Thèses sur le sujet « Criminal classes »
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Stanford, Terence George. « The metropolitan police 1850-1914 : targeting, harassment and the creation of a criminal class ». Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2007. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/760/.
Texte intégralPreussler, Gustavo de Souza. « Criminalização secundária e justiça penal hegemônica : aspectos criminológicos no caso do Massacre de Eldorado de Carajás ». Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2013. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=6350.
Texte intégralA presente tese faz um estudo sobre a criminalização secundária e a justiça penal hegemônica a partir da análise criminológica do caso de Eldorado de Carajás. A metodologia usada é a pesquisa bibliográfica agregada à pesquisa documental. Nestas, extraiu-se o discurso das criminalizações e sua função subterrânea no Estado Policial. A metodologia empreendida na realização deste trabalho parte da perspectiva do materialismo histórico. Os processos criminalizantes secundários subterrâneos não se exaurem em um momento efêmero, mas são a continuidade histórica de uma tragédia, de uma mesma matriz massacrante, seguindo a lógica da luta de classes. Essa continuação se dá pelas violências institucionais e estruturais com matriz nos conflitos agrários antecedentes e que detêm raízes legitimantes de massacres nos discursos criminológicos que vão do pré-positivismo ao criticismo contemporâneo. A comprovação da tese ocorre pela análise da ação penal que ficou mundialmente conhecida como O Caso do Massacre de Eldorado dos Carajás. O ponto de partida é a verificação concreta do respectivo caso, avançando para uma concepção abstrata da criminalização secundária subterrânea. O papel de pulsão vingativa do Estado contra a miséria e a adesão subjetiva à barbárie pela Justiça Penal deixam claros seu caráter hegemônico e a existência de uma criminalização vitimológica (secundária e subterrânea) em razão da distribuição desigual dos bens positivos e negativos aos condenados da terra.
This thesis is a study about the secondary criminalization and the hegemonic criminal justice from the criminological analysis of the Eldorado de Carajás case. The used methodology is literature assembled with documental research from which the discourse of the decriminalization and its furtive role inside the Police State was extracted. The method undertaken to perform this work starts from the perspective of the historical materialism. The secondary and illegal criminalizing processes do not wear themselves out in a fleeting moment, but, are the historical continuity of a tragedy, from an equal massacre matrix, following the logic of the class struggle. Such continuation happens through the structural and institutional violence rooted in the previous agrarian conflicts and holds legitimizing roots of massacres in the criminological discourses that go from pre-positivism to contemporary criticism periods. The proof of the thesis happens with the analysis of the prosecution worldwide known as O Caso do Massacre de Eldorado dos Carajás. The starting point is the concrete verification of the respective case, moving towards an abstract conception of the secondary and furtive criminalization. The role of the vengeful impulse of the State against misery and the subjective adhesion by the Criminal Justice to the barbarism make clear their hegemonic character and the existence of a victimological criminalization (secondary and furtive) due to the uneven distribution of both positive and negative rights to the land wretched ones.
Teixeira, Rosane Siqueira. « Italianos em casos de conflitos e tensões nas fazendas de café da comarca de Araraquara, 1890-1914 ». Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2006. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/1437.
Texte intégralThis study it approached cases of conflicts characterized for physical, moral, economic and racial the violence, for work questions, that involve deriving Italian immigrants of diverse regions of Italy and other ethnic groups on coffee plantations of the judicial district of Araraquara in the period of 1890-1914, using as source criminal records. The present work searched to understand the values that guided a violent behavior in the daily conflicts, investigating the solidarity possibilities between the ethnic groups in the individual actions, mainly between the Italians. In this perspective, the work evidenced that the regional differences between the Italians limited the solidarity of the group, over all of the northern ones and of central Italy in relation to the meridionals. The analysis of the criminal records also evidenced that the main values that guided a violent behavior in the daily conflicts were to receive a wage just and to have movement freedom. These values had been verified for all the ethnic groups in question.
Este estudo abordou casos de conflitos caracterizados pela violência física, moral, econômica e racial, por questões de trabalho, que envolvem imigrantes italianos oriundos de diversas regiões da Itália e outras etnias nas fazendas de café da comarca de Araraquara no período de 1890-1914, usando como fonte processos criminais. O presente trabalho buscou compreender os valores que orientavam uma conduta violenta nos conflitos cotidianos, investigando as chances de solidariedade entre as etnias nas ações individuais, principalmente entre os italianos. Nesta perspectiva, o trabalho evidenciou que as diferenças regionais entre os italianos limitavam a solidariedade do grupo, sobretudo dos setentrionais e da Itália central em relação aos meridionais. A análise dos processos também evidenciou que os principais valores que orientavam uma conduta violenta nos conflitos cotidianos eram os de receber um salário justo e de ter liberdade de movimento. Esses valores foram verificados para todas as etnias em questão.
Alves, Enedina do Amparo. « Rés negras, judiciário branco : uma análise da interseccionalidade de gênero, raça e classe na produção da punição em uma prisão paulistana ». Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2015. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/3640.
Texte intégralBrazilian Criminal Law emerges as a power apparatus that organizes social relations and is based on an ideology that is racist, patriarchal, homophobic and classist. The Brazilian State has always occupied a prominent place in the production of unfavorable historical conditions for the social development of black women. However it is in the administration of criminal justice that the focus manifests explicitly the intersection of the axes of vulnerabilities - delineated by race, class and gender and in the production of categories of punishable individuals. Incarcerated black women have a specific vulnerability: they are marked by their color and gender condition in a society structured on inequality between men and women, and led by a criminal-racial State, a producer of social suffering and reproducer of the conception of crime and penalty based on the punishment of the black body. On this basis, it is proposed an analysis of race and colonial justice as historical factors in the contemporary Brazil
O Direito Penal brasileiro surge como sistema de poder que organiza as relações sociais e fundamenta-se por uma ideologia racista, patriarcal, homofóbica e classista. Embora o Estado brasileiro tenha sempre ocupado lugar de destaque na produção das condições históricas desfavoráveis ao desenvolvimento social da mulher negra, é a administração da justiça penal o foco onde se manifesta de forma explícita a intersecção dos eixos de vulnerabilidades delineadas por raça, classe e gênero e na produção de categorias de indivíduos puníveis. As mulheres negras encarceradas possuem uma vulnerabilidade específica: são marcadas por sua condição de cor e de gênero em uma sociedade estruturada a partir de desigualdades entre homens e mulheres e conduzida por um Estado penal racial, produtor de sofrimento social e reprodutor da concepção de crime e de castigo baseado na punição do corpo negro. Propõe-se, a partir disso a análise de raça e colonialidade da justiça como fatores históricos no Brasil contemporâneo
Shoenberger, Nicole Ann. « The Effect of Marriage and Employment on Criminal Desistance : The Influence of Race ». Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1339560808.
Texte intégralComley, Caliesha Lavonne. « Dismantling the Criminal Justice Empire : A Feminisms Analysis of U.S. Law, State Violence, and Resistance in the Digital Age ». Thesis, Boston College, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108636.
Texte intégralThesis advisor: Zine . Magubane
This dissertation analyzes the impact of U.S. law on women of color at home and abroad, as well as the ways in which women of color respond to and resist U.S. law. In their resistance, they challenge the domestic failings of the U.S. criminal justice system as well as the systems which connect state violence internationally. The first article of this project explores the space of the sentencing hearing as a site for rhetorically reclaiming Black motherhood in the face of its pathologization. I use the case of Marissa Alexander to show how the defendant and her family resist the exclusionary politics of legal protection. The second article examines the relationship between police militarization and strategies of black digital resistance and theorizes Black Lives Matter as a cyborg feminist social movement that can serve as a base for a global, intersectional resistance against systems of state violence. The third article challenges the dominant narrative of liberal imperialism in the U.S. anti-human trafficking project which positions U.S. as sole capable leader in the fight against “modern-day slavery” and the liberation of poor women of color in the global South and East. Though each article employs a slightly different framework, my dissertation is grounded in a qualitative sociological approach to content analysis and is informed by interdisciplinary concepts from legal studies and critical rhetorical approaches. My research centers multiple feminisms, including Critical Race Feminism, cyborg feminism, and postcolonial legal feminism, and incorporates important scholarship on technology and social movements. In this project, I demonstrate affinity between feminist theoretical approaches. More broadly, I contribute to bodies of research that challenge the notion that institutions such as the criminal justice system, digital spaces, and humanitarian aid are designed to protect and provide remedies for victims of domestic and state sponsored violence. I propose framework of feminisms in dialogue for both analyzing and resisting the hegemony of U.S. law which legitimizes and reproduces interlocking systems of racism, sexism, and imperialism
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2019
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Sociology
Marsing, Nick. « Upper-Class Adolescent Delinquency : Theory and Observation ». DigitalCommons@USU, 2011. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/868.
Texte intégralChang, Kcomt Romy Alexandra. « Constitutional function assigned to the penalty : Bases for a criminal policy plan ». Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116385.
Texte intégralEl presente trabajo busca efectuar un análisis en torno al tratamiento y las funciones que nuestra Constitución política asigna a la pena, y la manera como dicha institución se desarrolla en nuestro país con respectoa la pena abstracta (la impuesta por el legislador en cada tipo penal), la pena concreta (la impuesta por el juez luego de una individualización en cada casoconcreto), y su ejecución en el ámbito penitenciario. Finaliza proponiendo algunas consideraciones para una eventual reforma legislativa conforme conun plan de política criminal que se encuentre dentro del marco constitucional.
Salinas, Edwards Michael Antonio. « Men at work : an ethnography of drug markets and youth transitions in times of austerity ». Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/men-at-work-an-ethnography-of-drug-markets-and-youth-transitions-in-times-of-austerity(62a34da2-7e2d-4911-afae-0b336993da8e).html.
Texte intégralFerreira, Carolina Costa. « Discursos do sistema penal : a seletividade no julgamento dos crimes de furto, roubo e peculato nos tribunais regionais federais do Brasil ». reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2010. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/7241.
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A pesquisa propõe a análise de 564 (quinhentas e sessenta e quatro) decisões judiciais proferidas pelos cinco Tribunais Regionais Federais do Brasil, sobre crimes de furto, roubo e peculato, entre os anos de 2006 e 2007. O objetivo geral é investigar a existência da reprodução, nos textos das decisões, de termos que reforçam a seletividade do sistema penal na tutela de bens públicos e privados, seguindo a linha da Criminologia Crítica e a técnica da Análise de Discurso, considerando também o conceito de habitus desenvolvido por Pierre Bourdieu. Interessam aqui, portanto, os “meandros” da decisão – a construção da narrativa, a evolução para eventuais condenações e absolvições, ações e omissões, palavras e silêncios. A dissertação traça, em seu primeiro capítulo, um breve estudo histórico sobre a estrutura do sistema penal no Brasil, para demonstrar a herança de práticas patrimonialistas, a influência do bacharelismo e as “decisões diferentes para classes diferentes”, refletindo o discurso positivista e a distinção social dos juízes. O Capítulo 2 traz os fundamentos teóricos utilizados para a realização e interpretação da pesquisa empírica, incluindo-se o paradigma da Criminologia Crítica, a construção da narrativa na decisão judicial e os princípios da Análise de Discurso. Nos capítulos seguintes, as duas formas de pesquisa utilizadas no trabalho – quantitativa e qualitativa – são explicadas com o detalhamento necessário. Os resultados encontrados indicam o uso de artifícios e práticas discursivas para a reafirmação da seletividade do sistema penal, com a clara diferença de tratamento entre os condenados por crimes contra o patrimônio e contra a administração pública, como indica a pesquisa quantitativa. Abordam-se, assim, temas um tanto incômodos para o universo jurídico: a motivação das decisões judiciais e o comportamento dos juízes, tendo como pano de fundo a difícil distinção entre público e privado que historicamente compõe nosso sistema de justiça. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
This search proposes the analysis of 564 (five hundred and sixty-four) judgments handed down by the five Regional Federal Courts of Brazil, on crimes of theft and an embezzlement case, between the years 2006 and 2007. The overall objective is to investigate the existence of reproduction in the texts of decisions, which reinforce the selectivity of the penal system in the supervision of public goods and private ones. Critical Criminology and technical of Discourse Analysis, also the concept of habitus developed by Pierre Bourdieu, will be important. It will be interesting for research the construction of narrative, the evolution towards any convictions and acquittals, actions and omissions, words and silences. This work outlines, in your first chapter, a brief historical study on the structure of the criminal justice system in Brazil, to demonstrate the inheritance of “private practices”, through "decisions differently for different classes", to reflect the positivist discourse and social distinction of judges. Chapter 2 brings the theoretical fundamentals used for the implementation and interpretation of empirical social research, including the paradigm of Critical Criminology, the construction of narrative in judicial decision and the principles of Discourse Analysis. In the following chapters, the two forms of search used at work – quantitative and qualitative – are explained with detail needed. The results found using tricks and discursive practices for the reaffirmation of the selectivity of the penal system, with the clear difference in treatment between convicted of crimes against heritage and against public administration, as indicated by the quantitative research. Address is thus difficult subjects for legal matters: the motivation of judicial decisions and the behavior of judges, in view of the difficult distinction between public and private that historically composes our justice system.
Silvestre, Giane. « “Enxugando iceberg” como as instituições estatais exercem o controle do crime em São Paulo ». Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8386.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
This research aimed to understand how the institutions and state operators’ crime control are being affected by the emergence of new forms of organization of the "world of crime." It wondered how the institutions and operators find themselves affected by the emergence of the First Command of the Capital, the PCC; which the impact on their work, on the ways to exercise control and institutional management of the crime; which representations they elaborate about the changes in the contexts they operate and develop their professional activities. Therefore, it started analyzing two empirical cases that took place in São Paulo, involving the PCC and the so-‐‑called "debate" -‐‑ a new management mechanism of violence brought from the consolidation of the CPC in and out of the São Paulo prison system. The cases also help to identify two main strategies to crime control in São Paulo: i) a militarized control guided mainly by lethal and selective fighting with alleged criminals, played by the Military Police and; a classic judicial control, in which the logic of the investigation remains linked to archaic model of the police investigation and prioritizes incarceration for certain types of crimes and people, while holding the low levels of punishment for cases of police lethality. Part of the field work was conducted through interviews with civil and military police, sheriffs, prosecutors and judges who work in crime control, including the Special Group Against Organized Crime of the Prosecutor's Office (GAECO). It was developed a research based on official data on crime and on investments in public safety in order to observe trends, preferences and policy choices of area managers in the last decade. The results indicate that the emergence of the PCC has affected the crime control strategies performed by each of these institutions, although continuities have been observed. The PCC started seen as "organized crime", sign often claimed to justify violent and lethal actions in alleged confrontations. Investigations involving the PCC have been recurrently conducted through a partnership between prosecutors and military police, often rather of the judicial police, which has generated tensions between the institutions and their operators. The Civil Police, in its turn, operates with the coexistence of "inquisitorial logic" of investigation and effort to operates the transformations that the emergence of "organized crime" has imposed, besides seeking to circumvent the arising obstacles "scrapping" of institution.
O objetivo desta pesquisa foi compreender a forma como as instituições e os operadores estatais do controle do crime estão sendo afetados pela emergência das novas formas de organização do “mundo do crime”. Perguntou-se como as instituições e os operadores se veem afetados com a emergência do Primeiro Comando da Capital, o PCC; qual o impacto disto sobre o seu trabalho, sobre os modos de exercer o controle e a administração institucional do crime; quais representações eles elaboram sobre as mudanças nos contextos em que atuam e desenvolvem suas atividades profissionais. Para tanto, partiu-se da análise de dois casos empíricos ocorridos no interior de São Paulo, envolvendo o PCC e o chamado “debate” - um novo mecanismo de gestão da violência trazido com a consolidação do PCC dentro e fora do sistema prisional paulista. Os casos também auxiliaram na identificação de duas estratégias centrais no controle ao crime em São Paulo: i) um controle militarizado pautado, sobretudo, pelo enfrentamento letal e seletivo de supostos criminosos, rotagonizado pela Polícia Militar e; ii) um controle judicial clássico, no qual a lógica da investigação permanece vinculada ao modelo arcaico do inquérito policial e que prioriza o encarceramento para determinados tipos de crimes e sujeitos, ao mesmo tempo em que sustenta os baixos índices de punição para os casos de letalidade policial. Parte do trabalho de campo foi realizado por meio de entrevistas com policiais civis e militares, delegados, promotores e juízes que atuam no controle do crime, incluindo o Grupo de Atuação Especial Contra o Crime Organizado do Ministério Público (GAECO). Também foi elaborada uma pesquisa com base em dados oficiais sobre a criminalidade e sobre os investimentos em segurança pública, a fim observar as tendências, preferências e escolhas políticas dos gestores da área na última década. Os resultados indicam que a emergência do PCC tem afetado as estratégias de controle do crime executada por cada uma destas instituições, ainda que permanências tenham sido observadas. O PCC passou a carregar o signo de “crime organizado”, muitas vezes acionado para justificar ações violentas e letais em supostos confrontos. As investigações que envolvem o grupo têm sido recorrentemente, executada por meio de uma parceria entre Ministério Público e Polícia Militar, muitas vezes, em detrimento da polícia judiciária, o que tem gerado tensões entre as instituições e seus operadores. A polícia civil, por sua vez, convive com a coexistência entre a “lógica inquisitorial” da investigação e o esforço em operar as transformações que a emergência do “crime organizado” tem lhe imposto, além buscar driblar os obstáculos advindos do “sucateamento” da instituição.
Almeida, Fernanda Afonso de. « Proteção penal do patrimônio e sonegação fiscal : uma abordagem à luz da teoria crítica ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2136/tde-03102012-090527/.
Texte intégralFundamental similarities can be observed between property crimes and tax evasion, both of which having penal legitimacy in the public legal order. Notwithstanding, by comparing the treatment the official agencies of social control applied to them, it can be noticed a clearly preference to criminalize the agents of property crimes, who, in great number, belong to the poor social class, while typical conducts from high social class, as tax evasion, are immunized. It can be noticed that Criminal Law, supposedly egalitarian, is selective and discriminatory; it is the unequal Law par excellence. The critical theory of Criminology tries to explain, from Karl Marxs historical-materialist method, why in a (capitalist) society, structured mainly on properties relations, the differences between classes limit the criminal justice system operation. The class prejudice conducts the Criminal Law selectiveness: immunities and criminalization are focused correspondingly to power relations between the social classes. It can be unveiled an ideological and imaginary legal order, founded in equality and social justice, projected in order to legitimate the existing order, in contrast to an oppressive real order and directed to the poor, marginalized, dispossessed, nonproprietary, which performs in a different way of its speech: reproducing the unequal relations and the criminalized mass. The critical theory, in front of this frame, as a theory committed to the construction of a more equal society, presents proposals to try to reduce the discriminatory mechanisms of the criminal justice.
PENNONI, FULVIA. « Issues on the Estimation of Latent Variable and Latent Class Models with Social Science Applications ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/46004.
Texte intégralTamura, Hitoshi, et 均. 田村. « 権力の下での行為 : 日本人戦犯の心理と行為の演技論的考察 ». 名古屋大学文学部, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/19777.
Texte intégralAmaro, Rafael. « Le contentieux privé des pratiques anticoncurrentielles : Étude des contentieux privés autonome et complémentaire devant les juridictions judiciaires ». Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05D014.
Texte intégralPas de résumé en anglais
Briend, Cyril. « Le contrat d'adhésion entre professionnels ». Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB177/document.
Texte intégralThe professional, supposed to be able to defend his interests, by opposition to the employee or the consumer, has proven to also be victim of imbalanced contracts for a few decades. The emergence of powerful private companies in various sectors clearly leads to inequalities between professionals. Our study underlines the difficulty to find the best criterion to identify what a professional weaker party is. It is impossible to say that globally such company is stronger than another because the legal person party to the agreement can hide many interests, which are hard to seize at first sight. Nor can the judge arbitrate prices in an authoritarian way without risking a misappropriation of his part. We shall side for this idea: a business-to-business agreement is to be qualified of adhesion contract as long as it does not give place to adequate bargaining; so the judge has to look the bargaining process and the circumstances preceding the contract. Many criteria can help the judge such as the size of the company, market parts, exchanged words, the good or bad faith of the parties or the efforts they have made. If we consider the bargain analysis as the ultimately rightest choice, we have to contemplate its limitations. It would not be realistic to consider that the judge could always discover every circumstance prior to the agreement. This is why we shall join a system of presumptions - albeit rebuttable - to the bargain analysis, when the difference of size of companies or the disproportion of provisions is obvious. We shall put into light the strategies used by strongest parts to bypass the bargain analysis, such as harmful clauses or internationalization tactics. Thus, we shall opt for high obligatory standards, as well as in national law than in international law. Once the bargain analysis is done, we shall try to suggest sanctions adapted to the concern. The judge, in our opinion, must be able to modify the agreement in a very flexible way, either retroactively or during the implementation of the said agreement. The gravity of various contractual behaviors must lead us to think about a form of criminal law or a "quasi criminal" law in order to combat those behaviors in a more suitable mean. Nevertheless, the protection of the professional weaker part is also to be dealt on a procedural ground. A proceeding for interim measures is likely to face the needs for celerity, which bother the weakest parts for their action. We shall also underline the advantages of a class action, which could overcome the financial issue of the lawsuit. Conversely, the legal security of business will bring us to foster a protection by a soft law system. First Part: The identification of the business-to-business adhesion contract. Second Part: The judicial treatment of business-to-business adhesion contracts
Jallet, Sandrine. « Étude comparative des trajectoires criminelles des contrevenants sous responsabilité provinciale au Québec, selon le sexe ». Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9655.
Texte intégralContext and objectives. Criminal careers has been a subject of interest among criminologists for over 80 years. This research has allowed a better understanding of the evolution of criminalised individuals over time. However, research focusing on the criminal careers of women are relatively rare, this being mainly attributed to the nature of the chosen sample. While overcoming the potential limitations found in previous studies, the objective of this research is to conduct a comparative study of criminal careers among men and women (as of 18 until 47 years old) under provincial jurisdiction. Method. The sample consists of 3,320 offenders under provincial jurisdiction. The sample includes 216 female participants (6.5%) and 3104 male participants (93.5%). Descriptive statistics will be presented in order to provide a detailed portrait of offenders from 18 to 47 years old. Then, the categorical latent variable approach will be used. This type of analysis provides an estimate of sub-groups of offenders within the population that follow the growth curves separately. Thus, the proportion of individuals belonging to each of these subgroups can be estimated. Results. Women have a lower incidence of crime than men especially at the beginning of a criminal career; however this difference disappears towards the age of 40. It appears that men and women, at a certain period of time have similarities in their criminal careers. However, the prevalence of criminality among women is quite different from men. Indeed, it appears that women begin their criminal careers later than men, with a higher proportion of crimes against property. The juvenile history of criminal offence influences the perseverance in criminal careers among men and women, regardless of the type of offence. Conclusion. The results demonstrate the relevance of the difference between men and women during their criminal career. It should be one of the top interests for criminologists since women have different risks leading to offenses, as well as frequency and type of offense. Moreover, they appear to begin their criminal careers later than men.
Madej, Anna. « Odpowiedzialność karna z art. 298 §1 K.K ». Doctoral thesis, 2019. https://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/3540.
Texte intégralThe topic of insurance crimes is quite popular. More people and more people commit insurance crimes, including property and personal insurance. Property insurance fraud consist mainly of communication insurance extorsions (OC and AC) and intentional company property destruction (burning down buildings or expiring merchandise). On the other hand, examples of personal insurance extorsions are faking death, self-inflicting injuries or falsely reporting a cancer disease. Luckily, each year companies are more experienced in fighting insurance crimes. They cooperate with banks, the Police and the National Health Service. They update their database and collect information of the claimants from social media, such as Facebook. However, it is not easy to discover if the person who files a property or personal insurance claim commits fraud. The hardest part is to discover whether the situation occurrs or is faked. Insurance companies discover fraud faster if more than one person takes part in the event. It happens because the version of events must be a 100% match - if it is not, then it is a signal that someone doesn’t tell the truth. If such situation occurs, the insurance company will notify the prosecution of an attempt to commit crime, based on article 298 par.1 of the polish Criminal Code for further investigation. Despite so many cases of insurance fraud (around a thousand cases each year), the number continues to increase as well as the amount of criminal methods. The most common area is communication insurance especially because this is a fast way to extort money. Lately life insurance crimes also have been growing. People attempt to commit fraud by faking disease or medical documentation. The documentation fraud involves doctors and splitting the shares with them. Organized crime groups have become very dangerous as they search for people who inflict self-injuries for money. For example they cut off their finger and then file a claim with the insurance company which is obliged to pay the claim (up to a few thousand zlotys). Later on victims and the group share their profits. The legal provisions of article 298 of the polish Criminal Code are quite mild, as the perpetrator may receive up to 5 years of deprivation of liberty, however most often courts sentence limitation of liberty or a fine. Presented in this PhD research shows that there is a public acceptance to commit such crimes, because they cannot be compared to rape or robbery. People share the opinion that insurance companies stole from them, so why couldn’t they stole from the companies? This type of crime is considered light, and the legislator has not decided to raise the punishment to 8 years, contrary to 286 par.1 of the criminal code (regular fraud). In my opinion, it is important to make 298 par.1 more severe, which would discourage from committing these types of crimes. I also think that insurance companies should become more aware of their employees, who know all the procedures related to fighting insurance crimes, depending on the type of insurance. Insurance employees often fraud dates on insurance certificates or falsify documents, which must not take place. The problem of insurance crimes is present not only in Poland, but also in Europe. It is noticed in Germany, where the most insurance crimes are committed in the area of property insurance and less in the area of communication insurance. Inorder to fight insurance fraud, it is necessary to change the Criminal Code. Raising the punishment, even up to 10 years of deprivation of liberty, returning claims with additional interest. There should not be any reliefs in this matter, and the perpetrator should receive punishment as strict as other criminal punishments. Insurance companies should also focus on educating their employees in new methods of committing insurance fraud. Furthermore, the employeescooperation with the perpetrator should result in not only criminal liability, but also high financial penalties, considering that this cooperation is theft of their employer. Only strict laws can contribute to the drop of insurance crime rates, yet broadly developed technology should help discovering such criminal events.