Bibliographies thématiques / Cross media content

Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Cross media content »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Cross media content"

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ZHANG, Hong, Fei WU, Yue-Ting ZHUANG et Jian-Xun CHEN. « Cross-Media Retrieval Method Based on Content Correlations ». Chinese Journal of Computers 31, no 5 (28 septembre 2009) : 820–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1016.2008.00820.

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Ma, Qiang, Akiyo Nadamoto et Katsumi Tanaka. « Complementary information retrieval for cross-media news content ». Information Systems 31, no 7 (novembre 2006) : 659–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.is.2005.12.004.

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Zhang, Hong, et Xin Xu. « Nonnegative cross-media recoding of visual-auditory content for social media analysis ». Multimedia Tools and Applications 74, no 2 (28 mars 2014) : 577–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11042-014-1970-x.

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Lobodenko, Lidia K., et Elena V. Davletshina. « Development of Popular Science Journalism in the Cross-Media Context ». RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism 26, no 2 (15 décembre 2021) : 262–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-9220-2021-26-2-262-275.

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The development of information and communication technologies and the digitalization of the media space create new opportunities for the popularization of scientific knowledge. There is an objective need to study popular science journalism as an activity that develops a multimedia network format and various media content distribution channels. The work is aimed at analyzing the features of the development of popular science journalism on the Internet in the context of cross-media. The study employed general scientific methods (analysis and synthesis), a method of studying documents with elements of content analysis, a comparative method that includes a comparison of different types of content, as well as data from social network and messenger analytics services. The authors studied media channels and ways to promote media content, its ideological, thematic, and structural characteristics, the features of its transformation on high citation index ratings scientific-oriented platforms Nplus1.ru and Naked-science.ru. As a result of the conducted research, it was discovered that the audience involved in the studied online media is carried out through a differentiated cross-media presence, the use of rewriting, and reposting processes. Particular attention was focused on the comparative analysis of the media content of official websites, accounts in the social network VKontakte, and Telegram messenger.
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Lu, Tong, Yukang Jin, Feng Su, Palaiahnakote Shivakumara et Chew Lim Tan. « Content-oriented multimedia document understanding through cross-media correlation ». Multimedia Tools and Applications 74, no 18 (1 juin 2014) : 8105–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11042-014-2044-9.

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Becker, Ralph, Oliver Kretzschmar, Birthe Kretschmer et Roland Scheble. « Cross-Media im Praxistest ». MedienWirtschaft 9, no 1 (2012) : 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15358/1613-0669-2012-1-38.

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Cross-Media-Konzepte sind ein zentrales Element der Digitalisierungsstrategien vieler etablierter Medienunternehmen. Hinter diesem Konzept steckt die Idee einer aufeinander abgestimmten Kommunikation über mehre Medien. Diese Idee ist keinesfalls neu, hat aber mit der sich abzeichnenden Akzeptanz des Mediums Internet vor rund fünfzehn Jahren zusätzliche Beachtung gefunden. Gleichwohl ist das Thema keinesfalls schon abgehakt, vielmehr beschäftigen sich viele Medienunternehmen heute mit der Verfeinerung bzw. der Einführung crossmedialer Konzepte. Zudem machen neue Technologien, aktuell z. B. bei den Endgeräten, immer wieder eine Überprüfung der Konzepte erforderlich. Dies alles hat uns dazu bewogen, uns in einem „Standpunkt“ ganz diesem Thema zu widmen. Nachfolgend präsentieren wir Ihnen vier Beiträge, die das Thema aus ganz unterschiedlichen Blickwinkeln beleuchten. Im ersten Beitrag beschäftigt sich Ralph Becker mit dem Management von Cross-Media-Aktivitäten. Er zeigt insbesondere die Notwendigkeit einer Verankerung in Steuerungs- und Organisationssystemen auf. Im zweiten Beitrag geht es um die Ausgestaltung von Content-Management-Systemen, ohne die kein Cross-Media-Konzept umgesetzt werden kann. Oliver Kretschmar zeigt u. a. die zunehmende Bedeutung des Aufbaus von Engagement- Plattformen und der Kontextualisierung von Inhalten auf. Der dritte Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Modifikation von Abläufen und Strukturen im Zuge der Einführung von Cross-Media-Konzepten. Dabei geht Birthe Kretschmer insbesondere auf die Realisierung von Newsroom-Konzepten ein, einem typischen Element von Cross-Media-Konzepten im Segment Nachrichten. Im vierten Beitrag werden die drei Perspektiven zusammengeführt. Am Beispiel des Bayerischen Rundfunks beschreibt Roland Scheble die konkreten Herausforderungen bei der Realisierung eines Konzepts.
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Zelenkauskaite, Asta. « Remediation, convergence, and big data ». Convergence : The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies 23, no 5 (17 février 2016) : 512–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354856516631519.

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The era of multiplatform media and big data provide new opportunities to reconsider data access by media companies. Outlined here is the discussion surrounding data access from media institutional logic and user-centric perspectives in the contexts of digitalization and big data. The discussion includes technological affordances that can be geared toward users or that merely reinforce media companies’ prominence. However, limitations of information architecture lie in its structure and the inability to facilitate navigation by users across multiple content streams. Media companies concentrate access around their own cross-platform content. Despite technological feasibility, media companies continue to choose cross-platform architecture that is structurally limiting to users. Cross-platform conceptual limits are discussed within the context of the broader socioeconomic landscape of mass media digitalization and big data.
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Shahzad, Farrukh, et Prof Dr Syed Abdul Siraj. « Analysing inter-media agenda setting influence between Social media and electronic media ; a perspective from Pakistan ». Journal of Peace, Development & ; Communication Volume 4, Issue 2 (30 septembre 2020) : 478–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.36968/jpdc-v04-i02-25.

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Inter-media agenda setting is a commonly used phenomenon to investigate the transfer of contents between news media. The recent digitization era challenges the traditional presuppositions. This study investigates the inter-media agenda setting influence between social media and traditional media. To address this question, the present study investigates first level agenda setting between Twitter and ARY news during Farishta murder case 2019. Content analysis method was used to assess agendas present within Twitter and ARY news. By employing cross-lagged correlation, the study investigates the inter-media agenda setting influence between Twitter agendas and of ARY news agendas. Aggregate findings of cross-lagged correlation reveal a clear agenda setting influence of Twitter on ARY news coverage agenda about Farishta murder case. The results of the study suggest that Twitter has the capability to influence broadcast agendas of television in Pakistan
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Kalogeras, Stavroula. « Media-Education Convergence ». International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education 9, no 2 (avril 2013) : 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jicte.2013040101.

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In the era of media convergence, transmedia (cross-media/cross-platform/multi-platform) narratives are catering to users who are willing to immerse themselves in their favorite entertainment content. The inherent interactivity of the Internet and the emotional engagement of story can lead to innovative pedagogies in media rich environments. This paper focuses on Web-Based Transmedia Storytelling Edutainment as a pedagogical practice in higher education.
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Palomo, Bella, et Jon Sedano. « Cross-Media Alliances to Stop Disinformation : A Real Solution ? » Media and Communication 9, no 1 (3 mars 2021) : 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i1.3535.

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Social networks have surpassed their intermediary role and become gatekeepers of online content and traffic. This transformation has favored the spread of information disorders. The situation is especially alarming in Spain, where 57% of Spaniards have at some moment believed false news. Since 2016, First Draft has promoted several collaborative verification projects that brought together newsrooms to fact-check false, misleading and confusing claims circulating online during presidential elections in several countries. The main objective of this article is to study the collaboration forged between newsrooms in Spain in order to debunk disinformation contents in 2019 under the name of Comprobado (Verified) and the impact of this initiative. Applying a methodological approach based on non-participant observation, interviews, content analysis of reports, scientific articles, books and media archives, we examine the internal uses of this platform, how journalists verified public discourse, the strategies and internal agreements implemented, and the degree of participation of the 16 media involved. Results show that only half of the initiatives begun were transformed into published reports, and the media impact achieved was limited. Finally, we note that the principal reasons for the frustration of the project were its improvised implementation, due to the date of the election being brought forward, and the scant culture of collaboration in the sector. In Spain at least, cross-media alliances are still an exception.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Cross media content"

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Berglund, Jennie, et Magdalena Forsberg. « Personalized Communications : A Cross Media tool for the future ». Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Grafisk teknik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-5097.

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Personalized communication is when the marketing message is adapted to each individual by using information from a databaseand utilizing it in the various, different media channels available today. That gives the marketer the possibility to create a campaign that cuts through today’s clutter of marketing messages and gets the recipients attention. PODi is a non-profit organization that was started with the aim of contributing knowledge in the field of digital printingtechnologies. They have created a database of case studies showing companies that have successfully implemented personalizedcommunication in their marketing campaigns. The purpose of the project was therefore to analyze PODi case studies with the main objective of finding out if/how successfully the PODi-cases have been and what made them so successful. To collect the data found in the PODi cases the authors did a content analysis with a sample size of 140 PODi cases from the year 2008 to 2010. The study was carried out by analyzing the cases' measurable ways of success: response rate, conversion rate, visited PURL (personalized URL:s) and ROI (Return On Investment). In order to find out if there were any relationships to be found between the measurable result and what type of industry, campaign objective and media vehicle that was used in the campaign, the authors put up different research uestions to explore that. After clustering and merging the collected data the results were found to be quite spread but shows that the averages of response rates, visited PURL and conversion rates were consistently very high. In the study the authors also collected and summarized what the companies themselves claim to be the reasons for success with their marketing campaigns. The resultshows that the creation of a personalized campaign is complex and dependent on many different variables. It is for instance ofgreat importance to have a well thought-out plan with the campaign and to have good data and insights about the customer in order to perform creative personalization. It is also important to make it easy for the recipient to reply, to use several media vehicles for multiple touch points and to have an attractive and clever design.
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Feschuk, Eugenia Olexandrivna, et Євгенія Олександрівна Фещук. « Cross-media as new type of communacation : features and problems ». Thesis, National aviation university, 2021. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/50040.

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1. Баранова Е.А. Конвергентная жуналистика: учебник для магистров / Е.А. Баранова. – М:Издательство Юрайт 2014. – 269 с. – Серия: Магистр. 2. Зіставний аналіз етапів становлення і розвитку крос-медіа в Німеччині і Україні [Електронний ресурс] – Режим доступу до ресурсу: https:// www.academia.edu 3. Иванов Д. Общество как виртуальная реальность // Информационное общество: сб. М.: ООО «Изд-во АСТ», 2004. С. 355. 4. Кендльбахер Р. Структурні зміни у медіа-галузі. Криза традиційної якісної журналістики // Підручник з крос-медіа / Видавці І.Крецу, М.Гузун, Л.Василик. Бонн-Сібіу. 2015. С.15 - 17. 5. Крос-медіа журналістика [Електронний ресурс ] – Режим доступу до ресурсу: https://www.personalizemedia.com/articles/cross-media/ 6. Сучасні тенденції розвитку крос-медійної журналістики [Електронний ресурс] – Режим доступу до ресурсу: http://nbuv.gov.ua/j-pdf/ is_2017_25_6.pdf 7. Behmer M., Müller H. Warum crossmedial arbeiten? // Innovation in den Medien. München: Verlag Dr. Gabriele Hooffacker, 2013. S. 24 – 39.
Our modern world is updated hourly and technology constantly moving forward. This applies to journalism in general. Cross-media journalism comes to the aid of full digitalization. Because this is exactly the genre in which both analog and digital media are supposed to be used. Content can be fully streamed anywhere and on anything: from a mobile phone to a personal computer.
Наш сучасний світ оновлюється щогодини, а технології постійно рухаються вперед. Це стосується журналістики загалом. Кросмедійна журналістика приходить на допомогу повній діджиталізації. Тому що це саме той жанр, в якому передбачається використовувати як аналоговий, так і цифровий носій. Контент можна повністю транслювати в будь-якому місці та на будь-чому: від мобільного телефону до персонального комп’ютера.
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Zhao, Jing. « Mobilizing the brand experience : The adoption and use of mobile media in building consumer relationships in China ». Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2011. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/48174/1/Jing_Zhao_Thesis.pdf.

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This research examines why and how brand owners in China adopt and use mobile media in marketing campaigns to deliver co-creation brand experiences and build consumer relationships. China represents an interesting case to study as it has leapfrogged into the age of consumer society and mobile media adoption. As the largest mobile market globally, it has experienced the intensity of mobile technology diffusion; and with it the rise of mobile consumer culture and participatory culture. Further, the rising individualism and the socio-cultural heritage in collectivism serve as a structuring tension in how mobile media is leveraged in marketing to cater to consumers' desires for individuality and social interaction. First, through expert interviews guided by the technology-organization-environment (TOE) framework (Tornatzky & Fleischer, 1990) as well as integrating innovation diffusion theory (E. Rogers, 2003), this research attempts to fill the gap of theoretical application in mobile marketing adoption at the firm level in China, and unravel the adoption factors of mobile marketing by brand owners in China. In total, 27 semi-structured interviews were conducted with key industry informants from mobile agencies, traditional agencies, venture capital firms, mobile content and service providers, mobile portals, and marketing management at brand owners. Second, based on case studies in China, this research investigates the use of mobile marketing to facilitate innovative co-creation of brand experience to cater to both individualistic as well as collective tendencies and desires amongst Chinese consumers. Through multiple case studies of the campaigns conducted by Nokia, Clean & Clear, and The North Face, and informed by in-depth interviews and document analysis, this research analyses the role of mobile media in marketing campaigns along three dimensions: the role of mobile media in content generation and consumption, the centrality of mobile media as text, tools or platforms; and the interactive environment. Specifically, the cases are organized along the spectrum from user-generated content to corporate-generated content, mobile media's role from being supplementary to it being central, and from a virtual environment to a hybrid environment. Overall, these cases demonstrate how brand owners adapt mobile media as text, tools, platforms, and environments to deliver co-creation brand experiences exploiting both individualistic as well as collective tendencies and desires amongst Chinese consumers. This research contributes to the literature on firm adoption of mobile marketing, and the role of the mobile media in facilitating co-creation experiences for Chinese consumers. It develops a model of the technological, organizational and environmental factors influencing mobile marketing adoption by firms, and provides a model explaining the role of mobile media in facilitating brand experience co-creation. The findings also demonstrate that mobile media can be leveraged to facilitate co-creation brand experience to generate added value; and meanwhile cater to both the rising individualism and the deep-seated collectivism of Chinese consumers. Empirically, it assists industry practitioners in understanding the adoption of mobile marketing in China, especially those on the supply side in order to improve their offerings and propositions. It also assists brand owners and agencies in designing their mobile marketing strategies to build consumer relationships in China.
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Neumann, Jörg, Jens Schulz, Anja Lorenz, Mike Halbauer et Christian Meier. « mobileTUD – der lange Weg zum „mobilen Ruhm“ ». Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-82113.

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The article considers three main aspects of developing mobile learning for serious learning scenarios at universities and further educational training sectors. The first is about getting in touch with mobile learning in general and analysing actual e-learning-systems at the Technische Universität Dresden. The second aspect focuses on micro learning as a potential didactical approach. Having a look on prototyping pitfalls and problems will complete the introduction. For discussing the presented issues concerning technical, didactical, learning and teaching problems there will be a workshop session with three round tables using the worldcafé method.
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Neumann, Jörg, Jens Schulz, Anja Lorenz, Mike Halbauer et Christian Meier. « mobileTUD – der lange Weg zum „mobilen Ruhm“ ». London Mobile Learning Group, 2011. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A19646.

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The article considers three main aspects of developing mobile learning for serious learning scenarios at universities and further educational training sectors. The first is about getting in touch with mobile learning in general and analysing actual e-learning-systems at the Technische Universität Dresden. The second aspect focuses on micro learning as a potential didactical approach. Having a look on prototyping pitfalls and problems will complete the introduction. For discussing the presented issues concerning technical, didactical, learning and teaching problems there will be a workshop session with three round tables using the worldcafé method.
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Geelan, Torsten Karl Rosenvold. « Trade unions and the media : exercising and revitalising power after the financial crisis of 2008 ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/267819.

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The Great Recession that followed the financial crisis of 2008 had a devastating impact on workers, leading to high levels of unemployment and underemployment, increased job insecurity and stagnant or declining wages. While the legitimation crisis of neoliberalism could be viewed as a turning point for labour internationally, the immediate response by political parties across the spectrum was one of austerity measures and cuts to welfare. As the largest collective representatives of workers, trade unions are at the forefront of mobilisations attempting to challenge this consensus. Simultaneously, they are engaging in new activities to enhance public awareness and understanding of the crucial role that trade unions play in the labour market. Thus, the 21st century crisis is creating both challenges and opportunities. Each trade union movement’s response depends on the different forms of power they possess and choose to deploy, their strategies and allegiances, and the specific socio-economic and political context in which they are situated. Questions concerning what constitutes union power and the ways in which it is being exercised and revitalized therefore represent fascinating lines of enquiry to explore. To do so, however, requires a new perspective on trade union power that recognises the significance of the media which has been overlooked in industrial relations theory. Drawing on insights from industrial relations, the sociology of media and social movement studies, this thesis proposes the concept of communicative power to trace how trade unions produce and circulate discourse through the media (either union-owned or corporate) to a mass audience. Methodologically, it uses the tripartite approach which focuses our attention onto three key communication processes involved in trade union attempts to exercise communicative power: the production of union discourse, the circulation of union discourse, and the reception of union discourse. This is applied to four cases involving seven union organisations in the UK and Denmark over a five-year period 2010-2015. Data was gathered using 40 semi-structured interviews with union officials and activists, content analysis of newspapers, union media outlets and social media, and secondary survey data. In sum, this thesis argues that the media is, and always has been, central to how trade unions exercise and revitalize power in society. And within the context of accelerating digital capitalism, it looks set to becoming an increasingly important determinant of their future trajectory.
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Johansson, Lukas, et Alfred Jakobsson. « Starka skidtjejer, men inga killar – bara herrar : Svensk skidpress bevakning av den svenska cupen i längdskidåkning ur ett jämställdhetsperspektiv ». Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för kultur- och medievetenskaper, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-146752.

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We studied close to 100 articles about the Swedish cup in cross country skiing, published by the three media outlets that cover the entire series; www.sweski.com , www.langd.se and www.skidzonen.com. The articles were published between 2015 and 2018 and by using a quantitative analysis we discovered that in these articles, the men and the women received almost exactly the same amount of attention, as far as counting words goes. In the articles which focused on both the female and the male athletes, the editors usually chose a picture from the women’s competition as the top image. We also saw a pattern where the women were far more often mentioned by their first names only, whereas the men were usually mentioned by their full names or their last names only. Another interesting theme that we found through a qualitative text analysis regarded how the athletes were portrayed in the articles, where the women seemed to be looked upon as less mature than the men. For example, they were often called “girls” instead of “women”, but the men the same age were never referred to as “boys”. These are seen by us as signs of trivialization and infantlization of the female athletes. However, we did not find any signs of the women being described as weak, or with a focus on their appearances and private lives. These were common patterns in the previous research on the subject.
Vi undersökte knappt 100 artiklar om den svenska cupen i längdskidåkning, publicerade av de tre medierna som bevakar hela serien; www.sweski.com , www.langd.se och www.skidzonen.com. Artiklarna publicerades mellan 2015 och 2018 och med hjälp av en kvantitativ innehållsanalys fann vi att damerna och herrarna fick nästan exakt lika mycket utrymme i dessa artiklar, räknat i antal ord. I de artiklar där båda könen stod i fokus var det  betydligt oftare som en bild från damklassen valdes som toppbild. Vi såg ett mönster där damerna oftare blev omnämnda med enbart sina förnamn, jämfört med herrarna som oftast omtalades med sina hela namn eller enbart efternamn. Ett annat intressant tema som vi fann genom en kvalitativ textanalys gällde hur utövarna porträtterades i artiklarna, där damerna tycktes bli sedda som mindre mogna och vuxna än herrarna. Till exempel kallades de ofta “tjejer” istället för “kvinnor” eller “damer”, samtidigt som de jämnåriga herrarna aldrig blev kallade “killar”. Dessa ser vi som tecken på en trivialisering och en infantilisering av de kvinnliga utövarna. Däremot hittade vi inga tecken på att kvinnorna beskrevs som svaga eller med ett större fokus på deras utseenden och deras privatliv, fenomen som har varit tydligt framträdande i tidigare forskning på ämnet.
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Schulze, Heidi. « The Spitzenkandidaten in the European Parliament Election Campaign Coverage 2014 in Germany, France, and the United Kingdom ». Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-203491.

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Elections to the European Parliament are characterised by a steady decline in voter turnout. To tackle this problem, in 2014, several groups of the European Parliament nominated pan-European Spitzenkandidaten who were expected to personalise the elections and mobilise European voters. Based on this development, this study analyses the media cov-erage of the 2014 EP elections with special focus on the role of the Spitzenkandidaten. A quantitative content analysis of European election campaign coverage in the opinion leading newspapers of three influential EU member states, Ger-many, France, and the United Kingdom was carried out. The results show large candidate- and country-specific differ-ences regarding the visibility and thematic coverage of the EP elections in general as well as the presentation of the Spitzenkandidaten. The Spitzenkandidaten were not very visible in either the German, French, or British newspaper cov-erage. With respect to the presence and media personalisation of the Spitzenkandidaten, the newspaper coverage of the EP election does not demonstrate any mobilising effect and thus does not reflect the high expectations the European Parliament attributed to the nomination of the Spitzenkandidaten.
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Al-Wahaibi, Yahya Mansoor Nasir. « Experimental and numerical investigations of multi-contact miscible displacements in homogeneous and cross-bedded porous media ». Thesis, Imperial College London, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7452.

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Enomoto, Rene. « Webbdesign i Japan och Sverige : En tvärkulturell analys av webbplatser från hög-kontextuella kulturer och låg-kontextuella kulturer ». Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-34632.

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Den här uppsatsen syftar till att analysera och identifiera skillnader och likheter i webbdesign mellan två länder, Japan och Sverige. De japanska och svenska webbplatserna för två företag etablerade i både Japan och Sverige, IKEA och DAIKIN, har analyserats utifrån en modell framtagen av Würtz (2006) i en tidigare studie på området. Denna modell är i sin tur baserad på Halls och Hofstedes teorier om kulturella skillnader och skillnader mellan så kallade låg-kontextuella kulturer (t.ex. Sverige) och hög-kontextuella kulturer (t.ex. Japan). Modellen fokuserar på användandet av animation, främjande av kulturella värderingar som maskulinitet/feminitet och individualism/kollektivism, om individer avbildas tillsammans med produkter eller inte, grad av transparens på webbplatserna och slutligen linjär kontra parallell navigation på webbplatserna. Förutom studien av webbplatserna har två intervjuer hållits med en designer/utvecklare från respektive företag för att få ökad förståelse för hur företagen tänker kring webbdesign.   Studien har inte funnit några väsentliga skillnader i användandet av animation, graden av transparens eller navigation mellan de studerade webbplatserna men skillnader i kulturella värderingar har identifierats. De japanska webbplatserna främjar familjeorienterade värderingar och stereotypiska könsroller i valet av bilder på webbplatserna. De svenska webbplatserna främjar värden som är mer typiska för låg-kontextuella kulturer som till exempel livsstil och frihet. Det har också noterats att det japanska företaget använde sig av en maskot vilket kan tolkas som typisk för japansk kultur. I intervjuerna gav utvecklarna från båda företag liknande svar kring hur de tänker om användande av bilder och animation kontra text på sidorna. Den japanska utvecklaren förklarade att japanska kunder uppskattar kundrecensioner för att minska graden av osäkerhet vilket kan sägas vara typiskt för Japan. Den sammanfattande slutsatsen från studien är att kulturella skillnader i webdesign minskar, kanske på grund av globaliseringen av företag och samhällen.
This thesis aims to analyze and capture differences and similarities in webbdesign between two countries, Japan and Sweden. The Swedish and Japanese websites of two companies established in both Japan and Sweden, IKEA and DAIKIN, have been analyzed based on a model devised by Würtz (2006) in a previous study of the same topic. This model is in turn based on Hall and Hofstede’s theories on cultural differences and differences between so-called low-context cultures (e.g. Sweden) and high-context cultures (e.g. Japan). The model focuses on the use of animation, promotion of cultural values such as masculinity/femininity and individualism/collectivism, individuals being depicted together with products or not, level of transparency in the web design and finally linear vs. parallel navigation on the websites. Besides the study of the websites two interviews were held with a designer/developer from each company to get further input into how the companies think about their web design. The study did not find any significant differences in the use of animation, transparency and navigation between the websites studied but differences in cultural values could be seen in terms of the Japanese sites promoting more family-oriented values and stereotypical gender roles through the pictures used on the websites. The Swedish sites promoted values more typical for low-context cultures such as lifestyle and freedom. It was also noted that the Japanese company featured a mascot which can be said is typical for Japanese culture. Regarding the interviews the developers had similar thoughts on the use of text versus pictures and animations. The Japanese developer explained that Japanese customers appreciate customer reviews in order to lower uncertainty which can be said is typical for Japan. The overall conclusion from this study however is that cultural differences in web design are becoming less, perhaps due to the globalization of business and society.
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Livres sur le sujet "Cross media content"

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Andres, Melanie. Content dissemination with cross-media concentration. London : LCP, 2002.

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Thomas, Eleena. A cross-cultural qualitative content analysis of advertising in India and UK (print media). Oxford : Oxford Brookes University, 2000.

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Kia, Nag, Badii Atta, Bellini Pierfrancesco et University of Leeds, dir. Axmedis 2006 : Proceedings of the 2nd international Conference on automated production of cross media content for multi-channel distribution ... Firenze : Firenze University Press, 2006.

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International Conference on Automated Production of Cross Media Content for Multi-channel Distribution (2nd 2006 Leeds, UK). Second International Conference on Automated Production of Cross Media Content for Multi-channel Distribution : AXMEDIS 2006 : Leeds, UK, 13-15 December 2006 : proceedings. Los Alamitos, Calif : IEEE Computer Society, 2005.

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5

Spain) International Conference on Automated Production of Cross Media Content for Multi-channel Distribution (3rd 2007 Barcelona. Proceedings Third International Conference on Automated Production of Cross Media Content for Multi-channel Distribution : AXMEDIS 2007 : Barcelona, Spain 28-30 November 2007. Los Alamitos, Calif : IEEE Computer Society, 2007.

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International Conference on Automated Production of Cross Media Content for Multi-channel Distribution (2nd 2006 Leeds, UK). Second International Conference on Automated Production of Cross Media Content for Multi-channel Distribution : AXMEDIS 2006 : Leeds, UK, 13-15 December 2006 : proceedings. Los Alamitos, Calif : IEEE Computer Society, 2005.

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International Conference on Automated Production of Cross Media Content for Multi-channel Distribution (2nd 2006 Leeds, UK). Second International Conference on Automated Production of Cross Media Content for Multi-channel Distribution : AXMEDIS 2006 : Leeds, UK, 13-15 December 2006 : proceedings. Los Alamitos, Calif : IEEE Computer Society, 2005.

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International, Conference on Automated Production of Cross Media Content for Multi-channel Distribution (1st 2005 Florence Italy). First International Conference on Automated Production of Cross Media Content for Multi-channel Distribution : Proceedings : Florence, Italy, 30 November-2 December 2005. Los Alamitos, Calif : IEEE Computer Society, 2005.

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Ng, Kia, Atta Badii et Pierfrancesco Bellini, dir. Axmedis 2006. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Automated Production of Cross Media Content for Multi-channel Distribution. Volume for Workshops, Tutorials, Applications and Industrial (Leeds, UK, 13-15 December 2006). Florence : Firenze University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/88-8453-525-5.

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The AxMEDIS 2006 International Conference seeks to promote discussion and exchange of ideas amongst researchers, practitioners, developers and users of tools, technology transfer experts, and project managers. This conference series brings together a variety of participants from the academic, business and industrial worlds, to address the emergent research and technological issues as well as the engineering and commercial challenges of large-scale collaborative production and distribution of media as experienced by the associated industrial sectors in the emergent media markets. The conference focuses on the outstanding problems to be resolved in the new age of media computing including cross-domain production, protection, representation, formatting, aggregation, workflow, distribution and business and transaction models i.e. all lifecycle aspects of the new media value chain management. Additionally it explores the integration of new forms of content, content management systems and distribution chains, with particular emphasis on cost structures re-engineering to support the reduction of costs and the integration of innovative solutions to facilitate complex creative collaboration in cross-domain media production with benefit realisation to all stakeholders through optimised rights-protective multichannel distribution.
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Axmedis 2005 : Proceedings of the 1st International conference on Automated production of Cross Media content for Multi-channel distribution : volume for workshops, industrial and applications sessions, Florence, Italy, 30 November-2 December 2005. Firenze : Firenze University Press, 2005.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Cross media content"

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Izquierdo, Ebroul. « Hierarchy Embedded Content and Content Descriptors as Basis for Cross-Media Applications ». Dans Cross-Media Service Delivery, 121–32. Boston, MA : Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0381-1_11.

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Gokl, Reinhold, Wolfgang Scheuren, Yüksel Sirmasac et Timo Wasmer. « Zweit- und Mehrfachverwertung von Content — Erfahrungen und neue Lösungen ». Dans Cross-Media Management, 167–85. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56180-1_8.

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Hamadeh, Ihab, et George Kesidis. « Packet Marking for Traceback of Illegal Content Distribution ». Dans Cross-Media Service Delivery, 145–56. Boston, MA : Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0381-1_13.

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Karathanasis, H. C., V. Tzovla, I. Misedakis, G. Vrahliotis, M. Makris, V. Kapoulas et C. Bouras. « Delivering Interactive Enhanced Sports Content to Thin-Client DTV STBS ». Dans Cross-Media Service Delivery, 193–204. Boston, MA : Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0381-1_17.

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Englmeier, Kurt, et Josiane Mothe. « IRAIA : A Portal Technology with a Semantic Layer Coordinating Multimedia Retrieval and Cross-Owner Content Building ». Dans Cross-Media Service Delivery, 181–92. Boston, MA : Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0381-1_16.

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Roels, Reinout, et Beat Signer. « MindXpres : An Extensible Content-Driven Cross-Media Presentation Platform ». Dans Web Information Systems Engineering – WISE 2014, 215–30. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11746-1_16.

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Balci, Ismail, et Inan Bülbül. « Web Content Management und Cross-Media Publishing im Web 2.0 ». Dans Web 2.0, 69–90. Wiesbaden : Deutscher Universitätsverlag, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8350-9634-9_5.

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Hafkesbrink, Joachim, et Sarah Samuttis. « Businessmodellinnovation im Bereich von Cross-Media- und Digital-Content-Services ». Dans FOM-Edition, 97–129. Wiesbaden : Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-25068-3_7.

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Cao, Sanxing, et Rui Lu. « A Gaussian-Fuzzy Content Feature Recognition System for Digital Media Asset Objects ». Dans Digital Libraries : International Collaboration and Cross-Fertilization, 444–48. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30544-6_48.

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He, Hanfu, Fang You et Yu Wang. « Media Intelligent Content Production in the AI Horizon ». Dans Cross-Cultural Design. Product and Service Design, Mobility and Automotive Design, Cities, Urban Areas, and Intelligent Environments Design, 519–34. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06053-3_35.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Cross media content"

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Buitelaar, Paul, Thierry Declerck, Jan Nemrava et David Sadlier. « Cross-media semantic indexing in the soccer domain ». Dans 2008 International Workshop on Content-Based Multimedia Indexing. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cbmi.2008.4564960.

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Ma, Qiang, Akiyo Nadamoto et Katsumi Tanaka. « Complementary information retrieval for cross-media news content ». Dans the 2nd ACM international workshop. New York, New York, USA : ACM Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1032604.1032613.

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Delgado, Jaime, Silvia Llorente, Enric Peig et Anna Carreras. « A Multimedia Content Interchange Framework for TV Producers ». Dans 2006 2nd International Conference on Automated Production of Cross Media. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/axmedis.2006.8.

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Fuschi, David Luigi, Elisabetta Parodi, Laurence Pearce et Lorenzo Sutton. « Content Templating for Automated Content Production and Aggregation ». Dans Third International Conference on Automated Production of Cross Media Content for Multi-Channel Distribution (AXMEDIS'07). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/axmedis.2007.14.

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Bellini, Pierfrancesco, Ivan Bruno, Daniele Cenni, Paolo Nesi et Davide Rogai. « P2P Architecture for Automated B2B Cross Media Content Distribution ». Dans Third International Conference on Automated Production of Cross Media Content for Multi-Channel Distribution (AXMEDIS'07). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/axmedis.2007.31.

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Moraes, Priscilla S., Sandra Carberry et Kathleen McCoy. « Providing access to the high-level content of line graphs from online popular media ». Dans the 10th International Cross-Disciplinary Conference. New York, New York, USA : ACM Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2461121.2461123.

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Scaringella, Nicolas, Martin Schmucker et Michael Arnold. « Content Based Description of Audio in the Context of AXMEDIS ». Dans 2006 Second International Conference on Automated Production of Cross Media Content for Multi-Channel Distribution (AXMEDIS'06). IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/axmedis.2006.19.

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Coelho, Filipe, et Cristina Ribeiro. « Automatic illustration with cross-media retrieval in large-scale collections ». Dans 2011 9th International Workshop on Content-Based Multimedia Indexing (CBMI). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cbmi.2011.5972515.

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Kofler, Ingo, Christian Timmerer, Hermann Hellwagner et Toufik Ahmed. « Towards MPEG-21-Based Cross-Layer Multimedia Content Adaptation ». Dans Second International Workshop on Semantic Media Adaptation and Personalization (SMAP 2007). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/smap.2007.34.

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Kofler, Ingo, Christian Timmerer, Hermann Hellwagner et Toufik Ahmed. « Towards MPEG-21-Based Cross-Layer Multimedia Content Adaptation ». Dans Second International Workshop on Semantic Media Adaptation and Personalization (SMAP 2007). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/smap.2007.4414378.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Cross media content"

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Baluk, Nadia, Natalia Basij, Larysa Buk et Olha Vovchanska. VR/AR-TECHNOLOGIES – NEW CONTENT OF THE NEW MEDIA. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, février 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11074.

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The article analyzes the peculiarities of the media content shaping and transformation in the convergent dimension of cross-media, taking into account the possibilities of augmented reality. With the help of the principles of objectivity, complexity and reliability in scientific research, a number of general scientific and special methods are used: method of analysis, synthesis, generalization, method of monitoring, observation, problem-thematic, typological and discursive methods. According to the form of information presentation, such types of media content as visual, audio, verbal and combined are defined and characterized. The most important in journalism is verbal content, it is the one that carries the main information load. The dynamic development of converged media leads to the dominance of image and video content; the likelihood of increasing the secondary content of the text increases. Given the market situation, the effective information product is a combined content that combines text with images, spreadsheets with video, animation with infographics, etc. Increasing number of new media are using applications and website platforms to interact with recipients. To proceed, the peculiarities of the new content of new media with the involvement of augmented reality are determined. Examples of successful interactive communication between recipients, the leading news agencies and commercial structures are provided. The conditions for effective use of VR / AR-technologies in the media content of new media, the involvement of viewers in changing stories with augmented reality are determined. The so-called immersive effect with the use of VR / AR-technologies involves complete immersion, immersion of the interested audience in the essence of the event being relayed. This interaction can be achieved through different types of VR video interactivity. One of the most important results of using VR content is the spatio-temporal and emotional immersion of viewers in the plot. The recipient turns from an external observer into an internal one; but his constant participation requires that the user preferences are taken into account. Factors such as satisfaction, positive reinforcement, empathy, and value influence the choice of VR / AR content by viewers.
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Fridman, Eyal, et Eran Pichersky. Tomato Natural Insecticides : Elucidation of the Complex Pathway of Methylketone Biosynthesis. United States Department of Agriculture, décembre 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7696543.bard.

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Plant species synthesize a multitude of specialized compounds 10 help ward off pests. and these in turn may well serve as an alternative to synthetic pesticides to reduce environmental damage and health risks to humans. The general goal of this research was to perform a genetic and biochemical dissection of the natural-insecticides methylketone pathway that is specific to the glandular trichomes of the wild species of tomato, Solanumhabrochaites f. glabratum (accession PI126449). Previous study conducted by us have demonstrated that these compounds are synthesized de novo as a derivate pathway of the fatty acid biosynthesis, and that a key enzyme. designated MethylketoneSynthase 1 (MKS 1). catalyzes conversion of the intermediate B-ketoacyl- ACPs to the corresponding Cn-1 methylketones. The approach taken in this proposed project was to use an interspecific F2 population. derived from the cross between the cultivated lV182 and the wild species PIl26449. for three objectives: (i) Analyze the association between allelic status of candidate genes from the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway with the methylketone content in the leaves (ii) Perform bulk segregant analysis of genetic markers along the tomato genome for identifying genomic regions that harbor QTLs for 2TD content (iii) Apply differential gene expression analysis using the isolated glands of bulk segregant for identifying new genes that are involved in the pathway. The genetic mapping in the interspecific F2 population included app. 60 genetic markers, including the candidate genes from the FAS pathway and SSR markers spread evenly across the genome. This initial; screening identified 5 loci associated with MK content including the candidate genes MKS1, ACC and MaCoA:ACP trans. Interesting observation in this genetic analysis was the connection between shape and content of the glands, i.e. the globularity of the four cells, typical to the wild species. was associated with increased MK in the segregating population. In the next step of the research transcriptomic analysis of trichomes from high- and 10w-MK plants was conducted. This analysis identified a new gene, Methy1ketone synthase 2 (MKS2), whose protein product share sequence similarity to the thioesterase super family of hot-dog enzymes. Genetic analysis in the segregating population confirmed its association with MK content, as well as its overexpression in E. coli that led to formation of MK in the media. There are several conclusions drawn from this research project: (i) the genetic control of MK accumulation in the trichomes is composed of biochemical components in the FAS pathway and its vicinity (MKS 1 and MKS2). as well as genetic factors that mediate the morphology of these specialized cells. (ii) the biochemical pathway is now realized different from what was hypothesized before with MKS2 working upstream to I\1KS 1 and serves as the interface between primary (fatty acids) and secondary (MK) metabolism. We are currently testing the possible physical interactions between these two proteins in vitro after the genetic analysis showed clear epistatic interactions. (iii) the regulation of the pathway that lead to specialized metabolism in the wild species is largely mediated by transcription and one of the achievements of this project is that we were able to isolate and verify the specificity of the MKS1 promoter to the trichomes which allows manipulation of the pathways in these cells (currently in progress). The scientific implications of this research project is the advancement in our knowledge of hitherto unknown biochemical pathway in plants and new leads for studying a new family in plants (hot dog thioesterase). The agricultural and biotechnological implication are : (i) generation of new genetic markers that could assist in importing this pathway to cultivated tomato hence enhancing its natural resistance to insecticides, (ii) the discovery of MKS2 adds a new gene for genetic engineering of plants for making new fatty acid derived compounds. This could be assisted with the use of the isolated and verified MKS1 promoter. The results of this research were summarized to a manuscript that was published in Plant Physiology (cover paper). to a chapter in a proceeding book. and one patent was submitted in the US.
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Tulloch, Olivia, Tamara Roldan de Jong et Kevin Bardosh. Data Synthesis : COVID-19 Vaccine Perceptions in Sub-Saharan Africa : Social and Behavioural Science Data, March 2020-April 2021. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), mai 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2028.

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Safe and effective vaccines against COVID-19 are seen as a critical path to ending the pandemic. This synthesis brings together data related to public perceptions about COVID-19 vaccines collected between March 2020 and March 2021 in 22 countries in Africa. It provides an overview of the data (primarily from cross-sectional perception surveys), identifies knowledge and research gaps and presents some limitations of translating the available evidence to inform local operational decisions. The synthesis is intended for those designing and delivering vaccination programmes and COVID-19 risk communication and community engagement (RCCE). 5 large-scale surveys are included with over 12 million respondents in 22 central, eastern, western and southern African countries (note: one major study accounts for more than 10 million participants); data from 14 peer-reviewed questionnaire surveys in 8 countries with n=9,600 participants and 15 social media monitoring, qualitative and community feedback studies. Sample sizes are provided in the first reference for each study and in Table 13 at the end of this document. The data largely predates vaccination campaigns that generally started in the first quarter of 2021. Perceptions will change and further syntheses, that represent the whole continent including North Africa, are planned. This review is part of the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP) series on COVID-19 vaccines. It was developed for SSHAP by Anthrologica. It was written by Kevin Bardosh (University of Washington), Tamara Roldan de Jong and Olivia Tulloch (Anthrologica), it was reviewed by colleagues from PERC, LSHTM, IRD, and UNICEF (see acknowledgments) and received coordination support from the RCCE Collective Service. It is the responsibility of SSHAP.
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Tulloch, Olivia, Tamara Roldan de Jong et Kevin Bardosh. Data Synthesis : COVID-19 Vaccine Perceptions in Africa : Social and Behavioural Science Data, March 2020-March 2021. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), mai 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2021.030.

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Safe and effective vaccines against COVID-19 are seen as a critical path to ending the pandemic. This synthesis brings together data related to public perceptions about COVID-19 vaccines collected between March 2020 and March 2021 in 22 countries in Africa. It provides an overview of the data (primarily from cross-sectional perception surveys), identifies knowledge and research gaps and presents some limitations of translating the available evidence to inform local operational decisions. The synthesis is intended for those designing and delivering vaccination programmes and COVID-19 risk communication and community engagement (RCCE). 5 large-scale surveys are included with over 12 million respondents in 22 central, eastern, western and southern African countries (note: one major study accounts for more than 10 million participants); data from 14 peer-reviewed questionnaire surveys in 8 countries with n=9,600 participants and 15 social media monitoring, qualitative and community feedback studies. Sample sizes are provided in the first reference for each study and in Table 13 at the end of this document. The data largely predates vaccination campaigns that generally started in the first quarter of 2021. Perceptions will change and further syntheses, that represent the whole continent including North Africa, are planned. This review is part of the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP) series on COVID-19 vaccines. It was developed for SSHAP by Anthrologica. It was written by Kevin Bardosh (University of Washington), Tamara Roldan de Jong and Olivia Tulloch (Anthrologica), it was reviewed by colleagues from PERC, LSHTM, IRD, and UNICEF (see acknowledgments) and received coordination support from the RCCE Collective Service. It is the responsibility of SSHAP.
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Mahdavian, Farnaz. Germany Country Report. University of Stavanger, février 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.180.

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Germany is a parliamentary democracy (The Federal Government, 2021) with two politically independent levels of 1) Federal (Bund) and 2) State (Länder or Bundesländer), and has a highly differentiated decentralized system of Government and administration (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, 2021). The 16 states in Germany have their own government and legislations which means the federal authority has the responsibility of formulating policy, and the states are responsible for implementation (Franzke, 2020). The Federal Government supports the states in dealing with extraordinary danger and the Federal Ministry of the Interior (BMI) supports the states' operations with technology, expertise and other services (Federal Ministry of Interior, Building and Community, 2020). Due to the decentralized system of government, the Federal Government does not have the power to impose pandemic emergency measures. In the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, in order to slowdown the spread of coronavirus, on 16 March 2020 the federal and state governments attempted to harmonize joint guidelines, however one month later State governments started to act more independently (Franzke & Kuhlmann, 2021). In Germany, health insurance is compulsory and more than 11% of Germany’s GDP goes into healthcare spending (Federal Statistical Office, 2021). Health related policy at the federal level is the primary responsibility of the Federal Ministry of Health. This ministry supervises institutions dealing with higher level of public health including the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), the Paul-Ehrlich-Institute (PEI), the Robert Koch Institute (RKI) and the Federal Centre for Health Education (Federal Ministry of Health, 2020). The first German National Pandemic Plan (NPP), published in 2005, comprises two parts. Part one, updated in 2017, provides a framework for the pandemic plans of the states and the implementation plans of the municipalities, and part two, updated in 2016, is the scientific part of the National Pandemic Plan (Robert Koch Institut, 2017). The joint Federal-State working group on pandemic planning was established in 2005. A pandemic plan for German citizens abroad was published by the German Foreign Office on its website in 2005 (Robert Koch Institut, 2017). In 2007, the federal and state Governments, under the joint leadership of the Federal Ministry of the Interior and the Federal Ministry of Health, simulated influenza pandemic exercise called LÜKEX 07, and trained cross-states and cross-department crisis management (Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk, 2007b). In 2017, within the context of the G20, Germany ran a health emergency simulation exercise with representatives from WHO and the World Bank to prepare for future pandemic events (Federal Ministry of Health et al., 2017). By the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, on 27 February 2020, a joint crisis team of the Federal Ministry of the Interior (BMI) and the Federal Ministry of Health (BMG) was established (Die Bundesregierung, 2020a). On 4 March 2020 RKI published a Supplement to the National Pandemic Plan for COVID-19 (Robert Koch Institut, 2020d), and on 28 March 2020, a law for the protection of the population in an epidemic situation of national scope (Infektionsschutzgesetz) came into force (Bundesgesundheitsministerium, 2020b). In the first early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Germany managed to slow down the speed of the outbreak but was less successful in dealing with the second phase. Coronavirus-related information and measures were communicated through various platforms including TV, radio, press conferences, federal and state government official homepages, social media and applications. In mid-March 2020, the federal and state governments implemented extensive measures nationwide for pandemic containment. Step by step, social distancing and shutdowns were enforced by all Federal States, involving closing schools, day-cares and kindergartens, pubs, restaurants, shops, prayer services, borders, and imposing a curfew. To support those affected financially by the pandemic, the German Government provided large economic packages (Bundesministerium der Finanzen, 2020). These measures have adopted to the COVID-19 situation and changed over the pandemic. On 22 April 2020, the clinical trial of the corona vaccine was approved by Paul Ehrlich Institute, and in late December 2020, the distribution of vaccination in Germany and all other EU countries
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Bourrier, Mathilde, Michael Deml et Farnaz Mahdavian. Comparative report of the COVID-19 Pandemic Responses in Norway, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. University of Stavanger, novembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.254.

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The purpose of this report is to compare the risk communication strategies and public health mitigation measures implemented by Germany, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom (UK) in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic based on publicly available documents. The report compares the country responses both in relation to one another and to the recommendations and guidance of the World Health Organization where available. The comparative report is an output of Work Package 1 from the research project PAN-FIGHT (Fighting pandemics with enhanced risk communication: Messages, compliance and vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak), which is financially supported by the Norwegian Research Council's extraordinary programme for corona research. PAN-FIGHT adopts a comparative approach which follows a “most different systems” variation as a logic of comparison guiding the research (Przeworski & Teune, 1970). The countries in this study include two EU member States (Sweden, Germany), one which was engaged in an exit process from the EU membership (the UK), and two non-European Union states, but both members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA): Norway and Switzerland. Furthermore, Germany and Switzerland govern by the Continental European Federal administrative model, with a relatively weak central bureaucracy and strong subnational, decentralised institutions. Norway and Sweden adhere to the Scandinavian model—a unitary but fairly decentralised system with power bestowed to the local authorities. The United Kingdom applies the Anglo-Saxon model, characterized by New Public Management (NPM) and decentralised managerial practices (Einhorn & Logue, 2003; Kuhlmann & Wollmann, 2014; Petridou et al., 2019). In total, PAN-FIGHT is comprised of 5 Work Packages (WPs), which are research-, recommendation-, and practice-oriented. The WPs seek to respond to the following research questions and accomplish the following: WP1: What are the characteristics of governmental and public health authorities’ risk communication strategies in five European countries, both in comparison to each other and in relation to the official strategies proposed by WHO? WP2: To what extent and how does the general public’s understanding, induced by national risk communication, vary across five countries, in relation to factors such as social capital, age, gender, socio-economic status and household composition? WP3: Based on data generated in WP1 and WP2, what is the significance of being male or female in terms of individual susceptibility to risk communication and subsequent vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak? WP4: Based on insight and knowledge generated in WPs 1 and 2, what recommendations can we offer national and local governments and health institutions on enhancing their risk communication strategies to curb pandemic outbreaks? WP5: Enhance health risk communication strategies across five European countries based upon the knowledge and recommendations generated by WPs 1-4. Pre-pandemic preparedness characteristics All five countries had pandemic plans developed prior to 2020, which generally were specific to influenza pandemics but not to coronaviruses. All plans had been updated following the H1N1 pandemic (2009-2010). During the SARS (2003) and MERS (2012) outbreaks, both of which are coronaviruses, all five countries experienced few cases, with notably smaller impacts than the H1N1 epidemic (2009-2010). The UK had conducted several exercises (Exercise Cygnet in 2016, Exercise Cygnus in 2016, and Exercise Iris in 2018) to check their preparedness plans; the reports from these exercises concluded that there were gaps in preparedness for epidemic outbreaks. Germany also simulated an influenza pandemic exercise in 2007 called LÜKEX 07, to train cross-state and cross-department crisis management (Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk, 2007). In 2017 within the context of the G20, Germany ran a health emergency simulation exercise with WHO and World Bank representatives to prepare for potential future pandemics (Federal Ministry of Health et al., 2017). Prior to COVID-19, only the UK had expert groups, notably the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE), that was tasked with providing advice during emergencies. It had been used in previous emergency events (not exclusively limited to health). In contrast, none of the other countries had a similar expert advisory group in place prior to the pandemic. COVID-19 waves in 2020 All five countries experienced two waves of infection in 2020. The first wave occurred during the first half of the year and peaked after March 2020. The second wave arrived during the final quarter. Norway consistently had the lowest number of SARS-CoV-2 infections per million. Germany’s counts were neither the lowest nor the highest. Sweden, Switzerland and the UK alternated in having the highest numbers per million throughout 2020. Implementation of measures to control the spread of infection In Germany, Switzerland and the UK, health policy is the responsibility of regional states, (Länders, cantons and nations, respectively). However, there was a strong initial centralized response in all five countries to mitigate the spread of infection. Later on, country responses varied in the degree to which they were centralized or decentralized. Risk communication In all countries, a large variety of communication channels were used (press briefings, websites, social media, interviews). Digital communication channels were used extensively. Artificial intelligence was used, for example chatbots and decision support systems. Dashboards were used to provide access to and communicate data.
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