Thèses : « Coupling condition »

1

Trovant, Michael. « A boundary condition coupling strategy for the modeling of metal casting processes ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0011/NQ35346.pdf.

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2

CAMONES, LUIS ARNALDO MEJIA. « NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE CRACK PROPAGATION PROCESS IN ROCK MATERIAL UNDER FLUIDMECHANIC COUPLING CONDITION ». PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2015. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=27046@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE EXCELENCIA ACADEMICA
Esta pesquisa aborda o processo de fraturamento hidráulico ou processo de propagação de fraturas em rocha através da injeção de um fluido sob pressão, o que gera fissuras no material que se propagam de acordo com a quantidade de fluido injetado. Esta técnica leva a um incremento da transmissividade hidráulica da rocha e, como consequência, ocorre um incremento da produção de óleo. Diversos trabalhos analíticos e numéricos têm sido propostos para estudar o mecanismo de fratura, geralmente baseados em meios contínuos ou através da utilização de elementos de interface em uma trajetória de propagação conhecida. Neste trabalho, a propagação de uma fratura é simulada utilizando o modelo potencial PPR[72] através da sua implementação extrínseca. Assim, os elementos coesivos de interface são inseridos na malha de elementos finitos de forma adapativa para capturar o processo de fraturamento. A pressão do fluido é simulada utilizando o modelo de lattice-Boltzmann[84]. Através de um processo interativo, os contornos da fratura, computados utilizando o método dos elementos finitos, são transferidos para o modelo de lattice-Boltzmann como uma condição de contorno. Assim, a força que o fluido exerce nestes contornos, gerada pela injeção do fluido, pode ser calculada. Estas forças são utilizadas no modelo de elementos finitos como uma força externa aplicada nas faces da fratura. A nova posição das faces da fratura é calculada e transferida novamente para o modelo de lattice-Boltzmann como condição de contorno. Este processo interativo fluido-estrutura permite modelar o processo de fraturamento hidráulico em trajetórias de propagação irregulares.
This research addresses hydraulic fracturing or hydro-fracking, i.e. fracture propagation process in rocks through the injection of a fluid under pressure, which generates cracks in the rock that propagate according to the amount of fluid injected. This technique leads to an increase of the hydraulic transmissivity of the rock mass and, consequently, improves oil production. Several analytical and numerical models have been proposed to study this fracture mechanism, generally based in continuum mechanics or using interface elements through a known propagation path. In this work, the crack propagation is simulated using the PPR potential-based cohesive zone model[72] by means of an extrinsic implementation. Thus, interface cohesive elements are adaptively inserted in the mesh to capture the softening fracture process. The fluid pressure is simulated using the lattice Boltzmann model[84] through an iterative procedure. The boundaries of the crack, computed using the finite element method, are transferred to the lattice Bolztmann model as boundary conditions, where the fluid pressure (or fluid forces) applied on these boundaries, caused by the fluid injected, can be calculated. These forces are then used in the finite element model as external forces applied on the faces of the crack. The new position of the crack faces is then calculated and transferred to the lattice-Boltzmann model to update the boundary conditions. This feedback-loop for fluid-structure interaction allows modeling of hydraulic fracturing processes for irregular path propagation.

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Louis, Pierre-Yves. « Coupling, space and time Mixing for parallel stochastic dynamics ». Universität Potsdam, 2004. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5156/.

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We first introduce some coupling of a finite number of Probabilistic Cellular Automata dynamics (PCA), preserving the stochastic ordering. Using this tool, for a general attractive probabilistic cellular automata on SZd, where S is finite, we prove that a condition (A) is equivalent to the (time-) convergence towards equilibrium of this Markovian parallel dynamics, in the uniform norm, exponentially fast. This condition (A) means the exponential decay of the influence from the boundary for the invariant measures of the system restricted to finite ‘box’-volume. For a class of reversible PCA dynamics on {−1, +1}Zd
with a naturally associated Gibbsian potential ϕ, we prove that a Weak Mixing condition for ϕ implies the validity of the assumption (A); thus the ‘exponential ergodicity’ of the dynamics towards the unique Gibbs measure associated to ϕ holds. On some particular examples of this PCA class, we verify that our assumption (A) is weaker than the Dobrushin-Vasershtein ergodicity condition. For some special PCA, the ‘exponential ergodicity’ holds as soon as there is no phase transition.

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Liu, Shimin. « ESTIMATION OF DIFFERENT COAL COMPRESSIBILITIES OF COALBED METHANE RESERVOIRS UNDER REPLICATED IN SITU CONDITION ». OpenSIUC, 2012. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/481.

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Studies completed recently have shown that desorption of methane results in a change in the matrix volume of coal thus altering the permeability of, and production rates from, coalbed methane (CBM) reservoirs. An accurate estimation of different coal compressibilities is, therefore, critical in CBM operations in order to model and project gas production rates. Furthermore, a comprehensive knowledge of the dynamic permeability helps in understanding the unique feature of CBM production, an initial negative gas decline rate. In this study, different coal compressibility models were developed based on the assumption that the deformation of a depleting coalbed is limited to the vertical direction, that is, the reservoir is under uniaxial strain conditions. Simultaneously, experimental work was carried out replicating these conditions. The results showed that the matrix volumetric strain typically follows the Langmuir-type relationship. The agreement between the experimental results and those obtained using the proposed model was good. The proposed volumetric strain model successfully isolated the sorption-induced strain from the strain resulting from mechanical compression. It, therefore, provides a technique to integrate the sorption-induced strain alone into different analytical permeability models. The permeability variation of coal with a decrease in pore pressure under replicated in situ stress/strain conditions was measured. The results showed that decreasing pore pressure resulted in a significant decrease in horizontal stress and increased permeability. The permeability increased non-linearly with decreasing pore pressure, with a small increase in the high pressure range, increasing progressively as the pressure dropped below a certain value. The experimental results were also used to test the proposed coupled sorption-induced strain model and several analytical permeability models. One of the commonly used models overestimated the permeability increase between 200 and 900 psi. The other two models were able to predict the permeability trend with constant cleat compressibility although the values used for the two models were different. Finally, the coupled strain and permeability models were employed to validate the field observed permeability increase data. The results indicated that the coupled models can predict the permeability trend with accuracy as long as the input parameters used are reasonable. The technique can thus serve as a particularly powerful tool for new CBM regions with limited production data since it only requires the basic adsorption data and mechanical properties and both are typically available. However, the physical meaning of the cleat compressibility term used in the permeability models needs to be clarified to ensure that its effect is not counted twice.

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Case, Sandra Lynn. « Fundamental Importance of Fillers, Cure Condition, and Crosslink Density on Model Epoxy Properties ». Diss., Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28059.

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The influence of silane treated amorphous fumed silica fillers on properties of the cured epoxy was examined in the first part of the study. Silica particles were treated with 3- aminopropyldiethoxymethylsilane (APDS) and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS) coupling agents. The filler and coupling agents decreased the mobility of the polymer chains in the vicinity of the filler leading to an increase in the activation energy for the glass transition and an increase in cooperativity. Fumed silica did not significantly affect moisture diffusion properties. Next, a linear dilatometer was used to investigate the effects of cure conditions, mold types, and the presence of filler in the model epoxy. These studies revealed that there was substantial shrinkage in the cured epoxy on heating it through its glass transition region. The shrinkage was determined to be the result of stress in the epoxy generated during cure and could be minimized by curing at lower temperatures, followed by a postcuring heat treatment. Additional free volume in the sample increased the magnitude of the shrinkage by allowing increased stress release through increased network mobility. Decreasing the polymer mobility by adding fillers decreased the observed shrinkage. The influence of the model epoxy crosslink density was examined by varying the content of 1,4-butanediol in the model system. Addition of 1,4-butanediol led to a decrease in the modulus and glass transition temperature, which resulted in a reduction in residual stress and subsequent shrinkage. Moisture uptake increased with the addition of 1,4-butanediol due to an increase in the free volume of the epoxy. However, even with greater moisture uptake, the addition of 1,4-butanediol to the epoxy increased its adhesion to quartz by promoting lower residual stress and increased energy dissipation. These results indicate that bulk diffusion of water is not the controlling factor in adhesive degradation in this system.
Ph. D.

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Борзенец, М. В., et В. П. Бородай. « Зубчатая муфта как причина износа упорного подшипника турбовоздуходувки типа ПП-3725/04 на производствах серной кислоты ». Thesis, Издательство СумГУ, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/21671.

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В докладе рассмотрена проблема износа упорной части опорно-упорного подшипника. Основной причиной называют неисправность зубчатой муфты. Рассмотрены условия приведшие к износу зубчатой муфты. Приведены результаты вибрационного обследования агрегата. Сделаны соответствующие выводы. При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/21671
The report is devoted to the problem of wearing thrust part of journal and thrust bearing. The principal cause is specified as an inaccuracy in gear coupling. There considered the conditions resulted in deterioration of gear coupling. There represented the results of analyzing vibration state of the unit. There formulated corresponding conclusions. При цитировании документа, используйте ссылку http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/21671

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7

Müller-Bierl, Bernd Michael. « Rayonnement et couplage entre les interconnexions dans les circuits hyperfréquences : étude au moyen de la méthode tlm ». Grenoble INPG, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPG0026.

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La these est constitue de 3 parties principales. Apres une introduction a l'analyse des lignes micro-ruban sous approximation de propagation des signaux en mode tem, la premiere partie traite d'une methode d'anaulyse dynamique valable pour des distributions de champs qui peuvent meme etre eloignees du mode tem, la methode tlm (transmission line matrix method), introduite 1971 par johns et al. La methode tlm est presentee comme un processus de repartition base sur la decomposition des equations de maxwell sous forme matricielle. Dans une deuxieme partie nous traitons de la possibilite d'utiliser la methode tlm dans les problemes dits de l'espace ouvert, c'est a dire des espaces de calcul limites par des parois absorbant toute l'energie quittant le domaine de calcul. Cela est necessaire afin de reduire l'espace memoire necessaire pour calculer par example des effets de rayonnement et de diffraction. Dans la troisieme partie nous appliquons la methode tlm pour calculer les parametres des differents discontinuites micro-ruban, en particulier les effets de couplage et de rayonnement. Au moyen d'une transformation des champs proches en champs lointain nous determinons egalement les diagrammes de rayonnement correspondants. L'ensemble du travail se situe dans le cadre des problemes de compatibilite electromagnetique.

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Fajardo, Peña Pablo. « Methodology for the Numerical Characterization of a Radial Turbine under Steady and Pulsating Flow ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/16878.

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The increasing use of turbochargers is leading to an outstanding research to understand the internal flow in turbomachines. In this frame, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is one of the tools that can be applied to contribute to the analysis of the fluid-dynamic processes occurring in a turbine. The objective of this thesis is the development of a methodology for performing simulations of radial turbomachinery optimizing the available computational resources. This methodology is used for the characterization of a vaned-nozzle turbine under steady and pulsating flow conditions. An important effort has been devoted in adjusting the case configuration to maximize the accuracy achievable with a certain computational cost. Concerning the cell size, a local mesh independence analysis is proposed as a procedure to optimize the distribution of cells in the domain, thus allowing to use a finer mesh in the most suitable places. Particularly important in turbomachinery simulations is the influence of the approach for simulating rotor motion. In this thesis two models have been compared: multiple reference frame and sliding mesh. The differences obtained using both methods were found to be significant in off-design regions. Steady flow CFD results have been validated against global measurements taken on a gas-stand. The modeling of a turbine, installed either on a turbocharger test rig or an engine, requires the calculation of the flow in the ducts composing the system. Those ducts could be simulated assuming a one-dimensional (1D) approximation, and thus reducing the computational cost. In this frame of ideas, two CFD boundary conditions have been developed. The first one allows performing coupled 1D-3D simulations, communicating the flow variables from each domain through the boundary. The second boundary condition is based in a new formulation for a stand-alone anechoic end, which intends to represent the flow behavior of an infinite duct. Finally, the turbine was simulat
Fajardo Peña, P. (2012). Methodology for the Numerical Characterization of a Radial Turbine under Steady and Pulsating Flow [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/16878
Palancia

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Somers, Julia Marie. « Macroscopic Coupling Conditions with Partial Blocking for Highway Ramps ». Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2015. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/326572.

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Mathematics
M.S.
We consider the Lighthill-Whitman-Richards traffic model on a network consisting of a highway with an off ramp, connected by a junction. We compare the known coupling conditions for the evolution of traffic at the junction and suggest a novel improvement to the existing conditions. That is, we resolve the spurious effects that arise in standard models, namely clogging of the main highway and vehicle destination changes. We achieve this by tracking vehicle density buildup in the form of a queue, which is modeled by an ODE. We define the solution to the Riemann problem at the junction using the supply and demand functions. The numerical approximation is carried out using a modified Godunov scheme, adjusted to take into account the effects of an emptying queue. Exact and numerical comparisons of the model with existing models verify that the number of vehicles who wish to exit are preserved and the nonphysical clogging of the main highway does not occur.
Temple University--Theses

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Mikhaylenko, Maxim A. « Development and Application of the Boundary Singularity Method to the Problems of Hydrodynamic and Viscous Interaction ». University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1442423671.

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11

MARCELLINI, FRANCESCA. « Conservation laws in gas dynamics and traffic flow ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/7487.

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This PhD thesis is concerned with applications of nonlinear systems of conservation laws to gas dynamics and traffic flow modeling. The first part is devoted to the analytical description of a fluid flowing in a tube with varying cross section. We study the 2x2 model of the p-system and than, we extend the properties to the full 3x3 Euler system. We also consider a general nxn strictly hyperbolic system of balance laws; we study the Cauchy problem for this system and we apply this result to the fluid flow in a pipe wiyh varying section. Concerning traffic flow, we introduce a new macroscopic model, based on a non-smooth 2x2 system of conservation laws. We study the Riemann problem for this system and the qualitative properties of its solutions that are relevant from the point of view of traffic.

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Pra, Paolo Dai, Pierre-Yves Louis et Ida G. Minelli. « Complete monotone coupling for Markov processes ». Universität Potsdam, 2008. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1828/.

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We formalize and analyze the notions of monotonicity and complete monotonicity for Markov Chains in continuous-time, taking values in a finite partially ordered set. Similarly to what happens in discrete-time, the two notions are not equivalent. However, we show that there are partially ordered sets for which monotonicity and complete monotonicity coincide in continuoustime but not in discrete-time.

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Zhao, Tao. « Investigation of landslide-induced debris flows by the DEM and CFD ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:316cb3fc-dfc6-4e5a-bc0d-298e298c9c5b.

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In recent years, the increasing impacts of landslide hazards on human lives and lifeline facilities worldwide has advanced the necessity to find out both economically acceptable and useful techniques to predict the occurrence and destructive power of landslides. Though many projects exist to attain this goal, the current investigation set out to establish an understanding of the initiation and propagation mechanisms of landslides via numerical simulations, so that mitigation strategies to reduce the long-term losses from landslide hazards can be made. In this research, the Discrete Element Method (DEM) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) have been used to investigate the mechanical and hydraulic behaviour of granular materials involved in landslides. The main challenge is to provide rational analyses of large scale landslides via small scale numerical simulations. To solve this problem, dimensional analyses have been performed on a simple granular column collapse model. The influence of governing dimensionless groups on the debris runout distance and deposit height has been studied for the terrestrial and submerged granular flows. 3D DEM investigations of granular flows in plane strain conditions have been performed in this research. The input parameters of the DEM model have been calibrated by the numerical triaxial tests, based on which, the relationships between the microscopic variables and the macroscopic soil strength properties are analysed. Using the simple granular column collapse model, the influences of column aspect ratio, characteristic strain, model size ratio and material internal friction angle on the runout distance and deposit height of granular materials have been examined. Additionally, the deformation and energy evolution of dry granular materials are also discussed. The DEM-CFD coupling model has been employed to study the mechanical and hydraulic behaviour of highly mobilized terrestrial / submarine landslides. This model has been validated via numerical simulations of fluid flow through a porous soil sample and grain batch sedimentations. The simulations of granular flows in the submerged environment have led to some meaningful insights into the flow mechanisms, such as the mobilization of sediments, the generation and dissipation of excess pore water pressures and the evolution of effective stresses. Overall, this study shows that the proposed numerical tools are capable of modelling the mechanical and hydraulic behaviour of terrestrial and submarine landslides.

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Morotti, Stefano <1984&gt. « Computational Modeling of Cardiac Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Physiological and Pathological Conditions ». Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5427/1/morotti_stefano_tesi.pdf.

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The cardiomyocyte is a complex biological system where many mechanisms interact non-linearly to regulate the coupling between electrical excitation and mechanical contraction. For this reason, the development of mathematical models is fundamental in the field of cardiac electrophysiology, where the use of computational tools has become complementary to the classical experimentation. My doctoral research has been focusing on the development of such models for investigating the regulation of ventricular excitation-contraction coupling at the single cell level. In particular, the following researches are presented in this thesis: 1) Study of the unexpected deleterious effect of a Na channel blocker on a long QT syndrome type 3 patient. Experimental results were used to tune a Na current model that recapitulates the effect of the mutation and the treatment, in order to investigate how these influence the human action potential. Our research suggested that the analysis of the clinical phenotype is not sufficient for recommending drugs to patients carrying mutations with undefined electrophysiological properties. 2) Development of a model of L-type Ca channel inactivation in rabbit myocytes to faithfully reproduce the relative roles of voltage- and Ca-dependent inactivation. The model was applied to the analysis of Ca current inactivation kinetics during normal and abnormal repolarization, and predicts arrhythmogenic activity when inhibiting Ca-dependent inactivation, which is the predominant mechanism in physiological conditions. 3) Analysis of the arrhythmogenic consequences of the crosstalk between β-adrenergic and Ca-calmodulin dependent protein kinase signaling pathways. The descriptions of the two regulatory mechanisms, both enhanced in heart failure, were integrated into a novel murine action potential model to investigate how they concur to the development of cardiac arrhythmias. These studies show how mathematical modeling is suitable to provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying cardiac excitation-contraction coupling and arrhythmogenesis.
Il cardiomiocita è un sistema biologico complesso in cui molti meccanismi interagiscono non linearmente nel processo che accoppia l'eccitazione elettrica alla contrazione meccanica. Lo sviluppo di modelli matematici è quindi fondamentale nel settore dell'elettrofisiologia cardiaca, dove l'uso di strumenti computazionali è diventato complementare alla classica sperimentazione. La mia attività di ricerca si è concentrata sullo sviluppo di tali modelli allo scopo di investigare la regolazione dell'accoppiamento eccitazione-contrazione nella cellula ventricolare. In particolare, questa tesi presenta le seguenti attività: 1) Studio delle inaspettate deleterie conseguenze della somministrazione di un bloccante del canale sodio ad un paziente affetto da sindrome del QT lungo di tipo 3. I risultati sperimentali sono stati usati per riprodurre con un modello di corrente sodio gli effetti di mutazione e trattamento farmacologico, al fine di studiare come questi influenzino il potenziale d'azione umano. La nostra ricerca ha suggerito che l'analisi del fenotipo clinico non è sufficiente per somministrare un farmaco a pazienti che presentano mutazioni con indefinite proprietà elettrofisiologiche. 2) Sviluppo di un modello di inattivazione del canale calcio di tipo L nel cardiomiocita di coniglio allo scopo di riprodurre fedelmente i contributi di inattivazione voltaggio e calcio-dipendente. Il modello, applicato all'analisi delle cinetiche di tale corrente durante normale ed anormale ripolarizzazione, ha predetto lo sviluppo di attività aritmica in caso di inibizione del meccanismo calcio-dipendente, il cui effetto è predominante in condizioni fisiologiche. 3) Analisi delle conseguenze aritmogene dell'interazione tra le vie di segnalazione di stimolazione beta-adrenergica e proteina chinasi calcio-calmodulina dipendente. Le descrizioni dei due sistemi regolatori, entrambi aumentati in condizioni di insufficienza cardiaca, sono state integrate in un nuovo modello di potenziale d'azione murino, al fine di studiare come questi concorrono nell'insorgenza di aritmie. Questi studi mostrano come la modellistica matematica permetta di investigare i meccanismi che regolano l'accoppiamento eccitazione-contrazione e l'aritmogenesi.

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15

Morotti, Stefano <1984&gt. « Computational Modeling of Cardiac Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Physiological and Pathological Conditions ». Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5427/.

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The cardiomyocyte is a complex biological system where many mechanisms interact non-linearly to regulate the coupling between electrical excitation and mechanical contraction. For this reason, the development of mathematical models is fundamental in the field of cardiac electrophysiology, where the use of computational tools has become complementary to the classical experimentation. My doctoral research has been focusing on the development of such models for investigating the regulation of ventricular excitation-contraction coupling at the single cell level. In particular, the following researches are presented in this thesis: 1) Study of the unexpected deleterious effect of a Na channel blocker on a long QT syndrome type 3 patient. Experimental results were used to tune a Na current model that recapitulates the effect of the mutation and the treatment, in order to investigate how these influence the human action potential. Our research suggested that the analysis of the clinical phenotype is not sufficient for recommending drugs to patients carrying mutations with undefined electrophysiological properties. 2) Development of a model of L-type Ca channel inactivation in rabbit myocytes to faithfully reproduce the relative roles of voltage- and Ca-dependent inactivation. The model was applied to the analysis of Ca current inactivation kinetics during normal and abnormal repolarization, and predicts arrhythmogenic activity when inhibiting Ca-dependent inactivation, which is the predominant mechanism in physiological conditions. 3) Analysis of the arrhythmogenic consequences of the crosstalk between β-adrenergic and Ca-calmodulin dependent protein kinase signaling pathways. The descriptions of the two regulatory mechanisms, both enhanced in heart failure, were integrated into a novel murine action potential model to investigate how they concur to the development of cardiac arrhythmias. These studies show how mathematical modeling is suitable to provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying cardiac excitation-contraction coupling and arrhythmogenesis.
Il cardiomiocita è un sistema biologico complesso in cui molti meccanismi interagiscono non linearmente nel processo che accoppia l'eccitazione elettrica alla contrazione meccanica. Lo sviluppo di modelli matematici è quindi fondamentale nel settore dell'elettrofisiologia cardiaca, dove l'uso di strumenti computazionali è diventato complementare alla classica sperimentazione. La mia attività di ricerca si è concentrata sullo sviluppo di tali modelli allo scopo di investigare la regolazione dell'accoppiamento eccitazione-contrazione nella cellula ventricolare. In particolare, questa tesi presenta le seguenti attività: 1) Studio delle inaspettate deleterie conseguenze della somministrazione di un bloccante del canale sodio ad un paziente affetto da sindrome del QT lungo di tipo 3. I risultati sperimentali sono stati usati per riprodurre con un modello di corrente sodio gli effetti di mutazione e trattamento farmacologico, al fine di studiare come questi influenzino il potenziale d'azione umano. La nostra ricerca ha suggerito che l'analisi del fenotipo clinico non è sufficiente per somministrare un farmaco a pazienti che presentano mutazioni con indefinite proprietà elettrofisiologiche. 2) Sviluppo di un modello di inattivazione del canale calcio di tipo L nel cardiomiocita di coniglio allo scopo di riprodurre fedelmente i contributi di inattivazione voltaggio e calcio-dipendente. Il modello, applicato all'analisi delle cinetiche di tale corrente durante normale ed anormale ripolarizzazione, ha predetto lo sviluppo di attività aritmica in caso di inibizione del meccanismo calcio-dipendente, il cui effetto è predominante in condizioni fisiologiche. 3) Analisi delle conseguenze aritmogene dell'interazione tra le vie di segnalazione di stimolazione beta-adrenergica e proteina chinasi calcio-calmodulina dipendente. Le descrizioni dei due sistemi regolatori, entrambi aumentati in condizioni di insufficienza cardiaca, sono state integrate in un nuovo modello di potenziale d'azione murino, al fine di studiare come questi concorrono nell'insorgenza di aritmie. Questi studi mostrano come la modellistica matematica permetta di investigare i meccanismi che regolano l'accoppiamento eccitazione-contrazione e l'aritmogenesi.

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Bertolaccini, Jonathan. « Modélisation et simulation des écoulements de contre-courant de l'hélium superfluide par la méthode Boltzmann sur réseau ». Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSL1063/document.

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Les propriétés thermiques exceptionnelles de l’hélium superfluide, ou He-II, sont mises à profit pour la réfrigération cryogénique d'installations de forte puissance, bien que les mécanismes physiques sous-jacents restent mal compris. L’He-II peut être décrit à l’échelle macroscopique comme la superposition de deux fluides en interaction : un fluide normal se comportant comme un liquide ordinaire, et un superfluide sans viscosité. En présence d’une source de chaleur, un contre-courant s’établit naturellement entre ces deux composantes. L’évacuation de la chaleur par ce contre-courant est limitée par l’apparition d’instabilités dans des conditions mal comprises ; la grande dispersion des données expérimentales ne permettant pas de discriminer les différents modèles théoriques. Cette thèse examine à l’aide de simulations numériques le rôle des conditions aux bords et du couplage mutuel entre les deux composantes de l’He-II dans le déclenchement des instabilités de contre-courant.Une approche originale de type Boltzmann sur réseau a été développée pour modéliser à l’échelle mésoscopique l'interaction entre les deux composantes de l’He-II. Un code reproduisant les écoulements de contre-courant en conduite 2d et 3d a été développé et validé. Les résultats obtenus indiquent des effets d’entrée de conduite amplifiés pour la composante superfluide, qui engendrent des pertes de charge anormalement élevées. Le mécanisme responsable de ces effets d’entrée a été étudié et il est montré qu'il peut fausser la détection du seuil de transition dans des conduites trop courtes ; ceci peut expliquer en partie la dispersion des données expérimentales.Pour illustrer la puissance de l'approche dans une géométrie complexe, le sillage d'un obstacle dans un écoulement de contre-courant a été simulé. La présence de zones de recirculation des deux côtés de l’obstacle, déjà observée expérimentalement, est retrouvée et expliquée par un mécanisme original de parois virtuelles
The exceptional thermal properties of superfluid helium, or He-II, are exploited to the cryogenic refrigeration of high power installations, although the underlying physical mechanisms remain poorly understood. The He-II can be described macroscopically as the superposition of two fluids in interaction: a normal fluid behaves as an ordinary liquid, and a superfluid without viscosity. In the presence of a heat source, a counterflow established between these two components. The heat dissipation by this counterflow is limited by the occurrence of instabilities in misunderstood condition; the wide dispersion of experimental data does not allow to discriminate between the different theoretical models. This thesis examines using numerical simulations the role of boundary conditions and the mutual coupling between the two components of the He-II in triggering instabilities in counterflow.An innovative lattice Boltzmann type approach was developed to model the mesoscopic scale interaction between the two components of the He-II. A code reproducing counterflow in 2D and 3D conducts has been developed and validated. The results obtained indicate amplified entrance effects for superfluid component, which generate abnormally high pressure drops. The head of these entrance effects mechanism has been studied and it is shown that it can distort the detection of the transition threshold in too short pipes; This may partly explain the dispersion of experimental data.To illustrate the power of the approach in a complex geometry, the wake of an obstacle in a counterflow was simulated. The presence of recirculation areas on both sides of the obstacle, already observed experimentally, is found and explained by a new mechanism using "virtual walls"

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Wieters, Evie A. « Benthic-pelagic coupling : rocky intertidal communities and nearshore oceanographic conditions across multiple scales ». Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6115.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-148).
In Chapter 1, I characterize geographic patterns in rocky intertidal communities across 6° of latitude along the west coast of South Africa and examine the spatial structure of functional group biomass in relation to wave action and upwelling intensity. Despite between-habitat differences in biomass, most functional groups showed similar regional trends in exposed and sheltered habitats, but weaker non-significant between-habitat associations were observed when considering differences due to site. Divese geographic trends were observed, with only specialized kelp-trapping limpets showing a smoothly decreasing trend with latitide. Abrupt changes in the abundance of several species were observed at about 32° or near 34.5° S. Correlations between functional groups were strongest in the low (exposed) and mid (sheltered) shores, and supported the possibility that species interactions, particularly (1) competitive dominance by filter feeders and gardening limpets and (2) habitat facilitation by filter feeders partially account for local differences in functional-group abundances. Nearshore oceanographic conditions were characterized using satellite-measured sea surface temperature (SST), verification by in situ loggers, and analysis of Offshore Ekman Transport (OET) indices. A clear discontinuity at about 32° S partitioned the coast into a northern region characterized by consistenly strong and spatially homogenous upwelling, and a southern region distinguished by significant mesoscale variation in seasonal upwelling intensity among sites, with clear upwelling centers alternating with "downstream" areas only weakly influenced by upwelling. Functional group relationships with SST differed between north and south regions. Local abundances were generally more variable in the south, where greater biomass of ephemeral and corticated macroalgae, as well specialized gardening and kelp-trapping limpets, were associated with upwelling centers. In contrast, high-shore filter-feeder and predator biomasses were significantly greater at downstream sites. These results suggest that oceanographic discontinuities around 32° S may frame community dynamics and that upwelling intensity influences community structure and generates regular spatial differences in interaction webs along the South West Cape. This study represents the critical first step to identifying spatial scales at which processes regulate communities, and provides a series of testable hypotheses that can be evaluated by experimental comparative approaches.

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Ramli, Mohd Shamir. « Investigation of circuit breaker switching transients for shunt reactors and shunt capacitors ». Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2008. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/17822/1/Mohd_Shamir_Ramli_Thesis.pdf.

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Switching of shunt reactors and capacitor banks is known to cause a very high rate of rise of transient recovery voltage across the circuit breaker contacts. With improvements in circuit breaker technology, modern SF6 puffer circuits have been designed with less interrupter per pole than previous generations of SF6 circuit breakers. This has caused modern circuit breakers to operate with higher voltage stress in the dielectric recovery region after current interruption. Catastrophic failures of modern SF6 circuit breakers have been reported during shunt reactor and capacitor bank de-energisation. In those cases, evidence of cumulative re-strikes has been found to be the main cause of interrupter failure. Monitoring of voltage waveforms during switching would provide information about the magnitude and frequency of small re-ignitions and re-strikes. However, measuring waveforms at a moderately high frequency require plant outages to connect equipment. In recent years, there have been increasing interests in using RF measurements in condition monitoring of switchgear. The RF measurement technique used for measuring circuit breaker inter-pole switching time during capacitor bank closing is of particular interest. In this thesis, research has been carried out to investigate switching transients produced during circuit breaker switching capacitor banks and shunt reactors using a non-intrusive measurement technique. The proposed technique measures the high frequency and low frequency voltage waveforms during switching operations without the need of an outage. The principles of this measurement technique are discussed and field measurements were carried out at shunt rector and capacitor bank installation in two 275 kV air insulated substations. Results of the measurements are presented and discussed in this thesis. The proposed technique shows that it is relatively easy to monitor circuit breaker switching transients and useful information on switching instances can be extracted from the measured waveforms. Further research works are discussed to realise the full potential of the measuring technique.

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Ramli, Mohd Shamir. « Investigation of circuit breaker switching transients for shunt reactors and shunt capacitors ». Queensland University of Technology, 2008. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/17822/.

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Switching of shunt reactors and capacitor banks is known to cause a very high rate of rise of transient recovery voltage across the circuit breaker contacts. With improvements in circuit breaker technology, modern SF6 puffer circuits have been designed with less interrupter per pole than previous generations of SF6 circuit breakers. This has caused modern circuit breakers to operate with higher voltage stress in the dielectric recovery region after current interruption. Catastrophic failures of modern SF6 circuit breakers have been reported during shunt reactor and capacitor bank de-energisation. In those cases, evidence of cumulative re-strikes has been found to be the main cause of interrupter failure. Monitoring of voltage waveforms during switching would provide information about the magnitude and frequency of small re-ignitions and re-strikes. However, measuring waveforms at a moderately high frequency require plant outages to connect equipment. In recent years, there have been increasing interests in using RF measurements in condition monitoring of switchgear. The RF measurement technique used for measuring circuit breaker inter-pole switching time during capacitor bank closing is of particular interest. In this thesis, research has been carried out to investigate switching transients produced during circuit breaker switching capacitor banks and shunt reactors using a non-intrusive measurement technique. The proposed technique measures the high frequency and low frequency voltage waveforms during switching operations without the need of an outage. The principles of this measurement technique are discussed and field measurements were carried out at shunt rector and capacitor bank installation in two 275 kV air insulated substations. Results of the measurements are presented and discussed in this thesis. The proposed technique shows that it is relatively easy to monitor circuit breaker switching transients and useful information on switching instances can be extracted from the measured waveforms. Further research works are discussed to realise the full potential of the measuring technique.

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Rees, Emma. « The effects of obesity and pre-diabetic conditions on ventricular-arterial coupling in women ». Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/96375/.

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Obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and women with diabetes have a higher relative-risk of cardiovascular mortality than men. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common condition that is associated with obesity and confers a particularly high risk of diabetes. There is a need to identify cardiovascular dysfunction in the pre-diabetic stage because, once diabetes is evident, it is difficult to improve the prognosis. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and diastolic dysfunction are well-established consequences of obesity, but the mechanisms which underpin these findings are not well-defined. Measurements of ventricular-arterial coupling characterise the load which the ventricle must overcome to eject blood. This thesis investigated whether quantitative measures of ventricular-arterial coupling could explain the development of LVH and diastolic dysfunction in young women at risk of diabetes. Two methods of quantifying ventricular-arterial coupling were used (i) a comparison of arterial and ventricular end-systolic elastance, and (ii) the amplitude and timing of wave reflections in the carotid artery using wave intensity. Increases in elastance were associated with general and central obesity. In contrast, increased wave reflections were predominantly associated with fat around the organs and with worse metabolic health. Arterial elastance and wave reflections were independent contributors of left ventricular mass but did not independently contribute to diastolic function. Women with PCOS had similar cardiovascular risk, elastance and diastolic function to matched controls. However, they had a lower odds-ratio of LVH which appeared to be explained by lower amplitude wave reflections. There may be an aspect of PCOS which mitigates the effects of obesity and pre-diabetic states on the pulsatile loading of the left ventricle. The quantification of ventricular-arterial coupling provides new insights to the effects of obesity and pre-diabetic states on sub-clinical cardiovascular disease.

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Bernales, Jorge [Verfasser]. « Coupling between the Antarctic ice flow, subglacial regimes and regional climate conditions / Jorge Bernales ». Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1150238135/34.

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Trabelsi, Brahim. « Simulation numérique de l’écoulement et mélange granulaires par des éléments discrets ellipsoïdaux ». Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2013. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/9300/1/trabelsi.pdf.

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Les matériaux granulaires sont omniprésents, ils se trouvent aussi bien dans la nature que dans quelques applications industrielles. Parmi les applications industrielles utilisant les matériaux granulaires, on cite le mélange des poudres dans les industries agro-alimentaires, chimiques, métallurgiques et pharmaceutiques. La caractérisation et l'étude du comportement de ces matériaux sont nécessaires pour la compréhension de plusieurs phénomènes naturels comme le mouvement des dunes et les avalanches de neige, et de processus industriels tel que l'écoulement et le mélange des grains dans un mélangeur. Le comportement varié des matériaux granulaires les rend inclassables parmi les trois états de la matière : solide, liquide et gazeux. Ceci a fait dire qu'il s'agit d'un ``quatrième état'' de la matière, situé entre solide et liquide. L'objectif de ce travail est de concevoir et de mettre en oeuvre des méthodes efficaces d'éléments discrets pour la simulation et l'analyse des processus de mélange et de ségrégation des particules ellipsoïdales dans des mélangeurs culbutants industriels tels que le mélangeur à cerceaux. Dans la DEM l'étape la plus critique en terme de temps CPU est celle de la détection et de résolution de contact. Donc pour que la DEM soit efficace il faut optimiser cette étape. On se propose de combiner le modèle du potentiel géométrique et la condition algébrique de contact entre deux ellipsoïdes proposée par Wang et al., pour l'élaboration d'un algorithme efficace de détection de contact externe entre particules ellipsoïdales. Puis de de prouver un résultat théorique et d'élaborer un algorithme pour le contact interne. D'autre part, le couplage DEM-chaîne de Markov permet de diminuer très sensiblement le temps de simulation en déterminant la matrice de transition à partir d'une simulation à courte durée puis en calculant l'état du système à l'aide du modèle de chaîne de Markov. En effet, en utilisant la théorie des matrices strictement positives et en se basant sur le théorème de Perron-Frobenius on peut approximer le nombre de transitions nécessaires pour la convergence vers un état donné.

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Scudeler, Carlotta. « Numerical modeling of flow and solute transport phenomena in subsurface and coupled surface-subsurface hydrology ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3421912.

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The overall aim of the work described in this thesis is to bring a number of contributions to hydrology and hydrological modeling in the framework of a specific physically-based numerical model for integrated surface subsurface and flow-transport processes, the CATchment-HYdrology Flow-Transport (CATHY_FT) model. These contributions revolve around three main themes: the enhancement of the numerical performance of hydrological models for flow and transport phenomena, the improvement of our current understanding of complex boundary conditions in order to reduce the errors associated with their modeling, and the testing and benchmarking of distributed physically-based models for groundwater flow and transport processes. The work to achieve the general objective is elaborated into four stages. First, the Larson-Niklasson post-processing algorithm is implemented in CATHY_FT to reconstruct mass-conservative velocities from a linear, or P1, Galerkin solution of Richards' equation. This is done to improve the accuracy and mass balance properties of the companion advective transport model (finite volume-based), which rely on accurate velocity fields as input. Through a comparison between the results from the reconstructed velocities and the P1 Galerkin velocities, it is shown that a locally mass-conservative velocity field is necessary to obtain accurate transport results. Second, a detailed and novel analysis of the behavior of seepage face boundaries is performed with the flow model of CATHY_FT. The numerical simulations examine the model's performance under complex conditions such as heterogeneity and coupled surface/subsurface flow. It is shown that the overall numerical solution can be greatly affected by the way seepage face boundaries are handled in hydrological models and that careful considerations are required when using simple approximations, in the presence of heterogeneous slopes, and for seepage faces forming on a portion of the land surface. Third, CATHY_FT is implemented and run at the Landscape Evolution Observatory of the Biosphere 2 facility, Arizona. A detailed modeling analysis is performed of the experimental data collected during an isotope tracer experiment and from an intensively-measured hillslope, including quantity and quality of groundwater discharge and point-scale flow and transport data. This flow and tracer data is used to incrementally explore complex phenomena and associated hypotheses (e.g., heterogeneity, fractionation, and dispersion), progressing from flow to transport and from integrated to point-scale response analysis. This incremental approach highlights the challenges in testing and validating the new generation of integrated hydrological models when considering many types and levels of observation data. Finally, a concluding analysis is performed that relates to all three themes of the thesis, describing some of the features of the CATHY_FT model, discussing key issues associated to its further development, and testing its physical and numerical behavior for both real and synthetic scenarios. This final stage of the thesis addresses the myriad challenges faced in accurately and efficiently resolving the difficult behavior of the advection-dispersion equation for subsurface solute transport, in properly handling the complex boundary conditions for solute interactions across the land surface, and generally in capturing process interactions and feedbacks between flow and transport phenomena in surface and subsurface environments.
Lo scopo di questa tesi e' fornire dei contributi all'idrologia e alla modellazione idrologica nell'ambito di un modello numerico specifico, il modello CATchment HYdrology Flow-Transport (CATHY_FT), utilizzato per simulare processi integrati di superficie e sotterranei e di flusso e trasporto. Questi contributi riguardano tre temi principali: il miglioramento del comportamento numerico di modelli idrologici che simulano fenomeni di flusso e trasporto, l'approfondimento di condizioni al contorno complesse con l'obbiettivo di ridurre gli errori relativi alla loro modellazione e il test e l'analisi comparativa di modelli a base fisica utilizzati per simulare processi di flusso e trasporto sotterranei. Il lavoro per raggiungere l'obbiettivo generale viene diviso in quattro step. Nel primo step l'algoritmo di Larson-Niklasson e' implementato in CATHY_FT per ricostruire velocita' conservatrici della massa a partire da una soluzione lineare (o P1) di Galerkin dell'equazione di Richards, in modo da permettere al modello di trasporto avvettivo (basato sui volumi finiti) di conservare la massa, cosa che dipende strettamente dall'accuratezza del campo di velocita' che questo utilizza. Confrontando i risultati ottenuti con le velocita' derivanti dalla soluzione P1 di Galerkin e quelle ricostruite, viene mostrato che un campo di velocita' localmente conservativo e' necessario per ottenere risultati accurati con il trasporto. Nella seconda fase viene effettuata un'analisi dettagliata del comportamento delle condizioni ai limiti nella zona del fronte di infiltrazione con il modello di flusso di CATHY_FT. Le simulazioni numeriche esaminano il comportamento del modello in condizioni complesse come quelle di eterogeneita' e di flusso di superficie e sotterraneo accoppiato. Viene dimostrato che la soluzione numerica puo' essere fortemente influenzata dal modo in cui la zona di infiltrazione viene trattata nei modelli idrologici e che considerazioni accurate sono sempre necessarie quando si usano approssimazioni, in presenza di versanti eterogenei e per le zone di infiltrazione che si formano nella superficie terrestre. Come terzo step, CATHY_FT viene testato al Landscape Evolution Observatory del Biosphere 2 in Arizona. Viene eseguita un'analisi dettagliata di dati sperimentati raccolti durante un esperimento di tracciante isotopico e da un versante artificiale intensivamente controllato. Le informazioni comprendono la qualita' e la quantita' della portata sotterranea e dati puntuali di flusso e trasporto. Questi dati di flusso e tracciante sono utilizati per esplorare fenomeni complessi e le ipotesi associate (e.g., eterogeneita', frazionamento e dispersione), procedendo dalla risposta di flusso a quella di trasporto e dalla risposta integrata a quella puntuale. Questo approccio incrementale evidenzia le sfide legate alla validazione della nuova generazione di modelli idrologici integrati quando si guarda a diversi tipi e livelli di dati osservati. Infine, viene eseguita un'analisi conclusiva che si lega a tutti e tre i temi della tesi, descrivendo alcune caratteristiche del modello CATHY_FT, discutendo problemi chiave legati al suo sviluppo futuro e testando il suo compertamento fisico e numerico sia per scenari sintetici che reali. Questo step finale della tesi affronta la miriade di sfide legate alla risoluzione accurata ed efficace del comportamento difficile dell'equazione di avezione-dispersione per processi di trasporto di soluto sotterraneo, alla risoluzione appropriata delle condizioni ai limiti complesse per rappresentare le interazioni di soluto attraverso la superficie terrestre e, in generale, alla rappresentazione delle interazioni tra i fenomeni di flusso e trasporto nell'ambiente superficiale e sotterraneo.

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Medeiros, Ana Cecilia de Andrade Pinho. « Etude expérimentale de la formation des biofilms sous conditions hydrodynamiques contrôlées ». Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAI011/document.

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En milieu aquatique, 90% des microorganismes se présentent sous forme de biofilm plutôt que dans un état planctonique. Les biofilms peuvent se former sur la plupart des surfaces humides, en particulier, les milieux poreux en raison de leur grande surface spécifique. La formation du biofilm dans les milieux poreux représente un domaine précieux pour la recherche scientifique en raison de sa pertinence pour de nombreux processus industriels, telles que le traitement des eaux, la bio-médiation des sols, la récupération du pétrole et le stockage du CO2. Cependant, le développement du biofilm n’est pas simplement une agrégation passive de cellules, il implique des interactions biologiques, physiques et chimiques avec le microenvironnement. Les études macroscopiques ont démontré que les conditions hydrodynamiques dans les milieux poreux jouent un rôle décisif sur la dynamique d'accumulation des biofilms, ce qui influence à son tour les propriétés hydrodynamiques comme la porosité, la perméabilité et la chute de pression. Dans cette thèse nous avons mis au point une méthodologie et un dispositif expérimental permettant la caractérisation de la structure d’un biofilm.A partir de cette procédure, une étude expérimentale sur l’influence de l’écoulement sur la formation et la structure des biofilms a été effectuée sur une souche bactérienne Pseudomonas putida. Les biofilms sont développés dans des micros cellules d’écoulement de type Hèle-Shaw (en PDMS ou PMMA) et alimentés en continue avec un milieu nutritif. La caractérisation de la colonisation avant croissance du biofilm a été également réalisée afin de pouvoir caractériser la variabilité statistique et la reproductibilité des expériences. La formation du biofilm sur un support solide dans un écoulement cisaillé a été évaluée après 24h, 48h et 72h de développement pour deux conditions hydrodynamiques, Re=0.04 (0.0021 Pa) et Re=2 (0.094 Pa). Les observations ont été effectuées sous microscope confocal à l’aide de marqueurs fluorescents. Des images 2D sont prises en différentes positions puis sont utilisées pour effectuer une reconstruction 3D du biofilm avec l’évaluation la distribution spatiale sur une zone de 12*12mm². Nous avons ensuite mis en évidence que les biofilms formés sont peu sensibles aux conditions de colonisation initiales. Nous avons également observé une stratification du biofilm selon la hauteur. La couche interne présente une faible épaisseur (5~10 µm) mais avec une structure dense, tant dis que la couche externe présente plutôt une structure filamenteuse. Le rapport des fractions volumiques entre ces deux couches peut varier de 3 jusqu’à 12, selon le temps de formation. Cet écart est autant plus important pour le cas de faible cisaillement que celui de fort cisaillement. Ceci montre que la partie supérieure du biofilm semble être contrôlée par les conditions hydrodynamiques. En analysant la distribution spatiale du biofilm, nous avons constaté une forte hétérogénéité après 48h de développement présente dans la structure, ainsi qu’une diminution de la fraction volumique de la biomasse après 72h, pour les deux conditions hydrodynamiques imposées. Ceci évoque de probables détachements ou des érosions du biofilm. A propos de la cinétique de croissance, on constate un taux de croissance apparent différents pour chaque temps d’observation. Ces valeurs sont largement inférieures aux taux de croissance observé en culture libre. Ce résultat indique également un possible effet de l’hydrodynamique sur la croissance du biofilm. Cette étude nous permet, à partir des mesures à l’échelle microscopique, d’obtenir des informations sur la structure et le taux de croissance apparent du biofilm, ainsi que l’effet de l’hydrodynamique sur ses propriétés à l’échelle de quelques pores. Ce changement d’échelle, permettra à terme de développer des outils pour simuler et/ou modéliser l’évolution de la morphologie et la distribution spatiale d’un biofilm dans un milieu poreux
In the aquatic environment, 90% of microorganisms are present as a biofilm rather than free-swimming cells. Biofilms may develop on most of humid surfaces, in particular, in porous media for their high specific surface area. Biofilm formation in porous media is very interesting subject for many scientific researchers, because of its relevance to many industrial processes such as water treatment, soil bio- mediation, oil recovery and CO2 storage. However, the development of the biofilm is not just a passive aggregation of bacteria cells. It involves biological, physical and chemical interactions with the bacteria’s micro-environment. Several studies in macroscopic scale have shown that hydrodynamic conditions in porous media play an essential role on the dynamics of biofilm growth, which in turn affects hydrodynamic properties of porous media such as porosity, permeability and pressure drop. In this thesis we have developed an experimental device and an appropriate methodology for the characterization of biofilm’s structure. An experimental study on the influence of fluid flow on the formation and structure of biofilms was performed using a bacterial strain Pseudomonas putida. Biofilms were grown in micro Hele-Shaw flow cell (in PDMS or PMMA) under laminar flows (Re=0.04~2) and fed continuously with a nutrient medium. Characterization of initial colonization was also carried out in order to examine the statistical variability and reproducibility of experiments. Biofilm formation on a solid support under a sheared flow (Re=0.04 (0.0021 Pa) and Re = 2 (0.094 Pa)) was evaluated after 24, 48 and 72h of development. Observations were made under a confocal laser scanning microscopes using fluorescent tag. 2D images were taken at different positions in the flow cell and used to perform a 3D reconstruction of biofilm’s structure and an evaluation of its spatial distribution for an observation area of 12 *12mm². The results show that biofilms formation is not sensitive to initial colonization. A stratification of biofilm was also observed. The inner layer has a thin thickness (5~10 µm), but with a dense structure, while the outer layer show rather a filamentous structure. The ratio of volume fractions between these two layers varies from 3 to 12, depending on the formation time. This difference is more important in the case of low shear stress than that of high shear stress, which means that the upper part of the biofilm seems to be controlled by the hydrodynamic conditions. By analyzing the spatial distribution of the biomass, we found that after 48h, the biofilm present a significant heterogeneity and the volume fraction of biomass decreases after 72h for both two hydrodynamic conditions, which suggests probable detachments or erosions of biofilm. Concerning the growth kinetics, different apparent growth rates were observed for each observation time. These values are significantly below the growth rates observed in free culture medium. This result also indicates a possible effect of hydrodynamics on the growth of biofilm. This experimental study of biofilm formation in micro-scale allowed us to obtain the information on the biofilm structural and its apparent growth rate, as well as the hydrodynamic effect on its properties across several pores of the porous media. This scaling up makes it’s possible to develop eventually mathematical models to simulate the evolution biofilm’s morphology and its spatial distribution in the porous medium

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Peiris, Gallage Sunari. « Pd and Pd based alloy nanoparticles as visible light photocatalysts for coupling reactions under ambient conditions ». Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/113715/1/Gallage%20Sunari_Peiris_Thesis.pdf.

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This PhD thesis presents an investigation on the development of novel metal nanoparticle (NP) photocatalysts including non-plasmonic NPs and their alloy NPs for several important organic synthesis reactions. This study has provided solid information and advances in new materials design, synthesis and application for photocatalysis. The findings of this study demonstrate the use of visible light or sunlight to drive chemical reactions, which is an important aspect in the view of a sustainable and green chemistry.

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Castro, Nicholas D. « Numerical Modeling of Synthetic Jets in Quiescent Air with Moving Boundary Conditions ». VCU Scholars Compass, 2005. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1466.

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Flow control is a key factor in optimizing the performance of any vehicle moving through fluids. Particularly, in aerodynamics there are many potential benefits for implementing synthetic jets to achieve aircraft designs with less moving parts, uper- maneuverability, and separation control for fuel economy. Piezoelectric synthetic jets are of special interest because of their lightweight and low power consumption. Numerous publications on such jets are available. Actuator properties and boundary conditions relevant to this particular application however are often overlooked. The focus of this project is to numerically model synthetic jets in quiescent air to study the influence of cavity geometry and boundary conditions of the piezoelectric diaphragm on jet velocity. Numerical simulation is performed for two synthetic jet cavities of different height and orifice diameter. The numerical modeling utilizes a turbulent RNG κ ε model and a moving boundary condition with two oscillating deflection profiles, parabolic and logarithmic, applied to the diaphragm. The actuators modeled are typical Bimorph and Thunder piezoelectric actuators. The initial conditions for the actuators are obtained experimentally resulting in 0.396mm and 0.07mm respectively when driven with a sinusoidal wave input at 1524 V/m and 4064 V/m. Although the velocity boundary numerical model gave overall better results than the current moving-boundary numerical model, the moving-boundary model is more accurate since it better approximates the movement of the diaphragm. From an optimizing viewpoint the moving boundary is more suitable to attempt to optimize the design because displacement magnitude of the diaphragm can be measured directly from experiments. For the higher displacement Bimorph actuator, a logarithmic profile matches the experimental results, whereas the parabolic profile provided better results for the relatively small displacement Thunder actuator. It is thus hypothesized that both tested actuators, Bimorph and Thunder, oscillate according to the specified logarithmic and parabolic profile respectively. Cavity height was briefly investigated for the Bimorph actuator. Results show that cavity height did not make a difference in the centerline velocity for the numerical model. The model fails to consider the important effect of the dynamic coupling of the actuator displacement and the pressure that develops inside the cavity. The pressure values obtained are comparable to the theoretical blocking pressure for the Bimorph in the cavity. The results of this study show that jet formation and development has unique characteristics for each actuator and cavity configuration. The smaller orifice cavity configuration produced a faster, longer, thinner jet with larger vortices than the bigger orifice. During max expulsion, t = 0.25T, and max ingestion, t = 0.75T, a low-pressure area localized at the corners of the orifice, inlet and exit respectively, were observed. All cavity configurations passed all three known jet formation criterions that include, Lo/Do>1, Re > 50, and Re/S2 > 0.16.

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Jernberg, Torgny. « Leaching of Lead and Other Heavy Metals from Brass Couplings under Different Hydrochemical Conditions ». Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-50931.

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Brass couplings are used in most piping systems for tap water. The alloy contain a variety of metal composition, amongst these metals lead is included. Lead is a toxic metal that can leach from brass when it is in contact with aqueous solutions. There are several physical and chemical conditions that affect the leaching of lead. Stagnation time, material composition and water quality are some of these conditions. The aim of this project is to generate a dataset that can be used for evaluation of the leaching of heavy metals from brass couplings during different hydrochemical conditions. By exposing brass couplings to synthetic waters various properties, analyse the results and comparing these to limits set by approval procedures it is possible to obtain a prediction on how the brass couplings might leach lead when installed in tap water systems. Results shows that at least one of the brass couplings included in this test could be unfit for usage in drinking water system installations.

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Emadi, Majid. « Flame structure and thermo-acoustic coupling for the low swirl burner for elevated pressure and syngas conditions ». Diss., University of Iowa, 2012. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/4968.

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Reduction of the pollutant emissions is a challenge for the gas turbine industry. A solution to this problem is to employ the low swirl burner which can operate at lower equivalence ratios than a conventional swirl burner. However, flames in the lean regime of combustion are susceptible to flow perturbations and combustion instability. Combustion instability is the coupling between unsteady heat release and combustor acoustic modes where one amplifies the other in a feedback loop. The other method for significantly reducing NOx and CO2 is increasing fuel reactivity, typically done through the addition of hydrogen. This helps to improve the flammability limit and also reduces the pollutants in products by decreasing thermal NOx and reducing CO2 by displacing carbon. In this work, the flammability limits of a low swirl burner at various operating conditions, is studied and the effect of pressure, bulk velocity, burner shape and percent of hydrogen (added to the fuel) is investigated. Also, the flame structure for these test conditions is measured using OH planar laser induced fluorescence and assessed. Also, the OH PLIF data is used to calculate Rayleigh index maps and to construct averaged OH PLIF intensity fields at different acoustic excitation frequencies (45-155, and 195Hz). Based on the Rayleigh index maps, two different modes of coupling between the heat release and the pressure fluctuation were observed: the first mode, which occurs at 44Hz and 55Hz, shows coupling to the flame base (due to the bulk velocity) while the second mode shows coupling to the sides of the flame. In the first mode, the flame becomes wider and the flame base moves with the acoustic frequency. In the second mode, imposed pressure oscillations induce vortex shedding in the flame shear layer. These vortices distort the flame front and generate locally compact and sparse flame areas. The local flame structure resulting from these two distinct modes was markedly different.

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Fogliano, Francesco. « Ultrasensitive nanowire force sensors in extreme conditions : from dilution temperature to ultra-strong coupling in cavity nano-optomechanics ». Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAY070.

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Les progrès récents réalisés dans le domaine des systèmes nano-optomécaniques ont démontré leur potentiel pour détecter des forces extrêmement faibles et ouvrir de nouveaux champs d’étude en physique. Ce travail de thèse vise à étendre le champ d’application des mesures de force ultrasensibles basées sur la lecture optique des vibrations de nanofils suspendus à de nouveaux domaines : d’abord à très basse température, en démontrant la possibilité de les exploiter dans un cryostat à dilution, ensuite dans le domaine de la nano-optomécanique en cavité où leur extrême sensibilité permet d’atteindre le régime de couplage ultra-fort.Leur mise en œuvre dans un cryostat à dilution permet en effet de réduire leur bruit thermique tout en bénéficiant d’une augmentation de leur cohérence mécanique mais nécessite de réduire drastiquement les sources de bruits externes, d’origine électrique ou mécanique, tout en opérant à des puissances optiques extrêmement faibles afin de limiter le chauffage par absorption. Nous présentons les développements réalisés, qui nous ont permis d’observer un nanofil présentant une température de bruit de 32 mK grâce à des techniques de mesures fonctionnant en régime de comptage de photon, lorsque moins d’un photon est détecté par période mécanique. Nous étudions les propriétés mécaniques et thermique de ces sondes de force à très basses températures, qui ont permis d’atteindre une sensibilité record pour une sonde locale, de l’ordre de quelques dizaines de zN/Hz^1/2, ce qui est en principe suffisante pour détecteur l’interaction électron-électron à une distance de plus de 100 µm.Dans la seconde partie du manuscrit, on décrit une nouvelle expérience de nano-optomécanique en cavité fonctionnant à température ambiante. Elle consiste à insérer l’extrémité vibrante d’un nanofil suspendu dans une micro-cavité fibrée de grande finesse. La combinaison de son volume de mode très réduit, de la très grande sensibilité en force des nanofils et de l’interaction optomécanique gigantesque obtenue rend cette approche extrêmement intéressante pour la nano-optomécanique en cavité. En effet, on démontre qu’il est possible d’atteindre le régime de couplage ultrafort, dans lequel un seul photon intra-cavité est capable de déplacer le nano-résonateur de plus que ses fluctuations de point zéro. Ceci nécessite d’avoir une constante de couplage par photon g0 dépassant la fréquence mécanique du nanofil Wm. Après avoir décrit l’expérience, on étudie comment le nanofil permet d’imager le champ lumineux intra-cavité en cartographiant ses propriétés optiques en fonction de la position du nanofil de diamètre sub-longueur d’onde dans l’onde stationnaire. Cela permet de quantifier et de cartographier l’intensité et l’orientation de l’interaction optomécanique qui acquiert alors un caractère vectoriel. De plus nous avons étudié l’interaction en sens inverse, en cartographiant le champ de force intra-cavité ressenti par le nanofil en fonction de sa position dans le mode de cavité et comparé nos résultats à des simulations numériques.La mise en œuvre de cette approche optomécanique dite du «nanofil au milieu» à très basse température devrait permettre de réduire suffisamment le bruit thermique des nanofils pour explorer l’optomécanique en cavité au photon unique. Dans ce régime, un seul photon intra-cavité est capable de rendre le système bistable statiquement, ce qui ouvre la voie à des développements nouveaux en optique quantique, ne serait que parce que les théories de champ moyen ne sont alors plus pertinentes
In recent years nano-optomechanical systems have proven to be a powerful resource to detect ultra-weak forces, thus providing new insights on fundamental interactions. In this work we extend the experimental range of ultrasensitive force measurements based on optically readout vibrations of suspended silicon carbide nanowires to novel experimental regimes: first through operations at dilution temperatures, second in the ultrastrong coupling regime of cavity nano-optomechanics.Operating those force sensors at dilution temperatures permits to reduce their thermal noise and further benefit from an increased mechanical coherence. However this requires eliminating the sources of unwanted vibrations, such as electrical or mechanical noises, and operating at ultralow optical powers to avoid unwanted laser heating. We expose the experimental developments that lead us to observe a nanowire featuring a noise temperature measured at the 32mK level, while exploiting novel optical readout schemes operating in the photon counting regime, where less than a photon is detected per mechanical period. We discuss their mechanical and thermal properties at low temperatures and report on enhanced force sensitivities of a few tens of zN/Hz^1/2, which are sufficient in principle to detect the electron-electron Coulomb interaction over distances larger than 100 µm.In the second part of the manuscript, we describe a novel cavity nano-optomechanical experiment at room temperature that consists in inserting the vibrating extremity of a suspended nanowire with sub-wavelength sized diameter, in a high finesse fiber micro-cavity. The combination of its small mode volume, of the extreme force sensitivity of the nanowires and of the large optomechanical interaction strength demonstrated makes the system very interesting for further explorations of the field of cavity nano-optomechanics. In particular we demonstrate that one can reach the so-called ultrastrong coupling regime, where one single intracavity photon can displace the oscillator by more than its zero point fluctuations. This is achieved when the single photon coupling strength g0 exceeds the mechanical frequency Wm. After having described the experimental platform, we investigate how the nanowire perturbs the intracavity field by mapping the cavity properties as a function of the nanowire position within the standing wave. This permits to quantify and spatially map the optomechanical interaction strength, which acquires a vectorial character. Furthermore we explored the interaction in the reversed direction by mapping the intracavity optical force field experienced by the nanowire and compared our results with dedicated numerical simulations.Implementing this nanowire in the middle optomechanical scheme at low temperatures will permit, by significantly reducing the nanowire thermal noise, to explore the regime of single photon cavity nano-optomechanics. In this regime, particularly interesting for fundamental quantum optics, one single intracavity photon should render the cavity statically bistable and mean field descriptions should not be relevant anymore

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Lotz, Ethan M. « Designing Biomimetic Implant Surfaces to Promote Osseointegration under Osteoporotic Conditions by Revitalizing Mechanisms Coupling Bone Resorption to Formation ». VCU Scholars Compass, 2019. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5908.

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In cases of compromised bone remodeling like osteoporosis, insufficient osseointegration occurs and results in implant failure. Implant retention relies on proper secondary fixation, which is developed during bone remodeling. This process is disrupted in metastatic bone diseases like osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is characterized low bone mass and bone strength resulting from either accelerated osteoclast-mediated bone resorption or impaired osteoblast-mediated bone formation. These two processes are not independent phenomena. In fact, osteoporosis can be viewed as a breakdown of the cellular communication connecting bone resorption to bone formation. Because bone remodeling occurs at temporally generated specific anatomical sites and at different times, local regulators that control cross-talk among the cells of the BRU are important. Previous studies show Ti implant surface characteristics like roughness, hydrophilicity, and chemistry influence the osteoblastic differentiation of human MSCs and maturation of OBs. Furthermore, microstructured Ti surfaces modulate the production of factors shown to be important in the reciprocal communication necessary for the maintenance of healthy bone remodeling. Semaphorin signaling proteins are known to couple the communication of osteoblasts to osteoclasts and are capable of stimulating bone formation or bone resorption depending on certain cues. Implant surface properties can be optimized to exploit these effects to favor rapid osseointegration in patients with osteoporosis.

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Chenaghlou, Alireza. « Quantum corrections to the classical reflection factor of the sinh-Gordon model ». Thesis, Durham University, 2000. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4347/.

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This thesis studies the quantum reflection factor of the sinh-Gordon model under boundary conditions consistent with integrability. First, we review the affine Toda field theory in Chapter One. In particular, the classical and quantum integrability of the theory are reviewed on the whole line and on the half-line as well, that is, in the presence of a boundary. We next consider the sinh-Gordon model which is restricted to a half-line by boundary conditions maintaining integrability in Chapter Two. A perturbative calculation of the reflection factor is given to one loop order in the bulk coupling and to first order in the difference of the two parameters introduced at the boundary. The result provides a further verification of Ghoshal's formula. The calculation is consistent with a conjecture for the general dependence of the reflection factor on the boundary parameters and the bulk coupling. In Chapter Three, quantum corrections to the classical reflection factor of the sinh-Gordon model are studied up to second order in the difference of boundary data and to one loop order in the bulk coupling. Chapter Four deals with the quantum reflection factor for the sinh-Gordon model with general boundary conditions. The model is studied under boundary conditions which are compatible with integrability and in the framework of the conventional perturbation theory generalised to the affine Toda field theory. It is found that the general form of a subset of the related quantum corrections are hypergeometric functions. Finally, we sum up this thesis in Chapter Five along with some conclusions and suggestions for further future studies.

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Sjöberg, Susanne. « The Ytterby mine - A historical review and an evaluation of its suggested spatial coupling to multiple sclerosis (MS) ». Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för geologiska vetenskaper, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-84521.

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The Ytterby mine is located on Resarö island in the Stockholm archipelago. Mainly feldspars but also quartz were historically quarried in the mine, which is also the place of discovery of seven rare earth elements (REE). During the cold war era, the mine shaft was used as a diesel and jet fuel deposit for the Swedish Armed Forces. Recently, a spatial coupling between multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic neurodegenerative disease in the central nervous system, prevalence and the quarry has been suggested. Previous studies show that adverse neurological health effects are associated with oral intake of REEs and there is support for a coupling between ionizing radiation and MS. The extent and character of health effects as a result of exposure to petroleum products are still debated. However, a substantial number of scientific reports support a coupling between neurodegenerative health effects and toxic constituents of jet fuels such as benzene, toluene, and n-hexane. My data show that a possible overrepresentation of MS patients within the Ytterby postal code area could be an indication of a spatial coupling between the mine and MS. Such a possible coupling could be associated with the REEs present in the local rocks, with the previous storage of diesel or jet fuel MC-77 in the mine and/or with zones of high natural radioactivity in the area. Water samples collected in 15 wells in the Ytterby village show traces of five REEs, i.e. scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y), lanthanum (La), neodymium (Nd) and samarium (Sm) and the majority of sample locations at low ground elevation show contamination of diesel which is the most recent fuel stored in the mine. Moreover, results from an analysis of a black substance leaking out of cracks in the mine corridors confirm that REEs are present in substantial concentrations in the local rocks and also appear to be mobile. This should be taken into account when considering a potential contamination of the local water supply. Measurements of natural radioactivity have also been made around the contours of the quarry and zones of high ionizing radiation have been identified. By using these zones of high ionizing radiation as a proxy for rare minerals containing rare earth elements, I further suggest that the REE occurrences are highly localized around the quarry and could be associated with, or remobilized by, younger faults. My data show that a full investigation is warranted of a possible spatial coupling between neurological health issues, MS being one of them, and the mine.

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Reynell, C. « Identification and functional characterization of CNS pericytes and the role they play in neurovascular coupling in physiological and pathological conditions ». Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2013. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1413174/.

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Brain blood flow increases, evoked by neuronal activity, power neural computation and are the basis of BOLD functional imaging. However, it is controversial whether blood flow is controlled solely by arteriole smooth muscle, or also by capillary pericytes. The experimental work within this thesis examines capillary pericytes, and the role they play in neurovascular coupling in physiological and pathological conditions. I show that pericytes can be identified using several protein markers and that, using the same technique, pericytes can be distinguished from other perivascular cell types. I demonstrate that pericytes respond to the neurotransmitters noradrenaline and glutamate. Noradrenaline depolarizes pericytes and constricts capillaries, and this constriction reflects pericyte contraction while glutamate, mimicking neuronal activity, hyperpolarizes pericytes and dilates capillaries, and this dilation reflects pericyte relaxation. Glutamate-evoked dilation is mediated by prostaglandin E₂ or a related compound acting at EP4 receptors, but requires nitric oxide release to suppress synthesis of the vasoconstrictor 20-HETE. In pathology, I show that pericytes die when exposed to ischaemia. This may lead to pericytes irreversibly constricting capillaries and to damage of the blood-brain barrier. Pericyte death increases on reperfusion after ischaemia, and is reduced by block of glutamate receptors or Ca2+ removal, but not by scavenging reactive oxygen species. These data establish pericytes as active regulators of capillary tone and thus as potential regulators of brain blood flow. My data also suggest prevention of pericyte death as a strategy to reduce the long-lasting blood flow decrease which contributes to neuronal death after stroke. This thesis also contains a discussion of how energy supply to the brain alters with age, and how this may affect the BOLD signal.

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Arvela, Riina K. « Palladium-Catalysed Carbon–Carbon Coupling Reactions : Focusing on Microwave Heating, Low Catalyst Concentrations, Aqueous Conditions, Regioselectivity and Medicinal Chemistry Applications ». Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-99776.

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Troupel, Hugo. « Contribution à l’étude du comportement différé des géomatériaux avec prise en compte des conditions thermo-hydriques ». Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1243/document.

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La compréhension des phénomènes différés affectant le comportement mécanique des géomatériaux est essentielle pour permettre un dimensionnement plus juste des ouvrages. C'est pourquoi nous avons étudié le lien entre les différents essais permettant de caractériser les effets du temps ou de la vitesse sur le comportement mécanique des géomatériaux. Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes attachés à caractériser l'influence du mode de sollicitation sur l'état de contrainte d'une argile en condition oedométrique. Nous avons réalisé différents types d'essais sur une argile saturée drainée : des essais à vitesse de déformation contrôlée, des essais de fluage et des essais de relaxation. D'après notre étude, il apparaît que l'état de contrainte axial et radial ne dépend pas de la vitesse de consolidation imposée, et cela, sur une large gamme de vitesses. Le chemin de contrainte en condition oedométrique est donc, au regard de nos résultats expérimentaux, à la fois une propriété de nature de l'argile et une propriété d'état du matériau. Pour étudier l'influence des facteurs environnementaux que sont la température et l'humidité relative sur le comportement mécanique de géomatériaux, nous avons développé un dispositif expérimental original permettant de contrôler la contrainte axiale, la température et l'humidité relative de l'éprouvette en condition oedométrique. Le dispositif a été testé sur un sable et sur un béton cellulaire en condition isotherme. Concernant le sable, une série d'essais oedométriques par paliers de chargement a montré que les indices de compression et de gonflement du sable ne semblent pas affectés par la température et l'humidité relative. Cependant, la température modifie le comportement hydro-mécanique du sable. En effet, à 25 °C, le chemin de contrainte et ainsi le coefficient des terres aux repos ne dépendent pas de l'humidité relative, alors qu'à 41 °C, le coefficient des terres aux repos diminue avec l'augmentation de l'humidité relative. Concernant le béton cellulaire, nous avons été contraints à travailler en condition uniaxiale, il a été montré que l'indice de compression augmente avec l'humidité relative et cela quel que soit le niveau de contrainte appliqué. Enfin, une modélisation élasto/visco-plastique a été mise en place pour rendre compte des effets de vitesse sur le comportement mécanique saturé d'un géomatériau. Après avoir discuté du rôle de chaque paramètre, nous avons identifié les paramètres permettant de reproduire l'allure des essais expérimentaux. De plus, après avoir calibré le modèle à l'aide de deux essais CRS, nous avons prédit un essai CRS à une autre vitesse de manière probante
A better understanding of deferred phenomena affecting geomaterials behaviour is essential to allow a more efficient design of structures. We studied the link between tests used to characterize deferred effects on the mechanical behavior of geomaterials. First, we focused on the influence of the stress load on the stress path of clay in oedometric condition. We carried out different types of tests on saturated drained clay: strain rate tests, creep tests and relaxation tests. Our study shows that the state of axial and radial stresses and thus the earth coefficient at rest do not depend on the strain rate imposed over a wide range of strain rates. The stress path in oedometric condition is therefore, with regard to our experimental results, both a characteristic of the clay and a property of the state of the sample. To study the influence of environmental factors such as temperature and relative humidity on the mechanical behavior of geomaterials, we developed an original experimental device to control the axial stress, temperature and relative humidity of the specimen in oedometric condition. The device was tested on sand and on cellular concrete i isothermal condition. Regarding the sand, a series of oedometer tests by loading steps showed that the index of compression and the index of swelling of the sand does not seem affected by temperature and relative humidity. However, the temperature modifies the hydro-mechanical behavior of the sand. Indeed, at 25 °C, the stress path and thus the earth coefficient at rest of soil does not depend on relative humidity, whereas at 41 °C, the earth coefficient at rest decreases with an increase in relative humidity. Concerning cellular concrete, we have been forced to work in uniaxial condition, it has been shown that the compression index increases with relative humidity regardless of the level of stress applied.Finally, an elasto/visco-plastic model has been implemented to account for time effects on the mechanical behavior of a saturated geomaterial. After discussing the role of each parameter, we have identified parameters to reproduce results of the experimental tests. In addition, after calibrating the model using two CRS tests, we predicted a CRS test at another strain rate in a convincing manner

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Ablikim, Medina. « Boundary sinh-Gordon model and its supersymmetric extension ». Thesis, Durham University, 1999. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4853/.

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Three different aspects of the sinh-Gordon model are explored in this thesis. We begin, in chapter one, with a summary of the model and the necessary background. Chapter two studies the model with two boundary conditions. Two approaches are presented to investigate the reflection factors off the boundaries and the energy of the theory. In chapter three, perturbation theory is developed to study the theory with one general boundary condition. A contribution to the quantum reflection factor is obtained and compared with the result obtained for the special boundary condition. Chapters four and five investigate the supersymmetric extension of the model in the presence of a single boundary. Firstly, the classical limits of the supersymmetric reflection matrices are checked. The exact reflection factors are studied perturbatively up to the second order of the coupling constant. Secondly, the perturbation theory and the path integral formalism are employed in the supersymmetric model to study the quantum reflection factors. We conclude with a brief sixth chapter describing the outlook for further investigations.

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Charlery, Rudy. « Comportements sous sollicitations tribologiques d'un matériau énergétique : Recherche des conditions de contrôle de la sécurité de fabrication ». Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0062/document.

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Les matériaux énergétiques sont, par définition, des matériaux susceptibles de dégager un volume important de gaz, en se décomposant via les phénomènes suivants : combustion, déflagration ou détonation. Ils sont notamment utilisés dans les secteurs industriels de l’automobile (déploiement d’airbag), du militaire (propulsion de missiles tactiques et stratégiques, munitions) et du spatial (boosters de lanceurs spatiaux type Ariane 5). La maîtrise de leur fabrication nécessite que soient vérifiées certaines contraintes spécifiques rencontrées lors de leur mise en œuvre dans un malaxeur bivis. En effet, ce procédé de malaxage en continu induit de fortes évolutions de gradients de pression et de cisaillement au sein du matériau énergétique (entrefers réduits...) qui peuvent initier les constituants fluides et solides. Par conséquent, dans un souci de parfaite maîtrise des risques industriels, les conditions tribologiques menant à l’initiation d’un matériau énergétique, ici le propergol, lors de sa fabrication, doivent être étudiées. Malheureusement, à cause de la confidentialité industrielle liée à ce secteur d’activité, la bibliographie de la tribologie des propergols est limitée. Il apparait toutefois que peu d’études portent effectivement sur le comportement tribologique du troisième corps, c’est à dire le propergol. Ce dernier étant hétérogène (mélange de constituants fluides et de solides), il est donc nécessaire d’appréhender les écoulements internes qui l’animent sous sollicitations tribologiques. Ainsi, pour reproduire les sollicitations mécaniques élémentaires (compression et cisaillement) appliquées par les deux premiers corps que sont les vis et le fourreau, et subies par le troisième corps lors du malaxage, il a été choisi d’utiliser une approche couplée expérimentale et numérique. Cette dernière s’organise autour de l’instrumentation d’un dispositif de sécurité permettant la sollicitation par frottement du propergol et de la modélisation par éléments discrets du triplet tribologique (parois supérieure et inférieure des premiers corps, et troisième corps). Il est ainsi apparu un comportement tribologique caractéristique du troisième corps : des ségrégations entre les constituants mènent à un arrangement selon trois couches superposées dans l’épaisseur du troisième corps. Ces ségrégations sont issues de la mise en place de débits internes, spécifiques à chaque nature et géométrie de constituants. Ces débits sélectionnent les constituants présents dans l’aire de contact et favorisent l’existence de conditions tribologiques favorables à l’initiation du troisième corps (assèchement de l’épaisseur, localisation des efforts appliqués au troisième corps ...). L’ensemble de ces débits permet de reconstituer un circuit tribologique d’initiation d’un propergol et ainsi d’envisager des solutions techniques permettant d’endiguer la mise en place des conditions défavorables à la fabrication en sécurité d’un propergol dans un malaxeur bivis
By definition, energetic materials can deliver a huge amount of gas and cause different kinds of phenomena, such as: burning, deflagration or detonation. These materials are mainly used in the automotive industry (airbag deployment), military devices (missiles, ammunition) and space launchers (Ariane 5 boosters and pyrotechnic devices). The manufacturing process, although well controlled by the historical “batch” process, presents several challenges when it is transferred to the continuous mixing process, using a twin-screw mixer device. Indeed, this last device induces extreme evolutions of pressure gradients and shearing gradients (reduced air-gap...). Plus, the energetic material is composed of fluid components and different diameters of solid components that can ignite by shearing. Consequently, tribological conditions leading to the ignition of an energetic material, a solid propellant, are studied during its manufacturing in a twin-screw mixer. Unfortunately, because of the industrial confidentiality on solid propellants, the bibliography on the solid propellants tribology is limited. However it appears that too few studies have effectively dealt with the tribological behaviour of this third body. By nature, this last is a composite material; therefore it is necessary to understand internal flows that evolve from tribological stresses. Thus, a coupled approach experimental and numerical is chosen in order to reproduce the mechanical elementary stresses applied by the two first bodies (top of screw thread and bore of the barrel element), and undergone by the third body during its manufacturing in a twin-screw mixer (compression and shearing). This approach consists of the instrumentation of a security test that shears the solid propellant and a discrete element simulation of the tribological triplet (inferior and superior first bodies, and the third body). The distinctive tribological behaviour of this third body appears obvious: different types of component segregations lead to a three superposed layer arrangement of the solid propellant thickness. These segregations come from the creation of internal component flows, specific to the nature and the geometry of the third body components. These flows select the components that remain within the contact area and also establish the tribological conditions that favour the third body ignition (gradient of mobility between solid components, draining of the third body thickness, localization of the efforts applied to the third body…). Ultimately, this study rebuilds the ignition tribological circuit(s) of a solid propellant and offers technical solutions to prevent the materialisation of unfavourable conditions to a safe solid propellant manufacturing in a twin-screw mixer

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Regnard, Guillaume. « Développement d'une nouvelle génération de plasmas micro-onde à conditions opératoires étendues ». Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENY060/document.

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Ce travail de thèse a été réalisé au Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (IN2P3) deGrenoble en collaboration avec le groupe Thalès avec pour objectif le développement d’une nouvellegénération de plasmas micro-onde fonctionnant sur une gamme de pression étendue allant de 0,5 mtorrà 10 torr en argon. La travail présenté porte donc en : i) la conception des applicateurs basés sur destronçons de longueur λ/4 faisant office de transformateurs d’impédance entre le générateur et leplasma d’impédance supposée donnée (adaptation d’impédance approchée); ii) la déterminationexpérimentale de l’impédance réelle du plasma (partie réelle et partie imaginaire) par mesure dumodule et de la phase du coefficient de réflexion dans des conditions opératoires définies; iii) leredimensionnement des différents tronçons de l’applicateur par simulation numérique en tenantcompte de l’impédance réelle du plasma; iv) la validation expérimentale de l’adaptation d’impédanceentre générateur et plasma. Les résultats obtenus démontrent clairement qu’il est possible, à fréquencedonnée (2.45 GHz dans le cas présent), de concevoir et de dimensionner une source plasma avec uneefficacité énergétique supérieure à 80% pour des fenêtres en pression (d’au moins une décade)équivalentes à des fenêtres opératoires en termes de paramètres plasma. Ces sources individuelles àabsorption localisée de micro-ondes peuvent être utilisées en nombre pour la réalisation des plasmasuniformes de grandes dimensions par leur distribution selon des réseaux à deux dimensions (sourcesplanes) ou à trois dimensions (volumes de plasma), et donc pour des applications industrielles auxtraitements de surface
This work was done in the « Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (IN2P3,Grenoble) » during a collaboration with Thales. The aim of the project was the development of a newgeneration of microwave plasma with extended operating conditions in the pressure range 0.5 mtorr to10 torr in argon. The presented work consists of: i) designing applicators based on sections of λ/4length serving as impedance transformers between the generator and the plasma with impedance ofgiven assumed value (approximate impedance adaptation); ii) experimentally determine the realplasma impedance (the real part and the imaginary part) for given operating conditions from themeasurement of modulus and phase of the reflection coefficient S11; iii) resize the different sections ofthe applicator by digital simulation taking the real plasma impedance into account; iv) finally, verifyexperimentally that the impedance adaptation between the generator and the plasma is correct. Theobtained results clearly demonstrate that it is possible, at a given frequency (here 2.45 GHz), to designand size a plasma source with an efficiency greater than 80 % for a window in pressure (at least onedecade) equivalent to an operating window in terms of plasma parameters. These individual sourceswith localized absorption of microwaves can be used in numbers to achieve uniform plasmas via theirdistribution over two-dimensional (planar sources) or tri-dimensional (volume plasma) networks, andthus for industrial surface treatments

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Chatziathanasiou, Dimitrios. « Cyclic multiaxial behavior modeling of Shape Memory Alloys ». Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ENAM0015/document.

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De nouvelles approches phénoménologiques sur la modélisation du comportement des AMFs sont nécessaires pour tenir en compte leur réponse complexe sous chargement multiaxial. L’effet de l’anisotropie induit une dépendance de leur comportement inélastique de la direction du chargement pour des cas superélastiques. La réorientation martensitique affecte drastiquement la réponse du matériau sous chargement non-proportionnel. La charge répétitive modifie aussi certaines propriétés du matériau. L’objectif de cette étude est de proposer un nouveau modèle constitutif thermodynamique robuste pour les AMFs, focalisé surtout sur des compositions NiTi équiatomiques pour capter la transformation martensitique anisotrope et la réorientation des variantes martensitiques. Une nouvelle approche mathématique est introduite pour permettre la prise en compte de l’anisotropie de contraintes et l’évolution des déformations inélastiques lors de la transformation directe, causée par les conditions de mise en forme de structures en AMFs. Cette méthode est évaluée en employant des courbes contraintes-déformations résultant de chargements proportionnels simulés par un modèle micromécanique. Un modèle phénoménologique considérant surtout la réorientation martensitique et mettant en évidence le fort couplage thermomécanique est développé. Il est implémenté dans une plate-forme numérique en C++, SMART+, et évalué en exécutant des simulations des expériences non-proportionnelles existantes. Des structures complexes sont également simulées en employant la Méthode des Élements Finis. La dernière partie de ce travail concerne l’étude expérimentale des effets du chargement cyclique sur l’évolution des déformations résiduelles et le seuil de transformation des alliages NiTi sous sollicitation uniaxiale et biaxiale
New phenomenological approaches in modeling the behavior of SMAs are needed to account for their complex response under multiaxial loading. The effect of anisotropy induces a dependence of their inelastic behavior to the direction of the loading for superelastic cases. Martensitic reorientation affects drastically material response under non-proportional loading. Repeated loading also alters certain material properties. The goal of this study is to propose a new robust thermodynamic constitutive model for SMAs with focus on equiatomic NiTi compositions to capture anisotropic martensitic transformation and reorientation of martensitic variants, always taking in mind the strong thermomechanical coupling. A new mathematical approach is introduced to account for the anisotropy of stresses and the evolution of inelastic strains during forward transformation caused by the forming conditions of SMA structures. This method is evaluated by utilizing stress-strain curves resulting from proportional loading simulated with a micromechanical model. A phenomenological thermodynamic model considering especially martensitic reorientation and exhibiting the strong thermomechanical coupling is developed. It is implemented on a numerical platform in C++, SMART, and evaluated by simulating existing non-proportional experiments. Complex structures are also simulated using Finite Element Analysis. The last part of this work concerns the experimental study of the effects of cyclic loading to the evolution of residual strain and transformation threshold of NiTi under uniaxial and biaxial testing

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Jolley, Kenny. « Multiscale methods for nanoengineering ». Thesis, University of Leicester, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/7809.

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This thesis is presented in two sections. Two different multiscale models are developed in order to increase the computational speed of two well known atomistic algorithms, Molecular Dynamics (MD) and Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC). In Section I, the MD method is introduced. Following this, a multiscale method of linking an MD simulation of heat conduction to a finite element (FE) simulation is presented. The method is simple to implement into a conventional MD code and is independent of the atomistic model employed. This bridge between the FE and MD simulations works by ensuring that energy is conserved across the FE/MD boundary. The multiscale simulation allows for the investigation of large systems which are beyond the range of MD. The method is tested extensively in the steady state and transient regimes, and is shown to agree with well with large scale MD and FE simulations. Furthermore, the method removes the artificial boundary effects due to the thermostats and hence allows exact temperatures and temperature gradients to be imposed on to an MD simulation. This allows for better study of temperature gradients on crystal defects etc. In Section II, the KMC method is introduced. A continuum model for the KMC method is presented and compared to the standard KMC model of surface diffusion. This method replaces the many discrete back and forth atom jumps performed by a standard KMC algorithm with a single flux that can evolve in time. Elastic strain is then incorporated into both algorithms and used to simulate atom deposition upon a substrate by Molecular Beam Epitaxy. Quantum dot formation due to a mismatch in the lattice spacing between a substrate and a deposited film is readily observed in both models. Furthermore, by depositing alternating layers of substrate and deposit, self-organised quantum dot super-lattices are observed in both models.

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Kane-Diallo, Ousseynou. « Analyse morphologique des champs de cavités dans un élastomère sous décompression d'hydrogène : Influence des conditions de décompression et effets d'interaction ». Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ESMA0014/document.

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La morphologie de l’endommagement par cavitation est analysée dans un EPDM non chargé sous différentes conditions de décompression d’hydrogène. Les expériences permettent devisualiser l’évolution de l’endommagement au cours du temps. Les images obtenues sont traitées pour obtenir l’instant d’apparition, le nombre et la distribution de taille des cavités au cours du temps. Elles permettent également de suivre les cinétiques de croissance / décroissance des plus grosses cavités. Le tracé de covariogrammes permet de quantifier la distribution spatiale de ces cavités. L’analyse de cet ensemble de données porte donc sur deux échelles :celle de cavités indépendantes et celle de champs de cavités. A l’échelle de la cavité, les cinétiques expérimentales sont corrélées à des calculs numériques par Eléments Finis en conditions diffuso-mécaniques couplées sur une cellule élémentaire contenant une ou deuxcavité(s). Ces calculs permettent par ailleurs d’éclairer les évolutions locales des champs mécaniques et de concentration de gaz, ainsi que les mécanismes d’interaction entre cavités voisines. Les covariogrammes fournissent des éléments pour estimer les caractéristiques d’un Volume Elémentaire Représentatif (VER) (taille, isotropie) et discuter la représentativité d’untel modèle numérique selon les conditions de décompression. A l’échelle des champs de cavités,les conditions de décompression influencent la répartition spatiale. Le nombre et la taille des cavités augmentent avec la pression de saturation et/ou la vitesse de décompression, et une seconde population de petites cavités apparaît autour des premières sous conditions sévères.L’homogénéité et l’isotropie de la distribution à l’échelle macroscopique sont étudiées. Il est finalement montré que la morphologie des champs de cavités évolue au cours de cycles successifs. Cette analyse fournit des informations pour discuter et renseigner le cadre et les ingrédients de modèles d’endommagement
The morphology of cavitation is analyzed in an unfilled EPDM under different hydrogen decompression conditions. The experimental device allows a time-resolved tracking of the evolution of damage. Images are processed to obtain the onset time, the number and sizedistribution of cavities over time, and the inflation / deflation kinetics of the biggest cavities.Covariograms quantifies the spatial distribution of cavity fields. The analysis is thus led at two scales: that of independent cavities and that of the full cavity fields. At the cavity scale, kineticsis shown to be identical for independent cavities but different between inflation and deflation.Experimental kinetics is compared to that issued from Finite Element calculations in a cell containing one or two cavities, in coupled diffuso-mechanical conditions. Calculationshighlight the evolution of local mechanical and gas content fields, as well as interaction effects between close cavities. At the scale of cavity fields, the spatial distribution is influenced by the decompression conditions. The number and size of cavities increase with saturation pressure and/or decompression rate and a second population of small cavities is nucleated around the first one under severe decompression conditions. The homogeneity and isotropy of the distribution at macroscopic scale are studied. The influence of cycling on the evolution of cavitation morphology is addressed in the final part. It was finally found that the morphology of cavity fields evolves during successive cycles. The analysis provides information to discuss and to inquire the framework and ingredients of damage models

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Moretti, Rocco. « Étude et amélioration des méthodologies de couplage aérothermique fluide-structure ». Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEM076.

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Ces travaux s’inscrivent dans la résolution de problèmes couplés aérothermiques. Il s’agit notamment d’améliorer les méthodes de couplage en termes de précision et de robustesse. La stabilité du couplage aérothermique en régime permanent a été d’abord étudiée (couplage faible). Un nombre de Biot numérique a été défini ce qui permet d’évaluer l’intensité de l’interaction thermique fluide-structure. Plusieurs méthodes (Dirichlet-Robin, Neumann-Robin et Robin-Robin) ont été étudiées et leur domaine de validité a été défini. La méthode Dirichlet-Robin avec un coefficient de sécurité s’est avérée la plus robuste et simple à mettre en œuvre. La prise en compte du rayonnement implique une déstabilisation majeure du problème aérothermique. La méthode de stabilisation a donc été modifiée afin de pouvoir stabiliser ce type de calcul. Dans un deuxième temps, la résolution de problèmes couplés aérothermiques en régime transitoire a été étudiée via l’algorithme partitionné quasi-instationnaire. Il s’agit d’une procédure itérative (couplage fort) entre le solide en régime transitoire et des états fluides en régime stationnaire, assurant ainsi l’égalité des flux de chaleur et de la température à chaque instant de couplage. La précision de cet algorithme a été analysée et améliorée. Enfin, l’algorithme quasi-instationnaire a été analysé sur des problèmes aérothermiques quasi-industriels de disques de turbine et compresseur aéronautiques
This work deals with the solution of coupled aerothermal problems. The aim of the work is to improve the accuracy and robustness of the coupling techniques. The stability of the aerothermal coupling for steady state problems is first studied (weak coupling). A numerical Biot number is defined, which allows to evaluate the intensity of the fluid-structure thermal interaction. Several methods (Dirichlet-Robin, Neumann-Robin and Robin-Robin) are studied and their ranges of validity are defined. The Dirichlet-Robin method with a safety coefficient, which presents the easiest implementation, proves to be the most robust. Taking radiation into account implies a major destabilization of the aerothermal problem. Thus, the stabilization method is modified in order to be able to stabilize this type of calculation. In the second part, the solution of coupled aerothermal problems in the transient regime is studied using the quasidynamic partitioned algorithm. This is an iterative procedure (strong coupling) between the thermal problem in the solid solved in the transient regime and the flow field at the steady state, thus ensuring equal heat flux and temperature at each coupling time. The accuracy of this algorithm is analysed and improved. Finally, the quasi-dynamic algorithm is analysed on quasi-industrial aerothermal problems of aeronautical compressor and turbine discs

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Lenk, Claudia [Verfasser], Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Köhler, Philipp [Gutachter] Maaß et Oliver [Gutachter] Steinbock. « Role of coupling conditions for pattern formation in excitable media : study of atrial fibrillation mechanisms and oscillator arrays in the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction / Claudia Lenk ; Gutachter : Philipp Maaß, Oliver Steinbock ; Betreuer : J. Michael Köhler ». Ilmenau : TU Ilmenau, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1178142566/34.

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Maati, Amel. « Mise en œuvre de formalismes pour la modélisation de grands réseaux périodiques d'antennes ». Thesis, Limoges, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIMO0009/document.

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Cette thèse se place dans le contexte général de la modélisation de réseaux d’antennes de grande taille, avec pour objectif d’atteindre un niveau de précision suffisamment élevé pour permettre une optimisation complète des performances et en particulier une amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique. Partant du constat que l’optimisation électromagnétique de grands réseaux représente un verrou si les couplages doivent être modélisés efficacement, cette thèse propose la mise en œuvre d’une méthode permettant la modélisation fine de grands réseaux d'antennes tout en réduisant les temps de calcul et en conservant un haut degré de précision. L'objectif est de montrer qu'une approche dérivée des formalismes périodiques infinis connus de la littérature permet d'obtenir une matrice [S] complète d'un réseau depuis l'étude d'une cellule unitaire. Après avoir présenté un état de l'art sur les réseaux d'antennes et leurs méthodes d'analyse, l'approche de modélisation proposée est détaillée. Des véhicules de test numériques et expérimentaux, permettant de valider cette méthode de modélisation, sont ensuite réalisés. L'approche est enfin utilisée avec succès pour deux types d'application
This thesis is organized in the general context of modeling a large antenna arrays with the aim of achieving a high level of precision. This modeling allows a complete optimization of the performances and an enhancement of the energy efficiency. Given that the electromagnetic optimization of large arrays still represents a challenge if the mutual coupling is not efficiently modeled. This work offers the implementation of a method allowing the precise modeling of large antenna arrays while reducing the computation time and maintaining a high degree of precision. The aim is to demonstrate that the derived approach from the infinite periodic formalisms makes it possible to obtain a full [S] matrix of an array based on the study of a unit cell. After presenting a state of the art of antenna arrays and their methods of analysis, the proposed modeling approach is explained. Numerical and Experimental demonstrators are then made for the validation. Finally, this method is successfully used for two types of applications

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Warman, Craig S. « Understanding the spatial and temporal variation in anthropogenically induced channel response in the Irwin River catchment ». University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0214.

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The Irwin River catchment, located in the central western region of Western Australia, has been the scene of significant geomorphological change over both historical and geological timescales. This thesis focuses on the most recent of these changes, the anthropogenic imprint, through the development of a catchment-scale understanding of system behaviour. Analysis and modelling of changes in the hydrological behaviour of the system indicates that while the Irwin River has displayed a natural susceptibility to large flood events, these have been exacerbated by the widespread clearing of native vegetation throughout the catchment. As a result, when such events do occur, the catchment response is now larger, more direct and has a greater ability to cause erosion. However, the nature and detail of sediment yield processes and stream channel response varies markedly throughout the system. A series of representative channel reaches, as defined by their planform characteristics, geometry and architecture, are presented to illustrate spatial changes in stream channel behaviour. A distinct variation in river morphotypes is seen both downstream throughout the system as well as across the tributary sub-catchments of the Irwin River, Lockier River and Green Brook. This inter and intra sub-catchment variation in stream channel response can be attributed to changes in the boundary conditions and coupling mechanisms in operation throughout the Irwin River system. The pronounced spatial variability in response to human disturbance and the changing nature of catchment-scale connectivity seen in the Irwin River system differs markedly to that reported elsewhere in the literature. Appreciation of the variability in form, behaviour and evolutionary history throughout the Irwin River catchment not only provides the foundation for effective management but also contributes to a wider understanding of fluvial system behaviour. Unlike the majority of existing literature, which tends to identify and measure channel changes in a single catchment where historical variation to the sediment and discharge regime is well known, this study demonstrates the role of boundary conditions in determining the response of the fluvial system to changing environmental controls.

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Sghaier, Emna. « Dynamique des rotors à très hautes vitesses et en régime non-stationnaire - Identification par le filtre de Kalman ». Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASC013.

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Avec les mesures de plus en plus exigeantes visant à réduire l’impact environnemental des transports routiers, des nouvelles technologies de motorisations électriques sont explorées. Notamment, le projet RedHV+ porte sur la possibilité de construire, à coût automobile, des réducteurs haute vitesse et haut rendement pour les véhicules hybrides. Dans le cadre de ce projet, une modélisation originale du comportement dynamique des réducteurs très hautes vitesses et en régime non-stationnaire est proposée.Dans un premiers temps, les hypothèses de modélisation sont classées par catégories et par ordre de complexité. Ensuite, les hypothèses traduisant au mieux les conditions de fonctionnement des réducteurs de vitesse du projet RedHV+ sont retenues. Le travail de modélisation qui est fait dans une première étape s’intéresse aux monorotors flexibles en flexion et en torsion, fonctionnant à très hautes vitesses et en régime non-stationnaire. Ceci donne lieu, conjointement à l’hypothèse de source non-idéale d’énergie, à une formulation originale de l’équation de la dynamique du rotor. Notamment, la nouveauté dans le modèle dynamique réside dans l’expression des termes résultant de la prise en compte des effets gyroscopiques. Le modèle dynamique, à travers son expression analytique ainsi qu’à partir des résultats de simulations numériques, montre sa capacité à bien prendre en compte et représenter le couplage flexion-torsion. Grace à sa prise en considération du phénomène de Sommerfeld, phénomène observable au niveau du passage par des vitesses critiques, une meilleure précision des niveaux vibratoires latéraux est obtenue.Le nouveau modèle dynamique du monorotor est ensuite étendu à un étage d’engrenages. L’architecture du réducteur utilisée dans le banc RedHV+ est simplifiée pour faire l’étude de son comportement dynamique. Quoique la modélisation du banc est simpliste par rapport à la vraie architecture, elle permet de tirer des conclusions intéressantes par rapports à des éventuels risques lié à un fonctionnement voisinant les vitesses critiques.Finalement, un outil d’identification est développé afin d’enrichir les modèles dynamiques avec des valeurs plus réalistes des paramètres incertains d’une machine tournante en régime non-stationnaire. L’outil associant le modèle dynamique à des observations est mis en œuvre sur un exemple de rotor rigide et montre sa performance à estimer les paramètres incertains, surtout lors du passage par des vitesses critiques
In the frame of the growing trend of promoting the carbon-free mobility, RedHV+ project is carried out in order to investigate whether or not it is possible to manufacture a high-speed and high performance gearbox compatible with car costs. As part of this project, a new dynamic model for very high speed rotors working at non-stationary operating conditions is proposed.First, the different assumptions used for rotordynamics modeling are separated into different categories and classified based on the order of complexity they add to the model. Then, according to the operating conditions of the RedHV+ test bed, a choice of the most realistic modeling assumptions is done. As a first step of the dynamic modeling, the work focused on monorotors. In this study, we suggest not to make any assumption on the angular speed. The rotor shaft is flexible in traction, bending and torsion. The energy source is assumed to be non-ideal and the angular displacement including both the rigid body motion and the torsional deformation is assessed. The dynamic model leads to a novel expression of the gyroscopic effect terms. It shows its capacity, through both its analytical expression as well as through numerical results, to accurately introduce the coupling between the flexural and torsional degrees of freedom. The results are presented at a first step, for a simple rotor made of a shaft, a disk and flexible support. Another degree of complexity is introduced later, by considering a geared parallel-rotor system. The aim is to improve the accuracy of simulations for the rotor dynamics in non-stationary conditions especially when getting through critical speeds.The study of geared systems mainly focuses on the dynamic modeling of a simplified architecture of the RedHV+ test bed. The results obtained using the new dynamic model show interesting conclusions regarding the vibration behavior of the rotor when crossing the critical speeds. The reached vibration levels, in the presence of elastic coupling, highlight the importance of a correct dimensioning of a rotating machinery going through critical speeds.Finally, an identification tool based on the Unscented Kalman Filter is developed in order to enrich the dynamic models of the rotating machineries with more realistic values of its uncertain parameters. The identification tool showed interesting results and it is shown that its performance increases when the rotor goes through critical speeds

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Tricoit, Sandy. « Modélisation et simulation numérique de la propagation de la corrosion par piqûres du fer en milieu chloruré : contribution à l'évaluation de la durabilité des aciers au carbone en conditions de stockage géologique ». Thesis, Dijon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012DIJOS054/document.

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Cette étude porte sur la compréhension des mécanismes de la corrosion par piqûres susceptible d’affecter les aciers au carbone prévus pour le stockage des déchets radioactifs. Des modèles de transport/réaction ont été développés pour simuler, par la méthode des éléments finis, la propagation d’une piqûre à la surface du fer en milieu chloruré. Pour les modèles conservatifs, la piqûre est activée par un potentiel imposé au métal. A partir de différentes études paramétriques (géométrie, environnement…), les simulations ont permis d’identifier les facteurs critiques responsables d’un accroissement ou d’une inhibition de la vitesse de corrosion localisée. Par ailleurs, les essais sur des électrodes occluses, dites « lead-in-pencil », confirment que le confinement favorise la précipitation d’un film salin en fond de piqûre. Enfin, la simulation de situations de couplage entre la piqûre et la surface cathodique externe a permis de décrire l’évolution réaliste de la vitesse de corrosion localisée en milieu aéré et en potentiel libre. L’analyse des résultats de ces trois axes démontre que la chute ohmique dans la piqûre est le facteur contrôlant sa progression. Dans la majorité des cas, toute augmentation de cette chute ohmique (due à la précipitation, au confinement ou à l’augmentation du rapport des surfaces cathodique/anodique), conduit à une vitesse de corrosion plus rapide des surfaces externes. Ce phénomène est qualifié « d’évasement ». La croissance en profondeur, pour une vitesse d’oxydation dépendante du pH, reste à confirmer. Pour simuler le comportement à long terme du fer vis-à-vis de la piqûration, dans les conditions de stockage, les nouveaux modèles devront reposer sur la détermination plus précise de l’environnement et des lois de dissolution et de précipitation
This study deals with the understanding of the mechanisms of pitting corrosion susceptible to occur on carbon steel selected for high level nuclear waste containers. Transport/reaction models have been developed in order to simulate, by finite element method, the propagation of a pit on iron in chlorinated medium. For conservative models, pit is activated by imposing a potential on metal. Thanks to different parametric studies (geometry, environment…) simulations have permitted to classify, by severity order, the factors responsible of the increase or the inhibition of the localized corrosion rate. Otherwise, experiments on occluded (called « lead-in-pencil ») electrodes confirm that confinement favors the formation of a salt film at the bottom of the pit. Finally, the simulation of galvanic coupling between the pit and the surrounding cathodic surface has permitted to describe the realistic evolution of the localized corrosion rate in aerated medium and for free corroding conditions. The analysis of the results from these three ways of investigation has demonstrated that the ohmic drop inside the pit is the most important factor controlling his growing. In most study cases, any increase of this ohmic drop (due to precipitation, confinement or augmentation of the cathodic /anodic surfaces ratio), leads to a faster corrosion rate of the surrounding surface. This phenomenon is called “opening” of the pit. The progression at the pit bottom for a pH-dependant oxidation rate is still to confirm. In order to simulate the long term behavior of iron during pitting, in storage application, new models require a more accurate determination of the environment conditions, dissolution and precipitation laws

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Guerrero, Karen. « Organisation structurale et fonction métabolique des unités énergétiques intracellulaires (ICEUs) dans le muscle cardiaque et squelettique : conditions physiologiques et pathophysiologiques : [Thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux] ». Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005GRE10244.

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Ce travail de thèse s'intéresse principalement à la régulation de la respiration mitochondriale in situ dans les cellules de muscle cardiaque et squelettiques. L'oxygraphie, la spectrophotométrie et la microscopie confocale sur cellules isolées ou fibres musculaires perméabilisées à la saponine ont été utilisées ainsi que la modélisation mathématique. Dans les cellules musculaires, les mitochondries sont organisées de manière très précise tel un ‘cristal'. Cet arrangement intracellulaire serait la base d'une organisation à la fois structurale et fonctionnelle au sein desquelles les mitochondries sont couplées fonctionnellement par le cytosquelette aux autres organelles : réticulum sarcoplasmique et myofibrilles : les ICEUs (ou unités énergétiques intracellulaires). Au sein des cellules cardiaques, il existe 2 niveaux de régulation de la respiration mitochondriale par l'ADP exogène : la perméabilité de la membrane mitochondriale externe (VDAC) et des restrictions localisées de diffusion de l'ADP au voisinage des mitochondries. La β-tubuline participe indirectement à ces mécanismes de régulation de même que la protéine STOP, une protéine associée aux microtubules. Ces données expérimentales sont utiles pour expliquer les aspects métaboliques de la loi de Frank-Starling dans le cœur. Cette notion d'ICEU peut servir de diagnostic lors de l'étude clinique du métabolisme énergétique chez des transplantés pulmonaires avant et après un programme d'entraînement à domicile
The aim of this work was to study the regulation of mitochondrial respiration in situ in cardiac and skeletal muscle cells. Oxygraphy, spectrophotometry and confocal microscopy on saponin-permeabilized muscle cells or fibers were used as well as mathematic modelisation. In muscle cells, mitochondria are ordered very precisely in ‘a crystal like pattern'. This intracellular arrangement could be the basis of a structural and functional organisation within which mitochondria are functionally coupled by cytoskeleton to the other organelles: sarcoplasmic reticulum and myofibrils: ICEUs (intracellular energetic units). In cardiac cells, there are two levels of regulation of mitochondrial respiration by exogenous ADP: permeability of the outer mitochondrial membrane (VDAC) and localized restrictions of ADP diffusion in the neighbourhood of mitochondria. β-tubulin and STOP protein, a microtubule-associated protein, participate indirectly to these mechanisms of regulation. These experimental data are useful for explaining the metabolic aspects of the Frank-Starling law of the heart. The notion of ICEU can be diagnostically used in clinical study of energetic metabolism of lung recipients transplants before and after a home-interval training program

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Bénard, Sébastien. « Synthèse et fonctionnalisation d’hétérocycles azotés catalysées par les métaux de transition. Approche vers la synthèse totale de la (-)-norsuavéoline ». Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA112310/document.

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Ces travaux de thèse traitent de la synthèse et de la fonctionnalisation d’hétérocycles azotés catalysées par les métaux de transition. La première partie de ce projet a été consacrée à la mise en place d’une méthode simple et efficace pour la N-cyclopropylation de différents composés azotés. A partir de l’acide cyclopropylboronique, en présence de sels de cuivre et dans des conditions de couplage oxydant, une grande variété de composés azotés ont pu être N-cyclopropylés. Cette méthode permet une nouvelle voie d’accès aux substrats N-cyclopropylés.La deuxième partie de ces travaux de thèse porte sur l’étude de la synthèse de benzimidazole. Ces hétérocycles azotés ont pu être obtenus à partir d’amidines grâce à une séquence réactionnelle faisant intervenir une réaction de N-arylation suivi d’une cyclisation via la fonctionnalisation d’une liaison C-H.La troisième partie de ce manuscrit se focalise sur la synthèse de pyrroles. Cette famille de composés est réputée pour son abondance dans les molécules biologiquement actives. Nous avons développé une réaction séquentielle monotope, permettant la synthèse de N-H pyrroles poly-fonctionnalisés via la formation d’un énaminone, catalysée par de l’indium (III), suivi d’une étape d’hétéroannulation catalysée par du palladium.Enfin, la dernière partie de ce projet scientifique décrit notre approche vers la synthèse totale d’un alcaloïde : la (-)-norsuavéoline. L’originalité de notre approche est basée sur la synthèse, dans un premier temps, du noyau pyridinique de la molécule à partir de l’acide L-(-)-glutamique, pour finir par la formation tardive du noyau indolique. Jusqu’à maintenant, nous avons développé et optimisé la synthèse de la pyridine. Des études sont toujours en cours au laboratoire afin de former la partie indolique et de terminer cette synthèse
These scientific project deals with synthesis and functionalization of nitrogen heterocycles catalyzed by transition metals. The first part of this project was devoted to the development of a simple and efficient reaction for the N-cyclopropylation of various nitrogen compounds. From cyclopropylboronic acid under copper oxidative coupling conditions, a wide variety of nitrogen compounds have been N-cyclopropylated. This method allows a new access to N-cyclopropylated substrates.The second part of this work deals with benzimidazoles synthesis. These nitrogen heterocycles have been obtained from amidines through a sequence involving a N-arylation reaction followed by cyclization via a C-H bond functionalization.The third part of this manuscript focuses on pyrroles synthesis. Pyrroles are known for their abundance in biologically active molecules. We have developed a new sequential one-pot procedure for poly-functionalized N-H pyrroles synthesis. Through a enaminone formation catalyzed by indium (III), followed by a palladium catalyzed heteroannulation, various N-H pyrroles have been synthesizedThe final part of this scientific project describes our approach to total synthesis of an alkaloid: the (-)-norsuavéoline. The specificity of our approach was based on the formation of pyridine ring in the beginning of the synthesis and a late formation of indole ring. To date, we have developed and optimized the pyridine synthesis from L-(-)-glutamic acid. Studies are ongoing in the laboratory to obtain the indole part and complete the synthesis of this natural product

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Fouchet-Incaux, Justine. « Modélisation, analyse numérique et simulations autour de la respiration ». Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112043.

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Cette thèse est consacrée à la modélisation de la ventilation mécanique chez l'humain et à l'analyse numérique des systèmes en découlant. Des simulations directes d'écoulement d'air dans l'ensemble des voies aériennes étant impossibles (maillages indisponibles et géométrie trop complexe), il est nécessaire de considérer un domaine d'intérêt réduit, qui implique de travailler dans une géométrie tronquée, comportant des frontières artificielles ou encore de considérer des modèles réduits simples mais représentatifs. Si on cherche à effectuer des simulations numériques 3D où l'écoulement du fluide est décrit par les équations de Navier-Stokes, différentes problématiques sont soulevées :- Si on considère que la ventilation est la conséquence de différences de pression, les conditions aux limites associées sont des conditions de type Neumann. Cela aboutit à des questions théoriques en terme d'existence et d'unicité de solution et à des questions numériques en terme de choix de schémas et de méthodes adaptées.- Lorsque l'on travaille dans un domaine tronqué, il peut être nécessaire de prendre en compte les phénomènes non décrits grâce à des modèles réduits appropriés. Ici nous considérons des modèles 0D. Ces couplages 3D/0D sont à l'origine d'instabilités numériques qu'on étudie mathématiquement et numériquement dans ce manuscrit. Par ailleurs, lorsqu'on s'intéresse à des régimes de respiration forcée, les modèles usuels linéaires sont invalidés par les expériences. Afin d'observer les différences entre les résultats expérimentaux et numériques, il est nécessaire de prendre en compte plusieurs types de non linéarités, comme la déformation du domaine ou les phénomènes de type Bernoulli. Une approche par modèles réduits est adoptée dans ce travail.Pour finir, on a cherché à valider les modèles obtenus en comparant des résultats numériques et des résultats expérimentaux dans le cadre d'un travail interdisciplinaire.Parvenir à modéliser et simuler ces écoulements permet de mieux comprendre les phénomènes et paramètres qui entrent en jeu lors de pathologies (asthme, emphysème...). Un des objectifs à moyen terme est d'étudier l'influence du mélange hélium-oxygène sur le dépôt d'aérosol, toujours dans le cadre du travail interdisciplinaire. A plus long terme, l'application de ces modèles à des situations pathologiques pourrait permettre de construire des outils d'aide à la décision dans le domaine médical (compréhension de la pathologie, optimisation de thérapie...)
In this thesis, we study the modelling of the human mecanical ventilation and the numerical analysis of linked systems. Direct simulations of air flow in the whole airways are impossible (complex geometry, unavailable meshes). Then a reduced area of interest can be considered, working with reduced geometries and artificial boundaries. One can also use reduced models, simple but realistic. If one try to make 3D numerical simulations where the fluid flow is described by the Navier-Stokes equations, various issues are raised:- If we consider that ventilation is the result of pressure drops, the associated boundary conditions are Neumann conditions. It leads to theoretical questions in terms of existence and uniqueness of solution and numerical issues in terms of scheme choice and appropriate numerical methods.- When working in a truncated domain, it may be necessary to take into account non-described phenomena with appropriate models. Here we consider 0D models. These 3D/0D couplings imply numerical instabilities that we mathematically and numerically study in this thesis.Furthermore, when we focus on forced breathing, linear usual models are invalidated by experiments. In order to observe the differences between the experimental and numerical results, it is necessary to take into account several types of non-linearities, such as deformation of the domain or the Bernoulli phenomenon. A reduced model approach is adopted in this work. Finally, we sought to validate the obtained models by comparing numerical and experimental results in the context of interdisciplinary work.Achieving model and simulate these flows allow to better understand phenomena and parameters that come into play in diseases (asthma, emphysema ...). A medium-term objective is to study the influence of helium-oxygen mixture in the aerosol deposition. In the longer term, the application of these models to pathological situations could afford to build decision support tools in the medical field (understanding of pathology, therapy optimization ...)

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