Thèses sur le sujet « Contratti finanziari »
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GIULIANI, SAMUELE. « FORMA E NULLITÀ DI PROTEZIONE NEI CONTRATTI FINANZIARI ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/850498.
Texte intégralThis study aims to analyze the new formal requirements of contracts introduced by special legislation, together with the connected remedy of “protective nullity”, in the perspective of their respective functions. Through the regulation of relationships with disparity of contractual power, the legislator acknowledged the needs emerging from the changed economic context, where real estate property is no longer central, given the rise of a dynamic, competitive market of products and services, where asymmetric contracts prevail; in this context, the most relevant asset is information, held by the “strong” professional party, towards which the other party is in a position of structural weakness. In this situation, the form of the contract is no longer only aimed at guaranteeing certainty in the circulation of property: it becomes an instrument for reducing information asymmetries and ensuring the transparency of the contractual contents, with consequent promotion of the order, the efficiency and the competitiveness of the relevant market. The same protection purpose inspires the nullity provision, which limits the right of action to the weaker party only. Therefore, the “protective” form and nullity of the contract will be analyzed in a joint and interconnected study, carried out with specific reference to the financial sector, which represents a fertile field of investigation for the examination of the critical issues regarding the connection between special legislation and general rules set forth under the Italian Civil Code. This analysis, to be carried out by doctrine, proceeds together with the process of gradual review of the general categories of civil law. In such perspective, this study investigates how the enhancement of the function of law can contribute to evolve legal categories, in order to provide adequate answers to the problems arising in the modern economic reality. This approach is also endorsed by a recent ruling of the Italian Supreme Court, which seems an expression of a renewed “jurisprudence of interests”. The above-mentioned analysis starts from the study, in the first chapter, of the evolution of the functions of the form of contract. The second chapter is dedicated to the in-depth study of the form of financial contracts, carried out by analyzing the characteristics and limits of formal protection in such field, as well as its integration through the provision of specific information and conduct duties of financial intermediaries. Among the issues which arise from the formal requirement, particular attention is paid to the validity of financial contracts signed only by the investor. The third chapter focuses on the protective nullity provided for investment contracts; it is dedicated, in particular, to the issue of possible abuses of the advantages granted by the legal system to the weaker party, with specific regard to the so-called “selective” claims. The study tries to suggest solutions aimed at avoiding a dysfunctional use of the protective legislation, which occurs when such rules are exploited for purposes other than those envisaged by the legislator. On the one hand, the enhancement of the specific functions of special legislation is useful in order to guarantee a consistent interpretation and a renovation of the traditional legal categories of form and nullity of the contract; on the other hand, such approach allows to prevent an opportunistic use of the rules aimed at protecting the weaker party, which would have disruptive effects not only on individual contractual relationships, but also on the system as a whole. In the specific field of financial intermediation, the considerations above demonstrate the unfairness of legal actions based on the nullity of the financial contract, when proposed in the absence of a real information harm, for the sole purpose of obtaining the return of the sums used for disadvantageous investment transactions, regardless of an actual lack of information or inadequacy to the investor’s risk profile. Lastly, the analysis carried out offers a contribution to the study of the limits of formal protection, especially in sectors such as the financial one, characterized by an intrinsic high complexity of the products and services under offer. In light of the evolution of legislation and regulation, it is now clear that information transparency, conveyed by the contractual document, is necessary but not sufficient to ensure a substantial protection of the weaker party. This outcome inevitably requires the effective compliance with the behavioural duties of the professional party.
Passeri, Barbara <1996>. « I contratti finanziari derivati utilizzati dai Comuni italiani ». Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/21223.
Texte intégralGIOBBI, MANUELA. « Contratti di investimento in strumenti finanziari, regole di comportamento e tutela del risparmiatore ». Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/241999.
Texte intégralGROSSULE, EDOARDO. « LA NUOVA DISCIPLINA DEI CONTRATTI DERIVATI OVER THE COUNTER ». Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/6136.
Texte intégralThis dissertation aims at analyzing, with a functional approach, the new regulations of over the counter derivatives introduced in Europe with the 648/2012 Regulation (EMIR) and in the US under the Dodd-Frank Act, with the goal to underlying the strengths and weaknesses. To fully achieve this objective, the thesis proposes a logical path that starts from the deepening of economic and legal causes that have favored the spread of the negative effects of the crisis, then focuses on possible regulatory responses to the problems posed by derivatives. Finally, the analysis ends pointing out the problematic aspects related to the effectiveness of the new rules, especially in light of the policy dynamic developed during the long process of approval of these complex rules.
Petrin, Michele <1988>. « Analisi di alcuni contratti "critici" di leasing finanziario ». Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/5785.
Texte intégralORIANI, ANDREA. « RISOLUZIONE PER INADEMPIMENTO E RESTITUZIONI NEI CONTRATTI DELL'INTERMEDIAZIONE FINANZIARIA ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/219667.
Texte intégralZampieri, Elisa <1988>. « CESSIONE DEL CONTRATTO DI LEASING E SCISSIONE IN PRESENZA DI UN CONTRATTO DI LOCAZIONE FINANZIARIA : OPERAZIONI A CONFRONTO ». Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/2770.
Texte intégralMangano, Fabio Salvatore. « Il contratto di gestione patrimoniale ». Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/1134.
Texte intégralZorzetto, Ugo <1990>. « The use of derivatives contracts by Italian local authorities ». Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/12131.
Texte intégralPandolfi, Matteo <1992>. « Atomic Arbitrage : mercati finanziari decentralizzati e smart contracts per l’eliminazione dello slippage nell’arbitraggio fra cryptovalute ». Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/15301.
Texte intégralSAAVEDRA, SERVIDA BLANCA IGNACIA MARIA. « DISCIPLINA DELLA NULLITÀ CONTRATTUALE E PARADIGMA DELL'OPERATIVITÀ A VANTAGGIO ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/784603.
Texte intégralGurioli, Andrea. « Ethereum alla prova dei fatti : Analisi sull'utilizzo degli smart contracts per l'implementazione di opzioni nei mercati finanziari ». Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/20602/.
Texte intégralDu, Pre Davide <1992>. « Trade Finance and Blockchain : how smart contracts can improve operations in the world of Trade Finance ». Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/19006.
Texte intégralTremante, Francesca <1997>. « Modello risk based per la determinazione del pricing delle attività di compliance in materia di antiriciclaggio e contrasto al finanziamento del terrorismo ». Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/20277.
Texte intégralPiovesana, Luisa <1987>. « La cooperazione tra Amministrazione Finanziaria e contribuente tra esigenze di tutela del cittadino e di contrasto all'evasione fiscale ». Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/2452.
Texte intégralBoscolo, Chielon Alessia <1996>. « Derivatives on Cryptocurrencies : the case of futures contracts on Bitcoin ». Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/19679.
Texte intégralMARASCA, MATTEO. « Verso la tipizzazione del leasing finanziario : la ritrovata unità funzionale del contratto alla luce dei più recenti interventi normativi e giurisprudenziali ». Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/245378.
Texte intégralAbstract (eng) Although it does present some similarities with the rental contract, the financial leasing contract is a clearly and functionally different contract from it. The financial leasing contract was established and affirmed in the United Sates as a financing tool for companies, which then went on to become a contract useable by all private individuals, be they traders, craftsmen or simple individual consumers. Leasing meets several practical needs. It guarantees a company or an individual the possibility to use an asset that is functional for the financial activity carried out or simply a consumer product, without having to immediately pay its entire purchase cost. In its capacity as a financial broker, the leasing company does not directly possess the asset that the client wishes to use, but rather, purchases it from a third party chosen by the future user. This circumstance enables us to distinguish the contract we are examining here from other well-known types of contract within the national legal systems. In particular, it can be singled out from the instalment credit contract with a title retention agreement and from the rental agreement. In instalment sales for example, the selling party is also the manufacturer of the product being sold. In the case of a rental on the other hand, the lessor is already in possession of the asset to be granted for use. The most wide-ranging types of goods can be the object of a financial lease and they cannot be limited to a single genre. The leasing company is not therefore a company that manufactures goods in order to make them available on the market, but rather, an organisation carrying out a commercial brokerage activity: it finances the purchase of a product with the sole aim of remunerating the capital invested in the operation. The latter therefore agrees to purchase the goods with the sole aim of granting them for use to the client-user, who, in turn, undertakes an obligation to reimburse the capital used in the operation with the payment of a pre-determined number of periodical instalments, which also include a quota of interest, representing the profit that the credit organisation earns for lending the money. The periodical instalments therefore, are not determined on the basis of the financial value of the goods (as is the case for hire purchase) or the use value (as is the case for rentals): the payments are the periodical instalments that the contractor must pay to the financing party. It is no coincidence then that the main leasing companies draw up a typical loan repayment schedule, that is, one that is based on the client’s credit rating and on the risk margin associated with the specific operation. In such terms, the financial nature of the contract and its positioning within the category of credit agreements is obvious. This solution is valid, not only in our country but also within other European and Non-European legal systems. While representing a point of synthesis between the various national legal experiences, the Ottawa Convention on international leasing confirms the financial nature of the operation. It deals with regulating certain aspects relating to the contractual relationship in a manner that is entirely incompatible with the regulation of one’s own interest, which is typical of exchange contracts, be they associated with the transferral of a right or the right to use. Such circumstances are present when the Convention deals with regulating the effects produced by the termination of the contract due to non-compliance on the part of the user (art. 13) or when it deals with holding the user responsible for all risk deriving from the use of the asset (art. 8). Given the fact that it is frequently availed of in the commercial sector, on a national and international level, financial leasing now has a uniform and standardised structure, which is outlined in certain clauses that reoccur in practice, to the extent that they are believed to be naturalia negotii which characterise the specific contractual figure. In certain European countries (such as France for example), financial leasing is considered to be a typical contract, while in other EU states (such as Italy), financial leasing (still) remains an atypical contract that is deserving of special protection. In the past, leasing was present within national traffic as an “alien” contract, however, nowadays it seems to have “familiarised” well with our economic-legal system, so much so that lawmakers refer to leasing in several legal dispositions, even going so far as to describe the overall commercial operation in which the same contract is housed. Lawmakers have also gone so far as to make laws to regulate certain specific contractual events referring to the contractual relationship. This has resulted, without any substantial amendments, in what has emerged in routine procedure pertaining to the institute being examined. The absence of a full set of rules governing this type of relationship has however determined uncertainty in doctrine and law regarding the qualification and regulations that are actually applicable to the act of a private transaction. Research carried out on the regulations applicable to financial leasing does not meet the objective of integrating the contractual regulation in the presence of “shortcomings”, but rather, meets the more pressing need to control (from a legal perspective) the act of a private transaction, that is, the need for careful verification of its compatibility with the imperative regulations of law as well as the general principles in force within the legal system. The tendency of law in our country has been to lead the leasing contract into the application realm of the regulations governing a typical contract. From here stems a somewhat “forced” functional distinction between several types of financial leasing (purchase leasing and leasing for use) and this in spite of the evident uniformity and univocal application of the payment of interest generally applied. The mistake made by the law has been its inability to appreciate the full value of the principle of freedom to contract recalled in article 1322, paragraph 2 of the Civil Code. In providing for the fact that the parties can sign contracts that do not come under the types with a special regulation (as long as they aim to implement interests that are deserving of protection, in compliance with the legal system in question), this disposition in fact legitimises the contracting parties to regulate their own interests. This can be done through contractual schemes that differ from those set out by the legislator and as long as, from a concrete analysis of the overall structure of the interests in question, there is a positive assessment by the legal system. This is understood to be a set of principles that are inferable from constitutional values and from the system of sources and aim pursued by the same. In other words, the judgement of worthiness for atypical contracts, as set out by article 1322, paragraph 2 of the Civil Code cannot be limited to an assessment of the individual elements within the agreement set up by the parties (and therefore be superimposed with the differing judgement of lawfulness), but rather, it must assess the overall financial operation that the contracting parties wish to enact, as only in this manner is it possible to comprehend the reasoning behind the interest and the substantial lawfulness of the unitary plan devised by them. On the contrary, over time, the law has limited itself to inspecting the individual clauses of the financial lease contract, without carrying out a more careful analysis of the actual general balance that exists between the advantages and disadvantages for the parties. Thus the financial leasing contract is, in the eyes of the law, a mixed contract, a “hybrid”, half way between a hire purchase agreement and a rental agreement, although it has certain characteristics and a function that are entirely peculiar and incompatible with both contractual types. It is a contractual hybrid which, regardless of every real and necessary causal qualification of the relationship, is classified differently by prevalent law on the basis of entirely discretionary indexes, which are proven to be entirely unsuitable for representing a valid reference parameter for the identification of the regulations that are applicable to the actual case in question. What is more, all of this is an affront to the general interest of the standardised application of the law throughout the entire national territory and to the traditional conceptual autonomy of the atypical contract being examined. If we examine the specific function for which it was created, we see that the financial lease contract is by no means a hybrid, but rather it is a particular financing method for companies and private individuals. Furthermore, this is what emerges from the contractual regulation implemented generally by the main leasing companies. It suffices to refer here to the doctrine supporting the absolute legitimacy of the risk inversion clauses agreed upon in favour of the investment companies as well as to what is also sustained by the penalties inserted into the contract with the aim of regulating the effects deriving from the termination of the same due to non-compliance on the part of the user. We would also point out the peculiar trilateral nature that characterises the overall economic-financial operation and the significant role of brokerage carried out by the grantor. Each time that it felt the need to regulate certain events associated with the financial lease relationship, the legislator did so in compliance with the consolidated contractual practice and in a manner that diverges entirely from the typical regulations foreseen for the other contracts mentioned. With the promulgation of the single text on banking in 1993 and with the consecration of the contract as a particular financing technique, the legislator clarified all doubts on the appropriateness of considering leasing as a univocal and specific contract with a financial cause and with a duration, characterised by structural elements that are socially typical and that formalise the paradigm. In addition to this, the legislator also provided for the fact that the contract must be made available on the market only by qualified brokers, underlining in this manner, from a subjective point of view, its peculiar financial nature. It is no coincidence that the percentage of profit agreed upon in favour of the conveyor is expressed in a percentage, as is the case for every financial loan contract. This percentage is indicated in the contract with the name “leasing rate” and it represents the profit margin for the conveyor for the activity carried out. The purchase cost of the asset, furthermore, covers the slot of the amount loaned, while the leasing rate takes on the role of the corresponding interest, owing from the user for the indirect entrustment of money in his favour. Lastly, it should be pointed out that the legislator seems to want to portray the financial lease contract as a type, and the result of this will most likely come about thanks to the upcoming approval by Parliament, of the Competition Draft Law as amended in July 2016 by the X° Industry Commission of the Senate of the Republic. The text issued by the parliamentary Commission in fact not only defines the overall financial lease operation for the first time, which is what occurred partially already with art. 17, paragraph 2, of law n. 183/1976 and with art. 1, paragraph 76, of law n. 208/2015, it also represents a point of arrival on the issues that have been debated the most over time by doctrine and law, and in one go it typifies: the liability exoneration clauses foreseen in the contract in favour of the conveyor, the termination penalties foreseen in cases of non-compliance by the user, as well as the overall trilateral structure referring to the financial operation and the link that exists between the supply contract and the lease contract. Such an intervention has another merit however, which is perhaps the most important: by univocally regulating financial leasing, it does not consider any functional distinction in this institute, but rather, it valorises the unitary nature of the contract, excluding every remote possibility of applying regulations governing typical contractual types to this contract, even in an analogical manner. It definitively puts an end to the “suffocating” similarities with hire purchase, title retention agreements and rentals. The new aspect therefore confirms and reiterates all of the peculiarities of what up to now has been and remains a socially typical contract, that is widely practiced and deserving of protection.
OGGIONI, Giorgia. « Average cost power contracts and CO2 burdens for energy intensive industry ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Bergamo, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10446/53.
Texte intégralMarket evidences of the last three years show that the application of the EU-ETS may endanger the European electricity intensive industries both directly and indirectly. The direct ETS burdens come from the costs of both abating emissions from old technologies and buying emission allowances on the market. The pass through of carbon cost in electricity price implies an indirect ETS charge. The combined action of these two carbon burdens may negatively a ect European industries' competitiveness at international level. Some of these industries are threatening to relocate their production activities outside of Europe. This would lead to the so-called "carbon leakage" phenomenon. Taking stock of a French industrial proposal, I consider some special contractual policies whereby electricity intensive industries can buy electricity at average cost. The rest of the market is instead priced at marginal cost. Thanks to these contracts, generators reserve part of their power plants for these industries and apply to them a price depending on the average capacity, fuel and emission costs of these dedicated units. In addition, these contracts account for the average transmission charges. Industries can choose to be supplied either at a single regional average cost price or at zonal (assimilated to nodal) average cost prices (in which case transmission costs are equal to zero). The nal objective consists in analyzing the e ects provoked by the application of the single and the nodal average cost prices in the cases where generators dispose of fi xed capacity or can invest in new technologies. The market for transmission services is of the "flow based market coupling" type and the allowance price is endogenous. The results show that power contracts indeed partially relieve the direct and the indirect carbon costs and mitigate the incentive of European electricity intensive industries to relocate their activities, but with quite diverse regional impacts in correspondence with di erent national policies. Finally, the EU-ETS drives generators' investment choices towards clean and nuclear based technologies. Models are formulated as non-monotone complementarity problems with endogenous electricity, transmission and allowance prices. These are implemented in GAMS and solved by PATH. They are applied to a prototype power system calibrated on four countries of the Central Western Europe represented by France, Germany, Belgium and The Netherlands.
FANTI, ROVETTA MARCO. « Strumenti finanziari ibridi e disallineamenti fiscali tra qualificazione giuridica e finalità antiabuso. Profili ricostruttivi delle misure di contrasto ai disallineamenti da ibridi in attuazione delle raccomandazioni internazionali e delle Direttive antielusione ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Brescia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11379/560855.
Texte intégralThe aim of the work is to investigate the evolution of the logics behind international tax law and their impact on the fiscal sovereignty of States. To this end, we will start from its origin, when the need was felt to introduce rules aimed at preventing the duplication of the tax burden on economic activities carried out across national borders. We will then examine how the development of the global economy has widened the possibilities for taxpayers to reduce their tax burden, investigating the pathological (i.e., cases of tax evasion or tax avoidance) and physiological (tax arbitrage) declinations of the phenomenon. We will then outline the characteristics of a particular legal category that has traditionally been considered an expression of tax arbitrage: hybrid financial instruments. By analyzing the measures developed by international recommendations and anti-avoidance directives to counter their possible mismatches in tax qualification, we will try to show how the most recent tax policies are aimed, in order to recover taxable income, to avoid tax saving in all its forms.
FANTI, ROVETTA MARCO. « Strumenti finanziari ibridi e disallineamenti fiscali tra qualificazione giuridica e finalità antiabuso. Profili ricostruttivi delle misure di contrasto ai disallineamenti da ibridi in attuazione delle raccomandazioni internazionali e delle Direttive antielusione ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Brescia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11379/560836.
Texte intégralThe aim of the work is to investigate the evolution of the logics behind international tax law and their impact on the fiscal sovereignty of States. To this end, we will start from its origin, when the need was felt to introduce rules aimed at preventing the duplication of the tax burden on economic activities carried out across national borders. We will then examine how the development of the global economy has widened the possibilities for taxpayers to reduce their tax burden, investigating the pathological (i.e., cases of tax evasion or tax avoidance) and physiological (tax arbitrage) declinations of the phenomenon. We will then outline the characteristics of a particular legal category that has traditionally been considered an expression of tax arbitrage: hybrid financial instruments. By analyzing the measures developed by international recommendations and anti-avoidance directives to counter their possible mismatches in tax qualification, we will try to show how the most recent tax policies are aimed, in order to recover taxable income, to avoid tax saving in all its forms.
FANTI, ROVETTA MARCO. « Strumenti finanziari ibridi e disallineamenti fiscali tra qualificazione giuridica e finalità antiabuso. Profili ricostruttivi delle misure di contrasto ai disallineamenti da ibridi in attuazione delle raccomandazioni internazionali e delle Direttive antielusione ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Brescia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11379/560837.
Texte intégralThe aim of the work is to investigate the evolution of the logics behind international tax law and their impact on the fiscal sovereignty of States. To this end, we will start from its origin, when the need was felt to introduce rules aimed at preventing the duplication of the tax burden on economic activities carried out across national borders. We will then examine how the development of the global economy has widened the possibilities for taxpayers to reduce their tax burden, investigating the pathological (i.e., cases of tax evasion or tax avoidance) and physiological (tax arbitrage) declinations of the phenomenon. We will then outline the characteristics of a particular legal category that has traditionally been considered an expression of tax arbitrage: hybrid financial instruments. By analyzing the measures developed by international recommendations and anti-avoidance directives to counter their possible mismatches in tax qualification, we will try to show how the most recent tax policies are aimed, in order to recover taxable income, to avoid tax saving in all its forms.
SABETTA, ARIANNA. « Le prospettive dei confidi meridionali ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/732.
Texte intégralThe aim of this work is to analyze the recent progress of the Italian Southern Mutual Loan-Guarantee Societies (Confidi) by using a sample of its year’s Balance Sheet in order to investigate the determinants of its profitability and to get a better idea of how to plot next year’s profitability story and what Confidi future business wealth will be. Recently, the evolution of the Confidi has been influenced by the regionalization of economic policy, by the Basel II accord and finally by the introduction of a modern legal framework for prudential supervision. As a result of the Framework law of 2003, the Confidi are not for profit entities specialized in granting collective guarantees to SMEs. In order to enforce their role as a link between banks and SMEs, with the objective of facilitating access to bank credit, the Italian Confidi need to implement an evolutionary progress of their mission and to work proactively with banks and the SMEs themselves. Despite the strength and dynamism of the Italian Confidi system, the future is not without challenges in particular for small Confidi most of which are located in the South of Italy. In this area the financial system is mainly based on banks and there is also a gap between North and South of Italy in the availability and in the cost of credit for SMEs. Overall, the work is divided into five chapters. The first chapter provides a descriptive analysis of the new competitive environment and a theoretical study on role and rationale of Italian Confidi. The second chapter focuses on the theoretical models and on the empirical researches on the determinants of collateral usage in credit market: it is shown that banks normally require guarantees on loans granted to SMEs that appear to be riskier, less capitalized, and with multiple banking relationships. On the base of these results, the third chapter investigates the problem of bank loans to small firms and the role of mutual guarantees as possible solution in facilitation SMEs’ access to finance: exiting evidence suggests a critical relevance of the Italian Mutual loan-Guarantee Societies on the small firms’ credit access and condition and also a reduction on the cost of credit due to the Confidi intermediation, particularly for Italian Southern SMEs. On this evidence the fourth chapter analyzes the effect of the new Capital Adequacy Directive and of the Framework law 2003 on the Italian Confidi system. Finally, in order to study the recent progress of the Italian Southern Confidi, the fifth chapter focus on a sample of Italian Southern Confidi and, by applying the methodology suggested by Cacciamani (1999) and Vallascas (2005), investigates the determinants of its performance and the way to enforce their role in the new competitive environment. Overall, the empirical findings of this research show that the small size of Italian Southern Confidi is an impediment to reach adequate level of efficiency and profitability for its staying in credit market. In order to continue to have a significant role to play in facilitating SMEs access to finance, the reinforcement of its administrative structure – often limited – and the improvement of the risk monitoring procedures are the main elements for further professionalization.
Edoli, Enrico. « Pricing of gas swing contracts with indexed strike : a viscosity solution approach with applications ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3422584.
Texte intégralI contratti swing nei mercati dell'energia e del gas sono prodotti strutturati creati su misura per gli operatori al fine di gestire contemporaneamente il rischio derivante dalle variazioni del prezzo di mercato e dall'incertezza volumetrica dovuta alla continua e imprevedibile fluttuazione della domanda. La presente tesi si occupa di un particolare tipo di contratto swing, frequentemente scambiato tra grossi operatori del mercato del gas naturale. I contratti swing nei mercati del gas sono noti anche come take-or-pay e sono contratti di fornitura a lungo termine che permettono flessibilità nel ritiro del gas: l'acquirente possiede infatti la possibilità (ma non l'obbligo) di decidere sia quando sia quanto gas ritirare, essendo tuttavia obbligato a soddisfare dei vincoli di quantità minima e massima sia su ciascun periodo di ritiro (solitamente il giorno) sia complessivamente sull'anno. Da un lato, tale flessibilità volumetrica ben si adatta a soddisfare una domanda altalenante e imprevedibile. Dall'altro lato, un contratto swing può semplicisticamente essere visto come una strip di opzioni sullo spread tra il prezzo del gas di mercato e il prezzo contrattuale di ritiro: in quest'ottica, esso diventa un ottimo strumento di gestione del rischio derivante dalle fluttuazioni di prezzo nel breve periodo, permettendo di non esercitare, o di esercitare il minimo possibile, nei momenti avversi. La corretta valutazione di simili contratti è oggi di grande importanza sia per ragioni di trading, essendo il prezzo di tali opzioni contrattato direttamente tra i players del mercato e non più imposto come durante il regime regolamentato, sia per ragioni di ottimizzazione di portafoglio, poiché le flessibilità volumetriche offerte possono potenzialmente essere usate anche per generare puri profitti. Partendo da quanto esposto in [6] per i mercati energy, in questa tesi si descrive e risolve, a tempo continuo, il problema del pricing di un contratto swing tipico dei mercati gas, in cui sia il prezzo di mercato quanto il prezzo contrattuale (prezzo strike, o indice) sono aleatori. In pratica, il prezzo strike viene aggiornato mensilmente, mentre il prezzo di mercato cambia con granularità almeno giornaliera: tecnicamente questo origina un problema di controllo ottimo stocastico in cui una variabile è discreta, mentre tutte le altre sono continue. Per superare questa difficoltà, e ridurre il problema ad uno classico a solo tempo continuo, si introduce una variabile di stato ad hoc, corrispondente alla dinamica a tempo continuo dell'indice. Tale variabile continua verrà successivamente campionata ad opportuni intervalli di tempo per ottenere la reale successione discreta di strikes contrattuali. Dopodiché, si dimostra che il prezzo del contratto è dato da una serie di problemi di controllo ottimo, ciascuno dei quali viene risolto all'interno di un periodo tra due cambi consecutivi dello strike. Si dimostra quindi che le funzioni valore di tali problemi di controllo ottimo sono l'unica soluzione di viscosità delle equazioni di Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) associate a ciascun problema, e che tali soluzioni sono sufficientemente regolari da garantire l'esistenza del controllo ottimo. Sommariamente, questo è il contenuto dei primi due capitoli, nei quali, dopo aver richiamato la nozione e i principali risultati noti sulle soluzioni di viscosità per i problemi di controllo ottimo, la teoria classica viene estesa ed applicata al problema in oggetto, portando ad alcuni nuovi risultati per le soluzioni di viscosità di equazioni paraboliche non lineari. Il terzo capitolo è dedicato ai metodi numerici. Dopo aver ricavato l'equazione HJB il problema si sposta alla soluzione della stessa. A tal fine, si introduce uno schema di soluzione numerica basato sulle differenze finite. Tale algoritmo necessita di condizioni al contorno sui domini di soluzione, che vengono ricavate analiticamente nell'ipotesi in cui la dinamica dei prezzi di gas e indice segua un caso particolare del modello di Schwartz-Smith ad un fattore, cioè quando si suppone che il logaritmo dei prezzi sia un processo di Ornstein-Uhlenbeck guidato da due moti Browniani correlati. Uno studio empirico, attraverso un caso numerico, sulla stabilità dell'algoritmo FD al variare della discretizzazione del dominio temporale e spaziale completa la parte analitica. Al fine di confrontare i risultati ottenuti con la best practice in uso nelle aziende, il popolare algoritmo noto come Least Square Monte Carlo, originariamente sviluppato da Longstaff e Schwartz per valutare opzioni di tipo americano, viene adattato al problema del pricing di contratti swing. Questo algoritmo, molto usato tra i practitioners, risolve un'approssimazione a tempo discreto del problema originale usando la ricorsione all'indietro. Ad ogni iterazione dell'algoritmo, il valore di continuazione nell'equazione di Bellman a tempo discreto viene regredito sull'informazione presente a quell'istante, ottenuta tramite delle simulazioni Monte Carlo. Due punti in questo tipo di algoritmo risultano essere particolarmente critici: la scelta del tipo e del numero di funzioni di base usate nella regressione, nonchè il numero di simulazioni Monte Carlo adottate. Per quanto riguarda la scelta del tipo di funzioni, seguendo e adattando al caso presente quanto sviluppato in [11], viene introdotto un metodo di regressione basato su funzioni radiali di base, che sembra ben adattarsi a problemi di pricing di contratti strutturati. Riguardo invece l'effetto della scelta del numero di basi e del numero di simulazioni usate nell'algoritmo LSMC, viene presentato uno studio empirico attraverso casi numerici. L'ultimo capitolo riprende quanto già pubblicato in [17] ed estende la valutazione di contratti swing in cui è presente una clausola chiamata di make-up, che in pratica permette più flessibilità nel ritiro del gas abbassando il livello minimo di ritiro di un certo anno, e forzando in uno o più anni successivi il richiamo del gas non preso. Tecnicamente, quando tale clausola è presente, non è più possibile separare il problema di valutazione sugli anni, ma è necessario considerare l'intero intervallo temporale su cui è scritta la clausola di make-up (solitamente da 3 a 5 anni). Per affrontare la complessità del pricing di un tale contratto nel capitolo si introduce un algoritmo basato su alberi, noto come lattice of trees. Dopo un'accurata descrizione di tale algoritmo, anche da un punto di vista di complessità computazionale, il quarto capitolo termina con un'applicazione reale dell'algoritmo di pricing volto ad esaminare l'impatto di vari fattori di mercato e parametri contrattuali sul prezzo di un ipotetico contratto swing
CALDANA, RUGGERO. « Spread and basket option pricing : an application to interconnected power markets ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/39422.
Texte intégralRUSSO, Vincenzo. « Pricing and managing life insurance risks ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Bergamo, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10446/26710.
Texte intégral