Articles de revues : « Contractual preservation »

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Степан Олегович, Куц. « CORRELATION OF CONFLICT RULES OF INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND NATIONAL LEGISLATION IN THE REGULATION OF CONTRACTUAL RELATIONS WITH A FOREIGN ELEMENT (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE AGREEMENT ON THE PROCEDURE FOR RESOLVING DISPUTES RELATED TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES) ». NORTH CAUCASUS LEGAL VESTNIK 1, n^o 3 (septembre 2022) : 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2074-7306-2022-1-3-115-122.

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Author in the article analyses unified conflict rules in international treaties of the Russian Federation in relation to the conflict rules’ mechanism of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation in determining applicable law to contractual obligations. Based on international treaties which contained conflict rules for contractual obligations author concludes that exclusively in relations among state parties of the Commonwealth of Independent States is applied a conflict rule based on an archaic lex loci contractus. At the same time article 1211 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and unified conflict rules of international treaties with states other than CIS’s parties based on contemporary and effective characteristic performance theory. The preservation of the lex loci contractus rule seems to be a conscious course of the post-Soviet states.

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Sicchiero, Gianluca. « The Contractual Clause : In Search of a Definition ». European Review of Private Law 12, Issue 3 (1 juin 2004) : 305–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2004021.

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Abstract: Civil acts and scholars do not deal with the definition of contractual clause. We can have two different meanings for it. According to a formal definition, a clause is any part of a contract. According to a substantial definition, a clause is any statement that produces a legal effect. As explained in the text, the substantial definition is to be preferred: it allows us to face the problem of partial nullity and contract preservation.

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Eggers, Daniel. « Liberty and Contractual Obligation in Hobbes ». Hobbes Studies 22, n^o 1 (2009) : 70–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187502509x415256.

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AbstractThe paper critically discusses the deontological interpretation of Hobbesian contractual obligation which has been advocated by commentators such as Brian Barry, D. D. Raphael and Bernd Ludwig. According to this interpretation, the obligation to comply with contracts and covenants is fundamentally different from the obligation to observe the laws of nature. While the latter is taken to be a prudential obligation that is logically dependent upon the individual aim of self-preservation, the former is viewed as an absolute or unconditional moral obligation that solely follows from the fact that the individual has bound himself to the performance or omission of certain actions. As can be shown, the deontological interpretation suffers from inherent problems and does not provide an appropriate interpretation of the Hobbesian texts. In particular, it can be demonstrated that the attempt to use Hobbes's concept of 'freedom as deliberation' in order to explain how obligations arise from contractual agreements faces serious difficulties.

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McDonough, Jerome, et Robert Olendorf. « Saving Second Life : Issues in Archiving a Complex, Multi-User Virtual World ». International Journal of Digital Curation 6, n^o 2 (25 juillet 2011) : 89–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/ijdc.v6i2.192.

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Virtual environments, such as Second Life, have assumed an increasingly important role in popular culture, education and research. Unfortunately, we have almost no practical experience in how to preserve these highly dynamic, interactive information resources. This article reports on research by the National Digital Information Infrastructure for Preservation Program (NDIIPP)-funded Preserving Virtual Worlds project, which examines the issues that arise when attempting to archive regions from Second Life. Intellectual property and contractual issues can raise significant impediments to the creation of an archival information package for these environments, as can the technical design of the worlds themselves. We discuss the implication of these impediments for distributed models of preservation, such as NDIIPP.

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Kiesselbach, Matthias. « Hobbes's Struggle with Contractual Obligation. On the Status of the Laws of Nature in Hobbes's Work ». Hobbes Studies 23, n^o 2 (2010) : 105–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187502510x531633.

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AbstractThis paper argues that throughout his intellectual career, Hobbes remains unsatisfied with his own attempts at proving the invariant advisability of contract-keeping. Not only does he see himself forced to abandon his early idea that contractual obligation is a matter of physical laws. He also develops and retains doubts concerning its theoretical successor, the doctrine that the obligatoriness characteristic of contracts is the interest in self-preservation in alliance with instrumental reason – i.e. prudence. In fact, it is during his work on Leviathan that Hobbes notes the doctrine's main shortcoming, namely the limitation of its dialectical potential to cases in which contract-breakers are publicly identifiable. This essay shows Hobbes's doubts about his Leviathan's treatment of contractual obligation by way of a close reading of its central 15 th chapter and an analysis of some revealing shifts between the English Leviathan and the (later) Latin edition. The paper ends by suggesting that Hobbes's awareness of the flaws at the heart of his political philosophy helps account for some striking changes in his latest writings.

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Ireland, Paddy. « Property and contract in contemporary corporate theory ». Legal Studies 23, n^o 3 (septembre 2003) : 453–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.2003.tb00223.x.

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This paper critically evaluates the contractual theories of companies and company law which have risen to prominence in recent years. It argues that history reveals as misguided the attempt to depict public companies as essentially contractual in nature, one of the most striking features of the development in nineteenth century Britain of the first body of (joint stock) company law having been its gradual move away from the principles of agency and contract underlying the law of partnership from which it emerged. Against this backdrop, the paper moves on to explore the ways in which theorists have tried, against the odds, to characterise public Companies as contractual and the reasons for their attempting to do so. While it might be apposite to view many private or closely held companies through the prism of contract, the paper argues, public companies and much of company law itself can only properly be understood when viewed through the prism of financial property. Indeed, it suggests, this is implicitly confirmed by the Company Law Review and (paradoxically) by the recent work of corporate governance specialists and financial economists in the US, with its focus on investor protection and the preservation of financial property's integrity, and its emphasis on the crucial role of (public) regulation in these processes. The paper concludes that these property forms are not merely the objects, but the products of regulation and that this has important implications for our understanding of both company law and corporate governance. In making these arguments, it seeks to cast some light on the nature of intangible property, on the differences between contract-based and property-based rights, on the neo-liberal idea of ‘deregulation’, and on the unity and scope of company law as a legal category.

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Weatherill, Stephen. « The Consumer Rights Directive : How and why a quest for coherence has (largely) failed ». Common Market Law Review 49, Issue 4 (1 août 2012) : 1279–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2012065.

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Directive 2011/83 on consumer rights is a case of misleading advertising. Despite its grand title, it is little more than an up-dating of the Directives on doorstep and distant selling which also re-casts them as measures of maximum, not minimum, harmonization. The real interest lies in why the Directive is such a mouse. And this story tells of political resistance to the Commission's original plan to convert also the far more significant Directives on unfair terms and consumer sales to the maximum model. This vertical shift in regulatory responsibility, driven by an aggressive rhetoric of improving "coherence" in harmonized EU contract law, was firmly rejected, with the result that the finally adopted text is stripped of any depth of ambition. Consequently Directive 2011/83 on consumer rights is not without interest for its choice of detailed regulatory technique, explored in this paper, which focuses on pre-contractual information disclosure, post-agreement rights of withdrawal and limited aspects of contractual performance. But much more so, it reveals the contested heart of the EU's internal market project - coherence achieved by suppression of national regulatory competence (unity) or preservation of regulatory experimentation and local autonomy (diversity). The making of Directive 2011/83 demonstrates political readiness to shield the latter from the Commission's current predilection for the former.

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Boviatsis, Michail, et Georgios Daniil. « Legal Analysis of Impact of Revised BIMCO Clauses on Crew Health and Safety During COVID-19 Era ». Transactions on Maritime Science 11, n^o 1 (20 avril 2022) : 270–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.7225/toms.v11.n01.020.

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This paper evaluates how the revised BIMCO Crew Change Clause 2020 affected crew health during this period. To satisfy the need for specific clauses, regulating the contractual relationships during the COVID-19 period, BIMCO created sets of clauses, such as the BIMCO Crew Change Clauses for Time Charter Parties (2020). The rationale of those clauses was based upon the pre-existing BIMCO Infectious or Contagious Diseases Clause for Voyage and Time Charter Parties 2015, but it was evidenced that the COVID-19 virus had many intricacies. Thus, new sets of rules are presently emerging to eliminate the gaps created. The basic downside of this legislation and the focus of this paper is to prove that these clauses are focused only on regulating the contractual relationship, without actually taking into consideration the crews’ health and safety.The analysis is focused on the impact of a COVID-19 incident on four specific legal aspects, i.e. i) vessels’ seaworthiness, ii) charter parties, iii) port safety, and iv) refusal of orders. There is also an analysis of the imminent Decease Clause 2021 and its actual impact upon the shipping industry. The analysis of the relevant legislation is based on legal doctrine, dominant form in legal research, aiming to provide a systematic exposition of the legal and regulatory principles. It analyzes the relationship between those principles to provide clarifications, utilizing legislation and relevant case law as the primary source of data. This research method is qualitative and is very similar to critical analysis, whose application is performed through (a) research and description of the existing legislation, (b) prescription, whose essence is to explore the statutory framework, locate the critical points, and assess the effectiveness of legislation on protecting the crew health and safety, and (c) evaluation of possible amendments or additions.The majority of studies conclude that shipping companies will be able to protect crew health and safety only through proactive measures and due diligence. The revised BIMCO terms on crew changes during Covid-19 and the new Disease Clause 2021 sadly did not have crew protection as their top priority. In most parts they tried to allocate and even mitigate the risk of the contracting parties, providing “windows” of opportunity for both sides to be excepted from any liability. Based on the analysis of resources, the new clause is not engaging the concept of proactive measures, unquestionably the most important method for the preservation of crew health usually referred to as “exercising due diligence”. It is a fact that BIMCO protects the clients’ interests, with the clients being the charter parties. It is also valid that the shipping industry supported the nations during the COVID-19 outbreak, but the BIMCO clauses were concentrated on the preservation of contractual relationships, leaving the concept of crew health and safety uncharted.

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Rodríguez de las Heras Ballell, Teresa. « The Rule of Legal Ignorance in Spanish Law : Relevance, Meaning, and Scope ». European Review of Private Law 29, Issue 2 (1 avril 2021) : 363–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2021018.

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The rule ignorantia juris non excusat constitutes a historical principle in Spanish law as a key pillar of the collective organization of the legal system. The rule embodies the assumption that the effectiveness of the laws cannot rely on subjective elements, such as knowledge or ignorance, interest or carelessness, but it is based on an objective and social component of the legal system aimed to ensure that the enforcement of the laws is general and unconditional. Today, it is still inspiring the legal system and expressly enshrined in Article 6.1 CC, but their meaning must be duly contextualized in the current exuberance of legislation and regulations. Last decades, continuous efforts have been made to enhance the publicity of laws, improve comprehensibility, and implement technological solutions aimed to ensure accessibility of legislation, case law, and public authorities’ decisions. This article traces the origin and the evolution of the principle in Spanish law and the current expressions and applications of legal ignorance in private law. The analysis of the state of the doctrinal debate and the latest case law invites two reflections. First, the excessive use of legal ignorance as an invalidating mistake as a tool to alleviate contractual unfairness, inadequate institutional practices, or commercial abuse blurs its contours, debilitates the principle of contract preservation, deteriorates legal certainty, and discourages transactions. Second, the regulation of increasing information duties as a strategy to attenuate the impact of legal ignorance is making preand contractual processes complex, overinformed, and formalistic, with the risk of inviting purely formal compliance.

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Pera, Alessandra. « One House for €1 : Case Studies on the Governance of Abandoned Properties in Small Villages ». Global Jurist 21, n^o 3 (1 octobre 2021) : 537–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gj-2021-0076.

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Abstract This proposal aims at analyzing the Italian initiative “Case a 1 €” launched in 2009 for the preservation of abandoned goods, in Gangi, a small village near Palermo. The Municipality has put for sale the ruined houses for the symbolic prize of 1 €. As this initiative has been imitated by other municipalities in Italy and thus become a model, my intention is to explore how it works based on two different levels of investigation, in terms of: 1) contractual schemes (parties and respective rights and obligations) and 2) policy choices, comparing proposed and achieved goals by the administrations and the parties. Some relevant issues arise after 12 years: is the initiative an appropriate answer for the management of abandoned properties, both private and public? Is it an effective instrument to undermine the idea that such properties are a burden? Can they become a resource for collective, social and economic development? Is it a model to regain cultural identity revitalizing the small, abandoned centers, promoting inclusion, participation and environmental sustainability? I will use both inductive and deductive methods, examining and comparing some case studies in Sicily, among those municipalities that adopted this policy (Cammarata, Sambuca, Gangi, Itala, Salemi, Regalbuto, Mussomeli and Saponara). In order to investigate level 1), I will identify the contractual frames and documents provided online by the Municipalities administrations. To find answers on level 2), I will analyze (when available) the number of goods transferred from private parties to Municipalities and of those finally assigned to the final buyer. I will interview the administration’s civil servants and the final buyers to understand if their expectations (private and collective) have been satisfied.

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Kostyashkin, Ivan, Bogdan Derevyanko, Vasyl Hrudnytskyi et Tetiana Shlapko. « Economic and legal mechanisms for effective use of land resources under the conditions of sustainable development in Ukraine ». Environmental Economics 9, n^o 3 (31 octobre 2018) : 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.09(3).2018.05.

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Sustainable society development distinctly entails the issues of sustainable use of land and especially soils, which are the place and condition of human activity, the means of production that provide absolute value, and a unique natural resource. Ukraine possesses nine percent of the world’s black soil (chernozem) resources, which necessitates the development of sufficient economic and legal mechanisms for their effective use in ensuring food security within the country and worldwide, increasing the export potential of Ukraine subject to the soil quality restoration, and determines the scope of this work. The land reform in Ukraine as a component of economic reform has led to a significant deterioration of agricultural land, loss of humus from soils, their degradation, and other negative consequences threatening the country’s economic security and generating socio-economic and demographic crisis phenomena, especially in rural areas. Therefore, the study has identified priorities and has proposed the use of contractual mechanisms in the field of sustainable socio-economic use of land resources. The authors applied an integrated approach to the analysis of sustainable land use issues to achieve the study objective. This led to the use of a wide range of methodological tools, in particular, the dialectical method, the formal logical method, the logical legal method and the methods of analysis, synthesis and comparison. Defined provisions that determine the economic and legal mechanism of land use and should be ensured in the process of sustainable development: meeting the needs of landowners and other persons, including the priority needs – environmental and food security; an increase in the area of land not involved in the economic turnover, the adoption of measures aimed at the preservation and restoration of agricultural land, in particular compliance with the requirements for crop rotation, and, in some cases, their conservation; introduction of contractual relations in the field of land use.

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Alabid, Sadkhan Madhloom Bahedh. « The Concept of Absorbent Environmental Damage in the Context of Civil Responsibility : A Practical Legal Study in the Wetlands of Iraq's Three Major Marshes ». International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 17, n^o 3 (2 juin 2022) : 957–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.170326.

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The research revolves around the idea of assimilation in the sense of assimilating and integrating contractual responsibility within the scope of tort responsibility that causes damage, which is called the first responsibility. The second responsibility is that which is arranged by the existing or competent government or that is entrusted by virtue of legal care, management, and preservation of the environmental site. The study evaluated four locations inside Iraq's southern marshes: the Hammar marsh, which has two sides, western and eastern, resulting in two sites (A and B); the third location, the so-called central marshes, which is group (C); and the fourth location, Al-Hawizeh Marsh, which is group (D). The theorical, scientific analysis is carried out within the scope of the types of assimilation between the components of the environmental site of water, air, and soil in all layers that include concentrations of heavy elements in a manner that changes the acceptable natural amount, such as soil elements, as well as pollutes the water by poisoning or harms the compositional balance of the air. These components (water, soil, and air) are tacked and determined in light of their connection to each other in the environmental site. The damage assimilation is personified by taking samples that determine the forms of pollution. The damage was shown with examples of damage in the first dimension, and the pattern of absorption in the second dimension was used to infer guilt in the second dimension.

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SCHLEYER, CHRISTIAN, et TOBIAS PLIENINGER. « Obstacles and options for the design and implementation of payment schemes for ecosystem services provided through farm trees in Saxony, Germany ». Environmental Conservation 38, n^o 4 (15 août 2011) : 454–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892911000361.

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SUMMARYAgricultural crops and pasturelands cover 24–38% of the global land area, and thus the ecological services that agricultural systems provide are of utmost societal importance. An important determinant of ecosystem services provision from European farmland is the amount and spatial arrangement of trees, shrubs and woodlands that are integrated into the respective land-use systems. This paper uses an institutional economics framework for the analysis of payment schemes for ecosystem services (PES schemes) that enhance the establishment, conservation and management of farm trees and woodlands, elaborating on the reasons for the often very reluctant participation of farmers in these schemes. PES schemes in Saxony (Germany) were selected as a typical example. Obstacles identified included high production costs and opportunity costs for land use, contractual uncertainties, land-tenure implications and heterogeneous societal preferences for ecosystem services of farm trees. Further, since scheme adoption has been relatively low compared with the total area covered by the respective farm tree types in Saxony, the PES schemes alone could not explain the substantial increase in number and size of some farm-tree types, in particular hedgerows. Regionalized premiums, result-oriented remuneration and cooperative approaches are options to improve participation in PES schemes for farm trees. The example of PES schemes for farm trees highlights one of the major challenges for the protection and preservation of cultural landscapes: they are man-made and thus need to be preserved, managed and maintained continuously.

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Mussi, Fabricio Baron, et Ubirata Tortato. « Cooperation, the Crowding Out Effect and the Role Of Incentives in the Case of Sustainable Hydroplant Project in Brazil ». Management:Journal of Sustainable Business and Management Solutions in Emerging Economies 23, n^o 2 (5 septembre 2018) : 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7595/management.fon.2018.0011.

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Research Question: This paper sought to present a proposal for the analysis of the cooperation between a hydroelectric power plant and the fisheries community. Motivation: The use of economic experiments on the sustainability theme has been employed by adapting public goods games to the different realities faced by the players. For this research, focused on the environmental preservation, preferring to contribute/not to contribute to their preservation consists of public goods dilemmas. This subject also constitutes a research opportunity, since in the preliminary literature review few studies addressed concomitantly the sustainability question related to hydroelectric plants and the cooperation between them and a group of local stakeholders. Idea: The core idea of this paper was to bring a proposal of association between the behavioural economics and crowding out theory to the analysis of actions envisaging sustainability, which demand the cooperation between a hydroelectric power plant and the fisheries community that make a living out of its reservoir. Data: The research was conducted assessing documents such as Itaipu´s annual sustainability reports and other documents between the plant and its stakeholders, in the environmental area, and in the form of contracts and cooperation agreements. Next, eight personal interviews were conducted with managers involved in the Sustainability Programme. Tools: With these information, the suggested public goods game was adapted from Fehr and Gachter (2000), and Sefton, Shupp and Walker (2007), and – for the present proposal of experiment – was named ‘reservoir game’, as the public goods in this case is Itaipu´s plant reservoir. Findings: This study can help in the acquisition of relevant information about the applicability and efficiency of punishment and reward mechanisms related to cooperation, either in support of future negotiations and agreements or in bargaining situations when groups present their demands. One can only hope to have also contributed to the improvement of management of contractual agreements between corporations and local stakeholders in projects targeting sustainability, to reduce any transaction costs, and minimize the possibilities for conflict and disagreement between partners. Contribution: This paper expands existing research related to cooperation between a power plant and its local stakeholders.

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Melnik, O. « Fulfillment of the terms of the contract as a result of force majeure during martial law ». Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series : Law 1, n^o 74 (31 janvier 2023) : 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.74.16.

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Under the conditions of martial law, the existing contractual activity in Ukraine was actually divided into: contracts concluded before the beginning of martial law and after its introduction. The peculiarity of the application of force majeure for domestic business entities during martial law is the occurrence of its circumstances mainly for both parties. Each type of contract concluded between the parties, as a rule, contains provisions on the actions of the parties that must be taken under force majeure circumstances and the consequences that will follow for the parties regarding the fulfillment of contractual obligations with the use of force majeure. The military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine has affected almost all spheres of human life in Ukraine, including the possibility of fulfilling civil obligations. It is assumed that for these reasons, a large number of civil law agreements concluded in Ukraine will not be properly implemented, the conditions will be changed, and in other cases, in general, the termination of the agreement. In this regard,there is a need to investigate the consequences of non-compliance with civil law obligations due to martial law in Ukraine. If the parties have not agreed to bring the agreement in line with the current circumstances of martial law, which have changed significantly, the agreement may be terminated on the grounds established by the Central Committee of Ukraine, amended by a court decision at the request of the interested party. the moment of concluding the contract the parties assumed that such a change of circumstances will not occur; the change of circumstances is due to reasons that the interested party could not eliminate after their occurrence with all the care and diligence required of it. Legal regulation of the legal consequences of significant changes in the circumstances that exist when concluding a contract is usually based on one of two key principles of contract law: the principle according to which contracts must be performed (pactasuntservanda), or clause (clausularebussicstantibus). The legislation of foreign countries contains norms according to which «a change of circumstances may justify a change in the contract, when the preservation of the contract in its original form leads to extraordinary results, incompatible with justice». The main consequences of a significant change in the circumstances that guided the parties in concluding the contract are: - actually change the contract, ie change the terms of the contract (and as a consequence - the obligations between the parties) while maintaining the contract in force; – and termination of the contract by agreement of the parties

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Thomai, Gjergj. « Territorial Planning Policy for Sustainable Development ». International Journal of Business & ; Technology 1, n^o 1 (octobre 2012) : 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33107/ijbte.2012.1.1.05.

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Urban planning in Albania, has been promoted in various forms of organization. Ultimately Territorial Planning Law represents another form of policies on the territory that is closely linked to the decentralization of control of the territory. Up to now, four developments has been particularly important: * European approach, which gave an increase in economic and social cohesion policy; * Decentralization in the early 2000s, which has made local governments full participants in the process of territorial planning; * The emergence of the notion of sustainable development; * Initiation of international economic relations after the nineties. Territorial planning policy for sustainable development requires meeting the challenges posed by changing economic, social and cultural development, to achieve a balance of population, industry, culture, etc., between the provinces of the country, such as: a) define the principles and directions for a balanced and sustainable development of territory with European standards; b) the establishment of the territorial conditions for regional development; c) the direction of the establishment and development of national public infrastructure; d) creation of conditions for the preservation of ecosystems, biodiversity, natural resources on and under the earth and the natural and cultural wealth, balancing the effects of housing systems and economic activities and the protection of green spaces development of other areas of cultivable; etc. The objectives of these policies are: Convergence; Regional Competitiveness and Employment; European territorial cooperation and contractual approach as an effective means of implementation of projects that include various levels of government, "an area, a strategy, a contract". They will focus on priorities: local competition and attractiveness; environmental dimension of sustainable development; social and territorial cohesion; sustainable development.

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SHAHBAZYAN, K. « Contractual and legal regulation of preservation of results of scientific research in confidentiality and use of such information in case of research and development : practices of EU and countries of the world ». INFORMATION AND LAW, n^o 4(39) (9 décembre 2021) : 202–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37750/2616-6798.2021.4(39).249362.

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The article analyzes the category of agreements in the field of research and development – non-disclosure agreements (confidentiality agreements), provides examples of such agreements with different sources of funding; as well as there are being considered the wordings of confidentiality provisions in general agreements for research and development – the article compares the practice of application of these provisions in the EU and countries of the world. The requirements are considered for settling the issues of protection of intellectual property rights in the aspect of confidentiality and distribution of rights to use the information, obtained during the research in the project, use of such info during the further researches and granting access rights to such information to third parties. Aspects that should be included in similar types of agreements in Ukraine are proposed.

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Bohinich, O. « Positive obligations of the state in the field of law-making and law enforcement in the conditions of war and post-war reconstruction of the state ». ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF THE LEGAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONDITIONS OF WAR AND THE POST-WAR RECONSTRUCTION OF THE STATE, n^o 13 (1 octobre 2022) : 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2022-13-30.

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The article examines the issue of the state’s positive obligations regarding the observance, provision and protection of the rights of citizens in the extraordinary conditions of military operations and post-war reconstruction of the country. It is noted that the issue of the state’s positive obligations is closely related to human rights, the realization of which it must ensure and which it must protect. In the context of the above, a retrospective investigation is conducted regarding the emergence of such a phenomenon of legal validity as positive obligations of the state. It is argued that this phenomenon is a product of the emergence of the contractual theory of the state and natural law. Its modern development is mostly connected with the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights. The issue of the state’s positive obligations is considered in the context of military operations taking place on the territory of Ukraine. For this, the tools of civil law are used, namely: the law of obligation. n this regard, it is noted that the state is an obligated party to a person, therefore his right to life implies a corresponding obligation of the state to ensure the realization of this right, both in the sphere of rule-making and in the sphere of law enforcement. The relevant activity of competent state bodies in the pre-war period is analyzed. Corresponding shortcomings are indicated. At the same time, the activity of state bodies during military operations is characterized as positive. However, certain shortcomings of the relevant legal regulation of criminal protection of human rights to life, safety and property are pointed out. At the end, it is concluded that in today’s conditions, despite Ukraine’s withdrawal from certain obligations defined by the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, it remains responsible for the preservation of life, health and property its citizens, ensuring their safety. In this aspect, the relevant activity of the competent state bodies of Ukraine needs to be intensified. Key words: рositive obligations of the state, law-making, law enforcement

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Marovic, Branko, et Vasa Curcin. « Impact of the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) on Health Data Management in a European Union Candidate Country : A Case Study of Serbia ». JMIR Medical Informatics 8, n^o 4 (17 avril 2020) : e14604. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/14604.

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As of May 2018, all relevant institutions within member countries of the European Economic Area are required to comply with the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) or face significant fines. This regulation has also had a notable effect on the European Union (EU) candidate countries, which are undergoing the process of harmonizing their legislature with the EU as part of the accession process. The Republic of Serbia is an example of such a candidate country, and its 2018 Personal Data Protection Act mirrors the majority of provisions in the GDPR. This paper presents the impact of the GDPR on health data management and Serbia’s capability to conduct international health data research projects. Data protection incidents reported in Serbia are explored to identify common underlying causes using a novel taxonomy of contributing factors across aspects and health system levels. The GDPR has an extraterritorial application for the non-EU data controllers who process the data of EU citizens and residents, which mainly affects private practices used by medical tourists from the EU, public health care institutions frequented by foreigners, as well as expatriates, dual citizens, tourists, and other visitors. Serbia generally does not have well-established procedures to support international research collaborations around its health data. For smaller projects, contractual arrangements can be made with health data providers and their ethics committees. Even then, organizations that have not previously participated in similar ventures may require approval or support from health authorities. Extensive studies that involve multisite data typically require the support of central health system institutions and relevant research data aggregators or electronic health record vendors. The lack of a framework for preparation, anonymization, and assurance of privacy preservation forces researchers to rely heavily on local expertise and support. Given the current limitation and potential issues with the legislation, it remains to be seen whether the move toward the GDPR will be beneficial for the Serbian health system, medical research, protection of personal data and privacy rights, and research capacity. Although significant progress has been made so far, a strategic approach is needed at the national level to address insufficient resources in the area of data protection and develop the personal data protection environment further. This will also require a targeted educational effort among health workers and decision makers, aiming to improve awareness and develop skills and knowledge necessary for the workforce.

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Roncancio-Lozano, Maicol Andrés, Jaime Alberto Castro-Martin et Alejandra Rivera-Basto. « Análisis comparativo de las normas ISO 9001:2008, ISO 14001:2004 y OHSAS 18001:2007, para su aplicación integral en procesos de construcción para empresas de Ingeniería Civil ». Respuestas 20, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2015) : 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22463/0122820x.263.

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Antecedentes: Las empresas que hacen parte del sector constructivo, debencomprometerse con la preservación del medio ambiente, la minimización del riesgo para las personas y la generación de confianza para los clientes a través del desarrollo de la cultura de la calidad y la eficiencia operativa. Los sistemas integrados de gestión, nacen en la década de los noventa como evolución de los ya existentes sistemas de calidad, de gestión ambiental y de seguridad industrial. Como antecedentes de los sistemas integrados se cuentan el MRP (Manufacturig Resource Planning) y el MAP (Manufacturig Automation Protocol). Objetivo: El objetivo del proyecto se centra en la identificación de la relación y puntos de convergencia existentes entre las normas, para la implantación del sistema integrado de gestión (SIG), en empresas de ingeniería civil que desarrollen su actividad económica en el sector constructivo colombiano. Metodología: Se realiza un análisis de la estructura de las normas objeto del estudio y se identifican los puntos de convergencia y divergencia con el fin encontrar una estructura troncal que sirva a los gerentes de las empresas de construcción como insumo de decisión para implantar sistemas integrados en gestión. Resultados: El producto fundamental es la articulación de las tres normas y su caracterización en el marco del ciclo PHVA (Planear, Hacer, Verificar y Actuar) para identificar aspectos convergentes y de complementariedad entre ellas y establecer la plataforma documental mínima para el sistema de gestión integrado. Conclusiones: Los sistemas integrados en las empresas de la construcción son una alternativa de operación productiva y organizacional que les confieren características de visibilidad, credibilidad, competitividad y rentabilidad para competir en escenarios dinámicos de negocios y garantizar el cumplimiento de los compromisos contractuales en el marco de mercados globales altamente exigentes.Abstract Background: Companies that made part of the construction sector must be committed to the preservation of the environment, minimizing the risk to people who works for each organization and generate confidence for its clients through the development of culture quality and operational efficiency. Integrated management systems started in the nineties as an evolution of existing quality systems, environmental management and industrial safety. As background of embedded systems MRP (Manufacturig Resource Planning), MAP (Manufacturig Automation Protocol) and TOP (Technical Office Protocol) are counted. Objetive: The aim of the project focuses on identifying the relationship and existing points of convergence between ISO 9001: 2008, 14001: 2004 and OHSAS 18001: 2007 for the implementation of the integrated management system (IMS) in civil engineering companies with their economic activity in the Colombian construction sector. Methodology: An analysis of the structure of each of the three standards under study is performed and the points of convergence and divergence are identified in order to find a main structure that works for managers of construction companies as input to make decisions to implement integrated management systems. Results: As a main product is obtained a comparative table that allows articulate the three standards to further characterize under the Deming cycle, or PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act). Convergence and complementarity between standards issues are identified and the minimum documentary platform for integrated management system is established. Conclusions: The integrated construction companies systems are alternative productive and organizational operation characteristics that give visibility, credibility, competitiveness and profitability for these companies to compete in dynamic business scenarios and ensure compliance with contractual commitments under highly demanding global marketsPalabras clave: Calidad, Ingeniería civil, Normas, Medio ambiente, Salud ocupacional, Seguridad industrial, Sistema de gestión

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TOPALOVA, I. A. « ORGANIZATIONAL MECHANISMS OF EFFICIENT LOGISTICS FORMATION VEGETABLE MARKET OF UKRAINE ». Economic innovations 22, n^o 4(77) (20 décembre 2020) : 150–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2020.22.4(77).150-170.

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Topicality. The vegetable market is one of the strategic markets of Ukraine, which ensures national food security. Fundamentally important tasks for its reproductive development are to ensure access of individual producers, who grow 87% of vegetable products, to the profitable link of distribution and sale of products by introducing organizational mechanisms for the formation of efficient market logistics. Aim and tasks. The purpose of this article is to improve the organizational mechanisms for the formation of efficient logistics of the vegetable market of Ukraine. Research results. During the study, the main indicators and parameters of the vegetable market of Ukraine were analyzed. The main directions and drivers of development of the vegetable market are established, problems of the given market and ways of the decision are defined. The article analyzes the content analysis of the category �vegetable market� on the basis of management-coordination, reproduction, object-subject, elemental and structural approaches; the scheme of elements and tools that ensure the functioning of the vegetable market according to the structural-institutional approach is built. The territorial boundaries of the vegetable market are studied, the author 's model of the quality infrastructure of the vegetable market of Ukraine is given. The comparative characteristics of parameters and types of products of the vegetable market of Ukraine and their influence on the logistical support of the market are given, the model of formation of logistic expenses under the influence of factors of internal and external environment is formed. The prospects of development of the vegetable market of Ukraine in the context of implementation of the European experience are outlined, the comparative characteristic of organizational mechanisms of development of logistics of the vegetable market of Ukraine is carried out, namely: wholesale trade, cooperation, interaction of individual producers with processing enterprises. Conclusion. The logistic chains of formation of commodity batches of vegetable products are offered and constructed, namely: perspective logistic chain on the basis of reproductive function ��, completed cooperative logistic chain of vegetable market, logistic chain of contractual relations between production cooperative and processing enterprises. large consignments of vegetable products and providing the population with vegetable products. The formed scheme of the vegetable market of Ukraine on the basis of interaction of individual producers with the processing enterprises will allow to keep perishable products of the given market at the expense of their processing and preservation. And the constructed scheme of organizational mechanisms of production and distribution of vegetable market products on the basis of "export-oriented approach" will allow to carry out market exchange through integration into European and world markets.

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Kramer, Gisieli, Mariana Ribeiro Santiago, Cristiano Niederauer da Rosa, Fernando Luis Hillebrand, Rafael Dezordi, Lisane Regina Vidal et Janderlei Dal Osto. « Usina hidrelétrica de Belo Monte : empreendimento grandioso e (in) sustentável ? » Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 15, n^o 2 (21 avril 2022) : 1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v15.2.p1024-1034.

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A construção da Usina Hidrelétrica (UHE) de Belo Monte, situada na bacia do rio Xingú, em Altamira, no Pará, é apontada como um fracasso, do ponto de vista dos direitos humanos e ambientais. São vários os condicionantes que deixaram de ser cumpridos, incluindo obrigações contratuais e medidas de mitigação. Diante desse cenário, foi desenvolvido uma revisão crítica sobre as inquietações atuais que permeiam as questões socioambientais fomentadas pela instalação deste empreendimento. A discussão baseou-se em pesquisas bibliográficas, relatórios, documentários e filmes de organizações não governamentais, instituições federais ou presentes em periódicos da CAPES, Scielo e Web of Science. A pesquisa mostrou que é um equívoco assumir plenamente a construção de hidrelétricas como uma fonte de geração de energia limpa, barata e sustentável. É preciso aprofundar as discussões para identificar os erros e excessos desses empreendimentos. Buscar a valorização das potencialidades locais, sem, contudo, excluir os mecanismos externos de desenvolvimento econômico do país. O grande desafio da instalação da UHE de Belo Monte e de tantas outras obras ou atividades é diminuir potencialmente a significativa degradação do meio ambiente e primar por formas de preservação ambiental e de desenvolvimento sustentável dos grupos sociais atingidos por estes grandiosos empreendimentos.Palavras-chave: recursos hídricos, impactos socioambientais, desenvolvimento sustentável. Belo Monte hydroelectric plant: grandiose and (un) sustainable enterprise? A B S T R A C TThe construction of the Belo Monte Hydroelectric Plant (HP), located in the Xingú River basin, in Altamira, Pará, is considered a failure, from human and environmental rights point of view. There are several conditions that have not been fulfilled, including contractual obligations and mitigation measures. In this paper, a critical review was developed on the current concerns that permeate the socio-environmental issues fostered by this enterprise installation. The discussion was based on bibliographic research, reports, documentaries and films by non-governmental organizations, federal institutions or present in journals of CAPES, Scielo and Web of Science. Research has shown that it is a mistake to fully assume the construction of hydroelectric plants as a source of clean, cheap and sustainable energy generation. It is necessary to deepen the discussions to identify the errors and excesses of these ventures. Seek to enhance the local potential, without, however, excluding the country's external economic development mechanisms. The great challenge of installing the Belo Monte HP and of so many other works or activities is to potentially reduce the significant degradation of the environment and excel in ways of environmental preservation and sustainable development of the social groups affected by these grand enterprises.Keywords: water resources, socioenvironmental impacts, sustainable development.

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McPherson, C. D., G. N. Pierce et W. C. Cole. « Ischemic cardioprotection by ATP-sensitive K+ channels involves high-energy phosphate preservation ». American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 265, n^o 5 (1 novembre 1993) : H1809—H1818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1993.265.5.h1809.

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We previously demonstrated that ATP-sensitive K+ channels (KATP) protect the guinea pig myocardium against ischemia-reperfusion injury (Cole et al., Circ. Res. 69: 571-581, 1991), but the cellular alterations leading to ischemic injury affected by KATP remain to be defined. This study investigates the relationship between activation of KATP and preservation of high-energy phosphates during global no-flow ischemia in arterially perfused guinea pig right ventricular walls. Electrical and mechanical activity were recorded via intracellular microelectrodes and a force transducer. Glibenclamide (10 and 50 microM) and pinacidil (10 microM) were used to modulate KATP. ATP and creatine phosphate (CP) levels were determined at the end of no-flow ischemia by enzymatic analysis. Preparations were subjected to 1) 20 min no-flow +/- glibenclamide (10 or 50 microM), 2) 30 min no-flow +/- pinacidil (10 microM) or pinacidil (10 microM) and glibenclamide (50 microM), or 3) 40 or 50 min of control perfusion before rapid freezing in liquid nitrogen. Pinacidil (10 microM) enhanced ischemic shortening of action potential duration (APD) and early contractile failure, prevented ischemic contracture, and inhibited high-energy phosphate depletion during ischemia. Glibenclamide (50 microM) inhibited the effects of pinacidil (10 microM) on electromechanical function and preservation of ATP and CP. Glibenclamide (10 microM) alone inhibited the early decline in APD and produced earlier ischemic contracture but did not enhance ATP or CP depletion compared with untreated tissues during 20 min of no-flow. Glibenclamide (50 microM) produced a greater inhibition of APD shortening in early ischemia, further decreased the latency to ischemic contracture, and caused enhanced ischemic depletion of ATP. The data indicate the changes in electrical activity induced by KATP indirectly preserve high-energy phosphates and reduce injury associated with ischemia. However, the data also suggest the possible presence of additional mechanisms for cardioprotection by KATP.

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Wright, V. P., P. F. Klawitter, D. F. Iscru, A. J. Merola et T. L. Clanton. « Superoxide scavengers augment contractile but not energetic responses to hypoxia in rat diaphragm ». Journal of Applied Physiology 98, n^o 5 (mai 2005) : 1753–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01022.2004.

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Acute exposure to severe hypoxia depresses contractile function and induces adaptations in skeletal muscle that are only partially understood. Previous studies have demonstrated that antioxidants (AOXs) given during hypoxia partially protect contractile function, but this has not been a universal finding. This study confirms that specific AOXs, known to act primarily as superoxide scavengers, protect contractile function in severe hypoxia. Furthermore, the hypothesis is tested that the mechanism of protection involves preservation of high-energy phosphates (ATP, creatine phosphate) and reductions of Pi. Rat diaphragm muscle strips were treated with AOXs and subjected to 30 min of hypoxia. Contractile function was examined by using twitch and tetanic stimulations and the degree of elevation in passive force occurring during hypoxia (contracture). High-energy phosphates were measured at the end of 30-min hypoxia exposure. Treatment with the superoxide scavengers 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonic acid (Tiron, 10 mM) or Mn(III)tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphyrin pentachloride (50 μM) suppressed contracture during hypoxia and protected maximum tetanic force. N-acetylcysteine (10 or 18 mM) had no influence on tetanic force production. Contracture during hypoxia without AOXs was also shown to be dependent on the extracellular Ca2+ concentration. Although hypoxia resulted in only small reductions in ATP concentration, creatine phosphate concentration was decreased to ∼10% of control. There were no consistent influences of the AOX treatments on high-energy phosphates during hypoxia. The results demonstrate that superoxide scavengers can protect contractile function and reduce contracture in hypoxia through a mechanism that does not involve preservation of high-energy phosphates.

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Tegazzin, Vincenzo, Erica Scutari, Susan Treves et Francesco Zorzato. « Chlorocresol, an Additive to Commercial Succinylcholine, Induces Contracture of Human Malignant Hyperthermia-susceptible Muscles Via Activation of the Ryanodine Receptor Calcium sup 2+ Channel ». Anesthesiology 84, n^o 6 (1 juin 1996) : 1380–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199606000-00014.

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Background A defect in the ryanodine (Ry1) receptor Ca2+ channel has been implicated as one of the possible underlying causes of malignant hyperthermia (MH), a pharmacogenetic disorder characterized by sustained muscle contracture. The disease is triggered by common halogenated anesthetics and skeletal muscle relaxants, such as succinylcholine. This study tested whether the functional properties of the Ry1 receptor Ca2+ channel are affected by chlorocresol, a preservative added to a commercial preparation of succinylcholine (Midarine) and other parenteral compounds. Methods In vitro contracture testing was carried out on muscle biopsies from malignant hyperthermia-susceptible (MHS) and -negative (MHN) individual according to the protocol of the European MH group. Ca2+ flux studies on isolated rabbit sarcoplasmic reticulum fractions were measured spectrophotometrically by following the A710-790 of the Ca2+ indicator antipyrylazo III. Results Chlorocresol causes muscle contracture in MHS muscles at a concentration of 25-50 microM and potentiates the caffeine contracture response in human MHS muscles. Sub-threshold (20 microM) concentrations of chlorocresol increase both the Kd and the Vmax of caffeine-induced Ca2+ release from isolated rabbit terminal cisternae. Conclusions These data suggest that, in muscle from MHS individuals, the enhanced Ca2+ released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum may not be due to the effect of succinylcholine alone but rather to the action of the preservative chlorocresol added to the drug.

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Nicodemo, Alberto, Chiara Arrigoni, Andrea Bersano et Alessandro Massè. « Adult Hip Flexion Contracture due to Neurological Disease : A New Treatment Protocol—Surgical Treatment of Neurological Hip Flexion Contracture ». Case Reports in Medicine 2014 (2014) : 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/349014.

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Congenital, traumatic, or extrinsic causes can lead people to paraplegia; some of these are potentially; reversible and others are not. Paraplegia can couse hip flexion contracture and, consequently, pressure sores, scoliosis, and hyperlordosis; lumbar and groin pain are strictly correlated. Scientific literature contains many studies about children hip flexion related to neurological diseases, mainly caused by cerebral palsy; only few papers focus on this complication in adults. In this study we report our experience on surgical treatment of adult hip flexion contracture due to neurological diseases; we have tried to outline an algorithm to choose the best treatment avoiding useless or too aggressive therapies. We present 5 cases of adult hips flexion due to neurological conditions treated following our algorithm. At 1-year-follow-up all patients had a good clinical outcome in terms of hip range of motion, pain and recovery of walking if possible. In conclusion we think that this algorithm could be a good guideline to treat these complex cases even if we need to treat more patients to confirm this theory. We believe also that postoperation physiotherapy it is useful in hip motility preservation, improvement of muscular function, and walking ability recovery when possible.

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Abdelilah, El Bakouri, Ahmed Elmi Abdirahim, Elwassi Anas, Bouali Mounir, Bensardi Fatima-Zahra, El hattabi Khalid et Fadil Abdelaziz. « Pancreatic Trauma with Splenic Preservation (A Case Report) ». European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 4, n^o 5 (5 septembre 2022) : 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejmed.2022.4.5.1424.

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Trauma to the pancreas is rare, occurring in 0.2 to 3% of abdominal injuries. They are associated with high mortality and morbidity if diagnosis is delayed. Their clinical symptomatology is atypical. Abdominal CT scans can diagnose pancreatic injury and rupture of the main pancreatic duct. It is important that surgeons are aware of the issues and principles of management of pancreatic injury. We report the case of a 33-year-old patient with no previous pathological history. Admitted for a closed abdominal contusion following a road traffic accident with an abdominal impact point without initial loss of consciousness and generalized abdominal contracture. Abdominal CT scan showed a hypodense area in the tail of the pancreas not enhanced after contrast injection, possibly related to a pancreatic fracture and a medium-sized peritoneal effusion. The patient underwent corporo-caudal pancreatectomy with splenic preservation. Postoperative follow-up was favorable. The clinical evolution judged on regular controls was favorable over a period of 2 years. We would like to share a very difficult clinical case and our experience with the support of the literature. This is a challenge to clinicians and surgeons above all.

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Low, Winson Min-Teng, Sue-Mei Wang, Kuo-Kuang Yeh et Chia-Hsieh Chang. « Spontaneous decrease in gastrocnemius spasticity after correction of knee flexion gait in children with cerebral palsy ». Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery 28, n^o 1 (26 décembre 2019) : 230949901989025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2309499019890252.

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Purpose: Synergistic neuro-excitability in the lower extremities may be related to gait disorders. This study aimed to report spontaneous changes after correcting knee flexion gait and discuss the underlying mechanisms. Methods: A prospective study of 23 children with cerebral palsy was conducted to assess postoperative changes in gross motor function, joint range of motion (ROM), and spasticity. Characteristics of children/limbs with spontaneous decrease in gastrocnemius spasticity were assessed. Results: In 10 patients (19 limbs) without gastrocnemius release, the Modified Ashworth scores in the gastrocnemius decreased in 6 limbs after 3 months and in 10 limbs after 6 months. Those limbs with spontaneous changes had worse preoperative knee flexion contracture than the limbs without spasticity changes (knee ROM limitation score 5.4 vs. 3.7, p = 0.026). Conclusions: Patients with knee flexion contracture recruited greater plantar flexion–knee extension couple to balance knee flexion gait, and synergistic neuro-excitability of the gastrocnemius was enhanced. Our early results suggest preservation of the gastrocnemius in treating knee flexion gait, especially for patients with knee flexion contracture.

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Bailey, Leslie E. « Preservation of guinea pig hearts by hypothermic gas perfusion ». Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 67, n^o 7 (1 juillet 1989) : 692–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y89-112.

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The lack of a satisfactory method for long-term preservation of hearts during transport limits the source of human hearts for transplant to the geographic vicinity of the transplant center. Experimentally, reduction of myocardial oxygen requirements with hypothermia and cardioplegia prolong storage time to 48 h, but always with some evidence of myocardial damage. In this study, the combination of hypothermia with a procedure known to increase oxygen tension in cardiac muscle, gas perfusion, preserved contractile activity in guinea pig hearts for 24 h and did not cause edema. Cardioplegia or gas perfusion at temperatures below 10 °C or above 20 °C resulted in failure of hearts to contract upon rewarming. Contracture, dehydration, elevation of tissue calcium, reduced perfusate flow, and elevated creatine kinase levels occurred if liquid reperfusion was begun at 15 °C but not 25 °C. The results suggest that under the appropriate conditions, hypothermic gas perfusion is a potentially useful means of extending storage time of hearts for transplant.Key words: myocardial preservation, heart storage, hypothermia, gas perfusion, contractility.

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Stowe, David F., Amadou K. S. Camara, James S. Heisner, Mohammed Aldakkak et David R. Harder. « Ten-hour preservation of guinea pig isolated hearts perfused at low flow with air-saturated Lifor solution at 26°C : comparison to ViaSpan solution ». American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 293, n^o 1 (juillet 2007) : H895—H901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00149.2007.

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There is no suitable solution to preserve hearts for longer than 5 h between donor explant and recipient implant. Lifor is a fully artificial preservation medium containing both a nonprotein oxygen and nutrient carrier (nanoparticles) and cellular nutrients, including amino acids and sugars. We proposed that recirculated Lifor solution would satisfactorily preserve guinea pig isolated hearts perfused at low flow with no added O2at room temperature for 10 h. Hearts were isolated from 21 guinea pigs and perfused with Krebs-Ringer (KR) solution (97% O2and 3% CO2) at 37°C. Heart rate, inflow and outflow O2tension, coronary flow, left ventricular pressure (LVP), and maximal and minimal rate of change in LVP (dLVP/d t) were measured. After baseline measurements, hearts were perfused with recirculated Lifor or ViaSpan equilibrated with room air at 15% of control flow at 26°C for 10 h. Hearts were then perfused at 100% flow with KR for 2 h at 37°C. A time control (untreated) group was perfused only with KR solution for 15 h. Lifor arrested and protected hearts against diastolic contracture and maintained a low O2extraction. Compared with time controls, Lifor led to a higher developed LVP and coronary flow; %O2extraction and cardiac efficiency were similar between these two groups. Hearts similarly treated with ViaSpan exhibited diastolic contracture and lower %O2extraction during treatment and, upon reperfusion with KR, exhibited continued diastolic contracture, no return of heart rate or contractility, low coronary flow, low %O2extraction, and marked infarction. For long-term cardiac protection, a suitable preservation solution recirculated at low flow and room temperature without supplemental O2would reduce the support apparatus required for transport. Lifor was far superior to ViaSpan in meeting these requirements.

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El-Kazzi, Wissam, Jörg Bahm et Frédéric Schuind. « WRIST ARTHRODESIS IN CHILDREN — A NEW TECHNIQUE : CASE PRESENTATION ». Hand Surgery 19, n^o 02 (janvier 2014) : 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218810414970041.

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Wrist arthrodesis is exceptionally performed in children. The main indication is severe wrist flexion contracture resulting from Volkmann's ischaemia or spasticity. In such cases, a proximal row carpectomy is usually necessary to allow the wrist to be positioned in neutral position. In young children, it is essential to preserve the distal radius growth plate, to prevent physeal closure. In these very particular indications, with high stresses along the stretched palmar soft-tissues, Kirschner wire fixation provides poor stability, and plate fixation is contra-indicated. Radio-metacarpal external fixation is an excellent alternative, preserving the distal radius growth plate and offering sufficient stability. This technique was used in a seven-year-old girl suffering from Volkmann's ischaemic contracture, treated by first carpal bone resection and subsequent arthrodesis with radio-metacarpal external fixation. Bone healing was achieved in three months, with a five years follow-up preservation of the distal radius growth plate.

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Goldstein, Kenneth A., Frank J. Veith, Takao Ohki, Nicholas J. Gargiulo et Evan C. Lipsitz. « Femoral Artery to Prosthetic Graft Anastomotic Dehiscence Owing to Infection : Successful Treatment with Arterial Reconstruction and Limb Salvage ». Vascular 13, n^o 6 (1 novembre 2005) : 355–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/rsmvasc.13.6.355.

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A 66-year-old man had foot gangrene and a fixed contracture of the knee following two failed femoropopliteal bypasses, one with vein and one with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). An external iliac to anterior tibial artery bypass and skeletal traction via the os calcis resulted in limb salvage and successful normal ambulation. After 3 months, he ruptured the infected femoral anastomosis of the failed PTFE femoropopliteal bypass with external bleeding. The use of arteriography and a balloon catheter to obtain proximal control allowed arterial repair, removal of the graft, and preservation of flow within a patent common and deep femoral artery. This flow preservation maintained the viability and function of the limb when the anterior tibial bypass closed 4 years later, and the limb continues to be fully functional 3 years later. Aggressive secondary attempts at limb salvage are worthwhile even in unfavorable circumstances.

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Khan, Aadil A., James T. Paget, Martin McLaughlin, Joan N. Kyula, Michelle J. Wilkinson, Timothy Pencavel, David Mansfield et al. « Genetically modified lentiviruses that preserve microvascular function protect against late radiation damage in normal tissues ». Science Translational Medicine 10, n^o 425 (24 janvier 2018) : eaar2041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aar2041.

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Improvements in cancer survival mean that long-term toxicities, which contribute to the morbidity of cancer survivorship, are being increasingly recognized. Late adverse effects (LAEs) in normal tissues after radiotherapy (RT) are characterized by vascular dysfunction and fibrosis causing volume loss and tissue contracture, for example, in the free flaps used for immediate breast reconstruction after mastectomy. We evaluated the efficacy of lentivirally delivered superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) overexpression and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) knockdown by short hairpin RNA in reducing the severity of LAEs in an animal model of free flap LAEs. Vectors were delivered by intra-arterial injection, ex vivo, to target the vascular compartment. LVSOD2 and LVshCTGF monotherapy before irradiation resulted in preservation of flap volume or reduction in skin contracture, respectively. Flaps transduced with combination therapy experienced improvements in both volume loss and skin contracture. Both therapies reduced the fibrotic burden after irradiation. LAEs were associated with impaired vascular perfusion, loss of endothelial permeability, and stromal hypoxia, which were all reversed in the treatment model. Using a tumor recurrence model, we showed that SOD2 overexpression in normal tissues did not compromise the efficacy of RT against tumor cells but appeared to enhance it. LVSOD2 and LVshCTGF combination therapy by targeted, intravascular delivery reduced LAE severities in normal tissues without compromising the efficacy of RT and warrants translational evaluation as a free flap–targeted gene therapy.

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LePage, Lisa. « 638 Auricular Splinting Following Severe Facial Burn Injury and Reconstruction ». Journal of Burn Care & ; Research 41, Supplement_1 (mars 2020) : S164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/iraa024.259.

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Abstract Introduction With a severe facial burn, injury often involves the ear(s) resulting in damage or loss which may require reconstruction. In consideration of the functional and psychological effect that loss of a defined ear lobe may entail, reconstruction is an important consideration for the burn survivor. Two cases described in detail with illustration will highlight an auricular contracture release; one with V-Y Advancement and the other with a transposition flap. Preservation of the auricular reconstruction is accomplished by implementing necessary splinting. The auricular splint fabricated was made from a combination of silicone and low-temperature thermoplastic material. A step-by-step process will illustrate the needed materials and techniques to fabricate a worthy splint in order to preserve what was surgically achieved. The splint maintains the space between the ear and head to properly position and prevent contracture through the healing and scar maturation process. It secured with a one-inch head band that is sublime enough to foster compliance with wear. The auricular splint material also serves as scar management with the many proven benefits of silicone. Methods Two case studies are reviewed with auricular contractures that required release and reconstruction. The auricular splints were fabricated to stabilize and preserve the reconstructed ear lobe. The wear schedule was intermittent during the day and overnight in combination with scar massage. The patients reported good compliance with wear and stability of splint position with overnight wear. Skin integrity was not compromised with overnight or intermittent wear. The splint fabrication process is reviewed and illustrated with a simplistic innovative end result that is user friendly. Results Surgical reconstruction was required following development of auricular contractures and partial loss. With post-operative bandage removal and wound closure, positioning was a necessary consideration to preserve post-surgical reconstruction. Conclusions In conclusion, the peri-auricular splint is fabricated with low temperature splinting material lined in silicone proved worthy for effective positioning and reported comfort with wear. Effective splinting is necessary for the preservation of surgical reconstruction and to prevent contracture from sabotaging surgical efforts. Applicability of Research to Practice Consideration of fabrication of silicone auricular splints to preserve the accomplishments of auricular surgical reconstruction.

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Sansalone, Salvatore, Giulio Garaffa, Giuseppe Vespasiani, Alessandro Zucchi, Franklin Emmanuel Kuehhas, Ralf Herwig, Mauro Silvani, Stefano Pecoraro, Carla Loreto et Rosario Leonardi. « Glans reconstruction with the use of an inverted urethral flap after distal penile amputation for carcinoma ». Archivio Italiano di Urologia e Andrologia 85, n^o 1 (19 avril 2013) : 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/aiua.2013.1.24.

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Restoration of adequate cosmesis and preservation of sexual and urinary function are the main goals of penile reconstructive surgery following amputation for carcinoma. Split thickness skin grafts and oral mucosa grafts have been widely used for the creation of a pseudoglans with excellent cosmetic and functional results. The main drawbacks associated with the use of grafts are donor site morbidity, the lack of engorgement of the pseudoglans and the risk of poor graft take, which may lead to contracture and poor cosmetic results. In the present series the long term cosmetic and functional outcomes of glans reconstruction with an inverted distal urethral flap are described.

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Hegge, Julia O., James H. Southard et Robert A. Haworth. « Preservation of metabolic reserves and function after storage of myocytes in hypothermic UW solution ». American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 281, n^o 3 (1 septembre 2001) : C758—C772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.2001.281.3.c758.

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Isolated rat myocytes cold stored anaerobically up to 24 h in University of Wisconsin solution lost 95% of their ATP and 100% of their glycogen. They underwent contracture when rewarmed in a Krebs-Henseleit (KH) medium that contained Ca unless Ca addition was delayed. In the latter case, cell function, measured by stimulation-induced cell shortening, was surprisingly well retained. Aerobically stored cells were resistant to Ca on rewarming, although 96% of glycogen was still lost, along with 46% of ATP. Cells that were incubated for 48 h aerobically with the substrates glucose and pyruvate at pH 6.2 retained 77% of their ATP and 59% of their glycogen, with good cell morphology. At pH 6.2, the demand for ATP was only 55% of that at pH 7.4. However, after rewarming, these cells functioned no better than anaerobically stored cells, although their inotropic response to isoproterenol was improved. We conclude that 1) aerobic conditions with substrates at low pH preserve myocyte metabolic reserves well for 48 h, partly by reducing the demand for ATP; 2) rewarming conditions are critical for anaerobically stored cells with metabolic stores that are severely depleted; and 3) unloaded cell function is surprisingly insensitive to a period of severe metabolic deprivation.

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Chaiyakit, Pruk, Ittiwat Onklin et Weeranate Ampunpong. « Result of posteromedial capsule and superficial medial collateral ligament release on gap and alignment in total knee arthroplasty in varusknee deformity by computer assisted surgery measurement : a retrospective stud ». Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, n^o 5_suppl5 (1 mai 2020) : 2325967120S0006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120s00063.

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Soft tissue release and gap balancing in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) are important issue and lack of conclusive result. We performed posteromedial capsule (PMC) and superficial medial collateral ligament (sMCL) release by preservation of anterior attachment of pes anserine. Gaps and alignment were recorded by computer assisted surgery measurement. Results: T: The mean correction of varus deformity after PMC release and sMCL release were 4.88 ± 2.82° and 3.39 ± 1.7 respectively with the mean FC after PMC and sMCL release correction of 5.57 ± 3.5 and 1.34 ± 2.9° respectively. The mean medial gap changes on full extension after PMC and sMCL release was 1.83 ± 1.39 and 1.67 ± 1.04 mm. respectively with the mean medial gaps at 90 degree flexion after PMC and sMCL release changes of 0.73 ± 0.9 and 5.14 ± 2.11 mm. respectively. The mean lateral gap changes on extension after PMC and sMCL release were -1.3 ± 1.83 and -1.1 ± 1.6 mm. respectively with the mean lateral gaps at 90 degree flexion after PMC and sMCL release changes of -0.19 ± 1.03 and 0.06 ± 1.75 mm. here were 21 patients (16 female and 5 male) with mean age of 68 (48-78) years. The mean body mass index was 28.49 (20.70 – 39.95) kg/m2. The mean preoperative hip-knee-ankle angle was varus 8.12 (3.5-16.0) degrees with mean flexion contracture of 11.3 (3.5-16.0) degrees. Sixteen knees were implanted with Fixed bearing knee prosthesis and five knees were implanted with Mobile bearing knee prosthesis (Table.1). We performed PMC release in all patients, and combined PMC and sMCL release in fourteen patients. The mean correction of varus deformity after PM release and sMCL release were 4.88 ± 2.82 and 3.39 ± 1.7 degrees respectively. While the mean correction of flexion contracture after PMC release and sMCL release were 5.57 ± 3.5 and 1.34 ± 2.9 degrees respectively (Fig.8). The mean medial gaps change on extension after PMC and sMCL release were 1.83 ± 1.39 and 1.67 ± 1.04 mm. respectively. The mean medial gaps change at 90 degree flexion after PMC and sMCL release were 0.73 ± 0.9 and 5.14 ± 2.11 mm. respectively (Fig.9). The mean lateral gaps change on extension after PMC and sMCL release were 1.3 ± 1.83 and -1.1 ± 1.6 mm. respectively. The mean lateral gaps change at 90 degree flexion after PMC and sMCL release were -0.19 ± 1.03 and 0.06 ± 1.75 mm. (Fig.9). There is no instability of knee after PMC and sMCL release. Materials and Methods: Twenty one patient had been operated on. TKA with computer assisted surgery was performed using PMC and sMCL release by preservation of anterior attachment of pes anserine. Alignment, medial and lateral gaps were measured by computer assisted surgery. The mean age was 68 (48-78) years with the mean preoperative hip-kneeankle angle of 8.12 (3.5-16.0) degrees and the mean flexion contracture (FC) of 11.3 (3.516.0) degrees. Conclusion: We believe that sMCL release with preservation of anterior attachment of pes anserinus in total knee arthroplasty has additional effect on varus knee correction after PMC release without creation of knee instability.

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Shanmugam, S. Sridevi, et Janhavi Venkataraman. « (Y)ears of Freedom ? Customized Splints in Microtia Reconstruction to Maintain Cephloauricular Angle ». Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery 52, n^o 02 (mai 2019) : 226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1693848.

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Abstract Background Maintaining ear projection and preservation of cephaloauricular sulcus from obliteration following graft contracture is a challenge following staged microtia reconstruction. Authors have designed simple, effective, and easy-to-use splints to ensure improved aesthetic outcomes and patient compliance. Materials and Methods This is a prospective study over 3 years including 8 patients of both sexes aged 6 to 12 years. Custom-made ear splints were designed separately for females and males and used to maintain ear projection. Projection of the ear was measured postoperatively and at follow-up using goniometer and photographic records. Outcome was assessed in terms of cephaloauricular angle, conchal depth, pain, cost-effectiveness, splint retention period, and aesthetics. Results and Conclusion Maximal follow-up was 2 years. The splint effectively maintained ear projection of more than 30 degrees. Patient compliance was optimal, and no major complications were associated with its prolonged use.

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Buta, Martin, Callie Abouzeid, Khushbu F. Patel, Olivia Stockly, Ryan Cauley, Liang Chen, Audrey E. Wolfe et al. « 113 Long-term Reconstructive Surgery of the Burned Hand : 16-year Experience at a Major Burn Center ». Journal of Burn Care & ; Research 42, Supplement_1 (1 avril 2021) : S75—S76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/irab032.117.

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Abstract Introduction Early excision and grafting for deeper hand burns is important for preservation of long-term hand function. Little information exists on long-term reconstructive and revision operations after acute grafting. Limited quantitative data is available on early predictors of this outcome. This study retrospectively examines a cohort of patients who underwent excision and grafting of acute hand burns and details their reconstructive course in the years after injury. Predictors of future reconstructive hand surgery are examined. Methods A retrospective review was conducted using medical records of patients admitted with acute burn injury to a major regional burn center from February 1999 to October 2015 and who subsequently underwent excision and grafting for closure of the acute wound. Information collected included demographics, burn size and etiology, anatomical involvement, grafting, contracture release, local tissue rearrangement, and regional and distant flaps. Regression analysis assessed for demographic and clinical predictors for future contracture release with grafts and/or local tissue rearrangement surgery. Results A total of 704 hands in 532 adults (71% male, median age 40 years, average burn size 14.9% TBSA) met study criteria (Table 1). Ninety-eight patients underwent at least one reconstructive surgery (122 burned hands). Mean length of follow-up was 1000 days. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that male gender was negatively associated (p< 0.001; OR 0.369; 90% CI, 0.233–0.584) with contracture release with graft whereas white race (p=0.030; OR 2.060; 90% CI, 1.192–3.560) and burn size ≥21% TBSA (p< 0.001; OR 3.962; 90% CI, 2.224–7.057) were positively associated. Males had a negative association (p=0.023; OR 0.527; 90% CI, 0.332–0.837) and burn size a positive association with local tissue rearrangement (5–10% TBSA - p=0.041; OR 2.149; 90% CI, 1.161–3.975 and >21% TBSA - p< 0.001; OR 4.230; 90% CI, 7.927). Conclusions Approximately 1 in 6 acutely grafted hands underwent at least one reconstructive surgery of clinically significant contractures, primarily in digits and web spaces. Female gender and burn size were positive predictors of both categories of reconstructive surgery while white race was a positive predictor of release and graft.

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Möllhoff, T., S. Sukehiro, M. Borgers, G. Vandeplassche, H. Van Belle, H. Van Aken et W. Flameng. « Influence of Superoxide Dismutase on Reperfusion Injury in Donor Hearts Preserved with Bretschneider-HTK Cardioplegic Solution ». Cardiovascular Surgery 1, n^o 4 (août 1993) : 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096721099300100408.

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The ability of superoxide dismutase to prevent reperfusion injury after long-term cold storage of donor hearts was evaluated in canine hearts. Whole blood reperfusion was performed using a «support animal’. Twelve dog hearts were arrested by a single dose of Bretschneider cardioplegic solution and stored cold (0.5°C) for 24h. Thereafter they were reperfused for 60 min without ( n = 6) or with ( n = 6) superoxide dismutase treatment. Myocardial tissue biopsies were taken for determination of high-energy phosphates before explantation, after the preservation period and during reperfusion. Early reperfusion in both groups resulted in an initial recovery of high-energy phosphates and was followed by a decrease during the subsequent reperfusion phase. The latter was associated with the appearance of left ventricular contracture, and cessation of heart beat. Electron microscopic examination of the myocardial tissues after reperfusion revealed a severe reperfusion injury in both groups. It is concluded, that in donor hearts preserved with Bretschneider solution, reperfusion injury cannot be prevented by administration via the perfusate of superoxide dismutase.

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Tréton, Rodrigue. « PRELÚDIO A HISTÓRIA DO NOTARIADO PÚBLICO EM PERPIGNAN E NO CONDADO DE ROUSSILLON (1184-1340) - DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/rfd.v39i2.39101 ». Revista da Faculdade de Direito da UFG 39, n^o 2 (5 janvier 2016) : 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/rfd.v39i2.39101.

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RESUMO:Nos estados cristãos do Ocidente mediterrânico, o notariado apareceu no século XII quando o escrevente da Alta Idade Média se tornara um oficial instituído pela autoridade pública, possuindo a capacidade simbólica, pela invenção do signum, de conferir um caráter autêntico a suas escrituras, preliminares (notas e breves) ou elaboradas (mundum, instrumento). A conservação de livros de ata, propriedade do notário e de seus herdeiros, permitia a preservação do registro completo ou de seu extrato muito tempo após a primeira redação. Em matéria de direito privado, essa inovação, consecutiva à renovação do direito romano, devia substituir vantajosamente o antigo procedimento, complexo, aleatório e limitado a certo tempo, da autenticação pela prova testemunhal. O empreendimento de descrever os primeiros tempos do notariado público no condado de Roussillon não é uma tarefa cômoda, principalmente em razão das carências da documentação, que se mostram, deste ponto de vista, particularmente incapacitantes. Não subsiste, de fato, nos arquivos locais, qualquer texto legislativo ou administrativo se referindo, de algum modo, à regulamentação e às condições de exercício deste ofício antes da metade do século XIII. Para este período inicial, que consiste na data de aparição da instituição notarial, seguindo sua difusão e buscando conhecer as primeiras etapas de sua evolução, a história somente tem o recurso de se apoiar no estudo diplomático dos registros privados. Trata-se, por consequência, de um trabalho particularmente extenso, consistindo em examinar atentamente as fórmulas da autenticação dos documentos da prática, a fim de discernir modificações ou variações significativas, suscetíveis de nos informar sobre as primeiras etapas da organização do ofício público. Foi a partir do reinado de Jaime Ide Aragão que apareceram os primeiros regulamentos visando enquadrar a prática notarial. Iniciava-se, então, um segundo período, cobrindo a segunda metade do século XIII e a primeira metade do século XIV, para o qual dispomos de um corpus de textos normativos que testemunham a natureza das questões ligadas ao controle de um ofício essencial, cujos profissionais, notários e escreventes públicos, tinham por principal função garantir a legalidade das transações econômicas e sociais de uma população eminentemente contratual e de preservar fielmente a memória disso. ABSTRACT:In the christian states of the mediterranean West, the notary appeared on the 12th century when the scribe of the High Middle Age has turned into an official set by the public authority, possessing the symbolic capacity, through the invention of signum, to confer an authentic character to your scriptures, preliminaries (notes and briefings) or elaborate ones (mundum, instrument). The conservation of record books, property of the notary and of its inheritors, would allow the preservation of the complete registry or of your extract a long time after the first redaction. When it comes to private law, this inovation, consecutive to the renewal of the roman law, should replace advantageously the old procedure, which was complex, random and limited to a certain time, of the authentication through the w itness test. The enterprise of describing the first moments of the public notary at the county of Roussillon is not a comfortable task, mostly because of the shortage of documentation, which show, from this point of view, particularly crippling.In fact, it doesn't subsist, in the local archives, any legislative or administrative text referring itself, in some way, about the regularization and the exercising conditions of that office before half of the 13th century. For this initial period, which consists on the apparition date of the notary institution, following its difusion and seeking knowledge about the first steps of your evolution, the history only has the resource to support the diplomatic study of the private records. As a consequence, it's about a particularly extense work, consisting on examining closely the authentication formulas of the practice documents, intending to discern modifications or significative variations, susceptible to inform us about the f irst organization steps of the public office. It started with the reign of Jaime Ide Aragão, when the first regulations appeared, seeking to frame the notary practice. Therefore, it was starting a second period, covering the second half of the 13th century and the first half of the 14th century, to which we disposed of a corpus of normative texts which wtiness the nature of questions connected to the control of an essential office, which all of the professionals, notaries and public scribes, had the function to guarantee the legality of the social and economic transactions of a population that is eminently contractual and to preserve accurately all of its memory.

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Xue, Hongyu, et Siew Yi Lee. « Correction of Capsular Contracture by Insertion of a Breast Prosthesis Anterior to the Original Capsule and Preservation of the Contracted Capsule : Technique and Outcomes ». Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 35, n^o 6 (26 mai 2011) : 1056–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00266-011-9733-9.

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Murata, K., H. Yajima, J. Fujiki, S. Yoshimoto et S. Tamai. « FINGER RECONSTRUCTION WITH VOLAR ADVANCEMENT FLAP USING V-Y CLOSURE ». Hand Surgery 03, n^o 01 (juin 1998) : 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218810498000131.

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A variety of flaps have been reported for the reconstruction of finger tip injuries. The volar advancement flap was first intoduced in 1964. Recently, this technique was combined with V-Y closure and has been applied in the treatment of thumb tip injuries. We treated seven thumb-tip injuries and five finger-tip injuries using the volar advancement flap with V-Y closure. The flaps were advanced an average of 14 mm (range: 10 to 18 mm). All flaps survived completely. The static two-point discrimination in the flaps ranged from 5 to 8 mm (average 6.3 mm). One of the advantages of this procedure is the single-stage reconstruction of the pulp defect with preservation of sensation. In addition, skin graft coverage of the donor site is not required. The result was excellent with less postoperative complications in thumb-tip injury cases. In finger-tip injury cases, however, several postoperative complications occurred such as the PIP joint contracture, cold intolerance of the dorsum of finger tip, and claw-nail deformity. Accordingly, the indication for this flap should be limited to the thumb injury case.

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Wang, Hyun, Lan Sook Chang et Youn Hwan Kim. « Tissue Recycling with Split-Thickness Skin Graft Harvested from a Failed Free Flap ». Journal of Wound Management and Research 18, n^o 3 (31 octobre 2022) : 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22467/jwmr.2022.02236.

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Failure of free flaps is frustrating for both patients and surgeons. Since a large amount of tissue was already used in the first operation, much consideration should be given to donor site and tissue preservation in revision procedures. Recycling tissue by salvaging skin from the failed flap is one option. A 59-year-old man with a scar contracture deformity on his right medial thigh underwent scar tissue excision and thoracodorsal artery perforator free flap coverage. Unfortunately, flap compromise was found on the second postoperative day and flap salvage failed due to extensive thrombus. A second thoracodorsal artery perforator free flap from the contralateral side was used for revision surgery. A split-thickness skin graft was performed with skin harvested from the failed flap to cover the second donor site. Multiple hand-held retractors provided appropriate tension for harvesting the skin. The grafted skin was successfully taken after 3 weeks. This study explores the viability of a split-thickness skin harvested from a failed flap with more than 48 hours of ischemic time. The reusability of skin from a failed free flap in revision surgery can both minimize the need for additional donor sites and reduce unnecessary pain.

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Kapelko, Valery I., Vladimir L. Lakomkin, Alexander A. Abramov, Elena V. Lukoshkova, Nidas A. Undrovinas, Asker Y. Khapchaev et Vladimir P. Shirinsky. « Protective Effects of Dinitrosyl Iron Complexes under Oxidative Stress in the Heart ». Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2017 (2017) : 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9456163.

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Background. Nitric oxide can successfully compete with oxygen for sites of electron-transport chain in conditions of myocardial hypoxia. These features may prevent excessive oxidative stress occurring in cardiomyocytes during sudden hypoxia-reoxygenation.Aim. To study the action of the potent stable NO donor dinitrosyl iron complex with glutathione (Oxacom®) on the recovery of myocardial contractile function and Ca2+transients in cardiomyocytes during hypoxia-reoxygenation.Results. The isolated rat hearts were subjected to 30 min hypoxia followed by 30 min reoxygenation. The presence of 30 nM Oxacom in hypoxic perfusate reduced myocardial contracture and improved recovery of left ventricular developed pressure partly due to elimination of cardiac arrhythmias. The same Oxacom concentration limited reactive oxygen species generation in hypoxic cardiomyocytes and increased the viability of isolated cardiomyocytes during hypoxia from 12 to 52% and after reoxygenation from 0 to 40%. Oxacom prevented hypoxia-induced elevation of diastolic Ca2+level and eliminated Ca2+transport alterations manifested by slow Ca2+removal from the sarcoplasm and delay in cardiomyocyte relaxation.Conclusion. The potent stable NO donor preserved cardiomyocyte integrity and improved functional recovery at hypoxia-reoxygenation both in the isolated heart and in cardiomyocytes mainly due to preservation of Ca2+transport. Oxacom demonstrates potential for cardioprotection during hypoxia-reoxygenation.

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Rigo, I. Z., et M. Røkkum. « Predictors of outcome after primary flexor tendon repair in zone 1, 2 and 3 ». Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 41, n^o 8 (19 juillet 2016) : 793–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193416657758.

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We retrospectively reviewed the outcomes of flexor tendon repairs in zones 1, 2 and 3 in 356 fingers in 291 patients between 2005 and 2010. The mean (standard deviation) active ranges of motion of two interphalangeal joints of the fingers were 98° (40) and 114° (45) at 8 weeks postoperatively and at the last follow-up (mean 7 months, range 3–98), respectively. Using the Strickland criteria, ‘excellent’ or ‘good’ function was obtained in 95 (30%) out of 322 fingers at 8 weeks and 107 (48%) out of 225 fingers at the last follow-up. A total of 48 (13%) fingers required reoperation because of rupture, adhesion, contracture or other complications. The prevalence of rupture was 4%. We carried out multiple linear regression analysis to identify the predictors of the active digital motion. The following variables were found as negative predictors: age; smoking; injury localization between subzones 1C and 2C; injury to the little finger; the extent of soft tissue damage; concomitant skeletal injury; delay to surgery; use of a 2-strand Kessler repair technique; attempted suture or preservation of the tendon sheath–pulley system; and resecting or leaving the concomitant superficial flexor tendon cuts untreated. Analysing the 8 weeks results of tendon repairs in zones 1 and 2, early active mobilization was found to be superior to Kleinert’s regime. Level of evidence: III

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Xia, Zhengyuan, David V. Godin, Thomas K. H. Chang et David M. Ansley. « Dose-dependent protection of cardiac function by propofol during ischemia and early reperfusion in rats : effects on 15-F2t-isoprostane formation ». Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 81, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2003) : 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y02-170.

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We examined the effects of propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) on functional recovery and 15-F2t-isoprostane generation during ischemiareperfusion in Langendorff-perfused rat hearts. Before the induction of 40 min of global ischemia, hearts were perfused (10 min) with propofol at 5 (lo-P) or 12 μg/mL (hi-P) in saline or with saline only (control). During ischemia, saline, lo-P, or hi-P was perfused through the aorta at 60 μL/min. During the first 15 min of reperfusion, propofol (5 or 12 μg/mL) was continued, followed by perfusion with 5 μg/mL propofol for 75 min in both propofol-treated groups. After 90 min of reperfusion (Rep-90), heart tissues were harvested for assessment of antioxidant status. In hi-P, we observed increased latency to and greater reduction of ischemic contracture relative to the lo-P or control groups. 15-F2t-Isoprostane concentrations increased during ischemia and were significantly lower in hi-P and lo-P than in control (P < 0.01). At Rep-90, myocardial functional recovery was greater in both propofol-treated groups relative to control, and it correlated positively with tissue antioxidant capacity preservation. Tissue antioxidant capacity was better preserved in hi-P than in lo-P treatment (P < 0.05). We conclude that oxidant injury occurs during ischemia and reperfusion, and propofol provides dose-dependent protection primarily by enhancing tissue antioxidant capacity and reducing lipid peroxidation.Key words: propofol, myocardium, ischemiareperfusion, 15-F2t-isoprostane.

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Sataieva, T. P., et I. V. Zadnipryany. « THE EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF GRAPE POLYPHENOLS AFFECTING MYOCARDIUM DURING LOW TEMPERATURE HYPOBARIA ». Crimea Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine 10, n^o 1 (2020) : 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2224-6444-2020-10-1-18-25.

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The aim of this research was to reveal the cardioprotective properties of food concentrate polyphenols grapes during experimental hypobaric hypoxia. The study was conducted on mature male Wistar rats (n = 25) aged 1-1.5 months divided into three experimental groups. In the I (control) group 0,9% NaCl solution was administered intragastrically to intact animals. Hypobaric cold hypoxia was modeled for rats of groups II and III once a day for 30 days. Animals III series 30 minutes before hypoxia intragastrically through a tube were injected an aqueous solution of «Fenokor» containing grape polyphenols. In rats of II group without correction there was an unreliable decrease in heart mass by 8.71%, a decrease in the diameter of cardiomyocytes by 20.3% was accompanied by a decrease in their concentration in 1 mg of myocardium. Accelerated compensatory physiological growth of cardiomyocytes in animals of group III caused a slight decrease in the diameter of a number of cardiomyocytes by 3.75% with almost no decrease in their concentration, that mostly preserved of the total number of cardiomyocytes in the heart by the end of the experiment. Hypertrophic growth of the number of cardiomyocytes is caused by the end of the experiment statistically nonsignificant compensatory increase in the mass of the heart. Thus, the main morphological signs of hypoxic myocardial damage in young rats were presented by the phenomena of mixed dystrophy, edema and destruction of contractile cardiomyocytes, lysis of myofibrils and mitochondrial cristae, contracture changes. The administration of «Fenokor» demonstarated its cytoprotective properties, contributed to the preservation of myocardial structure of rats exposed to hypobaric hypoxia.

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Levi, E., A. Vivi, Y. Hasin, M. Tassini, G. Navon et M. Horowitz. « Heat acclimation improves cardiac mechanics and metabolic performance during ischemia and reperfusion ». Journal of Applied Physiology 75, n^o 2 (1 août 1993) : 833–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.75.2.833.

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Cardiac mechanics and metabolic performance were studied in isolated perfused hearts of heat-acclimated (AC) rats (at 34 degrees C for 1 mo) and their age-matched controls (C). Diastolic and systolic pressures, coronary flow, and the appearance of ischemic contracture (IC) were measured during progressive graded ischemia, total ischemia (TI), and reperfusion. ATP, phosphocreatine, and intracellular pH were measured during TI and reperfusion with the use of 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Systolic pressure was greater in AC hearts than in C hearts (P < 0.0001). During 50% of perfusion pressure 15 and 46% of AC and C hearts, respectively, showed IC (P < 0.001). During 25% of perfusion pressure 85% of the hearts in both groups developed IC. The onset of IC in AC hearts was delayed compared with in C hearts. On reperfusion 93 and 66% of AC and C hearts, respectively, resumed contraction. Recovery of diastolic pressure was 78 and 36% for the AC and C hearts, respectively (P < 0.05). During TI ATP declined by 0.94 and 1.20 mumol/min in AC and C hearts, respectively, resulting in 21 +/- 2.8% preservation of the ATP pool in AC hearts after 30 min of TI (P < 0.001). The AC group also showed a delayed decline in intracellular pH (P < 0.001). The data suggest beneficial effects of heat acclimation on the heart, which were exhibited by greater pressure generation and by the emergence of protecting features during ischemia and reperfusion, possibly via energy-sparing mechanisms.

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Kido, Masakuni, Hajime Otani, Shiori Kyoi, Tomohiko Sumida, Hiroyoshi Fujiwara, Takayuki Okada et Hiroji Imamura. « Ischemic preconditioning-mediated restoration of membrane dystrophin during reperfusion correlates with protection against contraction-induced myocardial injury ». American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 287, n^o 1 (juillet 2004) : H81—H90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01140.2003.

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Dystrophin is an integral membrane protein involved in the stabilization of the sarcolemmal membrane in cardiac muscle. We hypothesized that the loss of membrane dystrophin during ischemia and reperfusion is responsible for contractile force-induced myocardial injury and that cardioprotection afforded by ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is related to the preservation of membrane dystrophin. Isolated and perfused rat hearts were subjected to 30 min of global ischemia, followed by reperfusion with or without the contractile blocker 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM). IPC was introduced by three cycles of 5-min ischemia and 5-min reperfusion before the global ischemia. Dystrophin was distributed exclusively in the membrane of myocytes in the normally perfused heart but was redistributed to the myofibril fraction after 30 min of ischemia and was lost from both of these compartments during reperfusion in the presence or absence of BDM. The loss of dystrophin preceded uptake of the membrane-impermeable Evans blue dye by myocytes that occurred after the withdrawal of BDM and was associated with creatine kinase release and the development of contracture. Although IPC did not alter the redistribution of membrane dystrophin induced by 30 min of ischemia, it facilitated the restoration of membrane dystrophin during reperfusion. Also, myocyte necrosis was not observed when BDM was withdrawn after complete restoration of membrane dystrophin. These results demonstrate that IPC-mediated restoration of membrane dystrophin during reperfusion correlates with protection against contractile force-induced myocardial injury and suggest that the cardioprotection conferred by IPC can be enhanced by the temporary blockade of contractile activity until restoration of membrane dystrophin during reperfusion.

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