Articles de revues : « Cultural property – France »

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Kerr, John. « The state of heritage and cultural property policing in England & ; Wales, France and Italy ». European Journal of Criminology 17, n^o 4 (1 octobre 2018) : 441–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370818803047.

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Presenting a large threat to irreplaceable heritage, property, cultural knowledge and cultural economies across the world, heritage and cultural property crimes offer case studies through which to consider the challenges, choices and practices that shape 21st-century policing. This article uses empirical research conducted in England & Wales, France and Italy to examine heritage and cultural property policing. It considers the threat before investigating three crucial questions. First, who is involved in this policing? Second, how are they involved in this policing? Third, why are they involved? This last question is the most important and is central to the article as it examines why, in an era of severe economic challenges for the governments in the case studies, the public sector would choose to lead policing.

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Paumgartner, Nikolaus Thaddäus, et Raphael Zingg. « The Rise of Safe Havens for Threatened Cultural Heritage ». International Journal of Cultural Property 25, n^o 3 (août 2018) : 323–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739118000188.

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Abstract:In light of the recent rise of destruction and looting of cultural property, a need for formalized heritage protection has arisen. Increasingly popular in the debate has become the instrument of international assistance known as “safe havens.” These temporary refuges for at-risk cultural goods in a third country have recently been implemented by Switzerland, France, the United States, and the Association of Art Museum Directors. We assess the contributions and shortcomings of these four regimes using a comparative approach. Mainly, we find that, despite variations in their scope and structure, none of the models accounts entirely for today’s major difficulties in protecting endangered cultural properties. We draw recommendations for future safe haven states against the backdrop of the existing models and hope to see the instrument used in practice as a way to safely isolate cultural property from destructive conflicts.

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LEUCHTER, TYSON. « THE ILLIMITABLE RIGHT : DEBATING THE MEANING OF PROPERTY AND THEMARCHÉ À TERMEIN NAPOLEONIC FRANCE ». Modern Intellectual History 15, n^o 1 (28 mars 2016) : 3–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244316000081.

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At a critical moment during the Napoleonic era, the stockbrokers of Paris were summoned before the Council of State to defend themarché à terme, or futures contract in public debt. Surprisingly, despite official disdain and ample legal opportunity for prohibition, the brokers’ argument was successful, and themarché à termeescaped repression. The defense of themarché à termeturned on the nature of property. To critics, it divided property from possession, severing property from any concrete anchors. Advocates, by contrast, pointed to the inherent abstraction of property encoded in legal norms. These debates helped shape a concept of property in which economic utility, legal validity, and moral grounding converged. As a central pillar of the new regime, this concept of property also constrained political authority. The successful defense of themarché à termeshows that property was a right that not even authoritarian regimes could restrict arbitrarily.

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Jakubowski, Olgierd. « Karnoprawna ochrona dziedzictwa kulturowego przed zniszczeniem w wybranych państwach europejskich – zarys zagadnienia ». Studia Prawnoustrojowe, n^o 44 (6 janvier 2020) : 153–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/sp.4901.

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Properly constructed criminal law provisions can prevent the destruction of heritage. The laws of the European Union are not an appropriate toolto reduce this phenomenon, although an analysis of criminal laws of individual countries may help in developing effective solutions in the Polish legalsystem. This article presents the criminal law solutions to protect againstthe destruction of heritage in France, Italy and Austria. Comparison of theprovisions in these European countries allows the effective scope of protection of their cultural property to be indicated and to assess the possibility ofincluding some of the standards to the Polish system of heritage protection.

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Bellisari, Andrew. « The Art of Decolonization : The Battle for Algeria’s French Art, 1962–70 ». Journal of Contemporary History 52, n^o 3 (17 octobre 2016) : 625–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009416652715.

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In May 1962 French museum administrators removed over 300 works of art from the Musée des Beaux-Arts in Algiers and transported them, under military escort, to the Louvre in Paris. The artwork, however, no longer belonged to France. Under the terms of the Evian Accords it had become the official property of the Algerian state-to-be and the incoming nationalist government wanted it back. This article will examine not only the French decision to act in contravention of the Evian Accords and the ensuing negotiations that took place between France and Algeria, but also the cultural complexities of post-colonial restitution. What does it mean for artwork produced by some of France’s most iconic artists – Monet, Delacroix, Courbet – to become the cultural property of a former colony? Moreover, what is at stake when a former colony demands the repatriation of artwork emblematic of the former colonizer, deeming it a valuable part of the nation’s cultural heritage? The negotiations undertaken to repatriate French art to Algeria expose the kinds of awkward cultural refashioning precipitated by the process of decolonization and epitomizes the lingering connections of colonial disentanglement that do not fit neatly into the common narrative of the ‘end of empire'.

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Rothfeld, Anne. « RETURNING LOOTED EUROPEAN LIBRARY COLLECTIONS : AN HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE OFFENBACH ARCHIVAL DEPOT, 1945–1948 ». RBM : A Journal of Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Cultural Heritage 6, n^o 1 (1 mars 2005) : 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rbm.6.1.238.

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In 1944, Pierce Butler wrote, “ever since libraries have existed, war has been one of the chief agencies of [their] annihilation.”2 The looting and destruction of cultural treasures during wartime is an established fact throughout Western history, including Greek and Roman times as well as during the Crusades, when empires stripped defeated nations of their cultural heritage. During the Napoleonic Wars in the early nineteenth century, Napoleon had an army of art commissioners who were ordered to locate and seize valuable cultural property, including whole libraries, for transfer to France. But the systematic Nazi confiscation of European cultural treasures in . . .

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Cox, Douglas. « “INALIENABLE” ARCHIVES : KOREAN ROYAL ARCHIVES AS FRENCH PROPERTY UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW ». International Journal of Cultural Property 18, n^o 4 (novembre 2011) : 409–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739111000245.

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AbstractIn June 2011, France returned to South Korea nearly 300 volumes of Korean royal archives from the Joseon Dynasty. French forces had seized them in an 1866 military campaign, and the volumes had resided in the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) ever since. The return is not a legally permanent restitution, but rather a five-year renewable loan. The compromise followed years of unsuccessful negotiations and a noteworthy decision of a French administrative tribunal that found that the seized Korean archives constituted inalienable French property. The legal debate over the Korean manuscripts illustrates the unique complexities of treating archives as a form of cultural property in armed conflict. In the end, the imperfect compromise satisfies neither side: The BnF is deprived of custody of items that have formed part of its collections for more than 140 years while technically, and perhaps uselessly, retaining formal legal title; South Korea, meanwhile, has physical custody of the archives while suffering the indignity of being denied ownership over its own national heritage.

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Cœuré, Sophie. « Cultural Looting and Restitution at the Dawn of the Cold War : The French Recovery Missions in Eastern Europe ». Journal of Contemporary History 52, n^o 3 (23 novembre 2016) : 588–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009416658700.

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France was massively affected by Nazi looting and plundering, and was also probably one of the most successful countries in securing the return of cultural property. Drawing on recently opened Archives, this article reflects on the entangled history of the ‘recovery’ of works of art in Soviet occupation zones, in Poland, Czechoslovakia and in the GDR, focusing on the French investigations in the East. The micro history of this fieldwork allows for an interpretation of looting and restitution as a transnational moment of political and memory construction. The article first presents the organization of missions in the changing landscape of Europe, leading to the beginning of an East-West relationship on the ground. Then it analyses French and Soviet visions of the notion of looting, restitution and cultural property and finally concludes by attempting to interpret a loss of memory.

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Miles, Margaret M. « Cicero's Prosecution of Gaius Verres : A Roman View of the Ethics of Acquisition of Art ». International Journal of Cultural Property 11, n^o 1 (janvier 2002) : 28–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739102771567.

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Cicero's speeches and essays—especially the Verrines—were widely read in France and England during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, when they were used in public debates about the fate of art in wartime. The early development of the concept of “cultural property” owed much to careful readings and citations of Cicero's views. The main charge brought against Verres in 70 B.C. was extortion during his term as governor of Sicily, but in the course of his prosecution Cicero depicts Verres as a rapacious collector of art who even took cult statues from temples for his private collection. This portrait of a “collector” who felt entitled to anything he could get and who abused his official authority to acquire works of art was recalled and used in debates about “collecting” many centuries later. This paper examines how Ciceronian views contributed to the development of the concept of art as cultural property.

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Karrels, Nancy Caron. « Reconstructing a Wartime Journey : The Vollard-Fabiani Collection, 1940–1949 ». International Journal of Cultural Property 22, n^o 4 (novembre 2015) : 505–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739115000296.

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Abstract:In 1940, the British Admiralty detained a British passenger ship sailing from Lisbon to New York at the port of Hamilton, Bermuda, for a contraband search. Customs authorities seized four crates containing hundreds of artworks by leading European artists. Suspected of being sent to New York for sale by the French art dealer Martin Fabiani for the economic benefit of German-occupied France, the captured collection—originally the property of art dealer Ambroise Vollard—was confiscated as a prize of war and sent to Ottawa, Canada, for wartime safekeeping. The National Gallery of Canada stored the collection from 1940 to 1949, when British courts instructed the collection’s Canadian custodian to release it to its rightful owners, Fabiani and the Vollard heirs. This essay reframes the wartime journey of the Vollard-Fabiani collection and challenges the long-held notion that it belongs to the narrative of Nazi-looted cultural property. This essay also highlights an important role played by the National Gallery of Canada during World War II.

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Friedrichs, Christopher R. « House-Destruction as a Ritual of Punishment in Early Modern Europe ». European History Quarterly 50, n^o 4 (octobre 2020) : 599–624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691420960917.

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The public execution of criminals was a familiar ritual of early modern European society. This article, however, examines the less frequent practice of ordering that a criminal’s house be ritually demolished following the execution. In many cases, the destroyed house was then replaced by a monument which was intended to simultaneously obliterate and perpetuate the criminal’s memory. Rare as it was, ritual house-destruction was a surprisingly widespread practice, undertaken at various times between 1520 and 1760 in France, Germany, Spain, Italy, Portugal and the Netherlands. Though punitive house-destructions had been undertaken in medieval Europe, the practice acquired new overtones in the early modern era. This article examines how and when this striking form of punishment was applied in early modern Europe and considers why authorities would order the destruction of property in order to enshrine the memory of particularly serious crimes.

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Joy, Francis. « The disappearance of the sacred Swedish Sámi drum and the protection of Sámi cultural heritage ». Polar Record 54, n^o 4 (juillet 2018) : 255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247418000438.

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AbstractOne of the last frontiers of the pre-Christian Sámi religion and cosmology from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries can be found recorded as embedded systems of knowledge on a range of noaidi-shaman drums kept in museums across Europe. Missionaries and clergymen as well as explorers who sought interest in the magical powers of the Sámi noaidi collected these artefacts during witchcraft trials and persecutions throughout Sápmi, the Sámi homeland areas. Insomuch as the drums being taken away from their owners and shipped from their homelands to other countries, their safeguarding, security and preservation as ancient sources of knowledge in museums is seldom discussed. As a consequence, the investigation presented here is a case study concerning the disappearance of a Sámi noaidi drum sent to a museum in France that has its origins in Swedish Sápmi, which I was informed about in 2017 prior to a visit to Paris for a seminar concerning the Sámi and their culture in Finland. The loss of the drum has only recently become known, and raises a series of important questions concerning responsibilities museums have with regard to the protection of property belonging to the Sámi as well as the repatriation and return of cultural heritage with regard to historical artefacts.

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Beckert, Jens. « The Longue Durée of Inheritance Law ». European Journal of Sociology 48, n^o 1 (avril 2007) : 79–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975607000306.

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This article investigates discourses on inheritance law and legal development in France, Germany, and the United States since the revolutions of the late eighteenth century. I argue that in each of the three countries a different set of normative and functional issues relating to the bequest of property has dominated and expressed itself in nationally specific discursive fields. The respective “repertoires of evaluation“ were formed in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries and show a surprisingly stable pattern that can be recognized even in today's debates on the issue. This I refer to as the longue durée of inheritance law. The distinct discursive fields exercise a dominant influence over the perception of problems associated with the transfer of property mortis causa and the strategies deemed feasible to solve them. Moreover, I argue that the different cultural frames matter for the institutional development of inheritance law. My aim is to contribute to institutional theory through investigation of a socially and economically important realm of legal regulation that has received little attention in recent sociological scholarship. The analysis is carried out within a multidimensional theoretical framework that acknowledges the influence of culture and ideas, but also considers changing socioeconomic conditions, as well as actor interests.

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Cooper, Elena. « Book Review : Becoming Property : Art, Theory and Law in Early Modern France and Copyright and the Value of Performance, 1770–1911 ». Law, Culture and the Humanities 16, n^o 3 (30 septembre 2020) : 504–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1743872120937591.

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COLEMAN, CHARLY J. « THE VALUE OF DISPOSSESSION : RETHINKING DISCOURSES OF SELFHOOD IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY FRANCE ». Modern Intellectual History 2, n^o 3 (10 octobre 2005) : 299–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244305000545.

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In Enlightenment-era France, theologians, philosophers, and politicians contested the nature and prerogatives of human personhood with particular vehemence. Yet historians have tended to reduce these struggles to a narrative of ascendant individualism. This essay seeks to recover non-individualist formulations of the self in eighteenth-century France, and, in doing so, to offer a more nuanced account of subjectivity during the period. Out of debates over Christian mysticism, radical philosophy, and republican politics emerged two distinct and conflicting modes of formulating the self 's relationship to its ideas and actions. On one side, mainstream philosophes joined Descartes, Locke, and orthodox Catholic theologians in elaborating the individual's capacity to accumulate existential goods in terms of a discourse of self-ownership. Opposition to this view, in contrast, challenged such claims by employing a discourse of dispossession, which stressed the human person's resignation to, and ultimate identification with, a totalizing force outside the self. The essay traces a specific genealogy of this discourse in the writings of Fénelon, Rousseau, and the Illuminist theologian Louis-Claude de Saint-Martin, in the context of intellectual polemics ranging from the role of self-love in Christian devotion to the virtues of self-sacrifice in a republican polity. If the Fénelonian doctrine of spiritual abandon called on believers to surrender their particular desires in the love of God, Rousseau likewise demanded that citizens place their property and their persons under the direction of the general will. Saint-Martin, for his part, applied Rousseau's politics of alienation to his vision of a theocratic republic in the wake of the French Revolution, thereby posing the mystic ideal of dispossession as a means of transforming the self and its world along communal, rather than individualist, lines.

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Perrot, Xavier. « Colonial Booty and Its Restitution – Current Developments and New Perspectives for French Legislation in This Field ». Santander Art and Culture Law Review 8, n^o 2 (30 décembre 2022) : 295–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2450050xsnr.22.023.17036.

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Recent developments in French and international laws concerning the return of cultural property from formerly colonized territories are particularly rich. Most States with large collections of non-European objects are now faced with claims from the countries from which these objects were transferred. France, after having long maintained a legal stance based on strict respect of the principle of inalienability of public collections, has recently changed its position statement. In 2017, in Ouagadougou, the President Emmanuel Macron said he was in favour of returning African heritage to Africa. Three years later, on 24 December 2020, the Parliament adopted a law that partially fulfilled the President’s wish, by identifying 27 objects for return to Benin and Senegal. As this article will explain, the law’s passage was fraught, and opinions continue to diverge on a case-by-case (or object-by-object) approach to return versus a generic statute. There are also questions about what drives the idea of return – from legal responsibility, to moral duty in view of French history, to contemporary politics and diplomacy.

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Ferres, Kay. « Levels of life : Modernity and modernism in David Malouf's Fly Away Peter ». Queensland Review 23, n^o 2 (décembre 2016) : 258–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qre.2016.33.

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AbstractDavid Malouf's novel Fly Away Peter (1982) uses modernist techniques to describe the impact of modernity on the emergent Australian nation. At its centre is the country lad Jim Saddler, who dies in the industrialised battlefield in France. His fate is entwined with that of his friend Ashley Crowther, who inherits his family's property, and whose embrace of modernity includes a determination to preserve the land and its wildlife. Ashley recognises the value of Jim's instinctive connection with the natural world, and his knowledge of, and fascination with, birds. This fascination aligns Jim with the photographer Imogen Harcourt. Miss Harcourt is a modern woman, using the new technologies of representation to record the natural world, its movement and change. At the novella's end, it is Imogen who turns her lens towards a new future, as her grief for Jim is transfigured through an epiphanic vision of a surfer riding the waves to the beach.

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Summerhill, William R. « Fiscal Bargains, Political Institutions, and Economic Performance ». Hispanic American Historical Review 88, n^o 2 (1 mai 2008) : 219–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-2007-119.

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Abstract In “Bargaining for Absolutism,” Alejandra Irigoin and Regina Grafe argue three points of considerable interest to historians: political absolutism in Castile did not extend to fiscal matters; fiscal relations within Spain and its empire were characterized by bargaining, not directives from the crown; and the differences between Spanish and British imperial fiscal systems have been overstated. Their first and second points are a welcome corrective to oversimplified treatments of early modern Spanish fiscal politics, and echo findings on absolutism in France. In practice, absolutist sovereigns were not autocrats. They needed money to wage war and defend against predatory rivals, and had to exchange rent-generating privileges and monopolies in order to levy taxes and borrow. Irigoin and Grafe understate, however, the differences between fiscal relations in the British and Spanish empires. The institutions governing economic policy making at home were quite distinct in the two cases. After 1688 Britain relied heavily on Parliament for the formulation and approval of economic policies. The formal mechanisms by which the economic interests of different groups were articulated and brokered between Parliament and the government led to more efficient outcomes. In Spain, where the crown could selectively assign and abrogate property rights in a manner unchecked by formal political institutions, fiscal weakness and economic stagnation resulted. This institutional gap was reflected as well in the implementation of economic policy in their respective colonies. In this difference one can trace one important source of differing economic trajectories in the late colonial and early national periods.

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Zaborowska, Magdalena J. « “You have to get to where you are before you can see where you’ve been” : Searching for Black Queer Domesticity at Chez Baldwin ». James Baldwin Review 4, n^o 1 (11 septembre 2018) : 72–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/jbr.4.6.

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This essay argues for the importance of James Baldwin’s last house, located in St. Paul-de-Vence in the south of France, to his late works written during the productive period of 1971–87: No Name in the Street (1972), If Beale Street Could Talk (1974), The Devil Finds Work (1976), Just Above My Head (1979), The Evidence of Things Not Seen (1985), and the unpublished play The Welcome Table (1987). That period ushered in a new Baldwin, more complex and mature as an author, who became disillusioned while growing older as a black queer American who had no choice but to live abroad to get his work done and to feel safe. Having established his most enduring household at “Chez Baldwin,” as the property was known locally, the writer engaged in literary genre experimentation and challenged normative binaries of race, gender, and sexuality with his conceptions of spatially contingent national identity. The late Baldwin created unprecedented models of black queer domesticity and humanism that, having been excluded from U.S. cultural narratives until recently, offer novel ways to reconceptualize what it means to be an American intellectual in the twenty-first-century world.

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Jupp, Peter J. « The Landed Elite and Political Authority in Britain, ca. 1760–1850 ». Journal of British Studies 29, n^o 1 (janvier 1990) : 53–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/385949.

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Significant change in the relationships between rulers, elites, and political authority is a common feature of the major European states in the last half of the eighteenth and the first half of the nineteenth centuries. In Russia, under Peter III and Catherine II, the nobility was released from the obligation to serve the state as established by Peter the Great and allowed to own property, engage in trade and manufacturing, and participate in local assemblies. In the course of the nineteenth century the hereditary landowning nobility, particularly the wealthiest elements of it, became firmly entrenched in the upper reaches of the bureaucracy without ever being able to dominate it. In Prussia, under Frederick the Great and Frederick William III, noble and gentry landowners were allowed to filter into the ranks, especially the higher ranks, of the bureaucracy; this reversed the embourgeoisement that had occurred under Frederick William I, but not so far as to threaten seriously the bureaucracy's loyalty to the Hohenzollerns or to weaken its reputation for efficiency. Thus the great reforms that followed the defeat by France in 1807 and were designed in part to lay the basis for recovery were executed by a combination of noble and non noble officials, and the latter were especially encouraged in order to ensure that merit rather than birth prevailed as the qualification for state service. In both cases, it could be argued, rulers found it necessary to recruit officials as well as an officer corps from the landed classes when war and territorial aggrandizement expanded the scope of government; they were loath to encourage the idea that landed wealth could automatically bestow political authority.

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Prott, LV, et J. Hladík. « Conference report. The Fourth Meeting of the High Contracting Parties to the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, 1954, Paris, France (November 18, 1999) ». International Journal of Cultural Property 9, n^o 1 (janvier 2000) : 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739100771013.

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Korotun, Iryna, et Yuliana Balaniuk. « REUSE OF IMMOVABLE CULTURAL HERITAGE SITES WITH ADAPTIVE ELEMENTS AS A WAY OF PRESERVATION AND PROMOTION ». Current problems of architecture and urban planning, n^o 61 (29 octobre 2021) : 94–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2021.61.94-106.

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cultural heritage. Cultural heritage is an exclusive and irreplaceable property and source, and its preservation, as well as its use, must be considered within a process of sustainable urban development planning, creating all the boundaries connected with its use in order to transfer this treasure to future generations in a way that preserves its authenticity. Although, since ancient times, the built environments have changed their purpose to fit modern social needs in a rather pragmatic way. The use of immovable cultural heritage for contemporary purposes, or its renovation and adaptation, today presents a great challenge for architects, urban planners, and relevant protection authorities. The application of technical protection measures on cultural heritage built environment can guarantee their conservation with a limited lifetime, but for long-term existence and ensuring protection it is more satisfactory if they have some modern socially justified use. One of the models of restoration and adaptation of immovable cultural heritage is the model of adaptive reuse, also known as renovation or conversion. The model implies a functional transformation of a building or group of buildings through the adaptation of its inherited physical construction. Based on the assumption that the main purpose of adaptive reuse of immovable cultural heritage is its regeneration and adaptation, as well as creating of a positive reputation, economic growth and promotion of a site, , this article considers the effects and benefits of new purposes that have been reached in the process of adaptation of the inherited built environment through analysis of three European fortifications - Hohenwerfen (Austria), Liubliana Castle (Slovenia) and Carcassona (France). In addition, the paper discusses preventive conservation methods for the restoration and adaptation of this type of properties and heritage in Germany. Today, the building of the Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans in Chernivtsi is used as the main building of Chernivtsi National University named by Yuriy Fedkovich. So, the model of reusing has been practicing her since 1875. But the building didn’t need any adaptation or intervention after its original destination. But after including the building of Residence into the UNESCO World Heritage List, some reorganization issues, connected with tourist infrastructure, became especially relevant. Therefore, study the positive European experience is actual for such type of heritage, where this adaptation process is extremely necessary.

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Falski, Maciej. « Continuity and Discontinuity in the Cultural Landscape of the Capital City : Paris and Skopje ». Colloquia Humanistica, n^o 1 (22 juillet 2015) : 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/ch.2012.004.

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Continuity and Discontinuity in the Cultural Landscape of the Capital City: Paris and SkopjeThe object of my reflections in this article is the question of creating a vision of historical continuity, and thus making significant the narratives about the past, in the space of the city. I treat the city as a cultural landscape par excellence; it is precisely the city that creates the best opportunities of influencing interpretation by means of creating a specific set of symbolic references and of images awakening the play of interpretation. The city is inhabited by many individuals and varied groups, which forces it into negotiations of signification. The research present herein concerns the capital cities. The capital of a nation state is a specific city, normally defined by its very legal status as capital, recognized and regulated by special edict, it is also a symbolic space of particular weight, a place to demonstrate the power of the state and of the nation, to display and consolidate identity, to present one’s image to outsiders and mould a desired self-image for the benefit of the citizens – members of one’s group. Drawing on the example of Paris and Skopje, two cities whose historical contexts are considerably different, I would like to show the specific ways of drawing conclusions adapted to the urban landscape, because despite the obvious differences, both cities allow for the discernment of a historical period in which the city itself served as an important element of the public realm and as symbolic public property. The increased significance of cities in Europe is connected without a doubt to the process of democratization, thus the capitals of France and Macedonia are good examples of the transformation that converted a privatized (feudal) space or a space interpreted along sacred lines (as land belonging to God) into a public space and public property of citizens, and/or the dominant nation.It appears that the most important agent in the capital landscape is the state. It is the bureaucracy of the state, appearing in the role of executor of the national will, deciding on the shape of the image of the city, reinforcing those values that seem to be desirable from the perspective of the represented group. The lack of that factor leads, as in the case of Skopje, to the preservation of the local past and/or to a haphazardly implemented publicly sponsored construction. In both cases discussed above, the map and the landmarks mirror the most important categories of national narrative. The shape of this narrative depends largely upon the central authorities of the nation.Ciągłość i nieciągłość w przestrzeni miasta stołecznego: Paryż i SkopjePrzedmiotem niniejszego artykułu jest zagadnienie tworzenia wizji ciągłości dziejowej, a więc usensowionej narracji o przeszłości, w przestrzeni miasta. Miasto bowiem jawi się jako przestrzeń kulturowa par excellence i ono właśnie stwarza najlepsze możliwości wpływu na interpretację poprzez tworzenie specyficznego układu odniesień symbolicznych i obrazów, pobudzających grę interpretacji. Miasto zamieszkiwane jest przez wiele jednostek i różnorakich grup, co zmusza je do negocjacji znaczeń. Przedmiotem przedstawionych tu badań są stolice. Stolica państwa to bowiem miasto szczególne, co zazwyczaj podkreśla sam status prawny ośrodka stołecznego regulowany przez specjalną ustawę, staje się niezwykle ważną przestrzenią symboliczną, miejscem pokazu państwowej i narodowej siły, eksponowania i utwierdzania tożsamości, prezentowania wizerunku obcym oraz kształtowania pożądanego wizerunku na użytek obywateli – członków swojej grupy. Na przykładzie Paryża i Skopja, miast o odmiennej kontekstowo historii, chciałbym pokazać specyficzne dla przestrzeni miejskiej sposoby indukowania interpretacji, albowiem mimo oczywistych różnic oba miasta pozwalają dostrzec historyczny okres, w którym samo miasto stało się istotnym składnikiem sfery publicznej i publicznej własności symbolicznej. Wzrost znaczenia miast w Europie wiąże się bez wątpienia z procesem demokratyzacji, zaś stolice Francji i Macedonii są dobrym przykładem tej przemiany, która przestrzeń sprywatyzowaną (feudalną) bądź interpretowaną w wymiarze sakralnym (jako ziemia należąca do Boga) przekształciła w przestrzeń publiczną, będącą dobrem wspólnym obywateli i/lub dominującego narodu.Najważniejszym agensem w przestrzeni stołecznej okazuje się państwo. To biurokracja państwowa, występująca w charakterze nosiciela woli narodu, decyduje o kształtowaniu wizerunku miasta, wzmacniając te wartości, które wydają się pożądane z perspektywy reprezentowanej grupy. Brak tego czynnika skutkuje, jak w przypadku Skopje, zachowaniem lokalności i/lub przypadkowością realizowanych inwestycji publicznych. W obu omawianych przypadkach mapa i punkty orientacyjne zdradzają najważniejsze kategorie narracji narodowej, a przecież za jej kształt w znacznym stopniu odpowiada właśnie władza centralna.

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Slocum, Rachel, et Teresa Gowan. « Les économies alternatives dans les Corbières et la Haute Vallée de l'Aude : vers le travail non aliéné et l'approvisionnement communautaire ». Journal of Political Ecology 22, n^o 1 (1 décembre 2015) : 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v22i1.21081.

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The Aude, a rural département in southwest France, is the site of one of the longest-lived European concentrations of counter-cultural practice. Here, villages abandoned by the devastating rural exodus post WWII were discovered by enthusiastic radicals of the '68 generation, who were able to establish themselves because property was cheap. From ethnographic research, we find that a receptive community, inexpensive resources and a strongly interventionist welfare state provide a fertile ground into which practitioners of plenitude may enact a non-normative approach to work and money, which takes root, grows and spreads. We identify a continuum of alternative economic practices encompassing a range of approaches to work itself— some privileging a life of radical simplicity and autonomy, and others interested in developing more successful artisanal businesses. We find a place for neo-medievalists/ruralists who fetishize practices like the horse-drawn plough, and large-scale organic farmers. Finally, we show that the plenitude practices among the Aude alternatifs are tied together by communal reliance—by networks of support and cooperation that rely on being amongst and caring for others. Gifting and 'lending a hand' are key to these economies, enabling them to flourish. While this raises questions about the cost of living for those who do not participate for whatever reason in this exchange network, we see gifting as fundamental to long lasting alternative economies. This case refines our understanding of long-standing debates around the necessity and desirability of selfsufficiency.Key words: alternative economies, communal reliance, sustainable agriculture, l'Aude, alienation

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Jansen, Sarah. « An American Insect in Imperial Germany : Visibility and Control in Making the Phylloxera in Germany, 1870–1914 ». Science in Context 13, n^o 1 (2000) : 31–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889700003719.

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The ArgumentThe vine louse Phylloxera vastatrix became a “pest” as it was transferred from North America and from France to Germany during the 1870s. Embodying the “invading alien,” it assumed a cultural position that increasingly gained importance in Imperial Germany. In this process, the minute insect, living invisibly underground, was made visible and became constitutive of the scientific-technological object, “pest,” pertaining to a scientific discipline, modern economic entomology. The “pest” phylloxera emerged by being made visible in a way that enabled control measures against it. Thus, visibility functioned as a prerequisite for control measures. I differentiate between social visibility and physical visibility, as well as between social control and physical control of the “introduced pest.” The object phylloxera emerged at the intersection of techniques of social control such as surveillance, techniques of physical control such as disinfection, and representational practices of the sciences such as mathematics and graphics. The space of its visibility was not the vineyard as property of a vintner but the vineyard as national territory, where German (viti-) culture was defended against foreign infiltration and destruction. Many vintners had alternate visions of the grapevine disease, they resented the invasion and destruction of their vineyards by government officers, and thus they did not participate in the social and epistemic constitution of the “pest.” By 1914, the “introduced pest” had not yet become an effective “machinery.” However, the “pest” as an object of scientific knowledge emerged together with economic entomology. The field became organized as a discipline in Germany in 1913, forty years after the phylloxera had first aroused the minds of some worried Wilhelmians, and, together with its nationalistic images, the field of “pest” control became organized towards a redefinition of German society and its perceived dangers.

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Gelbart, Nina Rattner. « Gregory S. Brown . Literary Sociability and Literary Property in France, 1775–1793 : Beaumarchais, the Société des auteurs dramatiques and the Comédie Française.(Studies in European Cultural Transition, number 33.)Burlington, Vt. : Ashgate Publishing Company . 2006 . Pp. x, 186. $100.00. » American Historical Review 114, n^o 4 (octobre 2009) : 1161–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.114.4.1161.

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Ahmed, Siraj. « The Theater of the Civilized Self : Edmund Burke and the East India Trials ». Representations 78, n^o 1 (2002) : 28–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rep.2002.78.1.28.

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IN FEBRUARY 1788 EDMUND BURKE OPENED the impeachment of Warren Hastings, the East India Company's first Governor-General, for the crimes that his administration had committed in India with a four-day-long speech before the House of Lords, and London's fashionable society bought tickets as if attending theater. Referred to as ''the greatest public sensation of the seventeen-eighties, ''the impeachment brought more attention than any other contemporary event to the complicated relationships of the British nation-state and its young empire in India and, more broadly, of the principles of civil society and the early modern history of imperialism. Burke's Indian speeches constitute a much longer and more intense engagement with the fundamental question that he believed the French Revolution also posed: would the modern civil society that the late eighteenth century was clearly in the process of shaping subordinate the private interests of commerce to the public virtues of landed wealth, thereby preserving national progress, or would it subordinate property to the unchecked power of capitalism, thereby making the merchant's private ethic the basis of the nation's public life and precipitating national degeneration? While the Reflections on the Revolution in France claim that the civil self is the product of national traditions, Burke's speeches and writings on British India suggest that the civil self is in fact merely a performance that masks degeneracy. Indeed, Burke's performance in the impeachment, with its own exaggerated theatricality, represented the very basis of civil society, sympathy, in terms of a set of unmistakably legible signs. Burke assumed the role of a character easily recognizable to his fashionable audience, the male protagonist of sentimental fiction, unable to control his emotions in the face of women's suffering. His very theatricality suggested that the basis of civil society lies neither in reason nor in historical development, but rather in social mimicry, giving the lie to his own theory of civil progress.

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Downing, Lisa. « Interdisciplinarity, Cultural Studies, Queer : Historical Contexts and Contemporary Contentions in France ». Paragraph 35, n^o 2 (juillet 2012) : 215–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/para.2012.0054.

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This article offers a comparative examination of the status of ‘interdisciplinarity’, ‘cultural studies’ and ‘queer’ in the discipline of French studies in the Anglophone world and in France. It is argued that, while the intellectual origins of both interdisciplinarity and queer theory are French, a series of disavowals and appropriations has de-gallicized them. On the one hand, the cultural hegemony of English studies in the USA and the UK has led to a colonization and anglicization of continental thought. On the other, the resistance to cultural studies within the Hexagone has meant that work done in critical sexuality studies within the Anglo-American world over the past forty years is only now beginning to be felt within French-speaking contexts. In tracing this double history of dislocation, the article contextualizes the difficulty of thinking queer in properly French terms — and the importance of doing so.

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Walton, Charles. « Literary Sociability and Literary Property in France, 1775–1793 : Beaumarchais, the Société des Auteurs Dramatique, and the Comédie Française. By Gregory S. Brown. Studies in European Cultural Transition, volume 33. Edited by, Martin Stannard and Greg Walker. Aldershot : Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2006. Pp. x+186. $94.95. » Journal of Modern History 81, n^o 2 (juin 2009) : 427–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/605164.

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Rapinski, Michael, Richard Raymond, Damien Davy, Thora Herrmann, Jean-Philippe Bedell, Abdou Ka, Guillaume Odonne et al. « Local Food Systems under Global Influence : The Case of Food, Health and Environment in Five Socio-Ecosystems ». Sustainability 15, n^o 3 (28 janvier 2023) : 2376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032376.

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Globalization is transforming food systems around the world. With few geographical areas spared from nutritional, dietary and epidemiological transitions, chronic diseases have reached pandemic proportions. A question therefore arises as to the sustainability of local food systems. The overall purpose of this article is to put in perspective how local food systems respond to globalization through the assessment of five different case studies stemming from an international research network of Human-Environment Observatories (OHM), namely Nunavik (Québec, Canada), Oyapock (French Guiana, France), Estarreja (Portugal), Téssékéré (Senegal) and Littoral-Caraïbes (Guadeloupe, France). Each region retains aspects of its traditional food system, albeit under different patterns of influence modelled by various factors. These include history, cultural practices, remoteness and accessibility to and integration of globalized ultra-processed foods that induce differential health impacts. Furthermore, increases in the threat of environmental contamination can undermine the benefits of locally sourced foods for the profit of ultra-processed foods. These case studies demonstrate that: (i) the influence of globalization on food systems can be properly understood by integrating sociohistorical trajectories, socioeconomic and sociocultural context, ongoing local environmental issues and health determinants; and (ii) long-term and transverse monitoring is essential to understand the sustainability of local food systems vis-à-vis globalization.

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Krarup, Troels. « Archaeological Methodology : Foucault and the History of Systems of Thought ». Theory, Culture & ; Society 38, n^o 5 (8 février 2021) : 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276420984528.

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Existing accounts of Foucault’s archaeological methodology have not (a) contextualized the concept properly within the intellectual field of its emergence and (b) explained why it is called ‘archaeology’ and not simply ‘history’. Foucault contributed to the field of ‘history of systems of thought’ in France around 1960 by broadening its scope from the study of scientific and philosophical systems into systems of ‘knowledge’ in a wider sense. For Foucault, the term ‘archaeology’ provided a response to new methodological questions arising from this initiative. Archaeological methodology had already been developed into a distinct comparative approach for the study of linguistic and cultural systems, notably by Dumézil. Foucault redevised archaeological methodology for the post-Hegelian tradition of studying ‘problems’ prevalent in the history of systems of thought. The article thus furnishes the groundwork for a ‘sociological archaeology’ or ‘problem analysis’ that is not particularly dependent on Foucault as a social theorist of power.

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Agu, Kenneth Obinna. « Impacts of workplace cultural differences on innovation and economic growth in Europe ». Studia Mundi - Economica 8, n^o 1 (2021) : 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.18531/studia.mundi.2021.08.01.87-101.

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Cultural differences and innovativeness are multi-faceted social phenomenon with innumerable manifestations. Majority of studies have indicated the positive impact of culture. There are some research findings which concluded that culture has a negative impact mainly due to language barriers of diverse cultural workforce which led to low level of communication, in turn led to low level of innovation. Hence the impact of culture on innovation and economic development is debated. Innovation takes place as an art of exercises routed into cultural view points and attitudes. With European Union struggling economies and financial crises, social integration and human capital mobility are key solutions to create innovation and innovative solutions. This study is, therefore aimed at examining the impacts of workplace cultural differences (in a form of human capital mobility) on innovation and economic growth in Europe. Accordingly, Germany, France, Belgium, and Luxembourg were purposively selected based on the higher number of diversified workforce available in companies located in these countries, in order words human capital mobility. Hence, data was collected using a questionnaire random sample of 392 employees (98 from each country) were selected. Consequently, though small portion of the respondents mentioned the negative impact of cultural diversity, the majority of the respondents and the results of the in-depth interview implied that cultural diversity brings people together and enables them to be creative and enhance their innovative performance. Mobility of skilled human capital is an attribute of culturally diverse workforce in a certain company which enable them to share knowledge and skills which in turn improve their innovative capacity. Therefore, this study concluded that cultural diversity has a significant positive impact on innovation and hence on the economic growth. But the barriers that may be seen at workplace due to cultural differences should be properly managed and prior training sessions to newly employed personnel and a platform where all the employees can get an opportunity to introduce themselves and ease their communication should be arranged.

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Galis, Polly. « Sex Workers, Thinkers and Activists in France Today : A ‘Real’ Feminist Vanguard ». Nottingham French Studies 61, n^o 3 (décembre 2022) : 275–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/nfs.2022.0360.

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This paper explores three manifestoes by contemporary French sex workers, which combine personal memoir with theoretical and political writing: Libérez le féminisme by Morgane Merteuil (2012), Fières d’être putes by Maîtresse Nikita and Thierry Schaffauser (2007), and Porno manifesto by Ovidie (2002). I examine the complaints and demands they make of French feminists today, who frequently impede rather than support the aims of sex workers. I then outline these authors’ vision for a future feminism which could incorporate and learn from sex workers’ thought and activism, and which would be properly inclusive and radical. For these reasons, we will see why this envisaged feminism is deemed a ‘real’ feminism by some, to signify a surpassing or enhancement of earlier feminisms. Connections with a variety of feminisms will be considered, including postfeminism, sex positive feminism, and feminism in its second and fourth waves.

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Galinsky, Judah D. « The Significance of Form : R. Moses of Coucy's Reading Audience and HisSefer ha-Miẓvot ». AJS Review 35, n^o 2 (novembre 2011) : 293–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0364009411000407.

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Sefer miẓvot gadol(Semag) by the French Tosefist R. Moses of Coucy was a most influential halakhic work in medieval times. Originally titledSefer ha-miẓvot(The Book of Commandments), it was written in northern France in the first half of the thirteenth century and in many ways reveals the influence of Maimonides'Mishneh Torah. Indeed, to understand R. Moses of Coucy's legal project properly, it is important to comprehend the availability ofMishneh Torahin Europe at the time. Whereas Maimonides completed hisMishneh Torahcirca 1180, the work seems not to have reached the study halls of the French Tosefists before 1200. In this article, I explain R. Moses' purpose and program in writing hisSefer ha-miẓvot, examine the format he chose, and clarify who his presumptive reader, or readers, may have been.

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Gombert-Courvoisier, Sandrine, Vincent Sennès et Francis Ribeyre. « An analysis of viewpoints on education for responsible consumption in higher education ». International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education 15, n^o 3 (7 juillet 2014) : 259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijshe-12-2011-0080.

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Purpose – This paper aims to present the authors’ views on education for responsible consumption (ERC) in higher education, and deals with major components to be considered to educate students for responsible consumption. Design/methodology/approach – There are three components that seem relevant for ERC in higher education: taught courses should be closely linked with research being carried out into responsible consumption, ERC should focus on a global approach to reducing ecological impacts by changing consumption behaviour and the diversity of situations in terms of specific characteristics of local administrative areas and populations must be properly understood to adapt ERC messages and actions to significant local features. Findings – The diversity of modes of consumption and the complexity inherent in responsible consumption mean that the issue of ERC has to be considered from a global, cross-disciplinary and interdisciplinary perspective. In the educational context, the wide variety of students, although creating some difficulties in terms of teaching, is nevertheless a positive factor, as it provides a cultural mix and encourages the appropriation of responsible consumption issues by all. Regarding the effectiveness of this type of ERC in achieving the expected outcome of reducing ecological impacts, assessment tools have to be introduced from student level to the level of the local authority as a whole. Originality/value – To reinforce these concepts and recommendations, this article highlights the master’s degree in “Human ecology: environmental challenges of the activities of production and consumption” (University of Bordeaux, France). This course is the only one in France to cover the issues involved in responsible consumption using a cross-disciplinary approach.

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Cabral, Inês, Tiago Nogueira, Anabela Carneiro et Jorge Queiroz. « Influence of irrigation on yield and quality of cv. Touriga Franca in the Douro Region ». E3S Web of Conferences 50 (2018) : 01014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185001014.

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The Douro Region is characterized by a typically Mediterranean climate, with extreme temperatures and irregular rainfall throughout the year. This experimental trial was carried out on a vineyard plot of Touriga Franca, grafted in 110R, at Quinta da Cabreira, property of Quinta do Crasto, S.A., located in the Douro Region. Four irrigation modalities were established, in three blocks, according to the percentage of cultural evapotranspiration (ETc): R0, the control, without irrigation; R25, irrigated with 25% ETc; R50, with 50% ETc and R75, with 75% ETc. Irrigation had repercussions on total leaf area, with statistically significant lower value for R0 and greater for R75. Concerning the ecophysiological parameters, the water leaf potential was lower in R0 than at R50 and R75. On the yield components, it was observed a higher number of clusters in R75 and a smaller quantity in R0 and the bunch weight was also affected by the amount of water provided, with the R50 or R75 having a higher value. Even if the berry weight has not presented differences, those factors affect yield, that was higher in the R50 and R75. Concerning the quality, no significant differences had been found on the various components tested.

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Chaniaud, Noémie, Assia Cherfouh, Maxime Gignon et Emilie Loup-Escande. « Acceptance of a Connected Blood Pressure Monitor in the Diagnosis of Hypertension in Rural Areas : An Exploratory Study in France ». Review of European Studies 14, n^o 3 (12 juillet 2022) : 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v14n3p1.

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Home medical devices are increasingly proving their usefulness to the general public, particularly in medical deserts such as rural areas and also in the diagnosis of hypertension (e.g., telemedicine practice requesting self-measurement of blood pressure), nevertheless, this product is not always well received by the population. The objective of this study is to analyze the acceptance of a connected blood pressure monitor in order to understand the factors that will impact its integration in the activity of its appropriation. Twenty patients living in rural areas awaiting diagnosis of hypertension responded to the UTAUT questionnaire after performing self-monitoring of blood pressure for 3 consecutive days. Our results suggest that the intentions of use are related to the 3 main dimensions of the UTAUT, i.e. expected performance (or perceived usefulness), effort expectancy (or perceived ease-of-use), social influence. Effort Expectancy is also strongly correlated to the attitude toward the device. Nevertheless, age, gender, technophilia, self-efficacy and anxiety are not correlated with usage intentions. These results suggest that the intention to use the blood pressure monitor that may impact actual use is determined more by its usefulness (functions, etc.) and ease of use than by socio-demographic characteristics. This is particularly encouraging insofar as these medical devices are a priori accepted by a population with variable characteristics (age, etc.) providing that they are properly designed to be perceived as useful and usable.

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Barna, Marta, et Bohdan Semak. « MAIN TRENDS OF MARKETING INNOVATIONS DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL TOUR OPERATING ». Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 6, n^o 5 (2 décembre 2020) : 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2020-6-5-33-41.

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The article examines the role of the tourism industry in the world economy, reveals the specifics of the innovation process in tourism. The classification of innovations in tourism according to the object of their application is given. The main directions of using innovative marketing technologies in the field of tourism services are considered: release of new types of tourism product, change in the organization of production and consumption, identification and use of new markets, as well as the use of new equipment and technology. Factors that accelerate the introduction of marketing innovations are studied. Based on the analysis of world experience, several models of regulation of innovative tour operating activities in the EU have been identified. The first direction of formation of the model of the innovations development in tourism is the activity of stimulating innovations in the public and private sectors of tourism with the aim of their transition to a qualitatively new model of touring (similar model is used in Greece, Italy and Portugal). The second direction is defined as the internationalization and opening of new markets (a similar model of stimulating innovative development is typical of Spain, Romania and partly Norway). The third one includes support for entrepreneurship in the field of tourism, stimulation of entrepreneurial initiatives, opening a new tourism business (A similar model of stimulating innovation in tourism is typical of many countries in Europe, Australia, New Zealand). The fourth direction is the promotion of the country, its tourism product, including educational and cultural ones (A similar model is typical of Bulgaria, Croatia, Spain, Turkey, Thailand). The role of introduction and active development of e-business and marketing technologies is defined, especially in modern conditions. The necessity of development of the newest directions of the Internet marketing in the field of tourism, including mobile, Internet branding and geomarketing, is proved. The role of innovative marketing technologies as one of the central elements of modern development of activity of tourist firms, the necessity of application of computer technologies and non-standard ways of giving of the information during carrying out modern technical maintenance, are justified. The first group of such technological solutions consists of management technologies, including property management system (PMS), aimed at optimization of basic technological operations. The modern hotels and chains are trying to present themselves not only in global distribution system (GDS), which has become a powerful advertising tool, but also in alternative distribution system (ADS), which is primarily needed by hotels focused on the business segment. Global distribution system (GDS) is also closely integrated into well-known booking systems such as Booking.com, HRS, Agoda, Travelocity, Expedia etc. The next group is for food and beverages inventory management technology (F&B). The group of marketing technologies includes search engine optimization measures (SEO and PPC), which allow to raise the hotel site in search engine rankings, E-mail Marketing as a means of maintaining constant communication with the client, marketing activities in social media (Social Media Optimization), creation of virtual hotels or illusions of visiting a hotel (Second Life and Virtual Hotels Conclusion), branding, etc. The last group of technologies are service ones, i.e. technologies for improving hotel products and services. Innovative technologies are developing in the direction of ensuring sustainable development (greening of hotel services and activities), inclusion in traditional technological operations of innovative components: electronic concierge terminals, access to hotel services via mobile devices, maximizing Internet access, etc. Based on the analysis of the activities of large tour operators, regional differences have been identified in Turkey, Greece, Croatia, Spain, Austria, Norway and France. It is proved that marketing innovations in tourism have a qualitative novelty, which affects the promising areas of tourism development, improvement of existing tourism products, improving the image and competitiveness of the tourism industry. Based on the study, it is generalized that the role of marketing innovations in international tourism has been growing every year, and it has become especially relevant in the conditions of the COVID-19 crisis. For travel companies, the effect of marketing innovation can be expressed in the qualitatively new changes in the tourism industry, improving the efficiency of tourism infrastructure, management of sustainable operation and development of tourism in the country and the formation, positioning and consumption of tourism services, improving the image and competitiveness of travel companies.

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Combey, Andy, Diego E. Mercerat, Philippe Gueguen, Mickaël Langlais et Laurence Audin. « Postseismic Survey of a Historic Masonry Tower and Monitoring of Its Dynamic Behavior in the Aftermath of Le Teil Earthquake (Ardèche, France) ». Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 112, n^o 2 (25 janvier 2022) : 1101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120210258.

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ABSTRACT On 11 November 2019, an Mw 4.9 earthquake struck the middle Rhône valley (South-East France) producing moderate to severe damage in the town of Le Teil and its surroundings. This unexpected event stressed the vulnerability of the French cultural built heritage to a moderate seismic hazard. Commonly applied to modern civil engineering structures, passive seismic methods are still lacking on historic constructions to understand properly the different factors driving their dynamic behavior. In this article, the results of a two-month seismic monitoring survey carried out shortly after the Le Teil mainshock in a historic masonry tower are presented and discussed. Located only 5 km south of the epicenter, the Gate Tower of Viviers (eleventh century) was instrumented with four highly sensitive seismic nodes. Ambient vibrations, as well as aftershocks and quarry blasts from the nearby Le Teil quarry, were recorded and used in the analysis. Through vibration-based analysis, the article addresses three relevant aspects of the dynamic response of ancient masonry structures. We discuss first the differences in the building’s response induced by the three reported types of vibrations, focusing on the particular signal characteristics of shallow aftershocks and quarry blasts. Then, we apply the Random Decrement Technique (RDT) to track the dynamic behavior variations over two months and to discuss the role of the environmental conditions in the slight fluctuations of the structural modal parameters (natural frequencies, damping coefficients) of unreinforced masonry structures. We also show evidence of the nonlinear elastic behavior under both weak seismic and atmospheric loadings. The correlation between the presence of heterogeneities in the construction materials and the nonlinear threshold supports the relevance of such types of monitoring surveys as a valuable tool for future modeling works and conservation efforts.

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KIM, Geonwoo. « The ‘Influenza of 1918’ and World War I : Focusing on the response and influence of the German army ». Korean Society For German History 50 (31 août 2022) : 77–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.17995/kjgs.2022.8.50.77.

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The most fundamental starting point of this study is to discover cases of infectious diseases in the past in the process of entering a new era due to the COVID-19 pandemic that mankind is experiencing, to find historical lessons, and to find ways to prevent and overcome the pandemic that may come again. The place where the ‘influenza’ began is still uncertain in detail, and the first appearance in the German military was on the Western Front against France. And it suffered the most during the first pandemic. When the first pandemic spread to the military, specific, systematic, and medical responses to the epidemic were not implemented within the German military, and countermeasures were not properly implemented. Due to the first pandemic, the German general offensive on the Western Front in 1918 had to disrupt the mobilization of soldiers. Along with various other events, it appears as the cause of failure. However, it is difficult to say that the ‘1918 influenza’ had a decisive impact on the end of the war.

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Crawford, Patricia. « Rethinking the Familiar : Domestic Relations, Property, and Law in Early Modern England - Adolescence and Youth in Early Modern England. By Ilena Krausman Ben-Amos. New Haven, Conn., and London : Yale University Press, 1994. Pp. xii + 335. $32.50. - Private Matters and Public Culture in Post-Reformation England. By Lena Cowen Orlin. Ithaca, N.Y., and London : Cornell University Press, 1994. Pp. xvii + 309. $41.50. - Dangerous Familiars : Representations of Domestic Crime in England, 1550–1700. By Frances E. Dolan. Ithaca, N.Y., and London : Cornell University Press, 1994. Pp. xiii + 253. $37.95 (cloth) ; $15.95 (paper). - Women and Property in Early Modern England. By Amy Louise Erickson. London and New York : Routledge, 1993. Pp. xiv + 306. $59.95. - Land and Family : Aristocratic Inheritance in England, 1300–1800. By Eileen Spring. Chapel Hill and London : University of North Carolina Press, 1993. Pp. ix + 199. $29.95. » Journal of British Studies 35, n^o 3 (juillet 1996) : 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386114.

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Baier, Martin, Sri Kuhnt-Saptodewo, H. J. M. Claessen, Annette B. Weiner, Charles A. Coppel, Wang Gungwu, Heleen Gall et al. « Book Reviews ». Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 150, n^o 3 (1994) : 588–623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003081.

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- Martin Baier, Sri Kuhnt-Saptodewo, Zum Seelengeliet bei den Ngaju am Kahayan; Auswertung eines Sakraltextes zur Manarung-Zeremonie beim totenfest. München: Akademischer Verlag,1993 (PhD thesis, Ludwig-Maximilian-Universitiy München). - H.J.M. Claessen, Annette B. Weiner, Inalienable Possessions; The paradox of keeping-while-giving. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992, 232 pp. Bibl. Index - Charles A. Coppel, Wang Gungwu, Community and Nation; China, Southeast Asia and Australia. Sydney: Asian studies of Australia in association with Allen & Unwin, 1992 (2nd revised edition), viii + 359 pp - Heleen Gall, W. J. Mommsen, European expansion and Law; the encounter of European and Indigenous Law in 19th- and 20th- century Africa and Asia. Oxford; Berg publishers, 1992, vi + 339 pp, J.A. de Moor (eds.) - Beatriz van der Goes, C. W. Watson, Kinship, Property and inheritance in Kerinci, Central Sumatra. Canterbury:University of Kent, Centre for Social Anthropology and computing Monographs no: 4. South-East Asian Series, 1992, ix + 255 pp - Kees Groeneboer, Tom van der Berge, Van Kenis tot kunst; Soendanese poezie in de koloniale tijd. Proefschrift Rijksuniversiteit Lieden, November 1993, 220 pp - Kees Groeneboer, J.E.A.M. Lelyveld, ‘... waarlijk geen overdaad, doch een dringende eisch..’’; Koloniaal onderwijs en onderwijsbeleid in Nederlands-Indië 1893-1942. Proefschrift Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht, 1992. - Marleen Heins, R. Anderson Sutton, Variation in Central Javanese gamelan music; Dynamics of a steady state. Northern Illinois University: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Monograph series on Southeast Asia, (Special Report 28 ),1993. - Marleen Heins, E. Heins, Jaap Kunst, Indonesian music and dance; Traditional music and its interaction with the West. Amsterdam: Royal Tropical Institute/Tropenmuseum, University of Amsterdam, Ethnomusicology Centre `Jaap Junst’, 1994, E. den Otter, F. van Lamsweerde (eds.) - David Henley, Harold Brookfield, South-East Asia’s environmental future; The search for sustainability. Tokyo: United Nations University Press, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1993, xxxii + 422 pp., maps, tables, figures, index., Yvonne Byron (eds.) - Antje van der Hoek, Keebet von Benda-Beckmann, De emancipatie van Molukse vrouwen in Nederland. Utrecht: Van Arkel,1992, Francy Leatemia-Toma-tala (eds.) - Michael Hitchcock, Brita L. Miklouho-Maklai, Exposing Society’s Wounds; Some aspects of Indonesian Art since 1966. Adelaide: Flinders University Asian studies Monograph No.5, illustrations, 1991, iii + 125 pp - Nico Kaptein, Fred R. von der Mehden, Two Worlds of Islam; Interaction between Southeast Asia and the Middle East.Gainesville etc: University Press of Florida 1993, xiii + 128 pp - Nico Kaptein, Karel Steenbrink, Dutch Colonialism and Indonesian Islam; Contacts and Conflicts 1596-1950. Amsterdam-Atlanta, GA: Rodopi, 1993. - Harry A. Poeze, Rudolf Mrázek, Sjahrir; Politics and exile in Indonesia. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University, Southeast Asia Program, 1994. - W.G.J. Remmelink, Takao Fusayama, A Japanese memoir of Sumatra 1945-1946; Love and hatred in the liberation war. Ithaca: Cornell University (Cornell Modern Indonesia Project Monograph series 71), 1993, 151 pp., maps, illustrations. - Ratna Saptari, Diana Wolf, Factory Daughters; Gender, Household Dynamics, and Rural Industrialization in Java. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992. - Ignatius Supriyanto, Ward Keeler, Javanese Shadow Puppets. Singapore (etc.): Oxford University Press, 1992, vii + 72 pp.,bibl., ills. (Images of Asia). - Brian Z. Tamanaha,S.J.D., Juliana Flinn, Review of diplomas and thatch houses; Asserting tradition in a changing Micronesia. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992. - Gerard Termorshuizen, Dorothée Buur, Indische jeugdliteratuur; Geannoteerde bibliografie van jeugdboeken over Nederlands-Indië en Indonesië, 1825-1991. Leiden, KITLV Uitgeverij, 1992, 470 pp., - Barbara Watson Andaya, Reinout Vos, Gentle Janus, merchant prince; The VOC and the tightrope of diplomacy in the Malay world, 1740-1800. Leiden: KITLV Press, 1994, xii + 252 pp.

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Cabral, João Paulo. « A entrada na Europa e a expansão inicial do eucalipto em Portugal Continental ». História da Ciência e Ensino : construindo interfaces 20 (29 décembre 2019) : 8–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.23925/2178-2911.2019v20espp18-27.

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Resumo As primeiras observações e recolhas de eucaliptos ocorreram nas grandes viagens inglesas e francesas ao Pacífico, em particular à Austrália, em finais do século XVIII. O género Eucalyptus L'Hér. foi estabelecido em 1788, e logo nas duas décadas seguintes seriam descritas, por botânicos franceses e ingleses, muitas espécies novas. O primeiro eucalipto cultivado em Inglaterra foi trazido, em 1774, na segunda viagem de James Cook. Em França, a introdução terá sido feita em 1804, no Jardim Botânico de Montpellier, na Alemanha em 1809, no Jardim Botânico de Berlim, e em Itália, em 1813, no Jardim Botânico de Nápoles. Em Portugal, a introdução do eucalipto foi muito posterior a estas datas. Na propriedade do duque de Palmela no Lumiar, foram plantados dois eucaliptos em 1850-1852. No Horto Botânico da Escola Médico-Cirúrgica de Lisboa, existia em 1852, pelo menos um espécimen, certamente para uso ou demonstração das suas propriedades terapêuticas. A partir da década de 1860, a expansão foi muito rápida. Em 1869, a companhia real dos caminhos-de-ferro portugueses iniciou a plantação de eucaliptos nas estações, casas de guarda e ao longo da via-férrea. As primeiras plantações em larga escala terão ocorrido na década de 1880 em propriedades perto de Abrantes arrendadas por William T. Tait. Em 1886 estavam já plantados 150 mil eucaliptos. Nesta mesma década começou a plantação, em escala apreciável, de eucaliptos nas Matas Nacionais. Em finais do século XX, tinham sido introduzidas em Portugal cerca de 250 espécies, sendo o Eucalyptus globulus Labill., a espécie largamente dominante. É interessante constatar que tendo sido um dos países europeus que mais tarde introduziu a cultura do eucalipto, Portugal é hoje, a nível mundial, um dos que apresenta maior percentagem da sua área florestal dedicada a esta cultura.Palavras-chave: eucalipto; jardins botânicos; Portugal. Abstract The earliest observations and collections of eucalypts occurred on the great English and French voyages to the Pacific, particularly Australia, in the late 18th century. The genus Eucalyptus L'Hér. was described in 1788, and soon in the following two decades, many species would be described by French and English botanists. The first eucalypt grown in England was brought in 1774 on James Cook's second voyage. In France, the introduction seems to have occurred in 1804, at the Botanical Garden of Montpellier, in Germany in 1809, at the Botanical Garden of Berlin, and in Italy, in 1813, at the Botanical Garden of Naples. In Portugal, the introduction of eucalypts was much later than these dates. In the property of the Duke of Palmela in Lumiar, two eucalypts were planted in 1850-1852. The Botanical Garden of the Medical-Surgical School of Lisbon had in 1852, at least one specimen, certainly for use or demonstration of its therapeutic properties. From the 1860s the expansion was very rapid. In 1869, the royal company of the Portuguese railways began planting eucalypts in the stations, guard houses and along the railroad. The first large-scale plantations occurred in the 1880s in properties near Abrantes leased by William T. Tait. By 1886, 150,000 eucalypts were already planted. In the same decade began the planting, on an appreciable scale, of eucalypts in “Matas Nacionais”. By the end of the 20th century about 250 species had been introduced in Portugal, being Eucalyptus globulus Labill., the species largely dominant. It is interesting to note that Portugal, one of the European countries that later introduced the eucalypt, is today, worldwide, one of the countries with the highest percentage of its forest area dedicated to this culture. Keywords: eucalypt; botanical gardens; Portugal.

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Castro Redondo, Rubén. « La conflictividad por servidumbres en los procesos judiciales de la Real Audiencia de Galicia en la Edad Moderna ». Vínculos de Historia. Revista del Departamento de Historia de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, n^o 8 (20 juin 2019) : 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.18239/vdh_2019.08.16.

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RESUMENLa sociedad gallega del Antiguo Régimen fue esencialmente conflictiva, hecho que ha sido probado en numerosas publicaciones en los últimos años. El presente artículo trata de analizar una parte de esta realidad social a través de los litigios que la Real Audiencia de Galicia atendió por razón de servidumbres, las cuales podían ser, según el elemento al que se refiriesen, de paso, de agua y de luces y ventanas. Estas figuras jurídicas redistribuían derechos y deberes al margen de la propiedad privada, por lo que aunque su fundamento no se discutía, como habitualmente ocurrió, sí se discutió la forma en que debían establecerse.PALABRAS CLAVE: Edad Moderna, conflictividad social, servidumbre de paso, servidumbre de agua, servidumbre de luces y ventanas.ABSTRACTGalician society during Early Modern History was essentially conflictive, as many studies have demonstrated in recent years. This paper seeks to analyse a part of this social reality through the litigation that the Royal Court of Galicia considered by reason of easements, which could be, according to the element to which they refer, on rights of way, water, lights and windows. These legal instruments redistributed rights and duties beyond private property, so if their basis was not generally discussed, there was debate over how they should be established.KEYWORDS: Early Modern History, social conflict, access easement, water easement, light and air easement. BIBLIOGRAFÍAAlegre Maceira, C., Dar e concordar no Ulla no século XVIII, A Coruña, Diputación provincial de A Coruña, 2009.Bouhier, A., La Galice: essai geographique d’analyse et d’interpretation d’un vieux complexe agraire, La Roche-sur-Yon, 1979.Candal González, X. M., “Pleitos de aguas en la audiencia coruñesa durante el siglo XVIII”, Obradoiro de Historia Moderna, 2 (1993), pp. 85-103.Cardesín, J. M., Tierra, trabajo y reproducción social en una aldea gallega (s. XVIII – XX): muerte de unos, vida de otros, Madrid, Ministerio de Agricultura, 1992.Castro Redondo, R., La conflictividad vecinal en la Galicia de fines del Antiguo Régimen: los conflictos por medidas y límites (Tesis Doctoral Inédita), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 2016.Fernández Vega, L., La Real Audiencia de Galicia, órgano de gobierno en el Antiguo Régimen, A Coruña, Diputación de A Coruña, 1982.González Fernández, X. M., Bouzas y otros juzgados gallegos del siglo XVIII: la conflictividad judicial ordinaria en la Galicia atlántica (1670-1820), Vigo, Instituto de Estudios Vigueses, 1997.Goubert, P., Beauvais et le Beauvaisis de 1600 á 1730 : contribution á l’histoire sociale de la France du XVIIe siècle, París, l’École des Hautes Études, 1960.Herbella de Puga, B., Derecho práctico i estilos de la Real Audiencia de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, Imprenta de Ignacio Aguayo, 1768.Iglesias Estepa, R., “La conflictividad ‘sorda’: un estudio sobre la criminalidad a finales del Antiguo Régimen”, Obradoiro de Historia Moderna, 10 (2001), p. 247-273.Jacquart, J., La crise rurale en Île-de-France, 1550-1670, Paris, A. Colin, 1974.Kagan, R., Pleitos y pleiteantes en Castilla (1500-1700), Junta de Castilla y León: Consejería de Cultura y Turismo, 1991.Las Siete Partidas del Rey don Alfonso el Sabio, cotejadas con varios códices antiguos por la Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid, 1807.López Gómez, P., La Real Audiencia de Galicia y el Archivo del Reino, Santiago de Compostela, Xunta de Galicia, 1996.Mantecón Movellán, T. A., Conflictividad y disciplinamiento social en la Cantabria rural del Antiguo Régimen, Santander, Universidad de Cantabria, 1997.Ortego Gil, P., “La fuente limpia de la justicia: la Real Audiencia de Galicia”, en Die Höchstgerichtsbarkeit im ZeitalterKarls V: Eine vergleichende Betrachtung, Baden Baden, Nomos, 2011, pp. 177-264.Pacheco, F. L., Las servidumbres pradiales en el derecho histórico español, Lleida, Pagès Editors, 1991.Pacheco, F. L., “Fueros y Partidas: algunas páginas más sobre servidumbres”, Initium: Revista catalana d’historia del dret, 6, 2001, pp. 285-305.Pérez García, J. M., “Entre regar y no regar: la intensa disputa por unos recursos hídricos colectivos escasos en la Galicia meridional (1600-1850)”, en F. J. ArandaPérez (coord.), El mundo rural en la España moderna, Cuenca, Universidad de Castilla la Mancha, 2004, pp. 555-572.Rey Castelao, O., Montes y política forestal en la Galicia del Antiguo Régimen, Santiago de Compostela, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 1995.Rey Castelao, O., “La lucha por el agua en el país de la lluvia (Galicia, siglos XVI-XIX)”, Vínculos de Historia, 1 (2012), pp. 45-72.Saavedra Fernández, P., “El agua en el sistema agropecuario de Galicia”, en A. Marcos Martín (coord.), Agua y sociedad en la época moderna, Valladolid, Universidad de Valladolid, Instituto Universitario Simancas, 2009, pp. 49-72.Saavedra Fernández, P., “Servidumbres y limitaciones de dominio en el sistema agropecuario de Galicia”, en Historia de la propiedad: servidumbres y limitaciones de dominio, Madrid, Servicio de Estudios del Colegio de Registradores, 2009, pp. 351-388.Torijano Pérez, E., “El agua como bien privativo (de las Partidas al Código Civil)”, en A. Marcos Martín (coord.), Agua y sociedad en la época moderna, Valladolid, Universidad de Valladolid, 2009, pp. 73-86.

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Pérez González, Silvia María, et Alberto Ruiz-Berdejo Beato. « Estrategias de supervivencia de las viudas del Reino de Sevilla a finales de la Edad Media y comienzos de la Modernidad (siglos XIV-XVI) ». Vínculos de Historia Revista del Departamento de Historia de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, n^o 11 (22 juin 2022) : 339–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18239/vdh_2022.11.15.

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En el presente artículo pretendemos analizar las estrategias de supervivencia llevadas a cabo por las viudas del Reino de Sevilla en el período comprendido entre 1392 y 1550, fundamentalmente a través de los protocolos notariales disponibles para las ciudades de Sevilla y Jerez de la Frontera. Estudiaremos sus opciones vitales, su patrimonio y las diversas actividades financieras que llevaron a cabo para sacar adelante la economía familiar y preservar y aumentar los bienes heredados por sus hijos. Asimismo, reflexionaremos sobre los inconvenientes, pero también sobre las ventajas que la condición de viuda aportaba a las mujeres. De este modo, contribuiremos al conocimiento de la realidad socioeconómica de los grupos intermedios de la sociedad castellana de la Baja Edad Media y de los albores de la Modernidad. Palabras clave: viudas, actividades económicas, protocolos notarialesTopónimos: Sevilla, Jerez de la FronteraPeríodo: Baja Edad Media, siglo XVI ABSTRACTThe aim of this paper is to analyse the survival strategies employed by the widows of the Kingdom of Seville between 1392 and 1550. The article is based on the affidavits available for Seville and Jerez de la Frontera. The work examines their life choices, their patrimony and the financial activities they undertook for the sake of their own livelihood and their children’s futures. There is also a reflection upon the disadvantages but also the advantages implicit in widowhood for a woman. Thus, a contribution will be made to knowledge of the socio-economic reality of middle-class Castilian society in the Late Middles Ages and Early Modern Period. Keywords: widows, economic activities, affidavitsPlace names: Seville, Jerez de la FronteraPeriod: Late Middle Ages, Early Modern Period REFERENCIASAbellán Pérez, J. (2019), “El dormitorio de las viviendas jerezanas durante la Baja Edad Media: una aproximación a la vida cotidiana”, Estudios sobre patrimonio, cultura y ciencias medievales, 21, pp. 7-36.Álvarez Fernández, M. y Beltrán Suárez, S. (2015), Vivienda, gestión y mercado inmobiliario en Oviedo en el tránsito de la Edad Media a la Modernidad, Vitoria, Universidad del País Vasco.Asenjo González, M. (1990), “La mujer y su entorno social en el fuero de Soria, en Las mujeres medievales y su ámbito jurídico” en Actas de las II Jornadas de Investigación Interdisciplinaria, Madrid, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, pp. 45-57.Barron, C. M. (1989), “The ‘Golden Age’ of Women in Medieval London”, Reading Medieval Studies, 15, pp. 35-58.Batlle i Gallart, C. y Vinyoles i Vidal, T. (2002), Mirada a la Barcelona medieval desde les finetres gòtiques, Barcelona, Rafael Dalmau.Beattie, C. (2005), “Gender and Femininity in Medieval England”, en Writing Medieval History, London, Boolmsbury Publications, pp. 153-170.Carvajal, D. (2004), “La mujer castellana a fines de la Edad Media: una firme defensora del patrimonio familiar”, en La historia de las mujeres. Una revisión historiográfica, Valladolid, Universidad de Valladolid.Clavero Salvador, B. (1977), “Prohibición de la usura y constitución de rentas”, Moneda y crédito, 143, pp. 107-131.Collantes de Terán Sánchez, A. (1988), “Propiedad y mercado inmobiliario en la Edad Media. Sevilla: siglos XIII-XVI”, Hispania, 48, 169, pp. 493-528.— (1993), Diccionario histórico de las calles de Sevilla, Sevilla, Consejería de Obras Públicas y Transportes, Ayuntamiento de Sevilla, Delegación de Cultura, Gerencia Municipal de Urbanismo.— (2007), “El modelo meridional, Sevilla”, en Mercado inmobiliario y paisajes urbanos en el Occidente europeo (siglos XI-XV), Navarra, Gobierno de Navarra, pp. 591-630.Crane, S. (1994), Gender and Romance in Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, Princeton Princeton University Press.Diamond, A. (1977), “Chaucer’s Women and Women’s Chaucer”, en The Authority of Experience: Essays in Feminist Criticism, Massachusetts, University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst, pp. 52-75.Equip Broida (1984), “La viudez, ¿triste o feliz estado? Las últimas voluntades de los barceloneses en torno a 1400”, en Las mujeres en las ciudades medievales, Actas de las III Jornadas de Investigación Interdisciplinaria, Madrid, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, pp. 27-41.Franco Silvia, A. (1979a), La esclavitud en Sevilla y su tierra a finales de la edad media, Sevilla, Diputación Provincial.— (1979b), “La esclavitud en Castilla durante la Baja Edad Media: una aproximación metodológica y estado de la cuestión”, Historia. Instituciones. Documentos, 6, pp. 113-128.— (1998), “La mujer esclava en la sociedad andaluza de finales del Medievo”, en El trabajo de las mujeres en la Edad Media hispana, Madrid, Asociación Cultural Al-Mudayna, pp. 287-301.— (2003), “La esclavitud en Andalucía en los siglos finales de la Edad Media”, Andalucía en la historia, pp. 72-79.García de la Borbolla, A. (2019), “Las relaciones entre las viudas urbanas y el cabildo de Pamplona en el siglo XIV”, Anuario de estudios medievales, 49, 2, pp. 589-617.García Herrero, M. C. (1990), Las mujeres en Zaragoza en el siglo XV. Zaragoza (tesis doctoral).— (1993), “Viudedad foral y viudas aragonesas a finales de la Edad Media”, Hispania, 53, 184, pp. 431-452.— (2009), Artesanas de vida. Mujeres de la Edad Media, Zaragoza, Institución Fernando el Católico, 2009.García Herrero, M. C. y Pérez Galán, C. (coords.) (2014), Mujeres de la Edad Media: actividades políticas, socioeconómicas y culturales, Zaragoza, Institución Fernando el Católico-Diputación de Zaragoza.García Rubio, L. y Rubio Hernández, L. (2000), La mujer murciana en la Baja Edad Media, Murcia, Universidad de Murcia.Goldberg, P. J. P. (2006), Women, Work, and Life Cycle in a Medieval Economy: Women in York and Yorkshire C.1300-1520, Oxford, Clarendon Press.González Arévalo, R. (2010), “La costa del reino de Sevilla en la documentación náutica italiana (Siglo XV)”, en Historia de Andalucía. VIII Coloquio, Granada, Universidad de Granada, pp. 302-317.González Ferrando, J. M. (2012), “La idea de ‘usura’ en la España del siglo XVI: consideración especial de los cambios, juros y asientos”, Pecvnia, 15, pp. 1-57. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/pec.v0i15.803Green, H. (2009), Women and Marriage in German Medieval Romance. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Hudacek, P. (2014), “The legal position of widows in Medieval Hungary up to 1222 and the question of dower”, Historicky Casopis, 62, pp. 1-37.James A. (1987), Law, Sex, and Christian Society in Medieval Europe, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press.Kowaleski M. y Bennett, J. M. (1989), “Crafts, Gilds and Women in the Middle Ages: Fifty Years after Marian K. Dale”, Signs, 14, pp. 324-335.Martín Gutiérrez, E. (2003), “Análisis de la toponimia y aplicación al estudio del poblamiento. El Alfoz de Jerez de la Frontera durante la Baja Edad Media”, Historia. Instituciones. Documentos, 20, pp. 257-300.Mingorance Ruiz, J. A. (2005-2006), “Los contratos de ahorramiento de esclavos en Jerez de la Frontera”, Hespérides: Anuario de Investigaciones, 13-14, pp. 93-112.— (2014), La colonia extranjera en Jerez a finales de la Edad Media, Jerez de la Frontera, Peripecias Libros, Jerez.Mingorance Ruiz, J. A. y Abril, J. M. (2013), La esclavitud en la Baja Edad Media. Jerez de la Frontera 1392-1550, Jerez de la Frontera, Peripecia Libros.Miura Andrades, J. M. (1998), Frailes, monjas y conventos. Las Órdenes Mendicantes y la sociedad sevillana bajomedieval, Sevilla, Diputación de Sevilla.Muldrew, C. (1998), The Economy of Obligation: The Culture of Credit and Social, New York, St. Martin’s Press.Muñoz y Gómez, A. (2002), Noticia histórica de las calles y plazas de Xerez de la Frontera: sus nombres y orígenes (ed. facs.). Jerez de la Frontera, Ayuntamiento.Pérez de Tudela, I. (1984), “La condición de viuda en el medievo castellano-leonés, en Las mujeres en las ciudades medievales” en Actas de las III Jornadas de Investigación Interdisciplinaria, Madrid, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, pp. 87-101.Pérez García, R. M., Fernández Chaves, M. F. y Belmonte Postigo, J. L. (2018), Los negocios de la esclavitud: tratantes y mercados de esclavos en el Atlántico ibérico, siglos XV-XVIII, Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla.Pérez González, S. M. (2005a), Los laicos en la Sevilla bajomedieval. Sus devociones y cofradías, Huelva, Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Huelva.— (2005b), La mujer en la Sevilla de finales de la Edad Media. Solteras, casadas y vírgenes consagradas, Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla.— (2010a), “Mujeres liberadas de la tutela masculina: de solteras y viudas a finales de la Edad Media”, Cuadernos Kóre, 2, pp. 31-54.— (2010b), “Mujeres en la Andalucía del ocaso medieval: algunas de sus opciones vitales”, en Historia de Andalucía: VII Coloquio ¿Qué es Andalucía? Una revisión histórica desde el Medievalismo”, Granada, Universidad de Granada, pp. 319-336.— (2017), “Benedictinos, cartujos y jerónimos en la Sevilla de finales de la Edad Media (1441-1504)”, Studia monastica, 59, 1, (2017), pp. 77-101.Puñal Fernández, T. (2000), Los artesanos de Madrid en la Edad Media (1200-1274), Madrid, UNED.Rosenthal, T. J. (2006), “Widows”, en Women and Gender in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopaedia, New York-London, Routledge.Rubin, M. (1991), “Medieval Women York” History Workshop Journal, 31, pp. 214-217. https://doi.org/10.1093/hwj/31.1.214Schmidt, A. (2010), “Generous provisions or legitimate shares? Widows and the transfer of property in 17th-century Holland”, History f Family, 15, pp. 13-24.Sharpe, P. (1999), “Survival strategies and stories: Poor widows and widowers in early industrial England”, en Widowhood in Medieval and early modern Europe, New York, Longman pp. 220-239.Segura Graiño, C. (1986), “Situación jurídica y realidad social de casadas y viudas”, en La condición de la mujer en la Edad Media: actas del coloquio celebrado en la Casa de Velázquez, del 5 al 7 de noviembre de 1984, Madrid, Casa de Velázquez.Solà Parera, A. 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Cuyler, Antonio C., et Khamal Patterson. « France and the restitution of African cultural property : a critical race theory view ». Cultural Trends, 10 janvier 2023, 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09548963.2022.2164178.

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Yates, Alexia, et Erika Vause. « Beyond the Dual Revolution : Revisiting Capitalism in Modern France ». French History, 20 juin 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fh/craa038.

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Abstract— What communication has there been—and should there be—between the history of modern France and the new history of capitalism? In this introduction to a special issue, the authors trace the recent development of a new scholarly interest in the history of capitalism, outlining the ways that this field intersects with existing research on the history of economic life in nineteenth-century France and suggesting how historians of France can push this scholarship into new directions. In particular, French history’s global turn, the strength of historiography on consumerism and marketization, the place of (revolutionary) property in law and culture and the significance of cultural history represent particular vectors through which the history of nineteenth-century France and the new history of capitalism can develop.

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Calo, Adam, Annie McKee, Coline Perrin, Pierre Gasselin, Steven McGreevy, Sarah Ruth Sippel, Annette Aurélie Desmarais et al. « Achieving Food System Resilience Requires Challenging Dominant Land Property Regimes ». Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 5 (14 septembre 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.683544.

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Although evidence continues to indicate an urgent need to transition food systems away from industrialized monocultures and toward agroecological production, there is little sign of significant policy commitment toward food system transformation in global North geographies. The authors, a consortium of researchers studying the land-food nexus in global North geographies, argue that a key lock-in explaining the lack of reform arises from how most food system interventions work through dominant logics of property to achieve their goals of agroecological production. Doing so fails to recognize how land tenure systems, codified by law and performed by society, construct agricultural land use outcomes. In this perspective, the authors argue that achieving food system “resilience” requires urgent attention to the underlying property norms that drive land access regimes, especially where norms of property appear hegemonic. This paper first reviews research from political ecology, critical property law, and human geography to show how entrenched property relations in the global North frustrate the advancement of alternative models like food sovereignty and agroecology, and work to mediate acceptable forms of “sustainable agriculture.” Drawing on emerging cases of land tenure reform from the authors' collective experience working in Scotland, France, Australia, Canada, and Japan, we next observe how contesting dominant logics of property creates space to forge deep and equitable food system transformation. Equally, these cases demonstrate how powerful actors in the food system attempt to leverage legal and cultural norms of property to legitimize their control over the resources that drive agricultural production. Our formulation suggests that visions for food system “resilience” must embrace the reform of property relations as much as it does diversified farming practices. This work calls for a joint cultural and legal reimagination of our relation to land in places where property functions as an epistemic and apex entitlement.

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Karim, Kodrat Hi, et Rustam Hasim. « PENGUNAAN BAHASA TERNATE DALAM SASTRA LISAN DAN ACARA RITUAL KEAGAMAAN ». JURNAL ILMU BUDAYA 6, n^o 1 (7 juin 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.34050/jib.v6i1.4321.

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This paper describes types of phrases expressed in Ternate oral literature. As various types of Indonesian literature, it is also found that oral literature of Ternate consists of many different forms and type, this variety can be classified into different classification such as based on the period of before and after the establishment of Islamic teaching in this area. Ternate oral literature has a close relationship with the tradition of its society such as its ethics, social and economic life both internally and externally. Oral tradition in the sultanate of Ternate is a set of habits and behaviors of daily life inherited from generation to generation. Before the introduction of Islam which is known as the period ofmomoleperiod, this country already has a number of oral traditions that includes cultural values, customs, community systems and belief systems.In line with the development of Ternate language into lingua-france in North Maluku, Ternate literature then became the property of the community as North Maluku. Even it expands spreading alongside the development of the power of the Sultanate of Ternate from XV to XVII century. It is no wonder that if the oral literature is influenced by local languages as well as Malay, Arabic and Javanese languages.

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Redden, Guy. « The Secret, Cultural Property and the Construction of the Spiritual Commodity ». Cultural Studies Review 18, n^o 2 (17 septembre 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/csr.v18i2.2756.

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A randomised survey in Texas found that 22 per cent of the public identified themselves as consumers of New Age media. Despite widespread recognition of the ‘spiritual supermarket’ there has been little sustained analysis of the production of spiritual commodities and related issues of cultural property. This article presents a case study of the bestselling spiritual self-help book and DVD The Secret, which features various teachers and sacred wisdom traditions seen to hold the key to the meaning of life—but which has also been the subject of copyright disputes. Through this example the article examines ways informational commodities are produced by transforming freely available spiritual traditions into intellectual property for a contemporary market in self-help products. Two related tensions raised by this reconstruction are explored. The first is between cooperation and competition in the liberal New Age milieu where entrepreneurs present marginally differentiated goods and services side-by-side. In contrast with exclusionary organisation of religious doctrine, freedom to adapt the lingua franca of holistic spirituality allows for coefficiency among providers, but also new forms of ownership distinction, as exemplified by The Secret. The second tension is between these private property relations and the corporate cultural property of the custodians of knowledge traditions that are commodified. The Secret, as with much New Age syncretism and multiculturalism, depends upon particular processes of transvaluation that inscribe diversity as positive by rendering selected instantiations of it equivalent—in this case through universalising the therapeutic value of specific traditions have for modern life. Drawing in particular upon debates about New Age use of Indigenous Australian knowledges, the author questions how the reworking of wisdom into a commodity may bear upon the ethnocultural significance of sacred traditions and upon other attempts to fashion their roles in contemporary public spheres

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