Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) »

Aim. To identify collection accessions – sources of valuable traits for using as starting material to create varieties of perennial grasses in Western Ukraine. Results and Discussion. The vegetable protein problem is one of the main issues facing scientists whose activities are related to agriculture, ecology and other areas of biology. The Ciscarpathia is a zone of natural meadows, hayfields and pastures, where a large number of plant species belonging to different botanical families grow. Among the natural vegetation on pastures, meadows and fallows, clover species are most often found. Trifolium incarnatum L. is an annual winter-spring plant. It is widely used in agriculture as a nitrogen-fixing cover crop. The crimson clover collection comprises 24 accessions. Some promising accessions that can be used as starting material in breeding for high productivity (green mass, hay and seeds), herbage capacity, resistance to diseases and pests were selected. Reference accessions and sources of economically valuable traits, which are actively involved in breeding, were singled out. During the study (2019-2021), accessions were investigated in detail for biological and morphological features. We evaluated the crimson clover collection for germinability, winter survival, flowering time, green mass per plant, and seed yield. The results showed that the crimson clover collection could be tentatively divided into 3 groups: early-ripening (70-79 days; 37.5%), mid-ripening (83-87 days; 50.0%) and late-ripening (92-94 days; 12.5%). Nine accessions (PFZ 00625, PFZ 02148, PFZ 01264, PFZ 01266, PFZ 01295, PFZ 01273, PFZ 01270, PFZ 02266, and PFZ 02265) ripened slightly earlier. They are potential parents to develop an early-ripening population. Three accessions (PFZ 02268, PFZ 02267, and PFZ 02073) ripened significantly later than all the others. Thus, these accessions are excellent candidates to develop a late-ripening population. Depending on the region and cultivation system, farmers may be interested in both early-ripening and late-ripening crimson clover. Conclusions. Literature review allowed us to note that the studied crimson clover accessions had several advantages when used in production, namely: they are annuals, have high vegetation rates and productive potentials. Crimson clover accessions showed particularly distinct differences in autumn emergence and flowering time, indicating greater diversity and potential for breeding. In contrast, winter survival, green mass per plant showed greater intra- and inter-year variations. Autumn emergence and winter survival were found to be positively correlated, and both traits were negatively correlated with green mass per plant. Some accessions were identified as highly effective in several key traits and are of particular interest as parents in further breeding: PFZ 02118, PFZ 01270, PFZ 02267, PFZ 02073, PFZ 02072, PFZ 01290.

Crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) is the most common legume cover crop in the United States. Previous research found limited genetic variation for crimson clover within the National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) collection. The aim of this study was to assess the phenotypic and nodule microbial diversity within the NPGS crimson clover collection, focusing on traits important for cover crop performance. Experiments were conducted at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (Maryland, USA) across three growing seasons (2012–2013, 2013–2014, 2014–2015) to evaluate 37 crimson clover accessions for six phenotypic traits: fall emergence, winter survival, flowering time, biomass per plant, nitrogen (N) content in aboveground biomass, and proportion of plant N from biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). Accession effect was significant across all six traits. Fall emergence of plant introductions (PIs) ranged from 16.0% to 70.5%, winter survival ranged from 52.8% to 82.0%, and growing degree days (GDD) to 25% maturity ranged from 1470 GDD to 1910 GDD. Biomass per plant ranged from 1.52 to 6.51 g, N content ranged from 1.87% to 2.24%, and proportion of plant N from BNF ranged from 50.2% to 85.6%. Accessions showed particularly clear differences for fall emergence and flowering time, indicating greater diversity and potential for selection in cover crop breeding programs. Fall emergence and winter survival were positively correlated, and both were negatively correlated with biomass per plant and plant N from BNF. A few promising lines performed well across multiple key traits, and are of particular interest as parents in future breeding efforts, including PIs 369045, 418900, 561943, 561944, and 655006. In 2014–2015, accessions were also assessed for nodule microbiome diversity, and 11 genera were identified across the sampled nodules. There was large variation among accessions in terms of species diversity, but this diversity was not associated with observed plant traits, and the functional implications of nodule microbiome diversity remain unclear.

The objective to evaluate the effect of the size of the crimson clover seeds under the vigor of produced seeds, as well the growth and development throughout the crop cycle. The work was conducted in the experimental area of the Plant Science Department of the Federal University of Pelotas, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It were used crimson clover seeds (Trifolium incarnatum L.), cultivar “Crimson Clover”. The seeds size effect affected the growth and the partition of the assimilated in the crimson clover plants, where medium size seeds raise the biomass accumulation in the different plants structures. Seeds of crimson clover produced from plants originated from different seed sizes did not presented difference in relation to the physiologic quality, seedling emergence and speed of emergence index.

Experiments were focused on differences in the ripening of crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and on the influence of the pre-har vest treatment with desiccants. The drying of leaves, stems and heads during ripening, regrowing, breakdown of heads and yield parameters including seed were compared. The crimson clover exhibited the natural drying of leaves, stems and heads faster than the red clover. In crimson clover, the drying of leaves, stems and heads before the har vest was 80 - 100%, 50– 95%, and 100 %, respectively. In red clover, the drying of leaves, stems and heads was 25 - 84 %, 20–72% and 45–99%, respectively. There were also dif ferences in the regrowing and in the breakdown of heads. In the pre-harvest treatments of crimson clover and red clover, the effect of diquat was compared with the efficiency of other herbicide substances (pyraflufen-ethyl, carfentrazone-ethyl and pelargonic acid) and with the efficiency of a high dose of DAM fertilizer (liquid fertilizer, urea-ammonium nitrate). Compared with diquat, the drying was slower with the other active substances. Significant effects of tested active substances on yield, WTS (weight of thousand seeds) and germination were not recorded.

Replicated field trials indicated that tarnished plant bug (TPB), Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Hemiptera: Miridae) attained relatively-high densities on hybrid vetches, Vicia sativa L. X V. cordata Wulf cv ‘Cahaba White’ and ‘Vantage’, lower densities on crimson clover, Trifolium incarnatum L. cv ‘Dixie,’ and particularly-low densities on subterranean clover, Trifolium subterraneum L. cv ‘Mt. Barker’. Densities of TPB were also relatively low on an additional 10 types of subterranean clover, including 7 cultivars representing T. subterraneum, 1 cultivar of T. brachycalycinum Katznelson and Morley, and 3 of T. yanninicum Katznelson and Morley. Field longevity trials indicated that late-instar and adult TPB lived longer when caged on crimson clover than on hybrid vetch, which in turn supported better survival than did subterranean clover. When adult TPB were caged on hybrid vetch or subterranean clover with or without floral and fruiting structures, there was no evidence that the presence of these structures prolonged TPB survival on either crop. In laboratory choice tests with flowering and fruiting shoots of three cover crops, TPB preferred crimson clover over hybrid vetch, which in turn was more attractive than subterranean clover. When shoots were presented after reproductive structures had been excised, there was no statistically-significant preference by TPB.

Fall-planted cover crops of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), Austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum subsp. arvense L. Poir), and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) were each followed by spring-planted 'Sundance' summer squash [Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo (L.) Alef.] and 'Dasher' cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Squash and cucumber crops were followed by fall 'Florida Broadleaf mustard green [Brassica juncea (L.) Czerniak] and 'Vates' collard (Brassica oleracea L. Acephala group), respectively. The same vegetable sequences were also planted without benefit of cover crop. Three nitrogen (N) rates were applied to each vegetable crop. Squash following winter pea and crimson clover produced greater yields than did squash planted without preceding cover crop. Cucumber following crimson clover produced the greatest yields. No cover crop effect was noted with mustard or collard. Elimination of N fertilizer resulted in reduced yields for all crops, but yields of crops with one-half the recommended N applied were generally comparable to those receiving the full recommended rate.

Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), arrowleaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum Savi.), berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), barrel medic (Medicago truncatula Gaertn.), winter vetch (Vicia villosa subsp. varia L.), flatpea (Lathyrus tingitanus L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis Lam.), fababean (Vicia faba L.), field pea (Pisum sativum subsp. arvense L.) and white lupin (Lupinus alba L.) were grown for 2 yr in interior Alaska to assess their potential as forage and green manure crops and to evaluate the effects of N fertilizer on legume performance. Herbage yield, crude protein, and total N yield were the criteria used. In addition to previously identified promising species, berseem clover, arrowleaf clover, winter vetch and flatpea consistently produced over 3 t ha−1 of herbage and accumulated over 67 kg N ha−1. Nitrogen fertilizer (90 kg N ha−1) improved yields of arrowleaf clover and winter vetch at Fairbanks (5344 vs. 3685 kg ha−1), but N fertilization depressed yields at Delta Junction. Forage crude protein for the promising species ranged from 120 to 220 g kg−1. Several species exhibited adequate tolerance of low soil pH to be grown on acid soils without liming. Key words: Forage legume crops, Alaska, N fertilization, subarctic

The usefulness of cover crops for weed management in strawberries were evaluated. Wheat (Triticum aestevum L.), rye (Secale cereale L.), and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) were grown in individual pots then killed by tillage or herbicide and followed in the same pots by plantings of bermuda grass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.], yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.), crabgrass [Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Schreb. ex Muhl.], or strawberries (Fragaria ×ananassa `Cardinal'). Rye and wheat tilled into the medium generally increased the growth of strawberries and decreased the growth of bermuda grass. Rye and wheat residues appeared to suppress growth of weeds and strawberries when the residues remained on the medium surface. Crimson clover had little affect on the growth of weeds or strawberries. Yellow nutsedge and crabgrass were not significantly affected by cover crop residues.

Main principle of the common agricultural policy of European Union is achievement of high results with the least possible negative impact on the environment, land protection and efficient use of natural resources. For that purpose, a number of studies are carried out, related to the improvement of biodiversity and protection of the pollinators in the areas of production. Two type of grass mixes were observed: “Laitamag” (Hungary) composed of White mustard (Sinapis alba L.), White clover (Trifolium repens L.), Phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia Bentham), Crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.), Red clover (Trifolium pretense L.), Wild oats (Avena sativa L.), Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) and Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) and a mix, proposed by the Agrarian University: White mustard (Sinapis alba L.), White clover (Trifolium repens L.), Phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia Bentham), Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). The vegetation of the autumn crops began in March, as the blossoming lasts for 60-63 days, from the beginning of April until 24 June. For the spring sowing (18 March), the flowering of the mixes occurred later, in the second 10-day period of May and ended at the end of June. As a result of the low temperatures during winter, the white mustard, buckwheat and sainfoin plants perished. White clover proves to be the most resilient species.

Chaque année, plus de 3,7 millions de tonnes d'engrais azotés sont utilisées par l'agriculture française. Bien qu'étant un élément essentiel au bon développement et à la bonne croissance des plantes, la fertilisation azotée est de plus en plus décriée en raison des nombreuses nuisances aux écosystèmes et à la biodiversité qu'il induit. Le colza (Brassica napus L.) est l'une des plantes de grandes cultures les plus exigeantes en azote (N), en raison de sa faible efficience d'usage de cet élément. Dans le but de maintenir une croissance et des rendements optimaux de la culture de colza tout en limitant les apports en fertilisants azotés, il est essentiel de mettre au point de nouvelles pratiques culturales plus respectueuses de l'environnement. Dans ce contexte, l'utilisation combinée des cultures associées à base de Fabacées et de produits biostimulants constitue une alternative intéressante aux pratiques actuelles de la culture de colza. Du fait de ses nombreux effets bénéfiques lors de stress biotiques et abiotiques, le silicium (Si) semble être un biostimulant pertinent. Les objectifs de ces travaux de thèse visent à observer les effets d'un apport en Si sur (i) les performances agronomiques du colza et du trèfle en monoculture cultivés en conditions contrôlées et (ii) sur une possible potentialisation du fonctionnement de l'association colza-trèfle incarnat. Dans un premier temps, nos travaux ont permis de montrer qu'en condition de carence en soufre (S), un apport de Si s'accompagne d'une baisse du stress oxydatif et d'une modulation de l'expression des gènes codant les transporteurs racinaires de sulfate qui permet aux plantes traitées au Si d'être plus efficaces pour absorber le S lorsque celui-ci est à nouveau disponible. Dans un second temps, l'apport de Si à une culture de trèfle incarnat soumis à une carence en S ou cultivé avec une solution nutritive dépourvue d'N a un impact positif sur la nodulation et les capacités de fixation du diazote atmosphérique. Le Si induit une augmentation significative du nombre de nodules racinaires ainsi que de leur teneur en nitrogénase. En outre, l'étude du ionome et du protéome des nodules a permis de mieux comprendre les effets d'un apport en Si en montrant notamment l'accumulation d'éléments et de protéines impliqués directement ou indirectement dans la fixation de diazote atmosphérique. Enfin, nos travaux ont mis en lumière les effets bénéfiques d'un apport en Si sur une association colza-trèfle notamment en augmentant le transfert d'N de la Fabacée vers la Brassicacée et en améliorant le rendement grainier du colza
Over 3.7 million tonnes of N fertilizers are used in French agriculture every year. Although N fertilization is an essential element for the growth of crops, it is increasingly criticized for its harmful effects on ecosystems and biodiversity. rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is one of the most N requiring field crops, due to its low N use efficiency. To maintain optimum the growth and the yield of rapeseed with lower N fertilizer inputs, it is crucial to develop new cultural practices more respectful of environment. In this context, the combination of rapeseed-clover intercrops and biostimulants is an interesting alternative to the current cultivation practices of rapeseed. Considering its numerous beneficial effects under biotic and abiotic stresses, Silicon (Si) appears to be a relevant biostimulant. The aim of this PhD work was to observe the effects of Si supply on (i) the agronomic performance of monoculture rapeseed and clover grown under controlled conditions, and (ii) the possible potentiation of the functioning of the rapeseed-clover intercrop. Firstly, our work has shown that under sulfur (S) deficiency conditions, the supply of Si leads to a reduction in oxidative stress and modulation of the expression of genes encoding root sulfate transporters, allowing +Si plants to take up S more efficiently when it becomes available again. Secondly, the Si supply to crimson clover subjected under S-deficiency or or grown without N in the nutrient solution, had a positive impact on nodulation and atmospheric dinitrogen fixation capacities. Si induces a significant increase in the number of root nodules and their nitrogenase content. In addition, the study of the nodule ionome and proteome has enhanced our knowledge of the benefit effects of Si supply, particularly by showing the accumulation of elements and proteins directly or indirectly involved in the fixation of atmospheric dinitrogen. Finally, our work has highlighted the beneficial effects of Si supply on a rapeseed-clover intercrop, notably by increasing the N transfer from the Fabaceae to the Brassicaceae and improving the yield of the rapeseed