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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Criminal justice, Administration of – European Union countries »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Criminal justice, Administration of – European Union countries"

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Gwoździewicz, Sylwia. « THE MINORS IN PENAL SYSTEMS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ». International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences 1, no 1 (30 juin 2015) : 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.3758.

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In foreign jurisdictions, various models of responsibility for juvenile offenses are adopted. In many countries, like Poland, entirely separate regulations in this field are adopted (England and Wales, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Spain, Ireland, Germany, Scotland, Switzerland, Sweden). In other countries like (Slovakia, Belarus, Estonia, Greece to 2003, the Netherlands, Lithuania, Russia, Slovenia, Ukraine), there are specific rules of responsibility of minors included in criminal codes and codes of criminal proceedings. Different solutions in this regard are partly due to the different traditions of legal systems, and partly due to various axiomatic justifications formulated in these matters. Review of legislation on minority in selected European countries: Poland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic shows that in terms of the approach to the problem of minority in all legal systems, specific interaction of children and young people who come into conflict with the criminal law are included, as well as those that show signs of corruption, making their proper personal and social development threatened. Adoption of selected concepts of minors legislation, however, does not mean more or less severe approach to the liability of minors.Both discussed issues the theoretical and practical ones, are the subject of the deliberations beneath, their structure includes: <br/>1. Problems of minors in the European countries <br/>2. Minors in Polish criminal justice system <br/>3. Minors’ responsibility in Slovakian criminal justice system <br/> 4. Czech criminal justice system in relation to a minor
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de Jonge, Boudewijn. « Transfer of criminal proceedings : from stumbling block to cornerstone of cooperation in criminal matters in the EU ». ERA Forum 21, no 3 (10 juillet 2020) : 449–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12027-020-00616-8.

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AbstractMost forms of international cooperation in criminal matters have now been regulated to some extent by European Union legislation. One classical form of cooperation has been so far largely immune from influence by the EU legislator, however. This is the area of transfer of proceedings. This article provides an overview of the current situation and argues that new life should be blown into earlier initiatives to improve this form of cooperation. Harmonisation in this area will prove an important step to facilitate the proper administration of justice in the common Area of Freedom, Justice and Security that the European Union is set to realise.
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Maslennikova, L. N., et T. E. Sushina. « Experience of Criminal Proceedings Digitalization in the Federal Republic of Germany and Possibilities of its Use in the Criminal Proceedings Digitalization in Russia ». Actual Problems of Russian Law 15, no 6 (11 juillet 2020) : 214–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2020.115.6.214-224.

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The paper analyzes the experience of digitalization of the criminal justice of the Federal Republic of Germany as one of the leading states of the European Union with a high level of informatization of the public administration mechanism. The study of German theory and practice allowed us to conclude that the criminal justice of Germany is quite successful in adapting to the new digital reality and that it is possible to use positive experience in developing the Russian concept of building criminal justice that provides access to justice in the development of digital technologies. It is proposed to consider digitalization as an irreversible and logical process of the development of criminal proceedings, requiring adjustments to the organizational basis of criminal procedure. Along with this, it is concluded that digitalization may become a prerequisite for changing the architecture (construction) of pre-trial stages of criminal proceedings with their subsequent transformation into the initial stage of criminal proceedings prior to justice.
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Hamitov, Radik N., Dmitriy Yu Tumanov et Rinat R. Sakhapov. « Origin of a Jury Trial in the European Countries ». Journal of History Culture and Art Research 6, no 5 (28 novembre 2017) : 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.7596/taksad.v6i5.1286.

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<p>Traditionally it is believed that the birthplace of the jury trial creation is England, but the issue of the birthplace location of this particular form of popular participation in the criminal justice administration is not yet fully resolved by the historical science. The continental lawyers were particularly interested in the jury trial among other institutions of English law, in which the English themselves identified the stronghold of the country's law and order, its political and civil freedom. It is not difficult to see that the main role was not played by the judges, but by the community representatives in this form of justice administration. Since then the community has been gaining more and more importance in England as a state body in the matter of justice administration, and the initial forms of its activity have being further developed in this direction. This works investigates roots of jury trial by basing on such methods as historical, systemic, formally logical, concrete-historical, comparative legal analysis method.­ The authors, in turn, come to the conclusion that the jury trial has its roots still in the Ancient States, but the classical modern model owes its origin to England.</p>
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Barbu, Denisa. « Remedy Action for Judicial Errors Committed in Criminal Proceedings in the Light of the Provisions of the European Convention of Human Rights and the Practice of the European Court of Human Rights ». Logos Universality Mentality Education Novelty : Law 10, no 2 (10 janvier 2023) : 01–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumenlaw/10.2/72.

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In its desire to integrate into the European Union and to close chapter 24 of accession, entitled "Internal Affairs and Justice", Romania adopted a series of regulations in criminal matters aimed at ensuring the alignment of our legislation with that of the countries of the European Community. However, our country remained unable to openly recognize its gaps and mistakes in this field, as well as to take measures in the sense shown. Thus, the New Code of Criminal Procedure remained, further, very restrictive, not fully clarifying the hypothesis of persons sent to court in a state of freedom and who were unjustly convicted. This article deals with the issue of reparation for miscarriages of justice in criminal trials, as it has evolved in the light of the provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights and the practice of the European Court of Human Rights.
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Milčiuvienė, Saulė, et Edita Gruodytė. « The Influence of the Court of Justice of the European Union on the Issuance of European Arrest Warrants in Lithuania ». Baltic Journal of Law & ; Politics 12, no 2 (1 décembre 2019) : 97–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjlp-2019-0013.

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Abstract The European arrest warrant system is one of the greatest achievements in the development of cooperation in judicial matters among EU Member States. However, its implementation has raised many questions, resulting in referrals by national courts to the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) for preliminary rulings. This article analyses the impact of the CJEU’s preliminary rulings on Lithuanian law concerning European arrest warrants. Specifically, the focus of the paper is institutional configuration and corresponding regulation in this field because/after the CJEU decided that (1) the Ministry of Justice cannot be considered a judicial authority because as part of the executive branch it cannot guarantee the protection of the parties’ fundamental rights; (2) however, the Prosecutor General of Lithuania can be considered a judicial authority because it participates in the administration of criminal justice and is independent of executive governance, and because its decisions to issue European arrest warrants are subject to judicial review.
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Verbruggen, F., et K. Verhesschen. « European arrest warrants and time-barred enforcement in the state of residence of the convicted person : Too much, too late ! » New Journal of European Criminal Law 11, no 1 (30 janvier 2020) : 40–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2032284420901781.

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The principle of mutual recognition is considered ‘the cornerstone of judicial cooperation’ in the European Union (hereafter EU). It requires Member States to recognise judicial decisions of other Member States, thus enabling a swift administration of justice. Within the field of criminal law, the Court of Justice of the European Union (hereafter CJEU) links this principle explicitly to the prevention of impunity, most clearly in the Popławski decision (following previous hints in Spajic or Petruhhin). It invokes this principle to oblige a Member State to execute a European arrest warrant (hereafter EAW) issued against one of its residents when the executing State cannot undertake to enforce the sentence itself due to, for instance, its domestic rules on limitation periods. In doing so, the Court overlooks the fact that those domestic rules may serve other fundamental interests and principles recognised by the EU and the CJEU itself, such as social rehabilitation and legal certainty. Moreover, a more balanced approach to (non-)recognition could also contribute to a swift administration of justice, namely as an incentive to the issuing State to avoid undue delays in the issuing of an EAW. Many States believe that, once a certain amount of time has elapsed since the conviction, the enforcement of a criminal sanction will become unfair or even counterproductive. The length of this period is proportionate to the seriousness of the conviction. As EU-broad harmonisation on the subject is unlikely in the short-run, mutual recognition should work both ways if the requested person has significant ties to the executing State.
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Mujuzi, Jamil Ddamulira. « Victim Participation in the Criminal Justice System in the European Union through Private Prosecutions : Issues Emerging from the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights ». European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 24, no 2-3 (26 juin 2016) : 107–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718174-24032088.

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Private prosecutions are one of the ways through which crime victims in many European countries participate in the criminal justice system. However, there seems to be a reluctance at the Council of Europe level to strengthen a victim’s right to institute a private prosecution. In a 1985 Recommendation, the Committee of Ministers stated that ‘[t]he victim should have the right to ask for a review by a competent authority of a decision not to prosecute, or the right to institute private proceeding.’ Later in 2000 in the Recommendation Rec (2000)19 on the role of public prosecution in the criminal justice system, the Committee of Ministers calls upon Member States to ‘authorise’ victims to institute private prosecutions. Directive 2012/29/eu of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 is silent on private prosecutions. The dg Justice Guidance Document related to the transposition and implementation of Directive 2012/29/eu of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 discourages private prosecutions. However, private prosecutions take part in many European countries. It is thus important to highlight some of the issues that have emerged from different European countries on the issue of private prosecutions. Case law from the European Court of Human Rights shows that private prosecutions take place in many European countries. This article, based on case law of the European Court of Human Rights, highlights the following issues with regards to private prosecutions: the right to institute a private prosecution; who may institute a private prosecution? private prosecution after state declines to prosecute; state intervention in a private prosecution; and private prosecution as a domestic remedy which has to be exhausted before a victim of crime approaches the European Court of Human Rights. The author argues that there is a need to recognise the right to private prosecution at the European Union level.
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Harfield, Clive. « From Empire to Europe : Evolving British Policy in Respect of Cross-Border Crime ». Journal of Policy History 19, no 2 (avril 2007) : 180–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jph.2007.0011.

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The second half of the twentieth century witnessed the metamorphosis of Britain from a global, imperial power to a full (if sometimes ambivalent) member of the modern regional partnership that is the European Union (EU). During the same period, transnational criminal activity was transformed from an arena in which criminal fugitives sought merely to evade domestic justice through self-imposed exile to an environment in which improved travel and communication facilities enabled criminals to commute between national jurisdictions to commit crime or to participate in global criminal enterprises run along modern business lines. This development is so serious that it is considered in some quarters a threat to national security and the very fabric of society.
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Berdnik, I. V. « CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR ATYPICAL FORMS OF OFFENCE AGAINST ENVIRONMENT UNDER THE LEGISLATION OF INDIVIDUAL COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ». Scientific journal Criminal and Executive System : Yesterday. Today. Tomorrow 2021, no 2 (15 décembre 2021) : 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32755/sjcriminal.2021.02.007.

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The article is devoted to the issues of criminal responsibility for atypical forms of offence against environment under the legislation of foreign countries. The urgency of the topic of the publication is predetermined by the fact that today one of the priorities of the Ukrainian state is to ensure and guarantee environmentally friendly living conditions for citizens and society, as well as preserve and restore natural resources as important elements of the environment. It is determined that the atypical encroachment is to reflect in the legislation of a particular country certain, special and specific properties of an illegal act and the damage caused by it, resulting in disruption of public relations, damage to property and goods associated with the circulation, use, restoration of water resources only in some countries. The peculiarities of atypical forms of encroachment on the environment under the legislation of foreign countries are presented and the ways of their implementation in the legislation of Ukraine on criminal responsibility are suggested. The results of studying the legal requirements of the European Union, which establish criminal responsibility for offences against environment, give grounds to conclude that they are somewhat similar, primarily due to the global processes of unification and harmonization of national criminal justice systems. To this end, it is necessary to ratify the Convention on the Protection of the Environment by means of criminal law dated 04.11.1998 and to bring the national legislation in line with its provisions. Based on the analysis of criminal legislation of Ukraine and foreign countries, it is concluded that in democratic societies with a perfect system of legislation and mechanisms of responsibility for criminal offenses against environment, a legislator is responsible for protecting natural resources as the elements of the environment. This approach makes it possible to protect the environment from illegal encroachments, as well as to prevent illegal actions of individuals. Key words: criminal responsibility, environment, atypical forms of encroachment, natural environment, natural resources, European Union.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Criminal justice, Administration of – European Union countries"

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Dalby, Andrew K. « European integrationist influences on member states' counter-terrorist co-operation and co-ordination ». Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14394.

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Under the competences of the European Union's intergovernmentally controlled Justice and Home Affairs policy, counter-terrorist co-operation and co-ordination of efforts have progressed at a rapid pace following the 11 September attacks on the USA. Given, however, that Europe has experienced entrenched terrorist campaigns for the past three decades, one could be forgiven for questioning, in light of the unique co-operative position of Western Europe, why it has taken so long for the membership of the EU to reach a common definition of terrorism. Also why is it that even now, the EU has failed to develop a common policy against terrorism? Political explanations are traditional responses to such questions, but there is a risk of underestimating the complexities of the European Project, and the effect which this has had on so many areas of transnational co-operation. By focusing therefore on the often-overlooked role played by European integration on counter-terrorist co-operation, in addition to empirical analysis of the efficiency of the co-operative structures, we place ourselves in a more beneficial position to understand the current situation. Intergovernmentalism, the controlling force of JHA co-operation, we find is not mutually exclusive to law-enforcement co-operation. Two theories tested for supranational influences - neo-functionalism and federalism - have also played their part, from the early 1960s onwards, in facilitating co-operation. The historical emphasis is important, because co-operation prior to the regulation of much of this area within the EU, following the Treaties of Economic Union, provides us with ample material for analysis and greater insight into the JHA process and counter-terrorism. Intergovernmentalism has helped push counter-terrorist co-operation along, but equally we find that it now serves as a hindrance in completing its development because of its in-built tendency to retain subsidiarity. Counter terrorist co-operation, we conclude, need not be restricted to intergovernmental control any longer.
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Barani, Luca. « Cour européenne de justice et les limites de son autonomie supranationale ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210478.

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La thèse effectue une revue de la littérature scientifique sur la Cour dans le processus d’intégration juridique, en classant les différentes positions selon qu’ils définissent le rôle de la Cour comme réactif ou pro-actif. En faisant cette revue de la littérature, cinq facteurs sont mis en exergue pour ce qui concerne la problématique de l’autonomie de la Cour, qui feront l’objet d’une analyse approfondie dans la suite de la thèse :

I) Limites inhérentes à l’interprétation juridique des Traités tels qu’ils se retrouvent dans les règles institutionnalisées du raisonnement de la Cour ;

II) L’interaction, au niveau européen, entre la Cour et les autres institutions ;

III) Les pressions et les stratégies d’influence des Etats membres vis-à-vis de la Cour comme agent de leurs préférences ;

IV) La dépendance structurelle de la Cour supranationale vis-à-vis ses interlocuteurs judiciaires au niveau national ;

V) Le degré d’obéissance que les appareils administratifs et exécutifs des Etats membres démontrent vis-à-vis la jurisprudence de la Cour.

Par rapport à ces facteurs, et leur importance relative dans la détermination de la ligne d’action de la Cour de Justice, la thèse évalue les changements et les défis auxquels est soumise la fonction de la Cour de justice au niveau de l’Union européenne, en particulier par rapport à l’environnement de plus en plus critique ou évolue la trajectoire jurisprudentielle de la Cour par rapport aux acteurs politiques et juridiques, l’érosion du caractère sui generis du droit communautaire dans le contexte du droit international, le rôle de plus en plus affiché des cours nationales, et le contexte institutionnel dans lequel se trouve à agir cette juridiction.
Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
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Van, Waeyenberge Arnaud. « Les nouveaux instruments juridiques de la gouvernance européenne ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209759.

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Cette recherche doctorale part de l’hypothèse générale selon laquelle la méthode communautaire classique serait concurrencée dans les faits par de nouveaux instruments juridiques qui, loin de constituer des initiatives isolées, participent d’un modèle alternatif de gouvernance communautaire qui la transforme en profondeur.

Afin d’identifier les caractéristiques, les contours et les nouvelles formes de normativités de ce modèle alternatif, cette recherche a adopté une approche pragmatique de l’étude droit et étudie empiriquement et systématiquement six politiques publiques européennes :la stratégie européenne pour l’emploi (SEE) et la Méthode Ouverte de Coordination (MOC), le programme européen REACH; la politique européenne de l’eau; la politique comptable européenne; la politique de régulation des services financiers; et la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique et le marché européen du carbone. Ces politiques publiques sont étudiées au moyen d’une approche par les instruments d’action publique qui s’inspire de la démarche et des recherches effectuées par Michel Foucault sur la « gouvernementalité ».

Cette analyse nous aura permis de démontrer que la transformation de la méthode communautaire classique se constate à au moins trois niveaux. Au niveau des acteurs, on assiste à un renforcement de la place des acteurs privés et de la société civile dans les politiques publiques étudiées. La transformation de l’action publique européenne réside également dans l’utilisation abondante de nouveaux instruments d’action publique - plus techniques que politiques et plus incitatifs que contraignants (du type benchmarking) - qui impliquent systématiquement une collaboration entre acteurs publics et privés à différents niveaux du processus décisionnel (coproduction normative). Enfin le mode de sanction est devenu une « contrainte par l’image » reposant sur la figure du « mauvais élève de la classe » véhiculée principalement par des publications de classements basées sur une classification des bonnes pratiques. Corrélativement, cette transformation se constate également dans les phases d’élaboration, d’exécution et de contrôle du droit de l’Union européenne.

Une fois les caractéristiques et les contours de ce modèle alternatif dessinés sur base des politiques publiques étudiées, cette recherche s’est ensuite tournée vers une présentation des discours (politiques et juridiques) et écoles de pensées (Law and Economics / New Public Management / Démocratie délibérative / Expérimentalisme démocratique) permettant de justifier son existence et, par là, de fonder sa légitimité. Enfin, si ce nouveau modèle peut prétendre à une certaine légitimité ou nécessité et s’il n’apparaît pas envisageable de revenir en arrière, sa non-concordance avec le traité est problématique. En effet, ce modèle pose une série de questions relatives au manque de contrôle sur l’activité des institutions de l’Union et à la sauvegarde de l’ordre juridique constitutionnel européen. Plus précisément, l’étude de la question de la protection juridictionnelle effective et du respect du principe de l’équilibre des pouvoirs permet d’identifier un certains nombre d’écueils et de proposer des suggestions d’amélioration pragmatique du modèle décisionnel européen au regard des nouveaux instruments juridiques de la gouvernance européenne.

The starting point of my doctoral research is that the Classic Community Method, as described in the Lisbon Treaty, does not enable one to understand the manner in which law is currently produced in the European Union. I claim that the Community Method is in fact challenged and transformed by new legal instruments that, far from being isolated initiatives, are part of an alternative model of governance.

My research adopts a programmatic approach as to identify the features, contours and new forms of normativity of this alternative model. It studies empirically and systematically six European public policies through “an approach by instruments” inspired in the writings of Michel Foucault on "governmentality”.

This analysis shows that the transformation of the Classic Community method occurs at least at three levels. First, there is a strengthening of the role of private actors and civil society in policy making. Second, the transformation of European public action also lies in the abundant use of new policy instruments - rather technical and political incentives than binding rules (benchmarking) - that involve a systematic collaboration between public and private actors at different levels of decision-making (co-regulation). Third, control and sanctions rely greatly on a “constrained by image” system based primarily on publications of rankings and classifications of good practices.

After I present the features and contours of this alternative model, my research analyzes the political and legal discourses, as well as the schools of thought (Law and Economics / New Public Management / Deliberative Democracy / Democratic Experimentalism), that justify its existence and, therefore, its legitimacy.

Finally, my doctoral work rises the question about the lack of control over these regulatory activities and brings to light the safeguards that should be taken by the European Court of Justice to respect European Union’s Constitutional law


Doctorat en Sciences juridiques
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Magli, Mia. « Giustizia penale e protezione dei minori nell’Unione europea ». Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAA005/document.

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Aujourd'hui les droits des mineurs occupent une place de plus en plus importante dans l'agenda juridique et politique de l'UE. La promotion des droits de l'enfant représente maintenant un objectif de l'UE, consacré dans l'article 3, paragr. 3, du Traité sur l'Union européenne. Les droits de l'enfant sont également cristallisés dans l'article 24 de la Charte des droits fondamentaux de l'Union européenne. Actuellement l'Union européenne dispose de nombreux actes législatifs et de documents non législatifs relatifs aux droits des mineurs ou qui peuvent avoir des répercussions indirectes sur la vie des enfants. Ce travail analyse la nature, la portée et la valeur des mesures de l'UE dans deux domaines principaux : la protection des enfants et de leurs droits et la justice pénale des mineurs. Le but de la recherche a été d’examiner jusqu'à quel point on peut parler d’une valeur ajoutée de la promotion des droits des enfants au niveau de l'UE, par rapport au niveau national et international et également celui de proposer de nouvelles solutions pour améliorer la promotion et la protection des droits des enfants dans l’Union européenne
Today children’s rights occupy an increasingly prominent place on the EU legal and policy agenda. The promotion and protection of the rights of the child is now an objective of the EU as set out in Article 3.3 of the Treaty on European Union. The rights of the child are also enshrined in the article 24 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. The EU has now many legislative documents and non-legislative acts related to children’s rights or that may have the potential to impact on children’s life. This Phd thesis analyzes the nature, scope and value of EU measures in relation to children in two main areas : child protection and juvenile criminal justice. It investigates if there is an added value of children’s rights at EU level and it also makes some suggestions to improve the promotion and protection of children’s rights in the EU
Al giorno d’oggi, i diritti dei minori occupano uno spazio sempre più importante nell’agenda giuridica e politica dell’Unione europea. Attualmente, infatti, la promozione dei diritti dei minori rappresenta un obiettivo dell’Unione, consacrato nell’articolo 3, par. 3, del Trattato sull’Unione europea. I diritti fondamentali dei minori sono poi sanciti esplicitamente nell’articolo 24 della Carta dei diritti fondamentali dell’UE. Oggi, l’Unione europea può disporre di numerosi strumenti normativi (e non) dedicati espressamente ai diritti dei fanciulli e tanti altri possono avere delle ripercussioni indirette sulla loro vita. La presente ricerca analizza, pertanto, la natura, la portata e il valore delle misure intraprese dall’UE in due settori principali : la protezione dei minori e la giustizia penale. Lo scopo della tesi è esaminare in che termini si possa parlare di un valore aggiunto della promozione dei diritti dei minori a livello UE, rispetto alle normative già in vigore a livello nazionale e internazionale. A partire da tale analisi, essa cerca di proporre nuove soluzioni per migliorare la promozione e la protezione dei diritti dei minori nell’Unione europea
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HÜTTEMANN, Suzan Denise. « Principles and perspectives of European criminal procedure ». Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/24001.

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Defence date: 15 June 2012
First made available online on 29 July 2019
Examining Board: Professor Neil Walker, EUI / University of Edinburgh (Supervisor); Professor Marise Cremona, EUI; Professor Valsamis Mitsilegas, Queen Mary, University of London; Professor Kimmo Nuotio, University of Helsinki.
This thesis shall contribute to European Criminal Procedure, a rapidly evolving area of EU policy that has attracted much attention, but has also been subject to criticism. The research will first identify and analyse the main rationales of this area. Since the Tampere European Council of 1999, mutual recognition has become the most fundamental concept of judicial cooperation in criminal matters and has experienced a steep career, having been adopted by Art. 82 TFEU. When the principle of mutual recognition was introduced, it was based on an analogy to the free movement of goods. This analogy has often been regarded as flawed. Moreover, there has always been a notion of mutual recognition in judicial cooperation as well. The study will show how these two factors have influenced the development of the area, and how policy concepts, such as the principle of mutual trust, have had a greater influence on the development of the law than any legal doctrine. The lack of a coherent approach to the area of judicial cooperation and the unsystematic combination of different legal orders have caused unforeseen frictions for the individual. These will be illustrated by an analysis of the law of transnational evidence-gathering according to the European Evidence Warrant and the proposed European Investigation Order. It will be shown that most of the problems result from the lack of a uniform allocation of jurisdiction and from an overly confined understanding of fundamental rights in the context of judicial cooperation. By analysing the nature and purpose of jurisdictional rules in a national and a European context, the thesis aims at uncovering the theoretic foundations on which a uniform allocation of jurisdiction could be built. Finally, the thesis analyses the role of fundamental rights in judicial cooperation. It will uncover the ineptness of a nation-state oriented interpretation of fundamental rights to adequately address the problems of mutual recognition and argue for a European understanding of transnational judicial rights.
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LÖÖF, Robin. « Defending liberty and structural integrity : a social contractual analysis of criminal justice in the EU ». Doctoral thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/13164.

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Defence date: 12 September 2008
Examining Board: Professor Marise Cremona, (EUI, Supervisor); Professor Bruno De Witte, (EUI); Professor John Spencer, (University of Cambridge); Professor Judge Françoise Tulkens, (European Court of Human Rights, External Supervisor)
First made available online: 28 July 2021
The principles of the modern criminal law in Europe date back hundreds of years. As we shall see, the first coherent treatises of criminal justice laying down many of the principles to which we still adhere appeared in continental Europe during the mideighteenth century. Enlightenment philosophers, concerned with the relationship between the state and the citizen, between the collective and the individual, found criminal justice a natural area of study. Even before then, however, embryos of principles we today hold as fundamental can be found in charters, bills and constitutions limiting the power of medieval Kings over their subjects. If we then take the concept of the criminal law, the idea that the collective can and should exact punishment for violations of certain pre-determined rules, it dates back to the dawn of civilisation.
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MARKERT, Marat. « Striving for autonomy ? : preferences and strategies of governments in the EU’s police and criminal justice cooperation ». Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/29639.

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Defence date: 10 January 2014
Examining Board: Professor Adrienne Héritier (Supervisor), European University Institute Professor Brigid Laffan, European University Institute Professor Sandra Lavenex, Universität Luzern Professor Wolfgang Wagner, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.
An intriguing proposition in the study of the EU’s area of Police and Judicial Cooperation Criminal Matters (PJCCM) has been that Member States’ (governments) institutional choices in this policy area reflect motives to enhance their autonomy/discretion vis-à-vis domestic and/or supranational actors. According to this argument, by cooperating in an intergovernmental setting governments can circumvent domestic institutional constraints, while at the same time keeping the influence of supranational actors at bay. What is the empirical basis of such claims? Do governments’ institutional preferences indeed reflect strategic attempts at increasing their autonomy vis-à-vis domestic actors in law enforcement policies, as suggested by some authors? Moreover, once institutional rules have been put in place, are governments able to use these rules so as to circumvent EU level constraints? To answer these questions this thesis examined institutional preferences and strategies of governments at Treaty negotiations and in the day-to-day policy-making process in the policy area of PJCCM. In the first part of the thesis, the alleged connection between institutional constraints governments face in their domestic arenas and their respective institutional preferences at Treaty negotiations was tested. In a second part, strategic interactions between governments in the EU Council and the European Commission with respect to institutional rules in the legislative process in PJCCM were examined. The empirical results of both parts suggest that while only a moderate connection between domestic constraints and governments’ institutional preference at Treaty negotiations could be identified, there seems to be a systematic relation between rising EU level constraints and strategic institutional choices of actors that reflect motives for autonomy/discretion. The driving factors behind these day-to-day strategic interactions are the ambiguity of and interstitial changes to institutional rules. More specifically, this thesis shows how ambiguous rules over EU competences in PJCCM and changes to these rules via rulings of the Court of Justice lead actors to deploy litigation strategies (Commission), as well as legislative pre-emption strategies (Member States). Furthermore, these conflicts continue to also characterize the policy-making process in PJCCM after formal institutional reforms (post-Lisbon). Going forward, this thesis suggests that more, rather than less, of these strategic interactions will take place in the near future.
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ÖBERG, Jacob. « Limits to EU powers : a case study on individual criminal sanctions for the enforcement of EU law ». Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/32931.

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Defence date: 26 September 2014
Examining Board: Professor Giorgio Monti, European University Institute (Supervisor); Professor Loïc Azoulai, European University Institute; Professor Valsamis Mitsilegas, Queen Mary University of London; Professor Damian Chalmers, London School of Economics
The question posed by this thesis is how limits can be constructed to the exercise of EU powers. While there are limits to the exercise of EU competences in the Treaties and in the Court of Justice’s jurisprudence, it is argued that those limits suffer from conceptual and practical problems. In particular, the Court does not have appropriate criteria to examine whether the limits of the Treaties have been exceeded by the Union legislator. The thesis uses one of the new, and controversial, competences that the Union has obtained, the power to impose criminal sanctions, as a case study to propose a mechanism by which legislative powers can be kept in check. This is an illuminating and relevant case study. Firstly, it nicely illustrates the limits to the exercise of EU competences. Secondly, legislative practice and political statements suggest that this competence will be used regularly in the future. The thesis makes two proposals. First, by interpreting the scope of the EU’s powers under the Treaties to impose criminal sanctions the thesis shows the limits to the exercise of EU competences. It demonstrates the scope of EU’s competences by analyzing current and proposed criminal law measures. Secondly, noting that a construction of the limits to EU competences also needs to tackle the institutional challenges of judicial review, it develops an argument for a more intense and evidence-based judicial review. It constructs a procedural standard of legality which demands that the EU legislator shows that it has adequately reasoned its decisions and has taken into account relevant evidence. By testing the legality of discretely chosen criminal law measures on the basis of this standard, it is demonstrated how the Court can enforce the limits of the Treaties.
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GIBBS, Alun Howard. « Thinking constitutionally about the European Union's area of freedom, security and justice ». Doctoral thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/12026.

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Defence date: 15/06/2009
Examining Board: Profs. Hans Lindahl (Tilburg University); Kimmo Nuotio (University of Helsinki); Wojciech Sadurski (EUI); Neil Walker (Supervisor, former EUI and University of Edinburgh)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
This thesis sets out to consider the constitutional implications of a policy of legal integration regarding internal security matters in the EU. It argues that constitutional theory is fundamental to addressing the legality and accountability concerns raised about the developing legal practice of the EU’s ‘Area of Freedom, Security and Justice’ (AFSJ). Conducting such a study poses important questions about how to pursue a constitutional approach to legal and political practices which do not resemble in any straight forward way the constitutional tradition of the nation state. This thesis advances the argument that constitutional theory cannot properly be construed as a ‘tool-kit’, a set of rules or principles with universal validity to cause a state of affairs or event then dubbed as legality or accountability. Instead it is argued that constitutional theory must work to reveal the issues of restraint, accountability or legality that are in fact part of an ongoing practice, not a one-off settlement; in which the theorist attempts to disclose or reveal the meaningfulness of what is described as the ‘common experience of the political way of life’. Consequently the first part of the thesis outlines how constitutional theory can establish the features of the ‘common experience of the political way of life’ (also referred to as the ‘constitutive function’) and it explains that meaning is situated in a historical background, which is uncovered by the theorist by providing an interpretation of this background. The thesis therefore advances and defends an interpretive theory of legal scholarship. These methodological parameters provide an appropriate means of making sense of the developments in the EU concerning the AFSJ, which thereafter becomes the focus of the thesis. In particular it concentrates on the importance of developing an understanding of public goods that form the basis as to why it is possible to think in constitutional terms about the AFSJ. The approach taken to public goods is that they manifest the meaningful commitments of a political community and therefore cannot be construed in instrumental terms. The thesis outlines that the constitutional issues facing the AFSJ are often collapsed into matters of instrumentalism that conceals the need to engage with the on-going meaning of the practices as forming part of a common political way of life. It is argued in conclusion that the thesis has provided a more robust way of not only considering the challenges facing the emerging internal security policies of the EU but has also provided an appropriate theoretical approach for the study of such issues in constitutional theory.
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LANDAIS, Guillaume. « Le concept de système juridique et l’argumentation de la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne ». Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/48385.

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Defence date: 11 October 2017
Examining Board: Professeur Giovanni Sartor, European University Institute (Directeur de thèse); Professeur Loïc Azoulai, Sciences Po Paris; Professeur Pierre Brunet, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne; Professeur Giulio Itzcovich, Università degli Studi di Brescia
Pour la Cour de justice de l’arrêt Van Gend en Loos comme pour celle de l’avis 2/13 relatif à l’adhésion de l’Union à la CEDH, le droit de l’UE forme encore et toujours « un nouvel ordre juridique ». Entre 1963 et 2014 pourtant, la somme des normes et institutions en vigueur a bien changé. En bonne logique, lorsque les parties changent il ne peut plus s’agir du même tout. Quel est alors ce principe d’unité qui maintient les parties ensemble et autorise la Cour à parler de ce qui change comme étant encore le même ? Si l’ensemble n’est pas réductible à la somme des parties, c’est qu’il forme système, qu’il est doté d’un certain ordre permettant de l’identifier singulièrement, malgré le bouleversement de ses parties. La réponse est donc à trouver dans ces théories pour lesquelles les composants du droit ne sont valides qu’à l’intérieur d’un système. La première partie de la thèse se consacre à la définition du concept de système juridique. Elle montre qu’un système est cet ensemble de normes et/ou d’institutions doté d’une certaine unité et d’une certaine autonomie. « Unité » et « autonomie » varieront selon les auteurs, si bien que l’on identifiera des conceptions du concept de système. Nous montrons que ces conceptions sont opérationnelles pour l’analyse des entités juridiques non étatiques telles que celle constituée par le droit de l’Union européenne. La seconde partie identifie dans quelques grands « moments » de la jurisprudence de la Cour portant sur les relations entre droit de l’Union, droit interne et droit international, le rôle que joue dans le discours du juge « l’argument du système », soit l’argument tiré de ce que le droit de l’Union constitue un ordre ou système juridique. Sur la base de la méthode de l’analyse inférentielle et d’une théorie réaliste de l’interprétation, nous analysons ce que l’argument permet à la Cour de faire et à partir de cela identifions la conception du concept de système qu’elle exprime. Cette recherche entend ainsi contribuer, à travers l’analyse de l’argumentation de la Cour, à une meilleure compréhension du système que le droit de l’Union européenne est, au sens des conceptions traditionnelles du concept de système juridique définies par Hans Kelsen, H.L.A. Hart et telles que renouvelées plus récemment par Joseph Raz ainsi que Neil MacCormick.
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Livres sur le sujet "Criminal justice, Administration of – European Union countries"

1

The institutional dimension of the European Union's area of freedom, security, and justice. Bruxelles : P.I.E. Peter Lang, 2010.

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European cooperation between financial supervisory authorities, tax authorities and judicial authorities. [Antwerp, Belgium] : Intersentia, 2008.

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3

Gibbs, Alun Howard. Constitutional life and Europe's area of freedom, security and justice. Burlington, VT : Ashgate Pub., 2011.

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Sukhwinder, Bajwa, dir. The legal framework of the European union. London : F. Cass, 1997.

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Schneider, Anne, Frank Meyer et Martin Böse. Conflicts of jurisdiction in criminal matters in the European Union : National reports and comparative analysis. Baden-Baden : Nomos, 2013.

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Miettinen, Samuli. Criminal law and policy in the European Union. Abingdon, Oxon [UK] : Routledge, 2013.

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Elspeth, Guild, et Geyer Florian, dir. Security versus justice ? : Police and judicial cooperation in the European Union. Aldershot, Hants, England : Ashgate Pub. Company, 2008.

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1946-, Fijnaut Cyrille, et Ouwerkerk Jannemieke, dir. The future of police and judicial cooperation in the European Union. Leiden, The Netherlands : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2010.

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1946-, Fijnaut Cyrille, et Ouwerkerk Jannemieke, dir. The future of police and judicial cooperation in the European Union. Boston : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2009.

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The implementation of the European Arrest Warrant in the European Union : Law, policy and practice. Cambridge : Intersentia, 2011.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Criminal justice, Administration of – European Union countries"

1

van Dijk, Frans. « Independence and Trust ». Dans Perceptions of the Independence of Judges in Europe, 77–92. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63143-7_6.

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AbstractThe Chapter examines the trust of the general public in the judiciary at the national and EU-level. The starting point is that the correlation between the independence of the judiciary as perceived by the general public and the trust in the judiciary by the same public is very strong: trust in the judiciary equals trust in the independence of the judiciary. Trust in the judiciary is generally higher than that in parliament and government. However, the trust in the judiciary is generally at the same level as that in the public administration. It is likely that the general public associates the public administration with desirable, fair and impartial implementation of public policies, and not so much with (divisive) policy formation. Thus, it is too simple to conclude that the judiciary performs better than the other powers of the state. High trust in the judiciary is fostered by the nature of the tasks. At the EU-level the differentiation of trust between the three branches of government is much smaller than at the national level. Trust in the European Court of Justice (the supreme court of the European Union) is higher than in the national judiciary at low levels of trust at the national level, and smaller at high levels of trust. Still, trust in the ECJ is higher in countries with a highly trusted judiciary than in countries with a less trusted judiciary.
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Págio, Leonardo Saraiva. « UMA NOVA ORDEM JURÍDICA FISCAL INTERNACIONAL ATRAVÉS DA COOPERAÇÃO ELETRÔNICA DE INFORMAÇÕES FINANCEIRAS-FISCAIS ». Dans Fronteiras de acesso à Justiça : Processo e Meios Alternativos na Democracia no Século XXI, 35–53. JUS.XXI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51389/qdkv9608.

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In a Portuguese-Brazilian dialogue, confronting the realities of the American and European continents, it is clear that the European Union, through the OECD with the support of the United States through FATCA, contributes to international cooperation with respect to providing legal conditions and procedures favorable to an information technology integrated in the scope of their respective financial-fiscal systems to attend to the control and inspection of facts that generate taxable wealth and, in this way, realize distributive justice at the international level, strengthening all countries. It is notorious the existence of a significant portion of the population using the culture of avoiding taxation as an advantageous means to indulge themselves and have greater gains against competitors in an unfair way. This posture on the part of natural and legal persons in American and European countries directly harms the collection, the provision of public services and the democratic process for the effective reduction of social inequalities. Confronting this nefarious and improper conduct of omissive tax exemption, which directly affects the implementation of international fiscal and human rights standards, is in line with a promising legal regime for exchanges at a technological level of financial-tax information in the fight against fraud and tax evasion. In addition to eliminating terrorist financing, preventing aggressive tax planning, money laundering and eliminating criminal organizations that engage in money laundering and other crimes against public order. The theme of exchanging tax information has been widely debated and new paradigms have been adopted, namely due to the international context we have lived in the last decades characterized by the phenomenon of globalization of national economies, technological advances, the role of the Social State and several unexpected events and impacting of a natural or induced nature, it has favored a new posture of adaptation, improvement and integration of countries and their administrative operation systems and, above all, fiscal. The activities in this legal exchange regime, according to the author, are the responsibility of an international organization with specialized technical coordination (European Commission/WTO) with power to make decisions regarding the promotion or economic administrative restrictions in favor of the public interest, in the rigorous and sophisticated regulation of the entire flow of information generated in each tax system in the European Union, Mercosur and all countries in the world, so that taxpayers are under monitoring and security regarding their valued income and acquisitions, given the globalized economy, as this deepens scientific research in his master's thesis in legal and business sciences in Portugal. The European Union, like Mercosur and other intergovernmental organizations for economic integration, are advancing with the objective of transparency and improvement of processes that will benefit the State's revenue and establish fiscal rules that favor the exchange of financial information between countries for an advanced control and inspection of the tax system, in the face of that omissive sovereign State, which perhaps does not respect or is unable to preserve the rights constitutionally guaranteed to all its citizens. The cooperation system in the exchange of financial-fiscal information at a universal level, between the tax administrations integrated to the competition bodies, will enable the execution of investigation, analysis, control and financial-fiscal-market assessment of all taxpayers and companies in a certain territory, so that it does not happen that a given company decides to transfer to another country to carry out its operations, based on privileged and selective conditions granted to it, without taking into account the damage to competitors, to the taxpayers and the State.
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Elek, Balázs. « Criminal Judicial Cooperation from a Central and Eastern European Perspective ». Dans The Policies of the European Union from a Central European Perspective, 259–79. Central European Academic Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54171/2022.aojb.poeucep_13.

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Today, the European Union and EU law influence essentially all areas of the law in Member States. Criminal and criminal procedural law are no exception. The European Union can require Member States to criminalize certain defined behaviors, determine the opinion on criminal sanctions that will punish perpetrators, and oblige the states to apply measures in certain areas of criminal law and laws on criminal procedure. As such, the harmonization of substantive and procedural norms in the Member States’ criminal law falls in the EU’s scope of authority. After the accession of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe to the European Union, the harmonization of criminal and criminal procedural law throughout the European Union has been taken to a new level. There were also previously trust-based agreements on criminal co-operation between East and Central European countries, so mutual trust in EU cooperation was not entirely new in these countries. The harmonization has also been facilitated by the fact that there have historically been many similarities between Member States’ legal systems. One of the best examples of this is the habeas corpus principle. The harmonization of criminal procedure rules has already been developed with the countries of East and Central Europe. However, the case law of the European Court of Justice regularly shows that in former Western European countries there is a greater distrust of the legislation of the East-Central European countries and that the new East–Central Member States often approach a legal issue quite differently.
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Andenas, Mads. « EU Countries and the UK ». Dans Judicial Review of Administration in Europe, 295–306. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867609.003.0018.

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This chapter compares European Union countries to the United Kingdom. It aims at ascertaining not so much whether a common core exists but how it is shaped and evolves, also in response to influences by supranational legal orders. EU countries do not adhere to one model. Administrative law is subject to rapid development, and even countries that share many structures and general features do not develop at the same speed or in the same direction. In the UK, there is no specialized administrative court jurisdiction. There is one general court system that deals with civil, criminal, and administrative cases; but there are many administrative tribunals and appeals tribunals. Nearly all the EU countries have a specialised administrative court system, and the majority has a constitutional court. The chapter considers the perceived divide between civil law countries and the common law in the UK, in the light of the relationship between national law and EU and European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) law. It also looks at the four main features of the legal systems selected for comparison: the constitutional relevance of judicial review; the limitations of judicial review; procedural errors or omissions; and annulment and damages.
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Efrat, Asif. « Extradition Reconsidered ». Dans Intolerant Justice, 143–68. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197658895.003.0006.

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Abstract This chapter examines the British debate over extradition to the United States as well as extradition to European Union members through the European Arrest Warrant. The critics—in particular, Conservative members of parliament, NGOs, and certain media outlets—argued that British citizens deserve British justice and should be tried at home. They also raised specific complaints noting perceived incompatibilities between British justice and foreign justice. From concerns about the harshness of U.S. criminal justice to denunciations of human rights standards in certain EU countries, extradition critics exhibited ethnocentric thinking as they considered deviations from British legal standards to be indications of unfairness. Defenders of Britain’s extradition arrangements criticized the ethnocentric tendency to think that the British legal system is best. This demonstrates how different actors within a country may vary significantly in their evaluation of the differences among legal systems.
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Bugarski, Tatjana. « Serbia : Criminal Law of the Republic of Serbia ». Dans Criminal Legal Studies : European Challenges and Central European Responses in the Criminal Science of the 21st Century, 157–204. Central European Academic Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54171/2022.evcs.cls_6.

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The criminal legislation of the Republic of Serbia has a legal tradition of nearly a century. Moving through its development, today, it is at the level of modern criminal justice systems, which is largely in line with generally accepted international legal standards that ensure effective legislation while protecting and ensuring basic human rights. Intensive reforms of criminal legislation in the Repub- lic of Serbia started at the beginning of the 21st century. Although legislative interventions in the field of criminal law have been highly intensive both quantitatively and qualitatively over the last two decades, it must be stated that the same trend is noticeable in other European countries, even those that traditionally have stable criminal legislation. The development of criminal legislation is, on the one hand, conditioned by the harmonization of criminal legislation with the law and standards of the European Union, while, on the other hand, the legislature is guided by other reasons because regardless of how much one strives for stable criminal legislation, one cannot deny the dynamic character of crime, the intensity of which is accompanied by social, political, economic, and other changes that have accelerated in the modern world. The paper presents an overview of the criminal legislation of the Republic of Serbia regarding the following issues: a brief history of its development, the primary legal sources, relevant institutions, and a comparison with relevant EU documents and key international trends.
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Miheș, Cristian Dumitru. « Romania : National Regulations in the Shadow of a Common Past ». Dans Criminal Legal Studies : European Challenges and Central European Responses in the Criminal Science of the 21st Century, 125–55. Central European Academic Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54171/2022.evcs.cls_5.

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The rule of law is very difficult to enforce during periods of dictatorship or war. We can have a justice system that functions, as we had before 1989, but that system was confined to upholding the regime in power. Romania experienced a dictatorship for a very long period of time. In the first phase, there was a royal dictatorship from 1938, then a military one, followed by the communist regime until the end of 1989. Since 1945, Romania has been a part of the world where the communist system imposed by the Soviet Union left its mark on criminal justice. The authors of the 1968 Penal Code considered that code to have been adopted “with the purpose of solving uniformly the vast problematic of pre- venting and punishing the crimes.” In a practical regard, the entire legislation was a tool to ensure the success of the regime of communist oppression. In these circumstances, the events that took place in 1989 liberated the spirit of freedom; meanwhile, the consequences of those events took the citizens of the Central and East European countries by surprise, and they were unprepared for the struggle toward democracy and the rule of law. This was the case in Romania when, finally, in 2014, the process of enforcing all fundamental codes was established. In fact, the reform was deeper than the adoption of a new Penal Code, the Code of Criminal Procedure, and the Law on the Execution of Sentences, Educational Measures, and Judicial Measures during Criminal Proceedings. This study presents the main principles, legal institutions, and operational characteristics of the new laws.
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Badó, Attila. « The Constitutional Challenges of the Judiciary in the Post-Socialist Legal Systems of Central and Eastern Europe ». Dans Comparative Constitutionalism in Central Europe : Analysis on Certain Central and Eastern European Countries, 339–59. Central European Academic Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54171/2022.lcslt.ccice_18.

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Despite theoretical experimentation, although one cannot speak of a separate post-socialist legal family,1 it is without a doubt that CEE, post-socialist countries – and more precisely, the countries aspiring for EU membership – have had to cope with similar problems since the 1990s. Among the difficulties concerning the transition from dictatorship to democracy,2 a political – or rather, professional – discourse that mostly occurs in constitutional courts and is aimed at the true nature and the method of ensuring judicial independence has been and is now given more emphasis in Western countries as well. Independence from party politics or governmental authority plays an increasingly important role in CEE countries since the collusion of the single-party state and courts frequently had tragic consequences during the Stalinist period3 (the later and milder phase of the dictatorship in some countries was not always associated with an unfailing prevalence of judicial independence either, although direct political pressure could not be detected in a considerable part of legal disputes.4 ) In light of this saddening historical period, it is understandable that the chances of party political aspects that appear are more resounding than usual in post-socialist societies. Such fears are predominant in a narrow social stratum since the system of CEE political traditions, a weakened democratic legacy and frail or malfunctioning autonomies result in indifference towards institutional changes concerning the judicial independence as well. In this study, the most important constitutional foundations of the judicial systems of post-socialist CEE countries are presented. The judicial system of the assessed legal systems is presented by defining the constitutional bases and the rules laid down in the most important laws through the presentation of the literature on the institution. Having clarified the structural issues and the constitutional status of the courts – the central forms of administration – an assessment is conducted as to how well-known aspects of judicial independence and accountability play a role in the administration of justice of a given legal system. At the heart of the analysis is the much-misunderstood concept of judicial independence. Within this, the organisational independence of the judiciary, which determines the relationship of courts with other branches of power, on the one hand, determines the actual margin of appreciation of judges, and on the other hand, it may shed light on the reforms of CEE judicial systems on their way to democracy following dictatorship and the single-party system. The above may also reveal how these systems tried to meet the requirements of European accession and how they responded to societal needs. Although the system of the organisation of the judiciary in post-socialist countries has also undergone changes, mainly due to constitutional amendments aimed to enforce the principle of access to justice, no analysis of the changes is conducted here due to a lack of space. Although we can talk about a broader and narrower meaning of the concept of justice, in this chapter, the situation of CEE legal systems based on the narrower concept is also presented for reasons of length. Thus, we specifically deal with courts, which are the central actors in the application of the law. We also dispense with the presentation of constitutional courts’ activities, to which this volume devotes a separate chapter. At the beginning of this chapter, we conduct an analysis of how the Court of Justice of the European Union and the Council of Europe, which connects the wider Europe, interpret the concept at its heart: judicial independence. Afterwards, we discuss the constitutional fundations and the central administration of courts. As a conclusion, we outline possible ways of development in post-socialist judicial systems.
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Jones, Stephen. « Introduction—Criminology : its origins and research methods ». Dans Criminology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198768968.003.0111.

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This chapter discusses the origins of the term ‘criminology’, which emerged at the end of the nineteenth century because a group of theorists laid claim to systematic knowledge as to the nature of criminal behaviour, its causes and solutions. Prior to this, commentaries on crime largely arose out of other enterprises. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the administration of criminal justice in most European countries had been influenced by the views of several writers whose approach, although differing in certain respects, has come to be referred to as ‘classicism’. The basic view as to the organisation of society adopted by the classicists was influenced by the social contract theories of Hobbes and Rousseau. Individuals agree to join together to form a society, and there is a consensus within the society for the private ownership of property and the protection of its members from harm.
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Jones, Stephen. « Introduction—Criminology : its origins and research methods ». Dans Criminology, xiv—10. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198860891.003.0018.

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This chapter discusses the origins of the term ‘criminology’, which emerged at the end of the nineteenth century because a group of theorists laid claim to systematic knowledge as to the nature of criminal behaviour, its causes and solutions. Prior to this, commentaries on crime largely arose out of other enterprises. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the administration of criminal justice in most European countries had been influenced by the views of several writers whose approach, although differing in certain respects, has come to be referred to as ‘classicism’. The basic view as to the organisation of society adopted by the classicists was influenced by the social contract theories of Hobbes and Rousseau. Individuals agree to join together to form a society and there is a consensus within the society for the private ownership of property and the protection of its members from harm.
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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Criminal justice, Administration of – European Union countries"

1

Dauster, Manfred. « Criminal Proceedings in Times of Pandemic ». Dans The 8th International Scientific Conference of the Faculty of Law of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/iscflul.8.2.18.

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COVID-19 caught humanity off guard at the turn of 2019/2020. Even when the Chinese government sealed off Wuhan, a city of millions, for weeks to contain the epidemic, no one in other parts of the world had any idea of what specifically was heading for the countries. The ignorant and belittling public statements and tweets of the former US president are still fresh in everyone's memory. Only when the Italian army carried the coffins with the COVID-19 victims in northern Italy, the gravesites spread in the Bergamo region, as well as the intensive care beds filled in the overcrowded hospitals, the countries of the European Union and other parts of the world realised how serious the situation threatened to become. Together with the World Health Organisation (WHO), the terms changed to pandemic. Much of the pandemic evoked reminiscences originating in the Black Death raging between 1346 and 1353 or in the Spanish flu after the First World War. Meanwhile, life went on. The administration of justice in criminal cases could not and should not come to a standstill. Emergency measures, such as those that began to emerge in February 2020, are always the hour of the executive. In their efforts to stop the spread of the virus, in Germany, governments particularly reflected on criminal proceedings. Neither criminal procedural law nor the courts and court administrations applying this procedural law were adequately prepared for the challenges. Deadlines threatened to expire, access to court buildings and halls had to be restricted to reduce the risk of infection, public hearings represented a potential source of infection for both the parties to the proceedings and the public, virtual criminal hearings via conference calls had not yet been tested in civil proceedings, but were legally possible, but not so in criminal cases. The taking of evidence in criminal cases in Germany is governed by the rules of strict evidence and is largely not at the disposal of the parties to the proceedings. Especially in criminal cases, fundamental and human rights guarantees serve to protect the accused, but also the victims and witnesses. Executive measures of pandemic containment might impact these guarantees. Here, an attempt will be made to discuss at some neuralgic points how Germany has attempted to balance the resulting contradictory interests in the conflict between pandemic control and constitutional requirements for criminal court proceedings.
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Kamber, Krešimir, et Lana Kovačić Markić. « ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND THE RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL ». Dans EU 2021 – The future of the EU in and after the pandemic. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18363.

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On 11 March 2020 the World Health Organization announced the Covid-19 (coronavirus) to be a pandemic. To combat the pandemic, many countries had to adopt emergency measures and some of these measures have affected the judicial system, especially the functioning of courts. The pandemic has been characterised as far as the judiciary is concerned by complete or partial closure of court buildings for the parties and for the public. It is clear that the functioning of national judicial systems has been severely disrupted. This limited functioning of courts impacted the individuals’ right to a fair trial guaranteed, in particular, under Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The aim of this article is to examine the manner of the administration of justice during the Covid pandemic and its impact on the due process guarantees. Focus is put on the extent to which different Covid measures, in particular remote access to justice and online hearings have impacted the guarantees of the right to a fair trial and the due process guarantees in general, notably in detention cases. In this connection, the article provides a comparative overview of the functioning of the European legal systems during the pandemic. It also looks into the way in which the two European courts – the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union functioned, as well as the way in which the Croatian courts, including the Constitutional Court, organised their work during the pandemic. The article then provides an insight into the issue of online/remote hearings in the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights and in the Croatian Constitutional Court’s case-law. On the basis of this assessment, the article identifies the differences in the use of remote/online hearings between and within jurisdictions. In conclusion, the article points to some critical considerations that should be taken into account when devising the manner in which any Covid pandemic experience with the administration of justice (notably with regard to remote/online hearings) can be taken forward.
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Beutel, Jochen, Edmunds Broks, Arnis Buka et Christoph Schewe. « Setting Aside National Rules that Conflict EU law : How Simmenthal Works in Germany and in Latvia ? » Dans The 8th International Scientific Conference of the Faculty of Law of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/iscflul.8.2.10.

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At the centre of this article is the Simmenthal line of cases of the Court of Justice of the European Union, which establish the duty of every national court or administrative authority not to apply any national law that conflicts with the EU law. The article provides a brief overview of the evolution of the Simmenthal case law at the EU level. It then proceeds to assess how Simmenthal is applied at national level through comparative analysis of experience from Germany and Latvia. A particular emphasis in that regard is placed on the role of constitutional courts, as well as on the role of administrative authorities. Research from both countries points to a general adherence to the obligation established by Simmenthal. However, it also indicates certain discrepancies in national legislation, which obscure strict application of Simmenthal, especially for national administrations. Particularly in Latvia administration is not entitled to disapply national law on its own motion, whereas – explicitly following the Simmenthal doctrine – it would (theoretically) be entitled to do so in Germany.
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Miolo De Oliveira, Caio, Rita Assoreira Almendra, Ana Rita Lourenço et Tiago Leitão. « Community Engagement Methodology for the Academic Design Curriculum ». Dans 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001372.

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Design profession has become quite resignified over time, being increasingly associated with an approach to involve people working collaboratively to co-create new opportunities for the welfare, solve complex problems or even favor innovation processes, whether they are applied in business environments or in the social sphere. By acting in this scope, Design is articulating social innovation processes, as it is developing strategies, whether through products or services, so that the actors related to the existing context can be active agents of transformation. In synergy with this approach, there is another participatory aspect, originating from other areas of knowledge: Community Engagement Methodology. This encompasses a process for providing information, empowering the community to identify solutions to their needs, as well as influencing priorities and strategic decisions. In this context, despite having enough theoretical and practical research implemented to favor community engagement, it appears that the academic curricula of Design courses do not work so specifically with community engagement/ implementation of social innovation processes. Thus, this paper reveals a methodology developed during PhD research in Design that aimed to favor the social reintegration of offenders and ex-offenders. This methodology, made up of different methods, was created in codesign with a Portuguese social cooperative, which was one of the promoters of a project co-founded by the European Union, between 2017 and 2020. The methodology was applied to professionals of the Criminal Justice System who work within the scope of reintegration in four countries (Portugal, Italy, Romania, and Germany), who evaluated it very positively. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to reveal the community involvement methodology created and propose ways that it can be implemented in Design curricula, to encourage and favor the development of solutions and improvements in different social contexts.
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