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Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 10 mars 2023

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1

Kaitera, Juha, Ritva Hiltunen et Berit Samils. « Alternate host ranges of Cronartium flaccidum and Cronartium ribicola in northern Europe ». Botany 90, no 8 (août 2012) : 694–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b2012-039.

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Attached and detached leaves of 60 potential host species were inoculated in the greenhouse and laboratory with aeciospores of Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch. from six Finnish locations and of Cronartium flaccidum (Alb. & Schw.) Wint. from 20 locations in Finland and Sweden in 2011. Candidate hosts represented 16 plant families: Solanaceae, Verbenaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Grossulariaceae, Paeoniaceae, Balsaminaceae, Gentianaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Loasaceae, Tropaeolaceae, Acanthaceae, Myricaceae, Phrymaceae, Plantaginaceae, Orobanchaceae, and Apocynaceae. Inoculations of C. flaccidum produced uredinia after 2 weeks and (or) telia after 4 weeks of incubation on 25 hosts. Inoculation trials identified several new hosts for C. flaccidum in Fennoscandia, namely Impatiens balsamina, Swertia fedtschenkoana, Loasa tricolor, Myrica gale, Verbena canadensis, Saxifraga spp., Paeonia obovata, and Veronica daurica. Myricaceae and Saxifragaceae represent new host families for these rusts. Cronartium ribicola formed uredinia or telia on 10 species: Ribes spp. (7 species/cultivars), Pedicularis palustris subsp. palustris, Bartsia alpina, and Loasa triphylla. Results suggest wider alternate host ranges for both C. flaccidum and C. ribicola than previously recognized. Spores were virulent regardless of their source location, suggesting a lack of host-specificity among Fennoscandian populations of Cronartium.
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Kaitera, Juha, et Ritva Hiltunen. « New alternate hosts for the rusts Cronartium ribicola and Cronartium flaccidum in Finland ». Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42, no 9 (septembre 2012) : 1661–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x2012-039.

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We explored the potential of the North European flora and some garden plants growing naturally outside Europe to support a reservoir of pine stem rusts. Live plants and detached leaves of 35 species in 16 families (Solanaceae, Verbenaceae, Grossulariaceae, Paeoniaceae, Balsaminaceae, Gentianaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Loasaceae, Tropaeolaceae, Acanthaceae, Myricaceae, Phrymaceae, Plantaginaceae, Orobanchaceae, Apocynaceae, and Fagaceae) were inoculated in the greenhouse and (or) laboratory with aeciospores of Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch. and Cronartium flaccidum (Alb. & Schwein) G. Winter in 2010. Cronartium flaccidum produced uredinia and (or) telia in 14 species in nine families, 11 of which represent new alternate hosts in Finland and nine also elsewhere (excluding Nemesia versicolor and Tropaeolum majus L.): Euphrasia stricta D. Wof. ex J.F. Lehm., N. versicolor E. Mey. ex Benth., Nemesia strumosa Benth., Verbena × hybrida Voss., Verbena officinalis L., Veronica longifolia L., Impatiens glandulifera Royle, T. majus, Loasa triphylla Juss., Asclepias incarnata L., and Bartsia alpina L. Cronartium ribicola formed fruitbodies in nine species and cultivars in five families, five of which are new alternate hosts for this species in Finland and also elsewhere: Mentzelia lindleyi Torr. & A. Gray, A. incarnata, B. alpina, L. triphylla, and T. majus. Both species of Cronartium infected four alternate hosts, each in its own family. The alternate host range of each Cronartium was wider than expected and wider than that previously described. In local natural forests, Euphrasia , Veronica , and Bartsia (in northern Finland) are potential hosts that are common and may be able to spread these rusts. The recently established ornamental I. glandulifera could provide the means to spread C. flaccidum to Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) in southern Finland, and species of Mentzelia may be important for the spread of C. ribicola.
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Ragazzi, A., et Irene Dellavalle Fedi. « Penetration of Cronartium flaccidum into pine needles ». Forest Pathology 22, no 5 (octobre 1992) : 278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.1992.tb00794.x.

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Moricca, S., et A. Ragazzi. « Culture characteristics and variation of Cronartium flaccidum isolates ». Canadian Journal of Botany 74, no 6 (1 juin 1996) : 924–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b96-115.

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Cultures of Cronartium flaccidum were established from aeciospores collected from Pinus halepensis and Pinus laricio growing at four Italian sites: one southern and one northern (north-central) site for each host species. The two southern and the two northern sites were also geographically separate. Colonies were incubated for 7 months and compared for growth rates, macroscopic and microscopic features of the colonies, presence or absence of sporulation, and spore type. Germ tubes exhibited negative geotropism and were light sensitive. Colonies from southern isolates generally remained white and fast growing throughout, whereas colonies from northern isolates tended to turn orange and become slow growing. The faster growing white colonies could be maintained in the same Petri dishes without undergoing morphological change for the entire incubation period, but the slow-growing orange colonies had to be transferred to fresh medium every month or they became covered with short, hyaline hyphae. Immature aeciospores, typical mature aeciospores, and teliospore-like bodies formed in culture. Spore ontogeny, capacity to be successfully subcultured, growth rate, and other evidence indicated the southern and north-central Italian isolates were distinct. The host species was not a factor in culture variation. The importance of the axenic technique in relation to rust disease research is discussed. Keywords: rust, in vitro growth, cultural variation, sporulation.
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5

Kaitera, J., L. SeitamÄKi, J. Hantula, R. Jalkanen et T. Kurkela. « Morphological variation of Peridermium pini and Cronartium flaccidum aeciospores ». Mycological Research 103, no 6 (juin 1999) : 677–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953756298007503.

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Kaitera, Juha, Heikki Nuorteva et Jarkko Hantula. « Distribution and frequency of Cronartium flaccidum on Melampyrum spp. in Finland ». Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no 2 (1 février 2005) : 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-167.

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Distribution and frequency of Cronartium flaccidum telia were investigated on Melampyrum spp. growing wild in 355 Scots pine stands in Finland. Telia were found for the first time on M. arvense in Finland and for the first time on M. pratense and M. nemorosum in natural forests anywhere. Cronartium flaccidum telia were found in 22% of all stands with M. sylvaticum, 3% of stands with M. pratense, 12% of stands with M. nemorosum, 100% of stands with M. arvense, and 0% of stands with M. cristatum. Melampyrum spp. with telia were mostly found in northern Finland. The proportions of stands with telia and of plants with telia per stand, the frequency of telia-bearing leaves per plant, and the average number of telia per leaf were greater for M. sylvaticum than for most of the other Melampyrum species. In severely affected pine stands, telia were frequent on M. sylvaticum, but scarce or lacking on M. pratense. On sites with M. sylvaticum, the respective proportion of telia-bearing plants was significantly higher in young development classes and severely diseased stands than in older development classes and slightly damaged stands. The results suggest that the main host of C. flaccidum is M. sylvaticum in northern Finland.
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Moricca, S., A. Ragazzi et K. R. Mitchelson. « Molecular and conventional detection and identification of Cladosporium tenuissimum on two-needle pine rust aeciospores ». Canadian Journal of Botany 77, no 3 (20 août 1999) : 339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b98-203.

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An integrated approach, based on the analysis of both molecular and morphological characters, has led to the unambiguous detection and identification of the rust hyperparasite Cladosporium tenuissimum from aeciospores of the two-needle pine rust fungi Cronartium flaccidum and Peridermium pini. Cladosporium tenuissimum was first detected from contaminated field-collected rust spores using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The similar-sized amplified DNA of the parasite was then separated from rust DNA using electrophoretic migration, reamplified separately with the nested PCR, and sequenced. Sequence comparison in the data banks enabled the hyperparasite to be recognised as a species of Cladosporium. Molecular detection was followed by conventional identification, obtained by plating rust spores on potato dextrose agar, a selective medium for rusts, since they are unable to grow on such a common substrate, and isolating the hyperparasite in pure culture. It was subsequently identified as C. tenuissimum. Traditional identification would not have been possible without guidance from the molecular data, which focused attention on the mycoparasite. Macro- and micro-scopic features of colonies are also given to help with future identification on spore sources from other geographical areas and, if this should occur, future identification on other rusts.Key words: mycoparasitism, PCR detection, traditional detection, Cladosporium tenuissimum, Cronartium flaccidum, Peridermium pini.
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8

Moricca, S., et A. Ragazzi. « Axenic culture of the aecial state of Cronartium flaccidum from Italy ». Mycological Research 98, no 11 (novembre 1994) : 1258–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0953-7562(09)80296-7.

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9

Martinsson, Owe, et Bernt Nilsson. « The impact of cronartium flaccidum on the growth of pinus sylvestris ». Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 2, no 1-4 (janvier 1987) : 349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827588709382472.

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Karadzic, Dragan, et Tanja Milijasevic. « The most frequent 'rusts' on trees and shrubs in Serbia ». Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no 88 (2003) : 77–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf0388077k.

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This paper describes 15 species of fungi in the order Uredinales, causing the diseases known as "rusts". These fungi develop as obligate parasites and cause very dangerous diseases on cultivated plants. Among the "rusts" occurring on the trees, the following rusts are of special economic significance Melampsorella caryophyllacearum (rust on fir), Cronartium flaccidum (rust on two-needle pines) and Melampsora species (rusts on poplars). Fungi Chrysomyxa pirolata, Pucciniastrum epilobii, Gymnosporangium clavariiforme and G. tremelloides have been identified for the first time in Serbia.
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11

Kaitera, Juha, et Jarkko Hantula. « Melampyrum sylvaticum, a New Alternate Host for Pine Stem Rust Cronartium flaccidum ». Mycologia 90, no 6 (novembre 1998) : 1028. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3761276.

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12

Ragazzi, A., Irene Dellavalle Fedi et Iaura Mesturino. « Cronartium flaccidum on Pinus spp. : relation of inoculum concentration to symptom development ». Forest Pathology 16, no 1 (mars 1986) : 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.1986.tb01048.x.

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Kaitera, J., et R. Hiltunen. « Susceptibility of Pedicularis spp. to Cronartium ribicola and C. flaccidum in Finland ». Forest Pathology 41, no 3 (23 septembre 2010) : 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2010.00680.x.

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Karadzic, Dragan, et Tanja Milijasevic. « The most important parasitic and saprophytic fungi in Austrian pine and Scots pine plantations in Serbia ». Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no 97 (2008) : 147–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf0897147k.

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In Austrian pine plantations in Serbia, the greatest damage is caused by the fungi Mycosphaerella pini, Sphaeropsis sapinea, Cenangium ferruginosum, Germmeniella abietina (in the mountain regions) and occasionally Armillaria spp., Lophodermium spp. (seditiosum, conigenum, pinastri) and Cyclaneusma niveum. In Scots pine plantations, the greatest damage is caused by the fungi Heterobasidion annosum (especially in plantations on sandy soils), Armillaria spp, Lophodermium seditiosum, L. pinastri, Cyclaneusma minus and Sphaeropsis sapinea. Damage caused by rust fungi (Coleosporium sennecionis, Melampsora pinitorqua and Cronartium flaccidum) occurs less frequently. In mountainous regions in Scots pine plantations, great damage is caused by Phacidium infestans, Lophodermella sulcigena and Gremmeniella abietina.
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15

Bon, M. C., et F. Guermache. « First Report of Black Swallow-Wort as an Alternate Host of the Two-Needle Pine Stem Rust Pathogen, Cronartium flaccidum, in France ». Plant Disease 96, no 4 (avril 2012) : 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-11-0966.

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Stem rust disease, caused by Cronartium flaccidum (Alb. & Schwein.) G. Winter, is among the most destructive diseases of the two-needle hard pine in the Northern Hemisphere, including Scots pine but also several Mediterranean pines in southern Europe (2,3). This heteroecious rust has numerous alternate herbaceous hosts spanning different plant families, thereby contributing to epidemic outbreaks when environmental conditions for infection are optimal (2,3). The main alternate host in Europe is the white swallow-wort, Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik, a herbaceous perennial in the milkweed family (Asclepiadaceae). At the southwestern edge of its distribution, V. hirundinaria co-occurs with the black swallow-wort, V. nigrum (L.) Moench and cases of misidentification between the two species are not uncommon. Little to no disease occurs to V. nigrum likely because phenanthroindolizidine alkaloid antimicrobial compounds are produced in the weed. In 1918, occurrence of C. flaccidum was reported in Spain and Portugal on black and white swallow-worts albeit as C. asclepadium (1). In the early summer of 2011, at Saint Clément de Rivière in southern France, we detected orange-yellow rust pustules on the lower leaf surfaces of several black swallow-worts growing near Aleppo pines (Pinus halepensis). These orange-yellow pustules were erumpent uredinia in groups (range = 137 to 400 μm in diameter) with peridia that broke with the production of uredinospores. The latter were moderately echinulate, light yellow, broadly ellipsoid (length = 23 ± 4 μm and range = 11 to 33 μm; width = 15 ± 2 μm and range = 9 to 20 μm) with walls of 1 to 2 μm thick (mean 1.3 ± 0.2 μm). Hair-like columnar telia (length = 1123 ± 131 μm and range = 976 to 1280 μm; width = 136 ± 28 μm and range = 104 to 176 μm) were mostly formed from uredinia. Telia were hypophyllous and reddish orange. Teliospores were orange-yellow and ellipsoidal to cylindrical (length 26.3 ± 6.2 μm and range 13.5 to 46 μm; width = 10.5 ± 1.8 μm and range = 6.9 to 14.9 μm). Morphological features of these fruiting structures were consistent with those of C. flaccidum (Alb. & Schwein.) G. Winter on white swallow-worts (2). Additional confirmation was provided by sequencing the two internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS2) and the 5.8S gene (4). The sequence was 843 bp long (GenBank Accession No. JN802139), 99.7% similar to C. flaccidum found on Melampyrum in Finland (Accession No. JF13709), and 99.4% similar to C. flaccidum found on pines in Italy (Accession No. X83900). Voucher material has been deposited at the Herbarium of Montpellier's University under the collection Accession No. MPUØ188846. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of uredinia and telia of C. flaccidum on black swallow-worts clearly identified in France. The occurrence of the rust on this understory vine is of critical importance for the economic sustainability of pine forests in France, especially when they are heavily constrained by drought and fire. References: (1) R. Gonzalez Fragoso. Trab. Mus. Nac. Ci. Nat., Ser. Bot. 15:1, 1918. (2) J. Kaitera and H. Nuorteva. For. Pathol. 33:205, 2003. (3) A. Ragazzi. Phytopathol. Medit. 28:5, 1989. (4) T. J. White et al. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, CA, 1990.
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Karadzic, Dragan, et Vladimir Vujanovic. « Aleppo pine defense against Sphaeropsis sapinea, Cronartium flaccidum and other fungal pathogens in the Mediterranean part of Montenegro ». Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no 99 (2009) : 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf0999059k.

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Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) is the most widely disturbed conifer tree in native forest and plantations throughout the Adriatic coast of Montenegro. However, pathogenic fungi in the region are extremely diversified and constitute the principal threat to healthy tree growth: 15 pathogenic fungal species have beden identified in the Eumediterranean zone - a typical habitat of Aleppo pine, whereas 21 fungal pathogens occurred in northern Submediterranean zone - an atypical habitat for Aleppo pine in Montenegro. Greatest damages are inflicted by Sphaeropsis sapinea, a pathogenic generalist on pine, and Cronartium flaccidum, causal agent of rust disease on pine. The following relates, for the first time, the presence of hypersensitive response (HR) in young needles and shoots (organs rich in nitrogen) as a specific defense mechanism in Aleppo pine against Sphaeropsis sapinea, an otherwise very harmful pathogen for Austrian pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) and other pines in the Mediterranean part of Montenegro. Thus, better understanding of the ecology of S. sapinea, of C. flaccidum, as well as of associated mycobiota and mechanisms of host defense are essential for establishing measures and tools for protection of Aleppo pine ecosystems.
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Kasanen, R. « Aeciospores of Cronartium flaccidum, C. ribicola and Endocronartium pini show no differences in morphology ». Forest Pathology 27, no 4 (août 1997) : 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.1997.tb00867.x.

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Kaitera, By J. « Cronartium flaccidum fruitbody production on Melampyrum spp. and some important alternate hosts to pine ». Forest Pathology 29, no 6 (décembre 1999) : 391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0329.1999.00176.x.

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Kaitera, J., et H. Nuorteva. « Cronartium flaccidum produces uredinia and telia on Melampyrum nemorosum and on Finnish Vincetoxicum hirundinaria ». Forest Pathology 33, no 4 (août 2003) : 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0329.2003.00321.x.

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Kaitera, J., L. SeitamÄKi, J. Hantula, R. Jalkanen et T. Kurkela. « Inoculation of known and potential alternate hosts with Peridermium pini and Cronartium flaccidum aeciospores ». Mycological Research 103, no 2 (février 1999) : 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953756298006947.

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Kaitera, Juha, Ritva Hiltunen, Tuomas Kauppila et Jarkko Hantula. « Five plant families support natural sporulation of Cronartium ribicola and C. flaccidum in Finland ». European Journal of Plant Pathology 149, no 2 (9 mars 2017) : 367–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-017-1188-7.

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Kaitera, Juha. « Short-term Effect of Thinning on Pinus sylvestris Damage and Sporulation Caused by Cronartium flaccidum ». Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 17, no 2 (janvier 2002) : 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/028275802753626809.

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Kaitera, Juha, Jarkko Hantula et Seppo Nevalainen. « Distribution and frequency of Cronartium flaccidum on Melampyrum spp. in permanent sample plots in Finland ». Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 26, no 5 (16 mai 2011) : 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2011.579153.

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Moricca, S., et A. Ragazzi. « Use of RFLP and SSCP analysis to differentiate the pine rusts Cronartium flaccidum and Peridermium pini ». Mycological Research 102, no 6 (juin 1998) : 666–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953756297005467.

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Moricca, Salvatore, et Alessandro Ragazzi. « Establishment of single-genotype axenic cultures from the haploid stage of the pine blister rust Cronartium flaccidum ». Mycological Research 105, no 12 (décembre 2001) : 1527–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953756201005123.

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Ragazzi, A., S. Moricca et I. Dellavalle. « Growth of axenic cultures of Cronartium flaccidum on callus tissue from Pinus nigra var. laricio and Pinus sylvestris ». Forest Pathology 25, no 1 (février 1995) : 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.1995.tb01069.x.

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Hantula, Jarkko, Risto Kasanen, Juha Kaitera et Salvatore Moricca. « Analyses of genetic variation suggest that pine rusts Cronartium flaccidum and Peridermium pini belong to the same species ». Mycological Research 106, no 2 (février 2002) : 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953756201005457.

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Moricca, Salvatore, Takao Kasuga, K. Mitchelson, Alessandro Ragazzi et Stephanos Diamandis. « Heterogeneity in intergenic regions of the ribosomal repeat of the pine-blister rusts Cronartium flaccidum and Peridermium pini ». Current Genetics 29, no 4 (14 mars 1996) : 388–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002940050060.

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Kasanen, R., J. Kaitera et J. Hantula. « The genetic composition of Peridermium pini and Cronartium flaccidum cankers on Scots pine as revealed by two multi-allelic loci ». Forest Pathology 30, no 4 (août 2000) : 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0329.2000.00209.x.

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Longo, Nicola, Simonettapoggiolesi, Biancamarianaldini et Gabrieletani. « Penetration and early colonization in basidiosporederived infection on needles of Pinus pinea L. by Cronartium flaccidum (Alb. et Schw.) Wint. » Caryologia 53, no 1 (janvier 2000) : 9–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00087114.2000.10589177.

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Kaitera, Juha. « The effect of storage temperature, time and spore source on the germination of Cronartium flaccidum and Peridermium pini aeciospores in vitro ». Karstenia 39, no 2 (1999) : 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.29203/ka.1999.341.

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Keldysh, М. A., et O. N. Chervyakova. « Immune status of flower-ornamental plants in the collections of the Main Botanical Garden (Viral and Fungal Pathogens) ». Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia 70 (19 octobre 2022) : 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/2073-4948-2022-70-83-92.

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The article presents the results of studies to assess the resistance of a number of ornamental crops to viral and fungal pathogens. The objects were collections of Phlox L., Paeonia L., Dahlia L.; pathogens of powdery mildew phlox (Erysiphe cichoracearum D. C. f. phlogis Jacz.), cladosporiosis (Cladosporium paeoniae Pass.) and rust (Cronartium fl accidum (Alb. et Schw.) Wint.) peony, dominant viruses in the gene pool of these cultures. As a result of the conducted studies, it was found that the nature of interaction with pathogens at the level of plant varieties and genotypes is realized differentially. Phlox L. varieties have been isolated. with a medium and high level of resistance, and two immune varieties ‘Bright Eyes’ and ‘Karl Furst’ in conditions of a severe infectious background to Erysiphe cichoracearum D. C. f. phlogis Jacz., however, not all varieties have retained this property over the past 5 years. Two varieties have a decrease in the level of resistance, four varieties have lost this property, and three varieties have increased this property. Fife varieties with a high level of resistance to the complex of dominant viruses (Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV), Tobacco mosaic tobamovirus (TMV), Alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus (AMV), Arabis mosaic nepovirus (ArMV)) were identifi ed and 38 varieties were ranked according to the index of resistance to individual pathogens. In the Dahlia L. collection no virus-resistant varieties were found. Two out of five known viruses have been identifi ed within the Paeonia L. gene pool, to which 65% of varieties are resistant. Most varieties of Paeonia L. had weakly expressed resistance to the causative agent of Cladosporium paeoniae Pass. No varieties with a high level of resistance have been identified. Only 10 varieties susceptible to Cronartium flaccidum (Alb. et Schw.) Wint. were registered in the gene pool, 16 – medium-resistant and 30 – highly resistant. The article emphasizes the importance of finding sources of resistance and cultivating resistant varieties to harmful organisms as the safest method from the point of view of greening plant protection.
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Moricca, Salvatore, Alessandro Ragazzi, Keith Richard Mitchelson et Gemma Assante. « Antagonism of the Two-Needle Pine Stem Rust Fungi Cronartium flaccidum and Peridermium pini by Cladosporium tenuissimum In Vitro and In Planta ». Phytopathology® 91, no 5 (mai 2001) : 457–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2001.91.5.457.

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Selected isolates of Cladosporium tenuissimum were tested for their ability to inhibit in vitro aeciospore germination of the two-needle pine stem rusts Cronartium flaccidum and Peridermium pini and to suppress disease development in planta. The antagonistic fungus displayed a number of disease-suppressive mechanisms. Aeciospore germination on water agar slides was reduced at 12, 18, and 24 h when a conidial suspension (1.5 × 107 conidia per ml) of the Cladosporium tenuissimum isolates was added. When the aeciospores were incubated in same-strength conidial suspensions for 1, 11, 21, and 31 days, viability was reduced at 20 and 4°C. Light and scanning electron microscopy showed that rust spores were directly parasitized by Cladosporium tenuissimum and that the antagonist had evolved several strategies to breach the spore wall and gain access to the underlying tissues. Penetration occurred with or without appressoria. The hyperparasite exerted a mechanical force to destroy the spore structures (spinules, cell wall) by direct contact, penetrated the aeciospores and subsequently proliferated within them. However, an enzymatic action could also be involved. This was shown by the dissolution of the host cell wall that comes in contact with the mycelium of the mycoparasite, by the lack of indentation in the host wall at the contact site, and by the minimal swelling at the infecting hyphal tip. Culture filtrates of the hyperparasite inhibited germination of rust propagules. A compound purified from the filtrates was characterized by chemical and spectroscopic analysis as cladosporol, a known β-1,3-glucan biosynthesis inhibitor. Conidia of Cladosporium tenuissimum reduced rust development on new infected pine seedlings over 2 years under greenhouse conditions. Because the fungus is an aggressive mycoparasite, produces fungicidal metabolites, and can survive and multiply in forest ecosystems without rusts, it seems a promising agent for the biological control of pine stem rusts in Europe.
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Samils, Berit, Katarina Ihrmark, Juha Kaitera, Jan Stenlid et Pia Barklund. « New genetic markers for identifying Cronartium flaccidum and Peridermium pini and examining genetic variation within and between lesions of Scots pine blister rust in Sweden ». Fungal Biology 115, no 12 (décembre 2011) : 1303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2011.09.009.

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« Cronartium flaccidum. [Distribution map]. » Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, no 1) (1 août 1989). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20056500616.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Cronartium flaccidum (Alb. & Schwein.) Winter. Hosts: pine (Pinus spp.), Paeonia, Pedicularis, Tropaeolum, Vincetoxicum and others. Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, China, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Japan, Korea, USSR, Armenia, Republic of Georgia, Siberia, EUROPE, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Greece, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Southern England, USSR, Azerbaijan, etc. Estonia, Lithuania, Ukraine (Crimea), Yugoslavia.
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« Cronartium flaccidum (Scots pine blister rust) ». CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (7 janvier 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.16148.

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This datasheet on Cronartium flaccidum covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Prevention/Control, Further Information.
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« Cronartium flaccidum (Scots pine blister rust) ». PlantwisePlus Knowledge Bank Species Pages (7 janvier 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pwkb.species.16148.

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Kaitera, Juha. « Analysis of Cronartium flaccidum lesion development on pole-stage Scots pines ». Silva Fennica 34, no 1 (2000). http://dx.doi.org/10.14214/sf.641.

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Kaitera, Juha, et Heikki Nuorteva. « Maitikkauute-aineiden vaikutus tervasroson (Cronartium flaccidum ja Peridermium pini) rihmastoviljelmien kasvuun keinoalustoilla ». Metsätieteen aikakauskirja 2010, no 2 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.14214/ma.5747.

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Kaitera, Juha, et Heikki Nuorteva. « Effects of Melampyrum extracts on the growth of axenic cultures of Cronartium flaccidum and Peridermium pini ». Silva Fennica 44, no 2 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.14214/sf.149.

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