level Descriptors of Czech Sign Language. Both documents are bilingual: in written Czech and translated into Czech Sign Language. Three main topics are discussed in this article. Firstly, the content and the processes by which these two documents were planned and published are described. The rationale for their development is presented, and the approaches, including blind alleys, doubts and their solutions discussed. Secondly, challenges faced by the writing team are presented, for instance the collaboration of Deaf and hearing colleagues, the collaboration of hearing linguists with Czech Sign Language teachers with no linguistic background, terminological issues, given that sign languages in general, and the Czech sign language specifically, are so-called less-taught languages. Finally, problems and challenges related to the features of the Czech deaf community, such as the specificity of culture, language modalities, the absence of standardisation, research, and the lack of recognition of the language as a fully-fledged code, are presented.
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Hannan, Kevin. « Understanding Language Death in Czech-Moravian Texas ». Research in Language 5 (18 décembre 2007) : 147–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10015-007-0006-2.
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Based on several decades of personal interaction with Texas speakers of Czech, the author’s article attempts to correlate social change with some specific stages of language obsolescence and language death. Many instances of language change in that community, as well as cultural and social change, may be explained by the linguistic model known as the wave theory. One hundred and fifty years passed between the introduction of Czech and the death of that language in Texas. From the mid-nineteenth through the mid-twentieth century, the Czech-Moravians represented a closed community in which individuals defined their identity primarily by the Czech language, ethnicity, and culture. In the final five decades of the twentieth century, as the social template representing Texas speakers of Czech disintegrated, spoken Czech ceased to function as a living language, and much of the ancestral culture connected with the language was lost. Today some among the elderly, described as semi-speakers, terminal speakers, or ‘‘rememberers’’ of language, retain a limited knowledge, but the ancestral language now has only a symbolic function.
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Korbut, Joanna. « Językowe świadectwa przemian społeczno-kulturowych w najnowszej czeszczyźnie (na materiale Czeszczyzny 2.0.) ». Studia Slavica XXV, no 1 (octobre 2021) : 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15452/studiaslavica.2021.25.0006.
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This dissertation focuses on characteristic of modern Czech language, reflecting the socio-cultural changes taking place in Czech society in last decades. It is obvious that new experiences require new words to refer to them clearly and efficiently, that is why cultural and social background in general and its relation to language will be considered. Attention is paid to the most important terms of the topic under study – vulgarism, cultural correctness, loanwords, economy of language, colloquialization of written and spoken Czech.
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Kopřivová, Marie, Zuzana Komrsková, Petra Poukarová et David Lukeš. « Relevant Criteria for Selection of Spoken Data : Theory Meets Practice ». Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 70, no 2 (1 décembre 2019) : 324–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2019-0062.
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Abstract The present paper seeks to review relevant criteria used in classifying speech events (SEs) from the perspective of spoken corpus design. The primary goal is to survey the landscape of possible types of spoken language, so as to assess in which directions the coverage of spoken Czech offered by Czech National Corpus corpora can be expanded in the future. We approach the problem from both theoretical and practical points of view, examining what the theoretical literature has to say as well as approaches implemented in practice by existing spoken corpora of various languages. We then synthesize the obtained information into a pragmatically motivated set of SE classification criteria which does not aspire to be universal or definitive but aims to serve as a useful guiding principle and conceptual framework for understanding and promoting SE diversity when collecting spoken data.
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Dickins, Tom. « Linguistic Varieties in Czech : Problems of the Spoken Language ». Slavonica 1, no 2 (novembre 1994) : 20–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/sla.1994.1.2.20.
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Kyuchukov, Hristo. « Learnability Theory and Rural Roma Children’s Knowledge of Languages : An Empirical Psycholinguistic Comparative Study ». PSYCHOLINGUISTICS 35, no 1 (16 avril 2024) : 108–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2309-1797-2024-35-1-108-133.
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Purpose The purpose of the study is to examine Learnability Theory (Valiant, 1984) in the process of learning of L2 Bulgarian and Czech languages by preschool Roma children. Roma children grow up in a rich oral culture and learn their mother tongue from the members of extended families, but how they learn the L2 and which factors facilitate the process second language acquisition (SLA) is not clear.
Methods. 20 bilingual Roma children from Bulgaria and 20 bilingual Roma children from the Czech Republic (in two age groups 4–5 and 5–6-years-old) were tested with linguistic tests on their knowledge, centering on their ability to learn new grammatical categories. The children were tested with a specially developed test, bearing in mind the peculiarities of Romani grammatical categories. The same grammatical categories were tested in the official languages of the countries where the children live – in the Bulgarian and Czech languages.
Results. The findings show that the children from Bulgaria are much better in learning Bulgarian than the Roma children from Czech Republic learning Czech. There is a connection between the knowledge of the Roma children of their mother tongue and the official language. The data shows that the Bulgarian Roma children know their mother tongue much better and this helps them to better learn Bulgarian, while the Czech Roma children have a comparatively poor knowledge of Romani and they acquire the Czech ethnolect – the variety of Czech spoken by Roma, which differs from official standard Czech.
Conclusions. The study showed that learning grammatical categories form a new language in early age dependence form the language knowledge and experiences of the child in their mother tongue. The new knowledge in a new language is acquired based on the old knowledge in the mother tongue. This is shown also in other studies, for example with Turkish bilingual children, that the knowledge in mother tongue helps learning a new language.
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Benešová, Lucie, Klára Pivoňková et Martin Stluka. « Lemmatization of the DIA1900 Diachronic Corpus ». Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 74, no 1 (1 juin 2023) : 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2023-0045.
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Abstract This paper focuses on the process of lemmatization of the upcoming Czech diachronic corpus of the second half of the 19th century, DIA1900. The article describes different approaches to the corpus lemmatization of synchronic written, spoken and diachronic corpora within the Czech National Corpus project, including single- and multilevel lemmatization and available tools used to link the variants.
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Bogoczová, Irena. « Mixed Variety as a Way to Multilingualism and Multiethnicity of the Borderland (on the Example of Cieszyn Silesia in the Czech Republic) ». Slavistica Vilnensis 68, no 1 (5 octobre 2023) : 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/slavviln.2023.68(1).95.
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The present paper discusses the linguistic situation in the Czech-Polish borderland, particularly in Zaolzie, which is the Czech part of Cieszyn Silesia. This region is inhabited by an autochthonous population comprising both Czech and Polish nationalities. Before moving on to the more important topics of the cultural and linguistic identity of the local Polish community, the author introduces Zaolzie from the geographical, social, political point of view. In addition to the majority Czech language and the standard Polish used in Polish minority schools, the Cieszyn dialect plays a significant role in local communication. Due to the unique political and social conditions in this region, a spoken mixed language called "po naszymu" has emerged. This language is not associated with any particular ethnic group, and it mitigates the differences between the various language codes while easing tensions between the two ethnic groups. The analysis of the spoken mixed language "po naszymu", carried out on the basis of extensive excerpts from authentic statements by Poles from Zaolzie in the "O naszych po naszymu" podcast, allows for several important conclusions: "po naszymu" speech does not have an unambiguous norm, which does not mean that it is the result of an accidental mixing of languages; it contains a lot of lexical Bohemisms; its phonetic and inflectional base is formed by the Polish dialect of West Cieszyn, nevertheless the users of "po naszymu" are aware of the incorrectness of their utterances in the sense of their incompatibility with the standard Polish language.
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Dočekal, Mojmír, et Hana Strachoňová. « R-loci and Distributivity : Insights from Czech Sign Language ». Studies in Polish Linguistics 17, no 1 (12 août 2022) : 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23005920spl.22.001.15758.
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Niniejszy artykuł omawia konstrukcję o interpretacji dystrybutywnej w czeskim języku migowym. Wyraża się ją za pomocą reduplikacji z wykorzystaniem punktów referencjalnych w przestrzeni migowej i przypomina ona dystrybutywne znaczenie dwurzeczownikowego użycia kwantyfikatora każdy, znane z języków mówionych. Niemniej istnieją znaczące różnice pomiędzy reduplikacją w języku migowym a dystrybutywnością w języku mówionym obserwowaną w przypadku tego kwantyfikatora. Najistotniejsza z nich dotyczy zakresu interpretacyjnego reduplikacji w języku migowym. Autorzy omawiają zebrane dane językowe, a następnie dokonują ich opisu formalnego w ramach mnogościowej kompozycyjnej teorii reprezentacji dyskursu (Plural Compositional Discourse Representation Theory, PCDRT). Stanowi to podstawę dla analizy materiału oraz odpowiedzi na wynikające z niego pytania. This article describes a distributivity pattern in Czech Sign Language. The pattern is signed via a reduplication at the R-loci and resembles the distributivity behavior of the binominal each that is known in spoken languages. Nevertheless, there are important differences between the sign language reduplication and the spoken language distributivity that is seen in the binominal each; the most significant concerns the range of readings available for the sign language reduplication. We describe the data we gathered, and then formalize them in the Plural Compositional Discourse Representation Theory. The formal framework allows us to analyze the data and explain certain questions which arise from them.
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Mareš, Petr. « Revolt against standard language : requirements for language of literature and Jan Zábrana’s stories ». Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 74, no 2 (1 décembre 2023) : 547–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2024-0010.
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Abstract The language of literary texts is a complex and multiform phenomenon. One of the problems connected with it is the employment of non-standard linguistic varieties. This paper focuses on the especial situation in Czech culture in the 1950s. In that decade, literary critics and linguists strictly required the use of Standard Czech and the restriction of non-standard varieties in literary texts. On the other hand, various inedited works were written the language of which was based on the so-called Common Czech, colloquialisms and slangs. The main part of the paper describes the language of stories by Jan Zábrana (from the years 1954 to 1957) in relation to the official requirements. Zábrana’s stories (published posthumously in the 1990s) represent a radical denying of these requirements. Zábrana depicts spontaneous and informal spoken communication that differs from the idea of cultivated standard expression. Both the figures and the narrator consistently use nonstandard linguistic means and colloquial lexicon (including vulgarisms).
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IZOTOV, ANDREY I., et OLGA I. CHERCHUK. « JA PANESE LOANWORDS IN THE CZECH NATIONAL CORPUS ». Lomonosov Journal of Philology, no 2, 2023 (1 mai 2023) : 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.55959/msu0130-0075-9-2023-47-2-7.
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The article discusses some aspects of the functioning of Czech nouns of Japanese origin. Both lexical Japanisms named in the New Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Czech Language (2016) and nouns included in the Neomat electronic database in 2019, 2020 and 2021 are considered. The data of the Czech written and spoken corpora, which are constituents of the Czech National Corpus project, are used. The absolute and relative frequency of use of a particular lexeme, as well as its ARF (= Average Reduced Frequency) was determined with the help of the 4.9 billion-strong corpus of modern written Czech texts SYNv9. The WaG (= Word at a Glance) program developed within the framework of the Czech National Corpus project to determine the regional, gender, age and educational characteristics of Czech speakers using a particular lexeme was used. Russian correspondences to the Czech words of Japanese origin under consideration were given for purely auxiliary purposes, so that the principles of their graphic design were not discussed.
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Hanulíková, Adriana, et Silke Hamann. « Slovak ». Journal of the International Phonetic Association 40, no 3 (24 novembre 2010) : 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100310000162.
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Slovak (sometimes also called Slovakian) is an Indo-European language belonging to the West-Slavic branch, and is most closely related to Czech. Slovak is spoken as a native language by 4.6 million speakers in Slovakia (that is by roughly 85% of the population), and by over two million Slovaks living abroad, most of them in the USA, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Canada and Great Britain (Office for Slovaks Living Abroad 2009).
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Kopřivová, Marie, Zuzana Laubeová et David Lukeš. « Designing a Corpus of Czech Monologues : Orator v2 ». Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 72, no 2 (1 décembre 2021) : 520–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2021-0048.
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Abstract ORATOR v2 is a new 1.5M word corpus of Czech monologues, delivered to a live audience in semi-formal to formal settings. It was designed to chart the space of naturally occurring monologues which can be obtained for corpus processing. As such, it aims for diversity but does not attempt any balancing of subcategories, recognizing that some types of data are inherently easier to obtain in high volume than others. The transcription guidelines and annotation tools employed are the same as other recent spoken corpora published by the CNC, which facilitates interesting comparisons between various types of spoken Czech. The present paper sketches out three case studies, comparing ORATOR to the informal conversations of ORTOFON v2 in terms of the frequencies of demonstratives and hesitations, as well as lexical richness.
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Poukarová, Petra. « Correlative Conjunctions in Spoken Texts ». Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 68, no 2 (1 décembre 2017) : 305–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jazcas-2017-0040.
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Abstract Correlative conjunctions (such as buď – anebo (either – or), jednak – jednak (firstly – secondly) etc.) represent one means of textual cohesion. The occurrence of one component of the pair implies the use of the other, which contributes to the cohesiveness of a text. Using data provided by the corpus of informal spoken Czech ORAL2013, I will try to demonstrate their use in a prototypical spoken language, that is commonly considered less coherent and more fragmentary compared to written language.
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Boček, Vít. « Old Czech anděl ‘angel’ : a Loanword from Old Church Slavonic or from Latin ? » Slovene 10, no 2 (2021) : 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2021.10.2.1.
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The aim of this paper is to discuss the existing theories of the origin of the Old Czech word anděl ‘angel’, whose -ď- may be explained as reflecting influence from Old Church Slavonic анг҄елъ, containing a palatalised sound, or from Medieval Latin angelus [anjelus]. New supporting arguments in favour of the latter view are presented, and, in particular, further evidence of Old Czech [ď] in place of earlier [j], the possible secondary influence of antonymous Old Czech diábel/ďábel ‘devil’ in the modification of original Old Czech anjel to anděl, and the form of words for ‘angel’ in other West and western South Slavonic languages. Also considered is the possibility that the origin of anděl is to be found in a spoken Early Romance dialect.
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Berger, Tilman. « Die älteste tschechische Übersetzung von Märchen aus Tausendundeine Nacht ». Zeitschrift für Slawistik 63, no 2 (1 juin 2018) : 212–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2018-0017.
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SummaryThis paper deals with a manuscript from the library of the Regional Museum in Chrudim (East Bohemia) which contains a Czech translation of some of the tales of ‘One Thousand and One Nights’. The manuscript was written at the end of the 18th century in a rather peculiar orthography and belongs to a group of manuscripts which were evidently written by a single person, the painter Josef Ceregetti (1722–1779). The language used in these manuscripts is the literary Czech of that time, with some influence from spoken language. By comparison of the French text of Galland and two contemporary German translations with the Czech text I show that the author seems to have been working with the German translation from the year 1730. The Czech translation was probably intended for a local circle of intellectuals, mainly clerics, and never reached a broader public.
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ŠIMEČKOVÁ, MARTA. « (DIS)KONTINUITA ČEŠTINY 16.-18. STOLETÍ NA PŘÍKLADU HLÁSKOSLOVÍ ». Slavia Occidentalis, no 77/1 (15 juin 2020) : 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/so.2020.77.9.
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A majority of the earlier scholarly publications (literary and linguistic) contain negative assessments of the Czech language from the 17th and 18th centuries. This valuation is in accordance with the political, social, religious and cultural developments in Bohemia after the battle of White Mountain (Bílá hora) on 8 November 1620. Following the battle, the Habsburg Monarchy was established and Bohemia was yet again subjected to the Catholic Church. The function of the Czech language was limited with German becoming the main language spoken by the Bohemian aristocracy and city dwellers. German was the official language and, along with Latin, the language of science. As a result of the functional restrictions, Czech books were printed in limited literary fields, especially religious, historical and practically-oriented texts. The language in which they were written was described as degraded, unstable and incorrect. It was connected with the decline of the standard language, deformed by dialectisms, neologisms and an enormous number of loan words from German. However, is this interpretation of the Czech language from the 17th and 18th centuries correct? I have analysed over 100 prints from the 16th to the 18th centuries, focusing on four phonological phenomena: prothetic v-, dipthongisation ú- > ou- and ý (í) > ej and the change é > í. These changes occurred in texts from the 16th century (or even earlier), then some of them were repressed (ej, í in word ending, prothetic v-) or fixed as a part of Czech print (initial ou-, v- by words stabilized with this nonetymological consonant). It is evident that 1) there was continuous development instead of discontinuity, 2) the earlier negative estimation of the Czech language after 1620 was inaccurate. It is imperative to investigate the Czech language from a historical perspective in detail, without prejudice or ideology.
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Goláňová, Hana, et Martina Waclawičová. « The Dialekt Corpus and Its Possibilities ». Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 70, no 2 (1 décembre 2019) : 336–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2019-0063.
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Abstract DIALEKT, a corpus of Czech dialects, has been continuously curated and expanded by the Spoken Corpora section of the Institute of the Czech National Corpus. The following paper aims first to give a concise characteristic of the corpus, addressing its sociolinguistic parameters and possible subcorpora derivable thereof, its two-layer approach to the transcription of dialect recordings, and lemmatization & morphological tagging of the corpus. Subsequently, we move on to examples of how linguists can use the corpus and discuss two related projects which expand upon currently available possibilities: an archive of dialect-specific differential phones of the Czech language (completed) and an interactive web environment for spatial map-based visualization of data from all kinds of spoken corpora (in preparation). Thanks in part also to these additional tools, the DIALEKT corpus should serve both experts in the field as well as the general public.
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Marklová, Anna, Olga Buchmüller, Christoph Demian, Roland Meyer et Luka Szucsich. « Register in Czech : Designing an MDA-based experimental study ». Linguistics Beyond and Within (LingBaW) 9 (30 décembre 2023) : 60–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/lingbaw.17016.
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There are no conventionalized ways to investigate the results of multidimensional analysis (MDA) from the perceptual perspective in an experimental setting. An MDA of the Czech corpus Koditex by Cvrček et al. (2020) established eight dimensions of variation based on 122 linguistic features. The first two dimensions, which explain the largest proportion of shared variance, are labeled as 1. dynamic (+)/static (-) and 2. spontaneous (+)/prepared (-). In our study, we investigated if some situational contexts of language use evoke stronger associations with the poles of the two dimensions than others. Furthermore, we aimed to explore the impact of the mode of language use and the properties of the interlocutor on the ratings.
Czech native speakers (n=107) rated various situational contexts on 7-point Likert-like scales representing the MDA-based dimensions. The items were balanced in the formality of the interlocutor’s name (Mr. or Mrs. in connection to surname/first name), the interlocutor´s gender, and the mode of language use (spoken/written). The statistical analysis uncovered a significant effect of the formality of the interlocutor's name and the mode of language use on the ratings. Using first names and spoken mode resulted in ratings closer to the positive poles of the dimensions. The comparison of individual items showed that some situations, mainly those representing the negative poles of the dimensions, are rated more consistently than others. The results of our study offer insight into how native speakers evaluate situations of language use on the scales of preparedness, subjectivity, and interactivity.
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Uličný, Oldřich. « Posesivní Genitiv Redivivus ». Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 69, no 3 (1 décembre 2018) : 497–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2019-0026.
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Abstract In the contemporary Czech, in both spoken and especially in written form, possessive adjectives are replaced by possessive genitives, which are originally colloquial constructions only. In the last stage of this development, the postpositive genitive changes into prepositive: Klárčina maminka, maminka Klárky, Klárky maminka (‘Klárka’s mother’). The Czech language thus loses another means of inflection and gets closer to an agglutinative language type. This change (deflective tendency) is also supported by the loss of introflexion, i.e. the loss of morphophonological alternations, in our example k – č, in other cases r – ř, g – ž, ch – š, etc. (Klárčin – Klárky [‘Klárka’s’], sestra – sestřin [‘sister’s’], Olga – Olžin [‘Olga’s’] etc.).
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Wingfield, Nancy Meriwether. « When Film Became National:“Talkies” and the Anti-German Demonstrations of 1930 in Prague ». Austrian History Yearbook 29, no 1 (janvier 1998) : 113–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s006723780001482x.
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Film was a relatively new commercial-entertainment medium in the summer of 1930, and newerstill were the “talkies.” Unforeseen cultural difficulties accompanied the advent of sound films, to which spoken language gave an intrinsic national character. Language accentuated national differences in feeling and thought, and since audiences could no longer “naturalize” films, they could not adopt the imaginative content of sound films as their own “cultural territory.” American audiences mocked the nasal English accents in British films, while the British hissed American accents and Parisians greeted the first American ”talkie” with cries of “Speak French!” In Czechoslovakia, historical circumstances complicated popular reaction to sound films. With the founding of the state in 1918, Czechs had rejected their Austrian legacy and attempted to enforce a Czech character in all aspects of public life.
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Goláňová, Hana, et Martina Waclawičová. « Mapka : A map application for working with corpora of spoken Czech ». Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 72, no 2 (1 décembre 2021) : 502–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2021-0046.
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Abstract A new interactive map-based web application named Mapka was published by the Institute of the Czech National Corpus in 2020. It aims to serve linguists, as well as schools and the general public, and it features various functions described in this paper. Mapka was designed as a supplement to the CNC spoken corpora, starting with the DIALEKT corpus (more to come in the future). Its main function is to display various types of territorial division (primarily in terms of dialect, but also administrative) and networks of localities associated with the corpus. The main dialect regions are provided with overviews of their typical dialectal features and two samples of dialectal discourse – one slightly historical and one contemporary. The application offers the possibility of searching for municipalities, plotting the points on the map and creating a custom map. The paper concludes with future prospects concerning an enhanced and improved version of the application.
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Šimáčková, Šárka, et Václav Jonáš Podlipský. « Production Accuracy of L2 Vowels : Phonological Parsimony and Phonetic Flexibility ». Research in Language 16, no 2 (30 juin 2018) : 169–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rela-2018-0009.
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Ultimate attainment in foreign-language sound learning is addressed via vowel production accuracy in English spoken by advanced Czech EFL learners. English FLEECE–KIT, DRESS–TRAP, and GOOSE–FOOT contrasts are examined in terms of length, height, and backness. Our data show that, while being constrained by phonemic category assimilation (new vowel height distinctions are not created), the learners’ interlanguage combines phonological parsimony (reusing L1 length feature to contrast L2 vowels) with phonetic flexibility (within-category shifts reflecting L1–L2 phonetic dissimilarity). Although achieving nativelike phonological competence may not be possible learners who acquire L2 in the prevailingly L1 environment, the Czech learners’ implementations of English vowels revealed their ability to adjust for phonetic detail of L2 sounds.
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Laubeová, Zuzana, et Michal Škrabal. « The New Value of the Structural Attribute Section in the SYN v8 Corpus and its Possible Application in Linguistic Research ». Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 72, no 2 (1 décembre 2021) : 545–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2021-0050.
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Abstract The paper introduces a new section separated from journalistic texts in Czech corpora, namely interviews. This genre is highly specific; from among the texts that can be found in newspapers and magazines, it is probably the closest to spoken language. In two case studies, we present the possible application of the interviews subcorpus in linguistic research. The first one deals with the role of paralinguistic behaviour, especially laughter in written interviews vs. spoken dialogues. The second one investigates the specifics of the demonstrative ten in the function of a nominal attribute, again in both written and spoken data.
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Janečka, Martin, et Tereza Kouklíková. « KE KONKURENCI GENITIVU POSESIVNÍHO A INDIVIDUÁLNĚ POSESIVNÍCH ADJEKTIV V SOUČASNÉ MLUVENÉ ČEŠTINĚ ». Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 71, no 1 (1 juin 2020) : 69–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2020-0012.
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Abstract This article deals with the linguistic competition of the possessive genitive and possessive adjectives in contemporary spoken Czech language. It focuses on the differences between the constructions of the type Barbořin byt (Barbora’s flat), byt (naší) Barbory (the flat of (our) Barbora) and (naší) Barbory byt ((our) Barbora’s flat). The paper’s aimis to find out which of the possessive structures are preferred by speakers (and alternatively for what reason) or whether the frequency of their usage is equal. At first, both ways of expressing the possession with all their restrictions are described from the theoretical point of view. Moreover, the semantic relation of possessivity is specified. The next section suggests the influences which may govern the preference of the speaker. Within empirical research, data from the corpus of spoken Czech (ORALv1) are examined and it is seeked for explanation of factors that influence the choice of the structure. This also demonstrates whether one of the possessive structures has a dominant position or whether they occur in similar numbers.
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Howson, Phil. « Upper Sorbian ». Journal of the International Phonetic Association 47, no 3 (10 janvier 2017) : 359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100316000414.
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Sorbian is a West Slavic language spoken in eastern Germany, in Saxony and Brandenburg near the borders of Poland and the Czech Republic, and is recognized as an endangered language by UNESCO (Moseley 2012). It is commonly referred to as Sorbian in English, but has historically been referred to as both Wendish and Lusatian. The Sorbian speech area used to expand from its northernmost point approximately 50 km south-east of Berlin to its southernmost point approximately 8 km from the borders of the Czech Republic (Stone 1993). This area is also referred to as Lusatia (Figure 1). However, the Sorbian-speaking area continues to shrink every year and is currently much smaller than Stone (1993) describes. Upper Sorbian is currently only used in daily communication in and immediately around Budyšin (personal communication, Lechosław Jocz).
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Pudłocki, Tomasz. « The World of Czech Intellectuals in the Life of Roman Dyboski ». AUC HISTORIA UNIVERSITATIS CAROLINAE PRAGENSIS 63, no 2 (29 avril 2024) : 107–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/23365730.2024.4.
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The paper discusses the role of Czech (Czechoslovakian) intellectuals in the life of Roman Dyboski (1885–1945), professor of English philology at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. Dyboski was one of just a few Polish scholars who, despite the tense political relations between Czechoslovakia and Poland at that time, advocated the idea of mutual intellectual cooperation. Roman Dyboski’s position was quite specific. He grew up in the Polish-Czech border region and studied English language and literature. His chief aim was to bring closer Poland and the Anglo-Saxon world. To this purpose, he corresponded actively with scholars from Czechoslovakia, especially with experts on English studies, including Otokar Vočadlo. He also met many of them in person when he was in London as a lecturer at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies of the University College London established by Tomáš G. Masaryk. Dyboski was also one of but a handful Polish experts who spoke Czech and published in Czechoslovakia not only on Polish but also on English matters, which given the considerable level of interest in Anglo-Saxon culture in both countries brought Poles and Czechs closer together.
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Haug, Laura. « Introducing integrated language skills assessment at the language department of a Czech university ». Language Learning in Higher Education 11, no 1 (1 mai 2021) : 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cercles-2021-2010.
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Abstract Integrated assessment evaluates language proficiency through tasks that require the test-taker to produce a written or spoken output based on listening or reading comprehension (reading or listening-into-writing or speaking). Since integrated assessment aims at reflecting the communicative and cognitive requirements of academic life and other professions, it is considered a means of assessment that is both authentic and valid. Examples of integrated tests can be found in high-stakes examinations at universities with English as the medium of instruction, and in the standardised high-stakes examinations offered by ETS, Pearson Education and Trinity College London. This report provides an example of integrated assessment in action by describing a currently used integrated test developed at the Language Department of the Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in the Czech Republic. Since 2018, this particular integrated test has served as the entrance examination for Biological Chemistry (EEBC), a bachelor’s degree course delivered entirely in English. By detailing the rationale behind the examination and the design process, this report aims to show that integrated assessment can provide a valid alternative to independent assessment at the tertiary level.
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Sládková, Věra, et Marie Lahodová Vališová. « Request strategies and modification devices as performed by Czech EFL learners : A focus on borrowing objects ». Discourse and Interaction 15, no 2 (19 décembre 2022) : 128–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/di2022-2-128.
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This study presents an analysis of informal written requests from the national school-leaving exam and simulated spoken requests collected via Written Discourse Completion Task (WDCT) to describe pragmalinguistic features used by Czech EFL learners in requests for borrowing objects. In both types of data, the findings reveal strong preference for conventionally indirect strategies and external modification, but considerable underuse of softeners within head acts. The written requests show significant reiteration with a great deal of modification devices outside head acts and a higher proportion of face-threatening features, such as expectations and direct strategies realized by want statements and imperatives. The WDCT requests tend to employ more face-saving strategies but show less variability in request realization. Consequently, awareness raising activities, helping Czech EFL learners fully understand the face-threatening nature of requests, as well as explicit metapragmatic treatment, focusing on strategic use of requests constituents, are recommended.
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Bermel, Neil, et Karen Gammelgaard. « Spoken Czech in Literature : The Case of Bondy, Hrabal, Placak and Topol ». Slavic and East European Journal 44, no 2 (2000) : 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/309991.
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Neumanová, Zdeňka. « L2 English preposition use by Czech university learners : A learner corpus study ». Ostrava Journal of English Philology 15, no 1 (juillet 2023) : 93–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.15452/ojoep.2023.15.0006.
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This paper examines the use of prepositions in the L2 English speech production of L1 speakers of Czech. The data is sourced from a spoken corpus comprising forty c.15-minute interviews. L2 English preposition use was studied by means of potential occasion analysis, and the results show that prepositions pose a challenge to EFL learners. Careful scrutiny of the data revealed an increasing tendency toward preposition accuracy in speech across proficiency levels A2 to B2. Moreover, it is hypothesized that the participants’ incorrect EFL preposition selection is influenced by their L1 knowledge.
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Steciąg, Magdalena, et Urszula Majdańska-Wachowicz. « The use of Polish and Czech as a lingua receptiva in comparison with English as a lingua franca – some remarks on multilingual modes of communication with reference to CSS and ICC ». Neofilolog, no 56/2 (30 juin 2021) : 237–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/n.2021.56.2.6.
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The present study aims to investigate the use of Polish and Czech as a lingua receptiva (LaRa) in comparison with English as a lingua franca (ELF) between Polish and Czech students when making semi-spontaneous dialogues. With this aim in mind, the notion of intelligibility together with communication strategies (CSs) and intercultural communicative competence (ICC) are discussed. The study is inspired by Bulatović’s et al. (2019) who investigated the effectiveness of LaRa and ELF between Croatians and Slovenes. The study investigated listening skills and showed that the mean of intelligibility was high irrespective of the mode. The study in question aims to expand prior research with reference to spoken interactions between Polish and Czech speakers. In particular, it examines the role of communication strategies and intercultural communicative competence in achieving intelligibility in two multilingual modes. The results of the study show that the level of intelligibility is high irrespective of the mode. In LaRa and ELF sessions intelligibility and negotiation strategies are determined by careful language choices, certain communication strategies, and intercultural communicative competence (intercultural attitude towards the partner and modes of communication).
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Čermáková, Ann, Jarmo Jantunen, Tommi Jauhiainen, John Kirk, Michal Křen, Marc Kupietz et Elaine Uí Dhonnchadha. « The International Comparable Corpus : Challenges in building multilingual spoken and written comparable corpora ». Research in Corpus Linguistics 10, no 1 (2021) : 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.32714/ricl.09.01.06.
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This paper reports on the efforts of twelve national teams in building the International Comparable Corpus (ICC; https://korpus.cz/icc) that will contain highly comparable datasets of spoken, written and electronic registers. The languages currently covered are Czech, Finnish, French, German, Irish, Italian, Norwegian, Polish, Slovak, Swedish and, more recently, Chinese, as well as English, which is considered to be the pivot language. The goal of the project is to provide much-needed data for contrastive corpus-based linguistics. The ICC corpus is committed to the idea of re-using existing multilingual resources as much as possible and the design is modelled, with various adjustments, on the International Corpus of English (ICE). As such, ICC will contain approximately the same balance of forty percent of written language and 60 percent of spoken language distributed across 27 different text types and contexts. A number of issues encountered by the project teams are discussed, ranging from copyright and data sustainability to technical advances in data distribution.
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Zasina, Adrian. « Językoznawstwo korpusowe. Empiryczne podejście w badaniach humanistycznych ». Dziennikarstwo i Media 9 (17 avril 2019) : 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2082-8322.9.13.
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Corpus linguistics. An empirical approach to humanities researchThe aim of the article is to shed light on the methodology of corpus research in the humanities, primarily in linguistics. Corpus linguistics emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s, focusing on electronic language corpora. Corpora are collections of various types of texts written and spoken gathered in a computer database which makes it possible to automatically search for text units in their natural context. There are various types of corpora depending on the type of study. The first corpora were compiled for the English language, although more and more languages are acquiring their national corpora, like the National Corpus of the Polish Language, the Czech National Corpus or the National Corpus of the Russian Language.
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Blahak, Boris. « Bairisch verstehen – auf Hochdeutsch reagieren. Strategien zum Aufbau einer rezeptiven Varietätenkompetenz für (tschechische) DaF-Lerner ». AUC PHILOLOGICA 2022, no 3 (25 mai 2023) : 41–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/24646830.2023.3.
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Based on previous studies discussing the thematization of German dialects in lessons of German as a foreign language within and outside the German speaking countries, the article outlines a didactic concept for building receptive variety competence of Czech learners of German towards the diatopic varieties of German spoken in the Free State of Bavaria. Using the example of the North and Middle Bavarian dialects, it will be demonstrated how the Bavarian-Austrian loan vocabulary present in the Czech non-standard varieties can be used didactically to enable learners to overcome the phonetic distance between dialect and standard language, which is the main barrier to comprehension. In this respect, the learners’ inner multilingualism is used to differentiate their outer multilingualism. The current foreign German studies background to the concept is the establishment of interdisciplinary Bavarian Studies at the University of West Bohemia in Pilsen (2019) whose curriculum provides a more profound receptive study of the dialects of Bavaria.
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Janečka, Martin. « Exploring Communicative Gestures in Czech Persons with Diagnosed Aphasia ». Research in Language 19, no 1 (30 mars 2021) : 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1731-7533.19.1.02.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In my investigation, I worked with 6 persons with diagnosed aphasia. I introduce some possible perspectives on the exploration of the extent of speech damage in persons with aphasia and the various ways in which they substitute for language deficiency with the aid of gestures.
From the viewpoint of data processing methods, on the one hand, I explore the parameters of spoken language, such as the quantity of words, and, on the other hand, the parameters of gestures, such as the quantity of gestures, diversity of gestures, etc. In aphasic persons speaking Czech, I verify the following assumption established by Jakob et al. (2011): the more speech-limited an aphasic person is, the more gestures he/she produces during the interpretation of a story.
It was found that the number of words produced by aphasic persons varies, partially dependent on the specific type of aphasia. This is particularly true on both ends of the scale – people with large speech distortion use the highest quantity of gestures, people with low speech distortion use gestures to a lesser extent. Within the classification of semantic gestures, I focus particularly on iconic and deictic gestures. In addition, I presume that symbolic gestures (i.e. emblems) do not occur in aphasic persons’ speech, because aphasic persons prefer gestures that display the plot in the most concrete way.
My data correlate with other studies dealing with this topic – aphasic persons do use gestures intentionally to substitute for their verbal deficiency. At the same time, they mostly use very concrete (iconic) gestures, which enable them to transmit a large volume of information.
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Slaměníková, Tereza, et David Uher. « Rhythmical Features of Spontaneous Spoken Narrative in Mandarin Chinese ». Acta Linguistica Asiatica 14, no 1 (30 janvier 2024) : 9–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.14.1.9-35.
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Every oral communication is shaped by a series of closely linked factors and rhythm is one of them. The rhythmical flow in colloquial Mandarin Chinese was thoroughly described by the Czech phonetician Oldřich Švarný, who invented a unique notation system dedicated to facilitating the teaching of Chinese as a foreign language. His prosodic transcription parses speech into a two-level arrangement of prosodic units. It displays the speech rhythm as an alternation of rhythmically significant and insignificant syllables of unequal tone prominence. The paper contributes to Švarný’s findings by shifting the attention from prefabricated teaching materials to an example of unrehearsed dynamic speech. Specifically, it attempts to outline the basic rhythmical features of personal narrative and confront them with the current understanding of speech rhythm in colloquial Chinese. It also demonstrates how Švarný’s methodological framework can be exploited to investigate different types of spoken discourse.
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Smolík, Filip, Hana Stepankova, Martin Vyhnálek, Tomáš Nikolai, Karolína Horáková et Štěpán Matějka. « Propositional Density in Spoken and Written Language of Czech-Speaking Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment ». Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 59, no 6 (décembre 2016) : 1461–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2016_jslhr-l-15-0301.
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Hoyte-West, Antony. « Hand in Hand or Worlds Apart ? An Overview of Translation and Education in the Upper Sorbian Context ». Translation Studies : Theory and Practice 1, no 2 (23 décembre 2021) : 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/tstp/2021.1.2.005.
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The second smallest of the Slavic languages, Upper Sorbian (hornjoserbšćina) is a minority language spoken in Upper Lusatia, located in eastern Germany close to the Czech and Polish frontiers. Building on previous work, this literature-based preliminary study explores the intersection between the domains of translation and minority language education with regard to the Upper Sorbian language. Initially, a historical and contemporary overview of the relevant sociolinguistic environment is provided, which is followed by an examination of the links between translation and education in the Upper Sorbian secondary and tertiary education sectors, as well as in professional training for language professionals. In addition, particular attention is also paid to the role of Domowina Verlag, the Sorbian-language publishing house. Finally, relevant information and new developments regarding the provision of translation and interpreting within the Upper Sorbian context are also presented, and the need for further empirical research is outlined.
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Huang, Lan-fen, et Tomáš Gráf. « Expanding lindsei to spoken learner English from several L1s across cefr levels ». Corpora 16, no 2 (août 2021) : 271–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cor.2021.0220.
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Learner corpus studies typically investigate the language of second-language learners with a different first language (L1) or with proficiency levels inferred from external criteria (e.g., the Louvain International Database of Spoken English Interlanguage, lindsei; Gilquin et al., 2010 ). This paper reports the process of expanding the original Czech ( Gráf, 2017 ) and Taiwanese ( Huang, 2014 ) sub-corpora (predominantly at B2 and C1; Huang et al., 2018 ) with samples from learners of other L1s across cefr levels. In addition to sixty interviews by the German, Finnish and Norwegian lindsei teams, another eighty-three interviews with university students in Taiwan and Finland were held. The data collection and transcription procedures were adapted from lindsei guidelines to ensure comparability. Each fourteen-minute interview was anonymised using Audacity, and orthographically transcribed and aligned by means of exmaralda. The levels of speaking proficiency in the supplemented data were assessed by two expert raters. The expanded learner corpus, containing 243 interviews, will be of considerable value for studying the development of learner English.
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Gołębiowska-Suchorska, Agnieszka. « Kto rzucił butem w pulpit sterowniczy?!”, czyli atom w krzywym zwierciadle humoru (na materiale tekstów polskich, rosyjskich i czeskich) ». Przegląd Humanistyczny, no 1 (26 avril 2017) : 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0009.9234.
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The article presents an analysis of humorous genres of contemporary Polish, Russian and Czech folklore (jokes, sadistic poems, chastushka), inspired by real or anticipated tragic events related to the use of nuclear energy. The purpose of comparing the texts in three languages was to identify common or different motivations which contributed to writing the texts of atomic humour in the countries with various degrees of advancement of nuclear weapons. The analysis is based on the texts of jokes (approx. 200) found in the Internet (the Polish, Russian and Czech servers), materials spread through spoken communication, and non-serial publications. The analysis proved that the fear motivating the atomic jokes is not caused by the fear of the atomic technology itself, but by the fear of irresponsible people and irreversibility of their unreasonable actions.
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Poukarová, Petra, et Markéta Maturová. « „Protestovali před a v budově řeckého ministerstva financí.“ Krátké nahlédnutí do problematiky zeugmatu ». Linguistica Brunensia 72, no 1 (24 mai 2024) : 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/lb2024-37183.
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In this paper, we focus on one of the deviations from sentence structure, the zeugma, specifically its frequency in different types of texts. Existing linguistic publications treat usually zeugma as an error to be avoided. In addition to defining the term, we also draw attention to ellipsis and condensation, which are related to zeugma. The frequency of its occurrence in texts will be verified by corpus analysis; the corpus used will be the SYN2020 corpus of written Czech, the ORTOFON_v2 corpus of spoken, informal Czech, the ORATOR_v2 corpus of formal texts, and the web corpus, Araneum Bohemicum Maximum. The analyzed examples illustrate that zeugma occurs in different types of texts and, thus, is not bound to one particular mode. The prevalence of zeugma in professional texts suggests that this device does not affect the clarity and precision of expression that are typical for them. This finding could open up a debate as to whether to consider the zeugma as a standard stylistic device by which language users condense their utterances.