Articles de revues : « Cooch Behar District »

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Bind, Rajkumar. « The History Of Modern Vaccination In Cooch Behar State In The Nineteenth Century ». History Research Journal 5, n^o 4 (23 août 2019) : 180–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/hrj.v5i4.7268.

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This paper examines the development of modern vaccination programme of Cooch Behar state, a district of West Bengal of India during the nineteenth century. The study has critically analysed the modern vaccination system, which was the only preventive method against various diseases like small pox, cholera but due to neglect, superstation and religious obstacles the people of Cooch Behar state were not interested about modern vaccination. It also examines the sex wise and castes wise vaccinators of the state during the study period. The study will help us to growing conciseness about modern vaccination among the peoples of Cooch Behar district.

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Saha, Abhirup, Prapti Das et Dhiraj Saha. « A preliminary assessment of butterfly diversity from Mekhliganj town, Cooch Behar District, West Bengal, India ». Journal of Threatened Taxa 16, n^o 2 (26 février 2024) : 24786–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.8137.16.2.24786-24794.

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In the present study, butterfly diversity from Mekhliganj town, which is located on the Teesta River bank of Cooch Behar District, West Bengal, India was studied. A total of 55 species of butterflies were recorded from the two study sites, out of which 22 species were observed for the first time from Cooch-Behar District, not recorded earlier. Out of these, five recorded species were legally protected under the Wildlife (Protection) Act (WPA), 1972 like Chliaria othona, Lampides boeticus, and Hypolimnas misippus. Therefore, efforts should be made for habitat conservation of the Teesta River bank.

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Roy, Piyal Basu, et Anup Sen. « Level of Human Development in Cooch Behar District of West Bengal, India ». Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 8, n^o 3 (2017) : 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2321-5828.2017.00048.1.

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Pal, P. K. « Success Status of Government Development Programmes : An Experience from Cooch Behar District,West Bengal, India ». Asian Review of Social Sciences 1, n^o 1 (5 mai 2012) : 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2012.1.1.1186.

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Based on the demographic data of 2001 census, a total number of 4,612 revenue villages have been identified by the Panchayat and Rural Development Department, Govt. of West Bengal, India as the most backward in the state. Cooch Behar (one of the sub Himalayan district of the said state) also had declared 52 (fifty two) villages as backward in two consecutive phases. Some extra developmental impetus had been given in those villages to facilitate growth and prosperity. The present investigation was undertaken in the backward villages of Cooch Behar District of West Bengal (India) to study the success status of government development programmes running in the villages. A sample of 10% families was taken randomly for the study. Besides analyzing the secondary data obtained from ICDS projects (Integrated Child Development Project) and village Panchayat, an index called Composite Success Index (CSI) was developed for assessing the present status of success of the development programmes undertaken by the government agencies. The study revealed that the success of development programmes were low to medium in most of the villages. It is also revealed that success status is more where backwardness is more i.e. more backward villages achieved more success with respect to implementation of different development programmes.

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Choudhury, Govinda, et Biplab Roy. « Crop diversification and changing agriculture marketing in Cooch Behar district of West Bengal ». Indian Journal of Agricultural Marketing 36, n^o 1spl (2022) : 197–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2456-8716.2022.00014.8.

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Panda, Subhrajyoti, P. K. Pal, Litan Das et M. S. Nain. « Access to Pluralistic Extension Services in Cooch Behar District of West Bengal, India ». Journal of Community Mobilization and Sustainable Development 15, n^o 3 (2020) : 745–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2231-6736.2020.00042.

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Gogoi, Sharmme, G. C. Banik, A. Kundu, S. Mukhopadhyay et D. Mukhopadhyay. « Status of Zinc Fractions in Soils of Cooch Behar District, West Bengal, India ». Current Science 113, n^o 06 (25 septembre 2017) : 1173. http://dx.doi.org/10.18520/cs/v113/i06/1173-1178.

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Bhaduri, Madhuchandra. « Impact of Demonetization on Small Businesses in Indian Economy - An Empirical Study on Small Businesses at Cooch Behar District, West Bengal ». IRA-International Journal of Management & ; Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 10, n^o 3 (14 mars 2018) : 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v10.n3.p2.

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November 8th, 2016 was a path breaking day in Indian economy when Govt. of India has demonetized the high value currency notes and replaced with new notes of Rs.500 and Rs.2000. This move Govt. was taken to clean the black money from the market, to inspire digital economy and to reduce the ‘Cash’ payment culture of some people for tax evasion. The overnight decision changed the life of many people in India. Thousands of people they waited in long queues in front of Banks, ATMs for money. Entire social life of people throughout the country got distracted. Many poor daily wage workers were left with no job and income as owners were unable to pay their daily wage because of less cash, around 15 lakh jobs have been obsolete during this one year. Despite Govt. of India has taken a bold step to make India corruption free and inspire the people in cashless transaction but after one year can we say India is really corruption free? Can we observe any significant improvement in cashless transactions? Can we see the digital payments have significantly improved for common general man?Many reports stated that Country’s automobile and real estate sectors are highly affected and World Bank has downgraded the Indian economy’s growth forecast as sharp falls. The empirical findings suggest that the impact of demonetization on GDP growth during Q3 and Q4 of 2016-17 was mostly felt in construction and real estate, but the good thing was that because of stronger growth in manufacturing, agriculture, mining and electricity the overall impact on gross domestic product growth was modest.Many reports stated that small traders have immensely affected after demonetization because of the cash crunch and lack of infrastructure like digital payment system etc. Small traders in retail sector (grocery shops etc), service sector (restaurants, nursing homes etc.), gems and jewellery, small traders in agricultural products, SMEs, small dealers, professionals like doctors, lawyers etc, have highly affected because of demonetization during last one year. So my objective to find out whether the small traders have really affected or not. If they are affected then how they have affected?The main objective of this paper is to study the impact of demonetization on the small scale traders at Cooch Behar District of West Bengal and how it affected their business. As we all know that Cooch Behar is the princely state of West Bengal which is located very near to Assam, Bhutan and Siliguri region. As a district town Cooch Behar has a high significance in businesses with Northeast, Siliguri and Bhutan. I prepared a questionnaire and surveyed to 50 small scale businessmen at Cooch Behar district and tried to find their perception on demonetization and its impacts on their businesses during last one year. The study at Cooch Behar district may reflect the status of small traders for entire country. Another objectives I have kept here to study whether demonetization really eradicated corruption from India and whether demonetization has changed the behavior of the citizens of the country in cashless transactions?

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Mandal, Aninda. « The epiphytic pteridophyte flora of Cooch Behar District of West Bengal, India, and its ethnomedicinal value ». Journal of Threatened Taxa 15, n^o 8 (26 août 2023) : 23799–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.8224.15.8.23799-23804.

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The district Cooch Behar, located in the north-eastern part of West Bengal, at the foothills of Eastern Himalayas, is very rich in pteridophytic flora. The present field study was undertaken during January 2021 to September 2022 to explore and document the epiphytic pteridophytic flora of the district and their ethnomedicinal uses, which was not previously done. Standard methods for plant specimen collection and herbarium techniques were followed and identification was done with the help of relevant sources. Altogether 14 epiphytic species of pteridophytes comprising 10 genera and six families were recorded. Polypodiaceae was the dominant family represented by eight species (57.14 %) and is dominated by the genus Pyrrosia (five species; 35.71 %). With the help of pretested semi-structured questionnaires, knowledgeable ethnic people and traditional healers of the studied areas were interviewed to record their traditional knowledge on pteridophytes. Out of 14 recorded species, 12 species were used by the ethnic communities and traditional healers to treat 15 different types of diseases ranging from common cough and cold to jaundice, among others. Leaves were found to the dominant plant part (58.82 %) used for the preparation of ethnomedicine. Decoction (52.94 %) of the plant parts were mostly used as herbal medicine and were frequently taken orally (58.82 %). Exploration of epiphytic pteridophytic flora and their utilization as ethnomedicine by the ethnic people has been scientifically documented for the first time from Cooch Behar district and has enriched the existing database our country.

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Barman, Narayan, et Badsha Sarkar. « Women Beedi Workers of Cooch Behar, West Bengal : Accessibility of Welfare Programmes ». Social Change 52, n^o 4 (décembre 2022) : 505–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00490857211068568.

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The labour market in India is largely unorganised in character, employing 93 per cent of the country’s labour force. India is a country where female work participation rate is very low, yet some specific sectors like beedi manufacturing have an overwhelming female work participation. Today, beedi manufacturing is a traditional and largely home-based industry in India in which 98 per cent of beedi workers are females. This article attempts to capture the accessibility of labour welfare programmes by female beedi workers in the Cooch Behar district of West Bengal. As a welfare state, the Government of India, along with the state government of West Bengal, has enacted several welfare schemes to protect the basic social needs of these women workers. But their backwardness, illiteracy combined with poverty, and a lack of administrative transparency appear to be major constraints in female beedi workers having any access to welfare programmes.

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Kundu, Dipa, Rubina Khanam, Sushanta Saha, Umalaxmi Thingujam et G. C. Hazra. « Boron availability in relation to some important soil chemical properties in acid soils of Cooch Behar district, West Bengal ». Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9, n^o 4 (1 décembre 2017) : 2400–2403. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i4.1544.

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In the present study, we investigated the distribution of soil available boron and its relationship with some soil properties in the samples collected from different locations in acidic alluvial soils of Cooch Behar district in West Bengal during 2013-2014. For the study about two hundred fifty (250) georeferenced surface soil samples covering 11 blocks of the districts were collected with the help of a global positioning system (GPS). The soil results revealed that pH of the analyzed samples varied from 4.91-7.28 (mean value 5.68) which indicated that soils of the district were in the acidic to slightly acidic in reaction. Organic carbon content of the soils varied from 0.42 to 1.62 % with a mean value of 0.96 % and about 93.7 % of the samples were high whereas about 5.2 and 1.2 % of the samples analyzed were in medium and low category, respectively. Results also indicated that the available B content in the soils of the districts ranged from 0.04 to 3.87 mg kg-1 with a mean value of 0.51 mg kg-1 and about 38.26 % soil samples were classified under low, whereas, 3.58 and 0.35 % samples were categorized as medium and high in available B content. It was further indicated that the content of available B in soil was positively correlated with organic carbon (r = 0.170**) and negatively correlated with pH (r = -0.021). Organic carbon status was also found to be positively and non significantly correlated with soil pH (r = 0.062). The results of the study would be immensely helpful for the extension workers to recommended B application considering pH and organic carbon status in acidic soils of the district for a profitable crop production.

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Chakroborty, Kaushik, et Prasenjit Pal. « Nutritional Status of Rural Households : A Case Study in Cooch Behar District of West Bengal ». Indian Research Journal of Extension Education 22, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2022) : 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.54986/irjee/2022/jan_mar/97-102.

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The present work focuses on studying the effect of socio-economic factors on nutritional status of rural households under the Coochbehar-II block of Coochbehar district in West Bengal. A well-structured interview schedule was prepared to collect information about the socio-economic status and nutritional status of the respondents. As an indicator of Nutritional status, the Body Mass Index (BMI) values of the respondents were studied. In the present study, the Independent-Samples Kruskal-Wallis Test and Independent-Samples Mann-Whitney U Test (non-paramedic test) were employed to study the effect of different socio-economic variables on nutritional status of the respondents. Age of the respondents, educational qualification of the respondents, Family size, and House type of the respondents were found to significantly affect the BMI scores of the respondents. The categories of the significantly contributing variables for nutrition like age, education, and house type show significant associations with the BMI categories using Contingency table and Chi-square test.

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Chakraborty, Subhajit, Sabita Mondal, Peddi Naga Harsha Vardhan et Victor Sarkar. « Study on Awareness Level of the Respondents Regarding Crop Insurance in Cooch Behar District of West Bengal, India ». International Journal of Plant & ; Soil Science 35, n^o 15 (8 juin 2023) : 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i153067.

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Crop yield and income from farm is always under frequent threat of natural disasters. Crop insurance is considered to be a basic instrument for ensuring stability of farm income by promoting and encouraging technology, investment and credit flow. Still it is not much popular among our farmers. Hence, the study was conducted to understand the awareness level of respondents towards crop insurance in the district of Coochbehar in West Bengal. The study was carried out in Mathabhanga-2 and Cooch Behar -2, blocks of Coochbehar district of West Bengal. The state, district and villages were selected purposively. From three villages namely Tenganmari, Khagribari, Bara Simulguri, Baghmara 100 respondents, were selected randomly. Data were collected from individual farmers with interview schedule and processed through co -relation coefficient and multiple regressions. Farmers of the present study are aware of the crop insurance but not about different components of insurance. They are aware of bank and agricultural departments but not about other implementing agencies.

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Roy, Bidhan. « Characterization of Farmers’ Varieties of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) of Cooch Behar District of West Bengal ». Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources 32, n^o 3 (2019) : 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-1926.2019.00033.0.

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Ray, Mithun, et Mijanur Rahaman. « Role of socio- cultural and economic characteristics on fertility choices in Cooch Behar district, West Bengal ». Asian Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities 7, n^o 9 (2017) : 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-7315.2017.00454.3.

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Rai, Nishtha Pradarshika, Arunava Ghosh, Naffees Gowsar SR et Chowa Ram Sahu. « Modelling on annual and monsoon rainfall of Cooch Behar district in West Bengal : An ARIMA approach ». Pharma Innovation 11, n^o 4S (1 avril 2022) : 1060–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/tpi.2022.v11.i4so.12091.

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Ganguly, Bablu, Amita Hanglem, Yanglem Devi, Deepa Roy, Sabita Mondal et P. Pal. « Assessing Attitude towards Activities of Rangamati Watershed Development Project in Cooch Behar District of West Bengal, India ». Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & ; Sociology 19, n^o 3 (10 janvier 2017) : 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2017/35433.

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Roy, Suman, et Souvik Ghosh. « Determinants of Adaptation during COVID-19 Pandemic by Rural Households in Cooch Behar District of West Bengal ». INDIAN JOURNAL OF EXTENSION EDUCATION 58, n^o 3 (2022) : 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/ijee.2022.58326.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has led to loss of human life and presented an unprecedented challenge to public health and food systems. The study was conducted to assess the factors in terms of livelihood profile determining awareness and adaptation level. Using random sampling procedure, data were collected from 80 farmers from four villages under two blocks of Coochbehar district in 2021. Altogether eleven variables i.e., age, education, information availability, social participation, quality of common facilities services, mean distance of common facility services, economic status, expenditure during pandemic, net landholding, number of migrants in family and duration of migration explain 46.9 per cent of variance in awareness level and six variables i.e., personal cosmopolite sources use, social recognition, annual family income before and during pandemic and expenditure before and during pandemic explain 63.7 per cent variance of adaptation level. Rural people should be encouraged to participate in different extension activities. Findings would serve as a valid reference for researchers and policy makers concerning pandemic issues.

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Das, Pintu, Subhrajyoti Panda, Satarupa Modak, Litan Das, Shruti Mohapatra, Ranjit Chartejee, Sabita Mondal, Golam Torab Ali, Shrabantika Ghosh et P. K. Pal. « Exploring the Status, Prospects and Constraints of Riverbed Cultivation in Cooch Behar district of West Bengal, India ». Ecology, Environment and Conservation 28 (2022) : 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2022.v28i07s.036.

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Riverbed farming is a sustainable, productivity-enhancing technology suitable for dissemination in other appropriate areas. It has been shown to be economically viable, environmentally sustainable, socially acceptable and technologically appropriate for landless and land-poor farmers in the Terai region. The study was conducted on five villages from three riverbed systems with 20 respondents from each village thereby totaling number of 100 respondents. The data were collected on information about riverbed cultivation, marketing of riverbed products, prospects of riverbed cultivation and constraints of riverbed cultivation. The results shows that 100% respondents give first rank to proper utilization of riverbed land for adopting riverbed cultivation and 100% accept that they have used income from riverbed cultivation to setup other occupations. It was also shown that most of the farmers sell their produce through middlemen from the farm that was 75% in Singimari river bed system followed by 65% in Torsha and 60% in Shiltorsha respectively and transportation was the most important constraint having mean value 2.83

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Sen, Anup, et Piyal Basu Roy. « PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING OF THE MIGRANTS LIVING IN THE REHABILITATION CAMPS IN COOCH BEHAR DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL, INDIA : A GEOGRAPHICAL STUDY ». International Journal of Advanced Research 8, n^o 10 (31 octobre 2020) : 592–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/11881.

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An attempt has been made in this paper to evaluate the psychological well-being of the dwellers of rehabilitation camps in Cooch Behar district, West Bengal, India, who have been sheltered after exchange of enclaves between India and Bangladesh and subsequent migration. Since people commonly migrate for their need, primarily for economic reason, their movement is basically oriented to economic well-being. But, in many cases, well-being may not be achieved through economic satisfaction rather migrants sometimes feel their lost world i.e. the place of living and its surroundings, which brings a psychological well being to them both positively and negatively. Results shows that rehabilitated people, although migrated as per their wish, have achieved economic satisfaction but psychologically a number of them are not happy and often remind their old memories.

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Majhi, Munmun, Deo Kumar, Vivek Kumar et Abhishek Ranjan. « Comparative Study of Soil Microbial Dynamics under Forest and Agricultural Lands of Cooch Behar District of West Bengal ». International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 9, n^o 4 (10 avril 2020) : 2434–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.904.292.

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Das, Ram Krishna. « Fish diversity and the conservation status of a wetland of Cooch Behar District, West Bengal, India ». Journal of Threatened Taxa 10, n^o 3 (26 mars 2018) : 11423. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3404.10.3.11423-11431.

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A study was carried out from March 2016 to February 2017 to investigate the diversity of fishes and the conservation status of Bochamari Beel, a natural wetland of Cooch Behar District, West Bengal, India. The study revealed the occurrence of 40 species of fishes belonging to 31 genera under six orders and 15 families. Cyprinidae was the dominant family with 14 species followed by Channidae with four species, Ambassidae and Bagridae with three species each, Nandidae, Mastacembelidae, Belontiidae, Siluridae and Clariidae with two species each whereas Cobitidae, Belonidae, Gobiidae, Anabantidae, Tetraodontidae and Notopteridae were represented by a single species each. The status of species of this beel included one Endangered species, one Vulnerable species and four Near Threatened species. The maximum fish diversity was recorded in the monsoon season (H’=2.876) as compared with pre monsoon (H’=2.124) and post monsoon (H’ =1.735). The evenness index varied from 0.640 (post monsoon) to 0.822 (monsoon), which indicates uneven distribution of fishes in this beel. Indiscriminate fishing throughout the year, along with extensive weed infestation could be responsible for depletion of fish diversity in this beel.

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Sarkar, Bappa, et Ranjan Roy. « Impact of Deep Tube Well Irrigation on Cropping Intensity–A Case Study of Cooch Behar District, West Bengal ». Indian Science Cruiser 31, n^o 4 (1 juillet 2017) : 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24906/isc/2017/v31/i4/158292.

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Biswas, Anil Kumar. « Local Governance and Development Communication : A Case Study of Gram Panchayat from Cooch Behar District in West Bengal, India ». Journal of Politics & ; Governance 8, n^o 10 (25 octobre 2020) : 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47914/jpg.2020.v08i10.003.

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Pal, Prabhat Kumar, Pradhan Kausik et Soma Biswas. « Popularity and Usage Diversity of Cell Phone Applications among Rural Users in the Cooch Behar District of West Bengal ». Journal of Global Communication 6, n^o 2 (2013) : 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.0976-2442.6.2.017.

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Panda, Subhrajyoti, et P. K. Pal. « Constraints Faced by Block Level ATMA Functionaries in Providing Pluralistic Extension Services in the Cooch Behar District of West Bengal ». International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 9, n^o 11 (10 novembre 2020) : 430–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.911.052.

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Biswas, Soma, D. C. Roy, A. Saha, C. P. Ghosh et M. C. Pakhira. « Capacity Building in Rural Women through Formation and Strengthening of Self Help Groups in Cooch Behar District of West Bengal ». International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 7, n^o 05 (10 mai 2018) : 794–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.705.096.

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Bhattacharjee, Piyasi. « Some medicinal plants with anti -fertility potential used by the tribal people of the District Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India ». INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH AND REVIEW 24 (2021) : 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.52756/ijerr.2021.v24.004.

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The increase in population is becoming a comprehensive dilemma, causing much pressure alternative medicine for anti-fertility action. Ayurveda and other Indian literature mention the use of plants in various human ailments. India has about more than 45000 plant species and among them several thousand are claimed to possess medicinal properties. Researchers conducted in the last few decades on the plants mentioned in ancient literature or used traditionally for anti-fertility action. This review reveals that some plants and their part used having anti-fertility action, which are helpful for researcher to develop new herbal anti-fertility formulations. In the recent years, interest in drugs of plant origin has been progressively increased. The Koch Rajbangshi people use various wild and cultivated plants as medicine for curing different diseases. They completely or partially depend upon these plants for curing various diseases. The plants are mostly used as first aid treatment in most of the diseases. In almost every village there is a medical man who generally knows the traditional uses of the plants. There are some ritual believes also associated with these medicinal plants or ethnomedicines. A good number of these plants are also included in their daily diet. Above all, the plants have also some market value, thus playing an important socio-economic role among the people of the various tribal people. With the use of modern day medical techniques the traditional health care system is now at the verge of extinction. In the present work, the Researcher tried to document the plants used for the medicinal purposes in the, District Cooch Behar or Koch Bihar of the North Bengal region. To create a database of traditional knowledge and use pattern of some plants with infertility potential by Koch or Rajbangshi people in the region all the plants with its uses are documented in this study.

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Mandal, Aninda. « Ethnomedicinal plants used by the ethnic people living in fringe villages of Rasikbil of Cooch Behar District , West Bengal, India ». Indian Journal of Science and Technology 13, n^o 16 (30 avril 2020) : 1676–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/v13i16.380.

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Sarkar, Victor, Biman Maity et Kausik Pradhan. « Impact of Self – Help Group in Case of Change in Income of the Rural Women in Cooch Behar District of West Bengal ». Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & ; Sociology 41, n^o 3 (25 février 2023) : 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2023/v41i31852.

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Women empowerment through self- help group constitutes an emerging and rapidly expanding trend towards social and economic development of the nation. Self Help Groups (SHGs) are a cutting-edge and critically important concept to promote women's entrepreneurship, self-employment, and empowerment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of women Self-Help Groups on women empowerment through income generation, increased communication skills, decision-making ability and awareness, and improved social status. The study was conducted in Coochbehar-I and Coochbehar-II block of Coochbehar district. The present study used multi-stage, purposive and simple random sampling methods. The district was selected purposively and blocks, gram panchayats and respondents were selected randomly. The total number of respondents for the study was one hundred eighty (180) women SHG members. After joining SHG, changes in annual income among the members were in low level and changes in empowerment were in medium level among the members of women SHG after joining the women SHG. The prime reason for joining SHG of the women SHG members in the study area is for promoting their savings.

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Barman, Bhajan Chandra. « Role of Education in Empowering Women : A Case Study ». Asian Review of Social Sciences 7, n^o 1 (5 mai 2018) : 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2018.7.1.1417.

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According to Census Report 2011, nearly 50% of the population of our country are women. They have a great contribution in society. Therefore, we cannot deny the importance of them. In spite of great contribution in society, the women are less empowered in every field of society. The conception of empowerment is based on the notion of power; empowerment by definition means “enabling”, “giving, receiving or obtaining power” or “giving the official or legal authority or the freedom to do something”. In addition, empowerment is defined as the equalization of power and the more efficient use of resources Women’s education leads to empowerment. There are two reasons behind selecting the topic “Role of Education in Empowering Women” for the present study. Firstly, there has been no found any comparative study in the review of literature regarding the measurement of empowerment between educated and uneducated women. Secondly, no literature has been found on education and women empowerment in the study area. The present paper fulfills this research gap. Dinhata block-II of Cooch Behar district, West Bengal has been selected for the purpose of the study. The study is based on both primary and secondary data. Primary data have been collected from a field survey in Dinhata block-II of Cooch Behar district, West Bengal. Secondary data have also been collected from various journals, articles, working papers and education related website. For study purpose it has been selected 200 women from the study area. Among them 100 are educated and the rest 100 women are uneducated. A structured interview schedule was prepared and used for collecting data from the respondents in the study area. To analyse the results a simple statistical technique like percentage has been used. To compare the results, Chi-square test has been used. In the present study, it has been considered nine indicators to measure empowerment between educated and uneducated women. From the results and discussion it has been observed that educated women are more empowered as compare to uneducated one. Chi-square Test shows the significance difference between educated and uneducated women regarding empowerment. Thus, it can be conclude that education is very important factor in empowering women.

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Das, Ganesh. « Farmers Perception on Fungicide Use for Developing Sustainable Environment and Conservation of Biodiversity : A Study in Cooch Behar District of India ». International Journal of Horticulture & ; Agriculture 1, n^o 1 (18 octobre 2016) : 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.15226/2572-3154/1/1/00101.

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Muchahary, Rujab. « PROTHESIS AND ELISION FOUND IN MECH (BODO) DIALECT OF NORTH BENGAL ». International Journal of Advanced Research 8, n^o 10 (31 octobre 2020) : 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/11837.

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Mech (Bodo) is one of the regional Bodo dialects and it falls under the group of Western Bodo Dialect. The dialect is mainly spoken in Darjeeling, AlipurDooars, Jalpaiguri and Cooch Behar districts of North Bengal of West Bengal (India). As a dialect, it has been maintaining some linguistic variety in different levels of linguistics. This variety can be displayed by comparing with standard form of Bodo spoken in Kokrajhar district and its adjacent areas of Assam, India. There are some examples in Mech, where extra sounds are found inserted in the beginning of words without changing the structure of word and the meaning. For example, the word ɔkha (rain) of standard Bodo is termed as nɔkha (rain) in Mech. Here, an extra sound nasal alveolar voiced consonant /n/ has been inserted in the beginning of word in Mech. Likewise, some examples of elision are also present in this dialect. For example, the word barsin (jump upon) used in standard Bodo is termed as basin (jump upon) in Mech. In this example, trill alveolar voiced consonant phoneme /r/ has been found deleted from the medial position of word. The main purpose of this paper is to observe and show up the prothesis and Elision present in Mech Dialect.

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Pal, P. K., Bablu Ganguly, Deepa Roy, Anamika Guha, Amita Hanglem et Sabita Mondal. « Social and biophysical impacts of watershed development programmes : experiences from a micro-watershed area in India ». Water Policy 19, n^o 4 (14 mars 2017) : 773–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2017.189.

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Rainwater conservation and soil erosion prevention are vital for the economic and financial sustainability of dry land agriculture. An integrated watershed development programme is thus a means of achieving these goals. Presently, integrated watershed management is receiving worldwide recognition as an effective model for watershed planning. A watershed is considered the basic geographical unit for developing any plan by integrating various social, economic, and policy factors with modern science. Hence, it is an approach to develop the basic resources for sustainable life support. The present study was conducted to assess the impacts of the watershed development programme on the social and biophysical aspects in a micro-watershed area of Cooch Behar district, West Bengal, India. This study confirmed that the project had positive effects that strengthened the socio-personal and economic characteristics of the farmers and improved the biophysical environment of the farms. The soil and water conservation efforts have increased the total cultivable area as well as improved the irrigation and drainage facilities in the micro-watershed units, thereby increasing the acreage and productivity of crops.

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Saha, Cornea, S. K. Acharya, Monirul Haque, Riti Chatterjee et Anwesha Mandal. « Attributes of Farm Income Operating on Conservation Agriculture : TheMultivariate and ANN Analytics ». Indian Journal of Extension Education 58, n^o 1 (2022) : 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/ijee.2022.58110.

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Conservation agriculture (CA) is the combination of environmental management, modernand scientific agriculture, which employs farmers’ ability to utilize, innovate, and adapt tochanging situations, as well as their holistic acceptance of knowledge along with ensuringsustainability. Farm-level adoption of CA is related to reduced labour and agricultural inputs,more consistent yields, and increased soil nutrient exchange capacity. A good quality landyields good results to everyone, confers good health on the entire family, and causes growthof money, cattle, and grain. The present study depicts hard evidences by identifying markervariables impacting income augmentation through conservation agriculture. A score of 50farmers has been selected from two blocks of Cooch Behar district of West Bengal, bynon-probability snowballing sampling techniques with a total of eighteen independentvariables along with income from major crop is used as the dependent variable through astructured interview schedule. A basket of multivariate analytical techniques has been appliedalong with Artificial Neural Network (ANN) as well. The results depict that a blend ofdiversified farming and farming experiences in CA contributed immensely to scale up incomefrom conservation agriculture approaches.

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Vinay H. T., Arunava Ghosh, Sankalpa Ojha, Parthendu Poddar et Pradip Basak. « Trend Analysis of Rainfall and Detection of Change Point in Terai Zone of West Bengal ». International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 14, n^o 1 (19 janvier 2024) : 603–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i13876.

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Analyzing rainfall trends is crucial for understanding climate patterns to managing water resources and planning agriculture. Trends in rainfall can reveal shifts in climate conditions, whether it is an increase, decrease, or fluctuate over time. The present study intends to examine the long-term trend in monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall in Cooch Behar district of West Bengal spanning from 1969 to 2022. Wallis and Moore test applied to determine the randomness of rainfall, whereas, linear regression trend line, Mann-Kendall (MK) test, Modified-Mann Kendall (MMK) test, and Innovative Trend Analysis (ITA) are used to understand the trend pattern in rainfall. MMK test reveals a significant decreasing trend in November month. In contrast, the remaining months, seasonal and annual rainfall revealed non-significant trend. According to the ITA approach, there was a significant increase in rainfall of January and a significant decrease in rainfall of November and December. The Pettitt’s test identified November 2006 as a trend changing year and there was no significant change point for the remaining months, seasonal and annual rainfall.

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Majumdar, Deboshree, Jayasri Basak, Soma Mukhopadhyay, Swati Dasgupta, Abhijit Chakraborty, Nabamita Pal et Ashis Mukhopadhyay. « Prevalence of Thalassemia Among Rabhas ; a Small Tribe in Eastern Part of India. » Blood 114, n^o 22 (20 novembre 2009) : 5114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.5114.5114.

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Abstract Abstract 5114 BACKGROUND Thalassemia syndromes are a heterogeneous anemia caused by mutation affecting globin chains of the hemoglobin molecule. It is estimated that the average life span of Rabhas (tribal population of North Bengal, Jalpaiguri) range from 42 – 45 years. This raised a concern that they are perishing due to some genetic disease. Hence Screening Camps were conducted to identify the reason. Rabha is a little known Scheduled Tribe community of West Bengal. Assam now renamed to Asom is a North-East India state of India with its capital at Dispur. The Rabha people are mainly found in the jungles of Jalpaiguri. West Bengal is a States and territories of India in eastern India. With Bangladesh, which lies on its eastern border the state forms the ethno-linguistic region of Bengal. Jalpaiguri is the largest district of North Bengal, covering an area 6,245 sq.km. It is situated between 26 16' and 27 0' North latitudes and 88 4' and 89 53' East longitudes and Cooch Behar district. Cooch Behar is a district of the state of West Bengal, India, as well as the name of the town which gives its name to the district. The whole area of Eastern and Western Dooars, may be termed as the cradle land of the Rabhas. The Rabhas belong to Indo-Mongoloid group of people and have similarities with other members of Bodo. Bodo may stand for: *Bod A city in Norway* An ethnic community in India: the Bodo people*The Bodo language spoken by them. group such as Garo (tribe). The Garos are a tribe in Meghalaya, India, and Mymensingh District, Bangladesh, who call themselves Achik. Kachari. The Kacharis are the most widely spread tribe in northeast India. They are said to be the earliest inhabitants of the Brahmaputra Valley. Mech (tribe), Koch. Our objectives were- Awareness among the tribal population through talks and documentaries and discussions with community leaders with demonstrations at village level. The goal of thalassemia screening is to identify the carrier status among Rabha populations, to control the birth of affected children thus eradicating thalassemia among them & to save one of the oldest tribe from being extinct. MATERIAL & METHODS At first an Awareness Programme was held among the Rabhas & then with the written consent peripheral blood was collected for thalassemia screening test. The screening age lies between 10 – 35 years. Firstly, NESTROFT (Naked Eye Single Tube Red Cell Osmotic fragility Test) was performed for spot detection. This was followed by CBC (Complete Blood Count) & HPLC (High performance Liquid Chromatography) for confirmation. Molecular Analysis of every sample was done using ARMS PCR. All together 277 individuals were screened. Of which 119 (43%) were HbE carrier & 110 (40%) were HbE homozygous. Rest of them was normal. The carrier & homozygous status was confirmed by performing ARMS PCR. The sensitivity of NESTROFT in this case was 95 %. CONCLUSION Thus the percentage of HbE carrier & HbE homozygous is very high among the Rabhas. But one thing is to be noted that their % of haemoglobin is very high. This might be one of the reasons that they do not require blood transfusion during their life span. It is spreading like a rapid fire due to consanguineous marriage among them. This is one of the reasons for the early mortality. In our project of Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India we'll complete carrier status detection of total Rabha population (11,000) within 3 years. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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DAS, GANESH, SURAJ SARKAR, SUJAN BISWAS et SANKAR SAHA. « Dealer perception on application and balance use of the different inorganic fertilizer on crop field with respect to their socio-economic variable : A study in Cooch Behar district ». INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FORESTRY AND CROP IMPROVEMENT 7, n^o 1 (15 juin 2016) : 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijfci/7.1/121-125.

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Bag, Puspendu Bikash, Parimal Panda Bappa Paramanik et Bisweswar Mahato Ashok Choudhury. « Atmospheric Nitrogen Fixing Capacity of Azotobacter Isolate from Cooch Behar and Jalpaiguri Districts Soil of West Bengal, India ». International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6, n^o 3 (10 mars 2017) : 1775–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.603.204.

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MUKHOPADHYAY, S. K. « On the use of entropy in Markovian model of rainfall ». MAUSAM 45, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2022) : 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v45i1.1884.

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A statistical study of the annual rainfall data at Cocch Behar district during the periodt90 1 to t9S ~ has been undertaken by using. Markov chain model. One step 3 X3 Ma rcov chain model has beenused in (his study. The outcomes of the model reveal normal, bad and good year of rainfall a t the two stationsof thi s district. The hypoth esis of independence has been tested on the use of entropy and it has been ver ifiedusing likelih ood ra tio criterion. The results of the two methods are the same-tha t the yearly rainfall occurrencemay be regarded as independent at the two places o f the district.

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Rajasri, Simadri, et K. Pradhan. « A study on socio economic status of the farmers during COVID-19 pandemic in Cooch Behar districts of West Bengal ». International Journal of Agriculture Extension and Social Development 7, n^o 2 (1 février 2024) : 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33545/26180723.2024.v7.i2f.367.

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Das, Ram Krishna. « Taxonomy and conservation status of swamp eels (Synbranchiformes : Synbranchidae) of West Bengal, India ». Journal of Threatened Taxa 15, n^o 10 (26 octobre 2023) : 24032–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.8595.15.10.24032-24042.

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In a comprehensive study spanning January 2019 to April 2023 within the state of West Bengal, the research focused on elucidatingthe taxonomy and conservation status of swamp eels in the state. Swamp eels were harvested using traditional fishing techniques, andsampling sites were randomly selected across nine districts: Cooch Behar, Alipurduar, Jalpaiguri, Uttar Dinajpur, Purba Bardhaman, Nadia, Purba Medinipore, North 24 Parganas, and South 24 Parganas, accounting for variations in climatic zones and topography. Through meticulous examination involving X-ray radiographs and morphometric measurements, two distinct swamp eel species, Ophichthys cuchia (Hamilton, 1822) and Ophisternon bengalense McClelland, 1844, were identified, both falling under the ‘Least Concern’ category according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Rapid population decline of swamp eels in West Bengal is primarily attributed to habitat degradation and the indiscriminate use of pesticides and chemical fertilisers.

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Bhaumik, Sampurna. « Everyday Lives in Peripheral Spaces : A Case of Bengal Borderlands ». Borders in Globalization Review 3, n^o 1 (20 décembre 2021) : 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/bigr31202120268.

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This article (part of a special section on South Asian border studies) is an ethnographic study of the daily lives and narratives of borderlands communities in the border districts of Cooch Behar and South Dinajpur along the West-Bengal–Bangladesh border. In order to emphasise the significance of borderland communities’ narratives and experiences to our understanding of borders, this paper explores the idea of borders as social spaces that are inherently dynamic. In attempting to understand the idea of borders through everyday lives of people living in borderland communities, this paper highlights tensions and contradictions between hard borders manifested through securitization practices, and the inherently dynamic social spaces that manifest themselves in people’s daily lives. Conceptually and thematically, this paper is situated within and seeks to contribute to the discipline of borderland studies. Key Words: Borders, Social Spaces, Security, Bengal Borderlands, South Asia

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DAS, A. D., et S. K. MUKHOPADHYAY. « A study on effective monsoon and dry spells of short return periods The Indian mountain ranges during monsoon months in two north Bengal districts ». MAUSAM 47, n^o 2 (15 décembre 2021) : 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v47i2.3705.

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This article uses daily rainfall data (April-October) of Cooch Behar (1971-90) and Jalpaiguri (1972-90), the two predominantly rainfed farming districts of Terai zone of West Bengal, to study the, nature of different rainfall parameters of this area. It was observed that the mean date of Onset of Effective Monsoon (OEM) of this region is about one month in advance from the normal occurrence of monsoon over Kerala. However, the monsoon rains, here, retreat at about the same time with those of Kerala. Distribution of the duration of dry spell has been studied to have some idea of the nature of critical dry spells during the monsoon season. The article also examines how prolonged, on the average, are the monsoon breaks for different return periods. Expected length of dry spell (in days) for 2, 5, 10 and 20 years return periods have been estimated with the help of suitably fitted curves for each location.

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Prasad, C. Vara, et K. Pradhan. « Identification and Prioritization of Challenges in Accessing ICT Tools by Agricultural Extension Professionals in Northern Districts of West Bengal ». Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & ; Sociology 41, n^o 6 (6 mai 2023) : 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2023/v41i61930.

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The potential of Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) for agriculture in the form of various knowledge management portals has been harnessed by various agricultural developmental organizations and so on. But still, there is a gap in the rural community's adoption and access to such technology. There are many reasons for this adoption lag, in the case of identifying such focused issues in accessing the ICTs, will be the key to addressing those challenges. In such a resilient backdrop, this article investigates by identifying and prioritising the challenges in accessing ICT tools for sustainable agriculture by agricultural system actors in the northern districts of West Bengal. The present study was conducted in two northern districts of West Bengal viz. Cooch Behar and Alipurduar districts. Two hundred respondents included from these two districts were selected randomly for the present study. The sample includes 60 percent of the farmers and 40 percent of extension personnel including scientists from State Agriculture University, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Assistant directors of State Department of Agriculture, input dealers and grassroots-level extension professionals working in various farmers, clubs and NGOs. These respondents were interviewed through a structured, pre-tested interview schedule developed to measure the extent of ICTs usage designed with the help of the online Google forms and offline interview schedule. The obtained data were processed with the help of statistical tools like frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and Rank Based Quotient (RBQ). The constraints identified were, ‘lack of training and practical exposure towards ICTs’ (64.8%), followed by ‘high cost of ICT tools (64.55%), ‘insufficient local language information’ (62%), ‘low network connectivity’ (60.90%), ‘unavailability of different ICT tools’ (60.60%), ‘lack of skill in handling ICTs’ (58.65%), ‘lack of confidence in operating ICTs’ (55.40%), ‘high cost of repairing for ICT devices’ (49.40%), ‘irregular power supply’ (37.95%), and ‘lack of awareness of benefits of ICTs’ (36.40%).

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Marsh, Julie A., Melanie Bertrand et Alice Huguet. « Using Data to Alter Instructional Practice : The Mediating Role of Coaches and Professional Learning Communities ». Teachers College Record : The Voice of Scholarship in Education 117, n^o 4 (avril 2015) : 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811511700411.

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Background Despite increased access to student learning data, scholars have demonstrated that teachers do not always know how to use these data in ways that lead to deep changes in instruction and often lack skills and knowledge to interpret results and develop solutions. In response, administrators have invested in instructional coaches, data coaches, and professional learning communities (PLCs) to support teachers in this process. Despite their popularity, there is limited research on the ways in which coaches and PLCs mediate teachers’ use of data and the various types of expertise brought to bear on this process. Purpose This exploratory study examined how working with a coach or PLC shaped teachers’ responses to data in six middle schools and the factors that influenced the activities and effects of coaches and PLCs. Our intent was to deeply examine processes and identify key constructs and relationships to guide future research and practice. Research Design Our research involved a year-long comparative case study of six low-performing middle schools in four districts that supported teacher data use via literacy coaches, data coaches, or PLCs. We draw on cultural historical activity theory and data from 92 interviews, 6 focus groups, 20 observations of meetings, and monthly surveys of case study teachers (15), coaches (4), and PLC lead teachers (2). Findings We found that coaches and PLCs played important roles in mediating teachers’ responses to data and were often associated with instances in which teachers used data to alter their instructional delivery (as opposed to surface-level changes in materials and topics). Further, the dynamic relationship between vertical expertise (an individual's knowledge and skills) and horizontal expertise (knowledge that is co-created through interactions and movement across contexts) may help explain the ways in which PLCs and coaches facilitated deeper level changes in pedagogy. Finally, dialogue was a central mediating practice, and school leadership and the district-level context shaped the possibility for change. Conclusions Our research adds conceptual clarity to what types of expertise may be needed to ensure that teachers respond productively to data. The study suggests that administrators should consider multiple facets of expertise when designing interventions, recruiting coaches, assembling PLCs, and developing professional development for coaches and teacher leaders. The centrality of dialogue also suggests the need for policies and structures allowing for uninterrupted time for educators to collectively reflect on data.

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Nandi, Kousik, Anwesh Rai, Soumen Mondal, Subhendu Bandyopadhyay et Deb Sankar Gupta. « Forecasting of Kharif Rice and Jute Yield in North Bengal through Statistical Model ». International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 21 avril 2021, 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2021/v11i230362.

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Crop yield forecasting under the present climate change scenario needs an effective model and its parameter that how crop respond to the weather variable. A number of weather based models have been developed to estimate the crop yield for the various crops at block, district and state level. Among the different model statistical model is more popular and commonly used. The current study was undertaken to evaluate the performance of statistical model for rice and jute yield forecast of four different district viz. Cooch Behar, Jalpaiguri, Uttar Dinajpurand and Dakhin Dinajpur. Among the four districts Cooch Behar district found superior for kharif rice yield prediction (1.46% error with RMSE 177.68 kg/ha) whereas in case of jute crop its performance was the best in the Jalpaiguri district (-0.44% error with RMSE 217.50 kg/ha).

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Dutta, Arpita, et Susmita Cakraborty. « Implementation and limitation of online services in rural college libraries during COVID-19 pandemic in Cooch Behar district, West Bengal ». International Journal of Information and Knowledge Studies 2, n^o 1 (10 juin 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.54857/ijiks.v2i1.55.

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Purpose: The purpose of the study is to provide a summary of COVID-19 situation and its effect on academic libraries, the services given by the college libraries during the pandemic situation and how the libraries especially the college libraries have implemented online services during Covid-19 situation. This study tries to understand the functioning and obstacles as well as challenges faced by the college libraries in Cooch Behar during Covid-19 pandemic with regard to their services and performance. Methodology: The survey method has been used to explore the research objective. Sometimes observations methods also used to explore the research objective. The structured questionnaires were mailed to the librarians of the college libraries in Cooch Behar email as well as WhatsApp. A total number of 14 questionnaires were distributed to the college libraries of Cooch Behar district and 100% were received back. Findings: The author highlights some major services provided by the college libraries during Covid-19 pandemic and concludes by showing how the college libraries work collaboratively to support online education systems during pandemic situations. Research limitations: The result of the study is limited to the fourteen college libraries of the Cooch Behar district. Practical implications: The results will be helpful to the other college libraries of Cooch Behar regarding the implementation of online services in their respective institutions. Originality/value: This is original research that identifies the services of college libraries during the pandemic and as well as limitations for implementing those services.

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De, Mitu, et Santi Ranjan Dey. « Variation in agronomic characters among traditional rice varieties of Cooch Behar, West Bengal : A Case Study ». International Academic Publishing House, 30 août 2021, 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.52756/ijerr.2021.v25.001a.

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The expertise of agro-morphological variability within a crop and its dispersion across agro-ecological areas may be very useful in managing the crop’s germplasm and developing improved methods. Crop failure is guarded against through genetic variety. However, dwindling genetic wealth erodes the capacity to maintain and enhance agricultural productivity. West Bengal has rich rice genetic wealth. But this genetic wealth is being silently depleted due to the onslaught of the high-yielding varieties (HYVs) and neglect The 10 traditional rice varieties were collected from the Cooch Behar district of West Bengal, India. The present study aimed to characterize the rice genotypes using agronomic characters. The assessment was done following the Standard Evaluation System (SES) for rice developed by the International Rice Research Institute. Even though all the ten local rice varieties were adapted to the Cooch Behar district, a fair amount of diversity was found among the rice genotypes.

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Maity, Biman, Tarun Kumar Das, Victor Sarkar, Kshouni Das, Ankur Adhikary, Kausik Pradhan et Bablu Ganguly. « Opportunities and Constraints Faced by the Rural Shital Pati Weaver for Sustainable Livelihood ». Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 27 août 2020, 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/cjast/2020/v39i2530888.

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The migration of villagers is very much predominant in developing country like India in search of the remunerative enterprise. At present, many farmers are not satisfied with their agriculture production. The villagers struggle to get rid of subsistence livelihood. The shital pati / cool mat weaving is to be one of the potential enterprises for sustainable livelihood generation in the Cooch Behar district of West Bengal. In this perspective, the study was conducted in Dholuabari, Deochorai, Barokodali, Dhalpal villages of Cooch Behar district in West Bengal in December 2019 to January 2020 know the perception of cool mat weaver related to cool mat weaving entrepreneurship. Randomly 100 respondents who were engaged in cool mat production were selected for the study, and from each village 25, of respondents are taken. An interview schedule was designed to collect the primary information where secondary data were collected from panchayat pradhan, mediators, literature, research papers and internet. The study revealed that many farmers were engaged in this enterprise to get more remuneration from secondary agriculture and thereby improve their socio-economic status in a sustainable way.

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