Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Crowdsourcing. Entrepreneurship »

This paper aims to investigate an agile, knowledge-based, innovative, and integrated solution for businesses, i.e., “Digital entrepreneurship”, which means creating new ventures and transforming existing businesses by developing novel digital technologies and novel usage of such technologies. On the one hand, financing the projects is unaffordable for the companies, and a crowdsourcing platform is a good way to mitigate the burden of expenditure. The Digital Entrepreneurship process is a multidisciplinary field: developing software is rooted in information systems (IS), conceptualising business models, and formulating strategy. In addition to that, digital entrepreneurship is located at the junction of knowledge, business, and institutional entrepreneurship. This complicated nature of digital entrepreneurship requires a strategy. The type of opportunities they pursue characterises the strategy of formation and sustainability for a new venture; therefore, the entrepreneurs need to select strategies to make the best position according to their resources or the attainable resources through crowdsourcing. We shed light on the importance of crowdsourcing to have a successful state-of-the-art business after reviewing the background of digital entrepreneurship, crowdsourcing, and the digital entrepreneurship strategy.

Crowdsourcing is an important form for enterprises to realize open innovation, which can gather the wisdom of the public and gather talents from various fields to participate in technological innovation and value creation. This paper systematically reviews the emergence and development of crowdsourcing in China, analyzes the causes and characteristics of the four stages of crowdsourcing development with the clue of major events in the development process of crowdsourcing; takes the operation process of crowdsourcing as the breakthrough point, discusses the bidirectional driving optimization path for the benign rolling development of crowdsourcing mode under the background of “mass entrepreneurship and innovation”; and prospects. Finally, the future development direction of crowdsourcing mode is pointed out.

PurposeThe literature on entrepreneurial ecosystems is fragmented, and yet, no studies have paid attention to integrating the available studies. The purpose of this study is to provide a systematic review of contributions related to entrepreneurial ecosystems.Design/methodology/approachThis literature review evaluates studies that are covered in the Web of Science index.FindingsIn addition to the recent state of research (covering industries, geographical scopes, methodologies, etc.), this study provides an extension of Isenberg’s (2011) model of entrepreneurial ecosystems.Research limitations/implicationsA new avenue arises for both conceptual and empirical research by emphasizing crowdsourcing as a contributing element for the entrepreneurial ecosystem. Future studies can evaluate the effectiveness of different types of crowdsourcing profoundly to make sure whether creating a promising ecosystem all types of crowdsourcing have a similar value or impact.Practical implicationsFor public policy and local decision-makers, both collaboration opportunities and interaction interfaces between the stakeholders of the entrepreneurial need to be reconsidered in the design of entrepreneurial ecosystems.Social implicationsHigher degrees of collaboration, information exchange and innovation are likely to yield favorable entrepreneurship environments.Originality/valueNovelty of this study arises from integrating crowdsourcing theory in the systematic review of entrepreneurial ecosystems.

As donor financial support decreases, ending the HIV epidemic in Asia will require novel and sustainable approaches. Social innovation, a community-engaged process that links social change and health improvement, may be useful for helping to end the HIV epidemic in Asia. A scoping review to examine social innovation strategies in sexual health for the Asian region was conducted. The research identified focused on three types of social innovation: (1) microfinance; (2) social entrepreneurship; and (3) social enterprise. Microfinance provides financial opportunities (e.g. banking services, job opportunities) to spur local entrepreneurship and healthier behaviours. Social entrepreneurship uses business principles and tools (e.g. crowdsourcing, human-centred design) to improve health. Social enterprise is a business with a social mission. Further research is needed to measure the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of social innovation strategies in improving HIV services.

In the article author defines the essence of social capital and basic theoretical approaches to its understanding. The possibility of diversification and dissemination of innovative forms of social capital accumulation in Ukraine have been proved. It is shown that new forms of manifestation and realization of social capital are emerging, which create new opportunities for socialization of economic relations and formation of new public institutions, which can reverse the development of the economy and the accumulation of social capital. It describes such new forms of social capital as: social entrepreneurship, social Internet networks, freelancing, sharing economy, digitization of economic entities interaction, crowdfunding, crowdsourcing, crowdsourcing, e-government, creation of “digital” communities, specially designed programs and projects, the task of which is to stimulate the activity of citizens and regulate their participation in solving local issues, the formation of corporate social capital, the creation of special social institutions at the global level.

Identification of the prospects for the social entrepreneurship expansion as one of the aspects of green economy uses the example of St. Petersburg. We use a statistical method for processing nominal data with the aid of SPSS. The study revealed that social-oriented not-for-profit organizations and government social agencies work with the same social groups and offer similar services. Therefore, to increase the competitiveness of not-for-profit organizations, these organizations should provide services at a high client-oriented level. We found that because of the lack of permanent sources of funding, the problem of fundraising exists. The results of the current study are applicable for improvement of commercial and social practices of social-oriented not-for-profit organizations, in the expansion of services for the additional professional education of such organizations’ personnel, in the development of practices in fundraising and crowdsourcing, in improving applications for grant support from the state, in the diversification of services. We revealed that social-oriented not-for-profit organizations and state social agencies work with the same social groups and offer similar services; we found that the problem of fundraising becomes a priority for this organizations; personnel in these organizations has different education; the representatives of not- for-profit organizations understand the purposes of social entrepreneurship.

Purpose of the study: Identification of the prospects for the social entrepreneurship expansion in the sphere of social-oriented not-for-profit organizations using the example of St. Petersburg. The object of study: social-oriented not-for-profit organizations. The subject of research: social entrepreneurship in the field of social not-for-profit organizations. The scientists and practitioner can use these findings for the development of this activity type. Methodology: The research methods used in this study are survey, qualitative analysis of documents and ground theory. We use the author’s questionnaire. It presented in the Appendix to this article. We use a statistical method for processing nominal data with the aid of SPSS. Main Findings: The study revealed that social-oriented not-for-profit organizations and government social agencies work with the same social groups and offer similar services. Therefore, to increase the competitiveness of not-for-profit organizations, these organizations should provide services at a high client-oriented level. We found that because of the lack of permanent sources of funding, the problem of fundraising exists. Applications of this study: The results of the current study are applicable for improvement of commercial and social practices of social-oriented not-for-profit organizations, in the expansion of services for the additional professional education of such organizations’ personnel, in the development of practices in fundraising and crowdsourcing, in improving applications for grant support from the state, in the diversification of services. Novelty/Originality of this study: We revealed that social-oriented not-for-profit organizations and state social agencies work with the same social groups and offer similar services; we found that the problem of fundraising becomes a priority for this organizations; personnel in these organizations has different education; the representatives of not-for-profit organizations understand the purposes of social entrepreneurship.

In line with the development of e-marketing, a new system emerged in the world of marketing and internet-based business called crowdsourcing. The workings of crowdsourcing sites are almost the same as sales terms where this site allows anyone and from anywhere to offer services and promote services on this site, where each member (member) of these sites is an online freelancer. At present, many promotional sites for freelancers have been provided by several communities and individuals who aim to offer goods and services for freelancers online and each service used is charged by freelancers when work is taken on the site. Based on the observations and experience of the author that many are building projects and digital product marketplaces in Indonesia and the World such as; Projects.co.id, Freelancer.com, Upwork, Guru, Elance, Sribulancer, Sribu. However, members who get services from these sites will be charged by the site owner for their services. This study tries to build a project model and digital product marketplace for students that can be used as a form of marketing student services for service enthusiasts. This model will later build an application that enables the marketing of student services to be complex and foster a spirit of entrepreneurship for students who are creative and innovative. The purpose of this study is to analyze the innovation model of the marketing system for freelancers' services and to build a project and digital product marketplace container as a media for promoting IT services for AMIK Indonesia students. Broadly speaking this research is divided into three stages, namely pre-development data collection, development and implementation, and post-development data collection.

Introduction. The transition to an innovative development model requires a dramatic increase in the share of innovative products and services by activating innovative entrepreneurship, introducing organizational innovations. One of the effective ways of modernizing the economy is the implementation of the attractor of integrated development of innovation infrastructure at four levels: macro level (national innovation system, free economic zones, venture financing); meso-level (creation of business incubators, technoparks, hacking, coworkings); micro-level (funds attraction, outsourcing, intrapreneurship) and nano-level (freelancing; crowdsourcing).The hypothesis of scientific research is based on the assumption that a new understanding of the priorities of educational and innovation policy and the creation of an appropriate institutional environment for the development of the ecosystem "education – science – business" will promote the establishment of equivalent relations between market actors in accordance with national priorities and world trends in scientific and technological development.The purposeof the research is to provide a comprehensive substantiation of the theoretical and methodological foundations of the formation of a management system of cluster interaction of interactive tools of the innovation chain of knowledge on a new basis, providing the attractor of innovative development of innovation and technological centers of coworking as a platform for the development of educational clusters.The methodology of the research is based on the general scientific methodology – philosophy and system approach, as well as on interdisciplinary methodological approaches – institutional, resource, network and cluster, used in socio-economic sciences.Results. A new approach to the formation of institutional forms of the implementation of innovative entrepreneurship, as well as mechanisms for the formation and functioning of small cluster business structures on the basis (with participation) of university units, allows to provide an efficient transfer of knowledge from the system of education to entrepreneurship in order to provide innovative development as the most entrepreneurial institution of higher education, and cluster action zone.Conclusions. An integrated combination of the proposed approaches to business organization provides introduction of innovative directions of economic activity, creation of additional workplaces, reduction of unemployment, poverty reduction and formation of a stratum of potentially innovative-active people who can create their own business for improving the quality and standard of living of the population.

Crowdsourcing is a newly-developed field that has helped a number of organizations to solved complex problems concerning quantities of information and resource accessibility. Many entrepreneurs have utilized crowdsourcing to their benefit, bypassing traditional forms of fundraising in order to increase their probability of success. Paper 1 will look specifically at the ways in which crowdsourcing can perform such a role, supporting the entrepreneur through each phase of the entrepreneurial process. Paper 2 will expand on this idea by exploring the effects that crowdsourcing can have on a company’s performance. Looking specifically at data provided by AngelList, a popular crowdsourcing platform, we’ll attempt to analyze the benefits that the technology has had on businesses by comparing crowdsourcing-based investment paths to those of traditional investors. Specifically, we measured the performance of both traditional and crowdsourcing-base business ventures over a 2-year period, using data extracted from Mattermark. We aim to shed light, here, on the ability of crowdsourcing to produce better performance in the medium-term. Paper 3 will investigate the effects that crowd size and diversity can have on the performance of a crowdsourced venture. AngelList’s data set will be useful in unpacking the relationship between the volume and diversity of a syndicate’s backers to see how these attributes can be beneficial or detrimental to a firm. While a significant amount of research has been undertaken around this topic, we have found that there are many gaps in the available literature. Where researchers have written extensively about the potential for crowdsourcing to support the discovery, exploitation and execution of entrepreneurial opportunities, much of this literature does not take into account the nature of currently-used crowdsourcing platforms. Throughout each of these papers, we’ll attempt to expand into the territory left unexplored by existing research, paying specific attention to the individual attributes phase of the entrepreneurial model.

[EN] The main purpose of this thesis consisted on trying to establish the existing relationships between social entrepreneurship, market orientation, crowdsourcing, and organizational performance. One of the main reasons that led to undertake this research on these relationships is referred to the extant interest on the effect of the information technologies (IT) related to market orientation and organizational management as part of a quest for a better organizational performance by the companies that adopt them. One of the organizational phenomena where market orientation and innovation have been exhibited has been through social entrepreneurship, which applies many elements that are common to entrepreneurship but which, unlike traditional entrepreneurship, has fundamentally social objectives. With regards to them and especially due to limitations (mainly financial ones), social entrepreneurs have refined their ingenuity with regards to financing and operation modes, having been found that social entrepreneurship generates value in several dimensions, from a personal level up to a general social level. On the other hand, it was found that crowdsourcing as an IT use intensive activity is turning into a form of value generation for companies as well as for the individuals that carry out work. For the first ones, because it allows them to achieve solutions to corporate and innovation (including R&D) problems at lower cost (and higher speed), and for the second ones, because it allows them to be part of a challenging and fulfilling (not only on a financial level) labor market, which allows them to exploit their specific skills. As the research process was carried out, a relevant theory study and research, as well as literature review, has been undertaken with respect to: social entrepreneurship, crowdsourcing and market orientation. Based on the theoretical foundation that was studied, hypothesis about the theoretical relationships have been formulated and the theoretical model was enunciated, which were later empirically verified in order to prove the formulated hypothesis as well as (consequently) the theoretical model. In order to undertake the empirical work, companies in the biotech and telecommunications sectors have been selected, based on both sectors' economic importance, as well as the IT adoption intensity in both. The study was carried on 223 companies among both sectors and the structural equations technique was used to prove the hypotheses, as well as to prove the model, finding that the results allowed to prove right the proposed hypothesis and model, having found that the results permitted proving right both the proposed hypothesis and the model. In the final part of this work, conclusions about the thesis' components were formulated, research limitations were outlined, finishing with future research lines proposal.
[ES] RESUMEN El principal propósito de esta tesis consistió en tratar de establecer las relaciones existentes entre el emprendimiento social, la orientación al mercado, el crowdsourcing y el desempeño organizativo. Una de las principales razones que llevó a realizar la presente investigación sobre estas relaciones se refiere al interés existente por el efecto de las tecnologías de la información y comunicación (TIC) con relación la orientación al mercado y la gestión organizacional como parte de la búsqueda de un mejor desempeño organizacional, por parte de las empresas que las adoptan. Uno de los fenómenos organizaciones en los que la orientación al mercado y la innovación se han puesto de manifiesto ha sido el emprendimiento social, mismo que aplica muchos elementos comunes con el emprendedurismo pero que, a diferencia del emprendedurismo tradicional, tiene objetivos fundamentalmente sociales. Al respecto, y debido a las limitaciones (principalmente financieras), los emprendedores sociales han aguzado su ingenio en cuanto a financiación y sus formas de operación, viéndose que el desarrollo del emprendimiento social genera valor en varias dimensiones, desde el nivel personal hasta a nivel social general. Por otra parte, se ha encontrado que el crowdsourcing como actividad intensiva en el uso de las TIC se está constituyendo en una forma de generación de valor tanto para las empresas como para los individuos que realizan el trabajo. Para las primeras, porque les permite lograr soluciones a problemas empresariales y de innovación (incluyendo I+D) a un costo menor (y mayor velocidad) y, para los segundos, porque les permite incorporarse a un mercado de trabajo desafiante y satisfactorio (no solamente a nivel financiero), que les permite explotar sus destrezas particulares. En el proceso de realizar el estudio se ha llevado a cabo un relevamiento de la teoría relevante y una revisión bibliográfica con relación al emprendimiento social, el crowdsourcing y la orientación al mercado. Sobre la base teórica estudiada se formularon las hipótesis con respecto a las relaciones teóricas entre las variables y se enunció el modelo teórico, que luego se procedió a verificar de forma empírica para comprobar las hipótesis planteadas, así como (en consecuencia) el modelo teórico. Para llevar a cabo el trabajo empírico, se ha seleccionado a las empresas de los sectores de biotecnología y de telecomunicaciones, en base a la importancia económica de ambos sectores, así como la intensidad de la adopción de las TIC en ambos. El estudio se llevó a cabo sobre 223 empresas de ambos sectores y se empleó la metodología de ecuaciones estructurales para comprobar las hipótesis, así como para para probar el modelo, encontrando que los resultados permitieron demostrar las hipótesis y el modelo planteados. En la parte final del trabajo, se procedió a formular conclusiones con relación a los componentes de la tesis, se plantearon las limitaciones de la investigación, concluyendo con la proposición de futuras líneas de investigación.
[CAT] El principal propòsit d'esta tesi va consistir a tractar d'establir les relacions existents entre l'emprendimiento social, l'orientació al mercat, el crowdsourcing i l'exercici organitzatiu. Una de les principals raons que va portar a realitzar la present investigació sobre estes relacions es referix a l'interés existent per l'efecte de les tecnologies de la informació (TI) amb relació l'orientació al mercat i la gestió organitzacional com a part de la busca d'un millor exercici organitzacional, per part de les empreses que les adopten. Un dels fenòmens organitzacions en què l'orientació al mercat i la innovació s'han posat de manifest ha sigut l'emprendimiento social, mateix que aplica molts elements comuns amb l'emprendimiento però que, a diferència de l'emprendimiento tradicional, té objectius fonamentalment socials. Respecte d'això, i a causa de les limitacions (principalment financeres), els emprenedors socials han agusat el seu enginy quant a finançament i les seues formes d'operació, veient-se que el desenrotllament de l'emprendimiento social genera valor en diverses dimensions, des del nivell personal fins a nivell social general. D'altra banda, s'ha trobat que el crowdsourcing com a activitat intensiva en l'ús de les TIC s'està constituint en una forma de generació de valor tant per a les empreses com per als individus que realitzen el treball. Per a les primeres, perquè els permet aconseguir solucions a problemes empresarials i d'innovació (incloent I+D) a un cost menor (i major velocitat) i, per als segons, perquè els permet incorporar-se a un mercat de treball desafiador i satisfactori (no sols a nivell financer), que els permet explotar les seues destreses particulars. En el procés de realitzar l'estudi s'ha dut a terme un relevamiento de la teoria rellevant i una revisió bibliogràfica amb relació a l'emprendimiento social, el crowdsourcing i l'orientació al mercat. Sobre la base teòrica estudiada es van formular les hipòtesis respecte a les relacions teòriques entre les variables i es va enunciar el model teòric, que després es va procedir a verificar de forma empírica per a comprovar les hipòtesis plantejades, així com (en conseqüència) el model teòric. Per a dur a terme el treball empíric, s'ha seleccionat a les empreses dels sectors de biotecnologia i de telecomunicacions, basant-se en la importància econòmica d'ambdós sectors, així com la intensitat de l'adopció de les TIC en ambdós. L'estudi es va dur a terme sobre 223 empreses d'ambdós sectors i es va emprar la metodologia d'equacions estructurals per a comprovar les hipòtesis, així com para per a provar el model, trobant que els resultats van permetre demostrar les hipòtesis i el model plantejats. En la part final del treball, es va procedir a formular conclusions amb relació als components de la tesi, es van plantejar les limitacions de la investigació, concloent amb la proposició de futures línies d'investigació.
Barrientos Ferrufino, RC. (2016). La orientación de mercado y las nuevas tecnologías de la información en las empresas intensivas en conocimiento [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/62222
TESIS

JEL Classification Codes: G32, L26
Crowdfunding is a new way of financing any type of entrepreneurial project that innovates by using the crowd as its source of finance, communicating through the internet, and in this way reaching a larger audience. Crowdfunding has its origins in the concepts of Microfinance and Crowdsourcing. The rewards given to investors assume the form of financial, material or intangible recompenses. The current economic situation in Europe and particularly in Portugal renders the study of alternative sources of finance, such as Crowdfunding, of the upmost importance. The fact that Crowdfunding is a very recent phenomenon and has been subject of little academic research, especially in the case of Portuguese Crowdfunding, adds to the need of further study on the subject. It is in this context that this work will attempt to answer the following research questions: What variables / business attributes have a relevant influence in a Crowdfunding campaign in the specific case of Portugal? To what amount of capital is it currently viable for a company/start-up to use Crowdfunding in Portugal? What kind of projects are more likely to engage the Portuguese public and gain its input (both financial and of other types)? This research will provide extensive literature review on the Crowdfunding theme, its origins, evolution, and current state, will provide contextualization for the case of Portugal, and will analyze data from the largest Crowdfunding platform in Portugal in order to answer the research questions.
Crowdfunding: um novo meio de financiar qualquer tipo de projecto empreendedor, que inova ao utilizar o público como fonte de financiamento e ao comunicar através da internet de forma a alcançar uma maior audiência. O Crowdfunding tem as suas origens nos conceitos de Microfinança e Crowdsourcing. As recompensas recebidas pelos investidores em projectos de crowdfunding podem assumir forma financeira, material ou ser recompensas intangíveis. A actual situação económica na Europa, e em particular em Portugal, torna fulcral o estudo de fontes alternativas de financiamento, como o Crowdfunding. O facto do Crowdfunding ser um instrumento tão recente e não ter uma pesquisa académica suficientemente desenvolvida a seu respeito, particularmente para o caso do Crowdfunding Português, aumenta a necessidade de aprofundar o estudo do tema. É neste contexto que este trabalho procurará responder às seguintes questões de pesquisa: Que variáveis / atributos de negócio têm influência / relevância numa campanha de Crowdfunding para o caso particular de Portugal? Qual o montante de capital que é presentemente viável para uma empresa angariar em Portugal através de Crowdfunding? Que tipo de projectos mais facilmente atraem a atenção do público português juntamente com a sua contribuição (financeira ou de outro tipo)? Este é um trabalho que fornece uma extensa revisão de literatura sobre o tema do Crowdfunding, as suas origens, evolução e estado actual. Fornece também uma contextualização para o caso particular de Portugal e uma análise de dados da maior plataforma de Crowdfunding nacional o que permitirá responder às questões de investigação.

This study explores an innovative and integrated approach to solve the unemployment problem in Portugal through a social responsible behavior based-strategy. Human, intellectual and financial resources are presented as tools to efficiently engage such citizens in entrepreneurial activities in order to increase labor market productivity and promote the country’s economic growth (Bosma , Stam , & Schutjens, Creative Destruction and Regional Competitiveness, 2006). After a careful literature review and analysis of the insights collected from the thorough research on unemployment and entrepreneurship, specifically regarding human and financing capital, a framework based on the social service innovation concept is presented. The proposed set of solutions to reduce unemployment in Portugal were obtained by conducting a survey targeting unemployed Portuguese citizens, addressing their needs and expectations regarding training programs, and a status quo analysis of crowdfunding, together with the (historical) statistical results concerning the Portuguese labor market and its impact in the entrepreneurial sector. The dissertation findings are expected to be a useful contribution to the entrepreneurship literature, shedding some light into the main dimensions to be analyzed when defining an implementation strategy through a social responsible behavior, based on training and financing possibilities, and proposing a set of relevant guidelines to design operations in order to achieve its major goal.

O desenvolvimento de novas ideias é algo fundamental para o desenvolvimento da comunidade e das tecnologias que nos serão no futuro familiares. Esse desenvolvimento pode ser feito de diversas formas e pode ter diversas variáveis e caminhos alternativos, sem esquecer as mais diversas inspirações para o mesmo. Nesta tese, procurou-se perceber se uma plataforma online conseguiria ajudar os utilizadores com um baixo índice de sucesso na implementação, validação, a impulsionarem, promoverem, desenvolverem e angariarem os fundos para concretizarem as suas ideias. Numa primeira abordagem foram feitas pesquisas sobre algumas plataformas de desenvolvimento de ideias e de crowdsourcing. Paralelamente foram estudadas diversas formas de modelos de negócio, que poderiam servir de base ao desenvolvimento das ideias e projectos, bem como as diversas formas de crowdsourcing, fazendo uma ponte com que o que poderia ser aplicado na plataforma de forma a auxiliar os utilizadores da mesma. Seguidamente foi estruturada e desenvolvida uma plataforma web, com capacidade de auxiliar os utilizadores nesse desenvolvimento e conseguir juntar algumas funcionalidades que pudessem impulsionar os utilizadores a implementar as suas ideias, nomeadamente ferramentas de crowdsourcing anteriormente estudadas e de validação de ideias sobre a forma de popularidade (hype). Posteriormente a plataforma foi implementada, disponibilizada online, e foram abertas inscrições para a mesma. Da utilização dos utilizadores registados, foram extraídos dados, sob a forma de questionário, onde se concluiu que essa mesma plataforma consegue contrariar a falta de capacidade dos autores de ideias, para geração, melhoria contínua e concretização de ideias em negócios, a falta de impulso e validação das ideias através das comunidades online e ainda a falta de suporte colaborativo e continuado ao desenvolvimento de ideias de negócio. Os resultados obtidos concluem que a plataforma aumenta o empreendedorismo, na forma em que ajuda os utilizadores a conseguirem desenvolver as suas ideias mais facilmente.
The development of new ideas is fundamental to community and technology advance, ideas that will be ordinary to us in the future. That development can be done in various ways and can have many variables and alternative pathways, without forgetting several inspiration sources. In this thesis, were tried to understand if an online platform could help users with a low success rate in implementation, validation, to push forward, promote, develop and canvass the funds to realize their ideas. The first approach taken to tackle this problem was to do some research on some ideas development platforms and crowdsourcing platforms. At the same time, were studied several forms of business models, which could be the basis for the development of ideas and projects, as well as several forms of crowdsourcing, making a bridge with what could be applied on the platform in order to help users. After this research work, a web platform was structured and developed. This platform had the capacity to assist users in the development of their ideas and also was able to offer some new features that could boost that development. This features included crowdsourcing tools previously studied, and idea validation like hype. Later, the platform was implemented and available online, with open registrations. From the experience of registered users, it was possible to extracted data in the form of a questionnaire. The analysis of this data concluded that the platform can counter the lack of capacity of the authors of ideas, to generate, continue improvement and implementation of their business ideas, the lack of impetus and validation of ideas through online communities and even the lack of collaborative support and continued development of business ideas. The result obtained concluded that this platform boosts entrepreneurship, allowing people to get their ideas developed and realized more easily.

In the present chapter, we map and characterize crowdsourcing and crowdfunding platforms that promote social entrepreneurship in the online universe. We first analyze relevant theoretical concepts and the existing literature on entrepreneurship, digital inclusion, information and open culture, digital culture, and social technologies to better understand the genesis and development of initiatives that promote social entrepreneurship in the online universe. Then, we map and describe the platforms that tried to encourage this type of entrepreneurship around the world, especially in Brazil. Finally, we examine some important aspects of the panorama of crowdfunding in Brazil. By exploring the current development of crowdfunding and crowdsourcing platforms at international level, we expect to contribute to the creation of new projects and policies that respond to the current demands of the network society.

After almost one decade of active research into human computation and crowdsourcing, several approaches and business models based on crowdsourcing have emerged, managing and distributing work to the crowd. Dispute resolution approaches may incorporate crowdsourcing as a step to retrieve relevant data. The reverse relationship has also become a tendency, where crowdsourcing approaches are close to incorporate dispute resolution techniques to perform quality control and data aggregation or filtering. This chapter provides an introduction to crowdsourcing and its relationship with dispute resolution. A discussion regarding the apparent symbiotic relationship between these two research domains is also presented, along with an overview of several approaches and use cases of particular interest.

The prodPhD project aims to address the challenging problem of introducing entrepreneurship training in PhD programmes regardless of discipline. The prodPhD project will create the necessary teaching methodologies and the platform for applying them. The project consists of a consortium of four organizations from across Europe. The main objective of the prodPhD project is to implement innovative social network-based methodologies for teaching and learning entrepreneurship in PhD programmes. The multidisciplinary teaching and learning methodologies will enable entrepreneurship education to be introduced into any PhD programme, providing students with the knowledge, skills, and motivation to engage in entrepreneurial activities. The methodology will be conceived to develop experiential knowledge, involving academics, entrepreneurship experts, and mentors in its development and implementation. Besides, the exchange of experience, competences, and approaches facilitated by social networking will pave the way to crowdsourcing new ideas, improving training methodologies, and stimulating academics’ entrepreneurial skills.