Articles de revues : « Contracts – Russia (Federation) »

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Varavenko, Victor Evgenyevich. « Prospects of application of typical agreements of International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC) in Russia in the practice of public procurement ». Право и политика, n^o 8 (août 2020) : 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0706.2020.8.33009.

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The subject of this research is the general terms of three standard contracts set by International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC) in 2017 – conditions of contract for engineering, construction and installation works designed by the contractor; conditions of contract for engineering, construction and installation works designed by the employer; conditions of contract for “turnkey projects” and norms of the Federal Law “On contractual system in the sphere of procurement, works, and services for state and municipal needs; as well as bylaws in the area of public procurement and urban development, which regulate the establishment and change of conditions of construction contracts regarding the types and volume of works, their cost and deadline. The novelty of this research consists in the fact that the conditions of standard FIDIC contracts are analyzed in comparison with the current legislation of the Russian Federation on regulation of public procurement. The conducted comparison revealed discrepancies in the legal regimes of contractual relations emerging thereof. The law establishes rigid requirements to agreeing and setting conditions on the source, cost and completion time of works which impede differentiation of the level of their detailing in contract documentation, and thus the creation of a favorable environment for implementation of investment and construction projects. Excessively rigid rules of public procurement legislation pertaining to the changes of contract terms block the action of risk management procedures enshrined in the FIDIC standard contracts. As a result, the parties are not able to respond adequately and promptly to the impact of external and internal factors that affect project environment. A conclusion is made on impossibility of mutually agreed terms of application of FIDIC standard contracts and Russian legislation on public procurement without making substantial amendments to the content of standard contracts.

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Novikov, Aleksandr Vladimirovich. « Assessment of the possibility of forming a regional financial center in a federal subject of the Russian Federation ». Siberian Financial School, n^o 1 (30 mai 2022) : 42–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.34020/1993-4386--2022-1-42-55.

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The article discusses the importance of the financial market in ensuring sustainable growth of the Russian economy and the problem of the formation of regional financial centers in the federal districts of Russia. The hypothesis is put forward that a regional financial center can be created in each of the federal districts of Russia. A system of indicators reflecting the potential of the financial market and its branches of specialization is formulated - financial services (assets of credit institutions registered in the region; number of broker clients in the subject of the federation; assets of broker clients in the subject of the federation) and insurance (number of insurance contracts concluded in the subject of the federation; insurance amounts under insurance contracts concluded in the subject of the federation). For each federal district, based on the Atlas of Economic Specialization of regions, a representative information array has been formed and a methodology for ranking the subjects of the Russian Federation by indicators characterizing the financial market has been developed. A rating of the subjects of the federation has been compiled in each federal district, if possible, to create a regional financial center on the basis of this subject of the federation.

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BELIKOVA, KSENIA. « RESEARCH OF THEORETICAL ISSUES OF IMPLEMENTATION OF NETWORK CONTRACTS (SMART CONTRACTS) ON THE EXAMPLE OF RUSSIA AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES ». Sociopolitical sciences 10, n^o 5 (30 octobre 2020) : 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2223-0092-2020-10-5-95-105.

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This article is aimed at studying of theoretical issues of implementing network contracts (smart contracts) on the example of Russia and foreign countries, based on the fact that its knowledge allowed and allows to successfully solve current problems of legal regulation in our country. The starting point of the research is network communication as a non-market type of communication. The article analyzes the provisions of approaches to the legal regulation of network contracts (smart contracts) developed in the new technological reality, taking into account the experience of foreign countries and the Russian Federation that determine the acceptability of the use of blockchain in the field of legal regulation of such a type of interaction between the parties to the contract that is updated according to present technological era. The relevance, theoretical and practical significance of this research is due to the emergence of new tools for interaction between the parties to the contract in the context of using blockchain technology. The author's results, among other things, are presented in the idea that the ability to compile codes by software tools that ensure the fulfillment of obligations under contracts (smart contracts) that are used in the blockchain network not only expands the latter's utilities from simple information storage to participation in the system of economic transactions, but also is an excellent tool for automatic fulfillment of the obligations stated in them.

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Voskresenskaya, E. V., N. N. Zhil’skiy et M. V. Kolmogorov . « Problems of legal regulation of a marriage agreement in the Russian Federation ». Sociology and Law, n^o 4 (8 janvier 2022) : 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/2219-6242-2021-4-73-78.

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This article is devoted to the application of the marriage contract by persons entering or already married. The authors define the relevance of concluding marriage contracts and emphasize the positive trend of their application in Russia. As a rule, the question of the division of property is the most difficult and problematic both in theory and in practice. In scientific circles, there is a discussion about the legal nature of the marriage contract. The specifics of its conclusion and the scope of regulation of relations do not give an unambiguous answer about the branch affiliation of this legal institution. There are also a large number of gaps in the Family Code of the Russian Federation due to the lack of legislative consolidation of some aspects related to the contractual regime of spouses’ property. In addition, there is still an unresolved issue regarding the conditions and procedure for concluding a marriage contract by minor citizens entering into marriage. In the article, the authors come to the conclusion that the marriage contract as a legal phenomenon requires more legal regulation at the legislative level.

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Коничева, Е. М. « Понятие, принципы, стороны, система (уровни) и организационные формы социального партнерства в сфере труда ». ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ НАУКИ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ 70, n^o 6 (2021) : 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/lj-02-2021-209.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of the labor legislation of the Russian Federation in the context of the development of various forms of social partnership. The study concluded that social partnership is one of the forms of coordination of the interests of the parties to the employment contract between the employee and the employer. The development of labor relations in Russia is promoted by various commissions for the regulation of social and labor relations - social partnership bodies that have competence in the field of organizing collective negotiations and drafting collective agreements and contracts in accordance with the legislation

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KARPOV, EDWARD S., SVETLANA V. KOMISSAROVA et VITALY V. AVDEEV. « On certain aspects of preventing non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of obligations by suppliers under state contracts for the supply of food for the needs of the penal system of the Russian Federation ». Vedomosti (Knowledge) of the Penal System 234, n^o 11 (2021) : 32–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.51522/2307-0382-2021-234-11-32-45.

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The article deals with the problem of fulfilling the terms of state contracts for the supply of food for the needs of the penal system of the Russian Federation, associated with the receipt of low-quality products by customers. The subject of the study was the materials of judicial practice, accompanying documents of territorial bodies of the FPS of Russia, Russian civil legislation, scientific literature on the topic under study. The purpose of the work is to reveal and analyze the gaps in the legal regulation of food procurement for the needs of the penal system of the Russian Federation based on the materials of judicial practice. The practical significance of the work lies in identifying the difficulties in planning the public procurement to ensure the activities of the penal system in the event of non-performance or improper performance of obligations by suppliers. The methodological basis of the work was formed by the structural and logical method, methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, induction. As a result of the work carried out, a comparative table of the terms of settlement of civil disputes between customers and suppliers of low-quality food products is presented, the problems affecting the proper execution of state contracts in the field of food procurement are highlighted, specific recommendations of the terms that can be included in the state contract with the aim of preventing unscrupulous food suppliers from participating in procurement are formulated. Key words: penal system, purchase of goods (works, services), contract system, provision for state needs, unscrupulous supplier, goods of inadequate quality.

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Isaeva, N. A., et D. G. Ponomareva. « Attracting private investment in the Russian economy through concession agreements ». Vestnik NSUEM, n^o 1 (11 mai 2022) : 224–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.34020/2073-6495-2022-1-224-237.

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The article deals with the key theoretical aspects of concession agreements, domestic and foreign experience in the implementation of concessions. It presents the classification of countries by degree and number of concession agreements, as well as by type of contracts. The dynamics of concession agreements in Russia from 2016 to 2020 and the distribution of concluded contracts by socially important sectors of the economy of the Russian Federation from 2009 to 2019 are considered. Forecasts are given for the development of the concession market and possible ways of attracting private investment during the post-pandemic crisis caused by coronavirus (COVID-19).

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Kondratenko, Oleg. « Latin-Caribbean America in geostrategy of the Russian Federation ». American History & ; Politics Scientific edition, n^o 7 (2019) : 48–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2019.07.48-64.

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The policy and implementation of geostrategy of the Russian Federation in relation to the countries of the Latin-Caribbean region are considered. Russia is increasingly trying to demonstrate the status of a strategic partner with respect to Latin American Caribbean countries through the conclusion of various partnership agreements. On this basis, since the 2000s, the Russian Federation has sought to regain its influence in those Latin American countries that were the traditional sphere of presence of the USSR during the Cold War. It has been established that Russia is trying to gain favour among Latin American countries by establishing economic relations, mainly of a commercial nature. The Russian Federation has significant contracts for the supply of weapons to Latin American countries and is involved in the implementation of a number of energy projects, including the construction of nuclear power plants. Russia is also trying to demonstrate its presence in the region through the manoeuvres of its long-range strategic aviation and naval forces. At the same time, Russia is resorting to the support of bankrupt Latin American regimes such as the government of N. Maduro in Venezuela. All this has only exacerbated the crisis in Venezuela and its autocratic rule and led to a double rule in the country. However, Russia risks being pushed out of the region by China and the United States, which consider Latin America as a proving ground for a strategy of geo-economic “conquest”. The key countries for implementing the strategy of restoring Russia’s presence in the region are: Cuba, Venezuela, Nicaragua and partly Brazil. The Russian Federation views these countries as strategic partners and a foothold for the further expansion of geopolitical and geo-economic influence in Latin America, as well as restrictions in the region of US influence. Against the backdrop of isolated manoeuvres by the Russian Air Force and the Navy, Moscow makes periodic statements about the rebuilding of former Soviet military bases in Latin American countries. However, such rhetoric of the Russian Federation can be regarded more as geopolitical PR in order to represent the virtual grandeur of Russia.

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Sergeev, Leonid Ivanovic. « Usage of specialized information systems aggregator for estimation of state expenditures (based on data of the aggregator portal of the Accounts Chamber of Russia) ». Финансы и управление, n^o 3 (mars 2020) : 56–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7802.2020.3.33768.

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Multiple digital portals of government branches and commercial structures, as well as social networks give a new perspective on the topical issues of socioeconomic development. This trend also includes digital platforms of government branches and business structures that ensure state expenditure management. The subject of this research is the state expenditures reflected in the portal of the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation. The author generalizes the content of information featured on the aggregator portal of the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation pertaining to state finances. Analysis is conducted on the number of the completed state contracts in accordance with the level of governance and varied ranges of value of such contracts. The article considers the regions with highest rating by share of “internal” contracts and the dynamics of monthly allocation of state subsidies. Analysis is also conducted on the number of contracts, subsidies, controllers and recipients of budgetary funds, as well as national projects budgeting of the Russian Federation. The established system of structurization of state expenditures indicates the existing in Russia architecture of formation of budgetary and extrabudgetary financing system of state obligations and national development projects. Various digital platforms of government branches necessary for managing state resources and that allow analyzing their require a certain consolidation of methodological and processing bases for assessing the efficiency of allocation of budgetary and extrabudgetary expenditures of the country. Such platforms should contribute to finding optimal ways for centralization and decentralization of budget resources, develop the channels for transfer of state funds that allow budget savings, increase the effectiveness of state control, and prevent excessive use within the system of state administration. The conclusions are reduced to the need for consolidation of methodological and processing bases for effective assessment of the usage of budgetary and extrabudgetary expenditures of the country.

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Popov, N. A., et N. A. Osokin. « IMPROVING ROAD MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN RUSSIA ». Strategic decisions and risk management 11, n^o 3 (13 janvier 2021) : 304–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17747/2618-947x-2020-3-304-315.

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The level of transport infrastructure development is one of the key determinants of economic growth. In 2018, 67.1% of all transported goods in Russia were delivered via road transport. However, Russia’s motor transport system has yet to come close to fulfilling its full potential – 57.6% of public roads do not meet regulatory maintenance requirements. The prevailing statistics highlights the task of ensuring the safety of roads. This issue is especially relevant during winter months, when the roads experience maximum climatic and physico-chemical effects. This article analyzes the road safety system of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, considers the main regulatory documents governing the activities of road work suppliers and executive authorities in the field of road maintenance. The authors analyzed the best foreign practices in road maintenance policy. The main result of the study is the proposal to introduce a mechanism for servicing roads using a performance based contract to replace to cost based road maintenance contracts, which are the most widely applied in Russia.

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Leonov, E. S. « The Specific Features of the Contemporary Russian Foreign Energy Policy Shift in Modern Times ». MGIMO Review of International Relations, n^o 2(41) (28 avril 2015) : 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-2-41-94-101.

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In recent years there has been brewing up a necessity in Russia to change direction of its external energy policy radically as a result of unconstructive and hugely politically charged approach of the EU - main and traditional partner of Russia - to settlement of fundamental issues in bilateral cooperation. First of all this refers to failed efforts to create regional energy security system, based on respective institutions and legal framework, by reason of unwillingness of the EU to respect the Russian standpoint as an exporter of energy resources. As a result, there is a legal vacuum today in energy cooperation between Russia and the EU, which they failed to fill. The current political crisis in Europe, which is caused by accession of the Republic of Crimea to the Russian Federation and events in Ukraine, has aggravated long-standing problems of energy partnership EU-Russia. At the same time active EU policy on diversification of energy sources and supply routes discredits peculiar role of Russia as EU key energy supplier. These factors have triggered a significant revision of Russian interests in favor of eastern direction. A new promising contract with China on 21 May 2014 and memorandum with Turkey on 1 December 2014 are the milestones of the present Russian eastern policy. Both contracts can disrupt power balance on the global energy market. The article deals with background and causes for the present Russian eastern activity.

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Kotliar, A. « ON THE SHORTCOMINGS OF THE NORMATIVE REGULATION OF THE CONTRACTUAL AND LEGAL WORK CARRIED OUT BY THE INTERNAL AFFAIRS BODIES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION ». Scientific Notes of V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Juridical science 7, n^o 4 (20 février 2023) : 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2413-1733-2021-7-4-152-158.

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Contractual and legal work carried out by the bodies of internal affairs of the Russian Federation is quite a voluminous area of activity, as it is regulated by a wide range of rapidly changing legislation. This work has a protective nature and is carried out for the proper implementation of the tasks and powers entrusted to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. For the most part, such units as rear, accounting and legal service of law enforcement agency are involved in contractual-legal work. Currently, there are a number of shortcomings in the implementation of this direction of work, which is confirmed by the negative judicial statistics on claims related to the contractual activity of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation. In this regard, it is necessary to further investigate the causes that contribute to violations of contractual legal work and to develop measures aimed at their elimination. The author proposes ways to address the causes under consideration, in particular, it is advisable to develop and adopt a departmental order governing the unified procedure for preparation, execution, coordination, registration, accounting and storage of procurement documents, draft agreements (state contracts), additional agreements to an agreement (state contract), agreements on termination of an agreement (state contract), protocols of disagreements.

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Velichko, Veronika, et Ekaterina Terdi. « Contractual Preemptive Rights : Russian Doctrine and European Tradition in the Context of Russian Civil Code Reform ». Russian Law Journal 7, n^o 1 (22 mars 2019) : 119–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17589/2309-8678-2019-7-1-119-137.

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Problems associated with the possibility of the stipulation of preemptive rights by contract and their effective protection are researched in this article. Based on the examples of German, French and Swiss civil legislation, we establish that contractual preemption is widely used in Europe as a convenient instrument to formalize the interests of the participants in a civil turnover. In this connection, in Russian civil doctrine, the widespread idea that preemptive rights may be stipulated only by law, not by contract, should be revised.We state that the essence of the institution of preemptive rights predetermines its remedy. Historically Russian civil law provides specific remedy in case of breach of the most spread statutory preemptive rights. It is a claim by the entitled person (holder of preemption) against a third party (counterparty of obliged person whose contract breached the preemption) to transfer from the third party to the entitled person the rights and duties that arose under the contract between the third party and the obliged person. This remedy is more efficient for the entitled person than damages. In accordance with the principle of good faith, it may be used only in cases in which the third party knew or should have known about preemption. However, this requirement is complied in relation to protection of statutory preemptions only. As far as both contractual preemptive rights and contracts stipulated the latter are not recognized and not registered in Russia, such suit will be dismissed by court. The lack of effective protection of contractual preemptions impedes the creation of full-fledge system of preemptive rights in Russian civil law.In order to create effective mechanism of protection of contractual preemptive rights by giving the participants of a civil turnover the opportunity to ascertain if there is a contractual preemptions, we suggest that Russian civil legislation should be added by two registration systems. The first is a system for the registration of contracts that stipulate preemptions over immovable property (or registration of the preemptions itself which is better) provided by the Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography of the Russian Federation. The second is a system for the registration of notifications on the conclusion of contracts that stipulate contractual preemptive rights over movable things that could be established by an expansion of the existing system for the e-registration of notifications оf pledges of movable things under the jurisdiction of the Federal Chamber of Notaries of the Russian Federation.

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Makarenko, Evgeniy A. « THE AUTHORIZED CAPITAL OF THE CONTRACTOR AS A RISK FACTOR IN THE INSURANCE PROCUREMENT SYSTEM ». EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE : PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 9/4, n^o 129 (2022) : 134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2022.09.04.018.

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The article deals with the problem of including the size of the authorized capital in the criteria system for assessing the probability of bankruptcy of the insurer as the executor of the state contract. The trends in reducing the number of insurers in Russia are analyzed and a forecast is made for the list of those players in the insurance market that will not be able to increase the authorized capital to the standards stipulated by the instructions of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. A proposal has been made on the need to introduce a minimum amount of the authorized capital as a mandatory requirement for contractors under contracts within the framework of the state contract system. The analysis of the geographic concentration of insurers was carried out and the need for the development of a regional insurance system based on the presence of local insurance organizations that take into account the risk characteristics of the regions is substantiated.

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Siluyanova, I. V. « Ethical context of legally regulated surrogate and genetic motherhood in Russia ». Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction 15, n^o 3 (9 juillet 2021) : 270–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2021.210.

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Aim: to assess the compliance of legal norms regulating surrogate motherhood and moral concepts about motherhood and childhood in society.Materials and Methods. The Articles 55 (clause 9) of the Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Health Protection of Citizens in the Russian Federation", the principles of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, and traditional moral concepts common in society of the Russian Federation underwent a comparative analysis.Results. Discrepancies between moral and legal norms were revealed in 3 issues. Issue 1 is related to the rights for surrogacy of unmarried persons and the rights of single citizens. In an ethical context, the statement of their rights does not correspond to the rights of children to a dignified upbringing in a family composed of a mother and father. Issue 2 refers to the ethical incorrectness of compensated surrogacy contracts. Commercial surrogacy cannot be separated from transformed forms of child trafficking. Issue 3 is related to the moral degradation of motherhood upon using technologies of surrogate and genetic motherhood.Conclusion. It is necessary to conduct additional studies on using surrogate motherhood in order to prevent abuse and violations upon its application in Russia as well as open up a public discussion on this matter.

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Podolsky, Alexander Gennadievich, et Anastasia Sergeevna Krasnikova. « ON THE ISSUE OF LIFE CYCLE CONTRACTS : RUSSIAN AND FOREIGN EXPERIENCE ». EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE : PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 2/2, n^o 122 (2022) : 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2022.02.02.012.

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This article discusses the main aspects of the application of life cycle contracts (LCC) as one of the forms of public-private partnership (PPP) in the implementation of various projects in Russia and abroad. The possibility of increasing the efficiency of the use of financial resources of the state and private business through their rational interaction in various sectors of the economy is shown. The essence and content of the concepts of “public-private partnership” and “life cycle contracts” are comprehensively and fully disclosed on the basis of domestic and foreign experience. The main advantages and disadvantages of FGM are shown, as well as the results of the analysis of the features of their application in the Russian Federation and abroad. The importance and relevance of the application of life cycle contracts as a whole to ensure the competitiveness of domestic products in the domestic and foreign markets is confirmed.

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Titova, Svetlana S., Varvara M. Makurina, Arina I. Karpova et Artem V. Smol’yaninov. « SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF CREATION AND OPERATION OF INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT CORRIDORS IN RUSSIA ». International Journal of Advanced Studies 11, n^o 2 (30 juin 2021) : 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2227-930x-2021-11-2-21-35.

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International transport corridors play a leading role in the formation of an integrated global market for transport services. The purpose of this work is to study the state of international transport corridors (hereinafter - MTK) on the territory of the Russian Federation. The concept and specifics of transport contracts are considered. In this paper, the basics of the creation and functioning of international transport corridors on the territory of Russia are touched upon. The relevance is due to the globalization of the world economy, which requires new approaches to ensuring interstate economic and cultural ties. At the same time, the leading role is assigned to the emerging system of international transport corridors (MTK). A detailed analysis of regulatory and legal sources in the field of state control of logistics activities, in particular Agreements on international transport corridors, is made. Attention is paid to the prospects for the creation and operation of the MTK on the territory of the Russian Federation. The review shows the relevance of the creation and operation of international transport corridors on the territory of the Russian Federation, without which in the long term it will not be possible to ensure the necessary level of competitiveness for regional transport corridors.

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Bakhmatov, Sergey, Lyubov Borodavko et Ekaterina Semenova. « The Development of Voluntary Pension Insurance in the Russian Federation ». Bulletin of Baikal State University 29, n^o 2 (27 juin 2019) : 244–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-2759.2019.29(2).244-252.

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Only a balanced structure of an integral system of compulsory and voluntary insurance can provide a high degree of social protection for citizens of retirement age in any country in a modern market economy. In this regard, the state should be extremely interested in the development of voluntary pension insurance as the most important direction in the development of life insurance. The advantages of this type of insurance and the prospects for its development in Russia determine the purpose and relevance of research in this field. The article deals with the essential problem of the voluntary pension insurance market development in Russia. The factors influencing the dynamics of the voluntary life insurance development have been identified. A correlation analysis and practical calculations are presented. They reveal the degree of the indicated factors influence on the dynamics of pension insurance contracts concluded. Based on the study, the prospects for the development of voluntary pension insurance in Russia are determined.

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NOVIKOVA, Ol'ga V., et Yuliya V. ORTIKOVA. « Assessing the efficacy of governmental programs for renewal of fixed assets in power engineering ». National Interests : Priorities and Security 17, n^o 3 (15 mars 2021) : 538–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ni.17.3.538.

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Subject. The article focuses on the efficacy of governmental programs for implementing the power capacity supply, which is a long-term contract obliging the company to build new generating capacities within an agreed period of time, while the consumer must pay for the power capacity within the term of the contract at higher power capacity tariffs. Objectives. The study reviews the outcome of the program for the renewal of generating capacity under the power capacity supply contract and evaluates the 2019 program for retrofitting of generating fixed assets. Methods. The methodological framework relies upon the comparative analysis of generating capacity renewal programs held in Russia under power capacity supply contracts with reference to the balance of demand and supply. Results. The article presents the outcome of the 2010 program for the renewal of generating capacities in Russia and gives the comparative description of two programs for the renewal of the Russian generating capacities. We also predict the efficiency of the 2019 program for the renewal of the Russian generating capacity. Conclusions and Relevance. The above programs helped implement the new effective equipment, reduce the specific consumption of fuel oil equivalent at power plants. However, as the site to be renewed was chosen inappropriately, some regions of the Russian Federation saw the surplus power capacity. The 2019 program accommodates for stringent requirements for the selection of facilities. Having analyzed growth rates of power capacity and demand by power grids, we conclude that the power capacity factor will drop at power plants until 2025, thus putting the cost effectiveness of the above programs at question.

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Cioni, Anthony. « The First Pancake Always Has Lumps : Alberta Petroleum Companies, Arbitration and Arbitral Award Enforcement in the Russian Federation ». Alberta Law Review 35, n^o 3 (1 juillet 1997) : 726. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr1054.

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Alberta petroleum companies stand to benefit a great deal from joint-venture operations in Russia; however, the potential risks involved are enormous as well. This article examines means by which Alberta companies can protect themselves, namely through arbitration agreements, and some important terms that should be drafted into such contracts. As well, an analysis is provided of the arbitration system and some possible outcomes should a dispute arise once an Alberta company has commenced operations in Russia.

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Khabrieva, Thalia Ya. « The Russian Constitution and the evolution of federal relations ». Gosudarstvo i pravo, n^o 2 (2022) : 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s102694520018758-4.

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The model of federal relations enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation is constantly evolving as a result of the development of legislative regulation and the practice of its application. The article analyzes its development in the period 2000 - 2003 on the basis of the Federal Law “On the general principles of the organization of legislative (representative) and executive bodies of state power of the subjects of the Russian Federation”, in particular, such changes as the introduction of the institute of federal influence (coercion); clarification of the role of contracts and agreements concluded between the executive authorities of the Russian Federation and the subjects of the Federation in regulating federal relations; improvement of the division of powers between the federal center and the subjects of the Federation, including budgetary federalism. Russian federalism is regarded as cooperative, the legal space of which cannot be formed without the participation of the subjects of the Federation. The author substantiates that in the sphere of joint management, federal public authorities should be guided by the principle of “reasonable restraint” and not intrude into those relations that a subject of the Russian Federation can regulate without prejudice to the qualitative fulfillment of the tasks of public authority. At the same time, the subjects of the Federation should not emphasize their specifics, it is necessary to proceed from the principle of consolidation of legislation, the creation of uniform rules operating in a single economic space. The author comes to the conclusion that the incompleteness of the constitutional regulation of federal relations allows them to evolve in different directions, to look for an optimal model of the federal structure for Russia.

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Abusufyanova, Z. T. « THE ROLE OF CUSTOMS AUTHORITIES IN THE SYSTEM OF MONITORING COMPLIANCE WITH THE CURRENCY LEGISLATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION ». Law Нerald of Dagestan State Universit 34, n^o 2 (2020) : 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21779/2224-0241-2020-34-2-77-84.

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Problems of illegal export of funds abroad are relevant for Russia. Offenses related to the non-return of exported foreign currency earnings to the country, transfers of foreign currency abroad under fictitious contracts for the supply of goods, smuggling of cash currency and other forms of illegal export of funds pose a real threat to the country's economic security. The article considers the main areas of currency control carried out by customs authorities, analyzes the activities of customs authorities in the implementation of currency control for the period from 2014 to 2018. When writing the work, the following research methods were used: expert assessments, analysis, synthesis, system analysis, statistical analysis, formal legal, comparative legal methods. Based on the analysis of statistical data of the Federal Customs Service of the Russian Federation, the opinions of scientists and experts in the field of customs, conclusions are drawn about the most common violations of the currency legislation of the Russian Federation identified by customs authorities.

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Gudimenko, G., et V. Dorofeeva. « Features of Contracting Works for Demolition and Dismantling of Real Estate in the Northern Regions of Russia ». Scientific Research and Development. Economics 10, n^o 6 (14 novembre 2022) : 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2587-9111-2022-10-6-35-38.

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In the northern regions of the Russian Federation, there are many various abandoned civilian and military facilities. In the middle of the last century, in the process of developing the territories of the Far North and the Arctic Circle, facilities were built, which at the end of the 20th century were simply abandoned, military facilities, fishing villages, trading posts were abandoned. Currently, interest in the north is being renewed, a small part of the objects is being restored, but most of the objects have lost their relevance, their restoration is practically meaningless, they are subject to demolition and dismantling. This has led to a significant increase in requests for state contracts for demolition and dismantling of real estate in the northern regions of Russia. However, many of them do not find performers, which is due to the peculiarities of the implementation of contracts in the regions of the North. The authors identified these features and suggested ways to improve the contracting system in the area under study.

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OSOKIN, NIKITA, et NIKITA POPOV. « Improving state policy in the field of safety and road maintenance in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation ». Public Administration 23, n^o 2 (2021) : 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2070-8378-2021-23-2-39-45.

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The level of transport infrastructure development directly affects the rate of economic growth. In 2018, in Russia, 67.1 % of the total volume of transported goods were delivered by road transport. However, we cannot talk about the full realization of the road transportation system since 57.6 % of public roads do not meet regulatory requirements. The available statistics indicate that, first of all, attention should be paid to the condition of the roads. The article analyzes the system for road maintenance in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, considers the main regulatory documents governing the activities of road work suppliers and executive authorities in the field of road maintenance. The article examines and analyzes the advanced foreign experience in the field of technologies for servicing roads in the winter. As the result of analysis, the authors propose introducing performance-based contracts into the field of the road sector. The creation of an economically feasible form of performance-based contracts can lead to a decrease in the cost of road maintenance by 10-40 %.

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Glotova, Irina A. « EVALUATION OF THE STABILITY’S FACTORS OF LABOR RELATIONS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY AT THE CONTEXT OF FIXED-TERM EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS IN RUSSIA AND ABROAD ». Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Pravo, n^o 39 (2021) : 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22253513/39/12.

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Temporary employment is defined in the scientific literature as atypical for the sphere of wage labour and even as an element of precarious employment. Today, fixed-term labour contracts are seen as a mechanism for labour market actors to respond to any shocks in the economy, a way of flexibly regulating the number of employees and reducing "dead" costs for employers. Russian labour law prohibits the conclusion of fixed-term employment contracts for the purpose of avoiding the rights and guarantees provided for workers with whom an indefinite-term employment contract is concluded. But extensive court practice in challenging dismissal due to the expiry of the term of the employment contract shows that a significant proportion of employers conclude fixed-term employment contracts in violation of the requirements of the Labour Code of the Russian Federation, in order to avoid providing labour rights and guarantees to employees. These vio-lations mainly include repeated conclusion of fixed-term contracts for a short period to per-form the same work function, "imposition" of a condition on the fixed-term nature of the con-tract in the absence of the employee's will, in situations where the law requires an agreement of the parties to the employment contract for the conclusion of a fixed-term contract. In the modern economic environment, a form of short-term employment called casual work has developed, which is most often recognised in the literature as informal, precarious employment. Despite this, casual work has become widespread in developed countries, and particularly in jobs related to the on-demand economy, with the use of digital platforms. The negative aspect of the wide use of fixed-term employment contracts in the EU is reflected in the persistent entrenchment of temporary workers in the labour market, whose growth can be restrained only with the assistance of the state. Thus, the analysis of the practice of flexible forms of employment in foreign countries shows that short-term contracts are now widely integrated into the global labour market, which is confirmed by the statistical data on the growth of fixed-term contracts in most coun-tries. This process can hardly be stopped, but, based on the experience of EU countries, it seems possible at least to find a way to adapt to this situation by balancing the rights and interests of workers, employers and the state in such relations and preventing the transfor-mation of fixed-term employment relations into precarious ones.

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Chernyaev, Maxim V., et Anna V. Korenevskaya. « Support tools of Russia’s oil and gas industry under western sanctions restrictions ». RUDN Journal of Economics 26, n^o 4 (15 décembre 2018) : 620–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2018-26-4-620-629.

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The article discusses the possibilities of promoting the development of the Russian’s oil and gas industry in the current unstable political and economic conditions. The analysis of tools and mechanisms to support the oil and gas industry to ensure energy independence and improve energy security of the fuel and energy complex of the Russian Federation through import substitution of critical technologies, development of legislative and tax measures to stimulate the development of the Russian state company. The authors of the study assess the effectiveness of state and corporate import substitution plans, external trade contracts and markets, as well as provide a forecast of possible ways of development of the oil and gas complex of Russia, taking into account sanctions restrictions, fuel prices and in the future competition with alternative energy sources. The implementation of effective state support for the Russian’s oil and gas industry can contribute to the development of scientific and technological potential of companies to implement the import substitution program, as well as to strengthen the position of the Russian Federation in the global system of energy resources.

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Kulikov, N. I., M. A. Kulikova et A. A. S. R. Mobio. « Why do the national financial and monetary policies not boost the economy ? » Finance and Credit 26, n^o 7 (30 juillet 2020) : 1496–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.26.7.1496.

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Subject. This article assesses the reasons why the economic policy of the Government and Central Bank of Russia does not cause the economic advance. The article tries to find out why the two strategic programmes adopted over the past ten years have not been implemented in most indicators. Objectives. The article aims to analyze the results of financial and monetary policies in Russia over the past ten years, and establish why the Russian economy has been growing within one percent yearly average all these years, and its share in the world economy has not grown, but got reduced even. Methods. For the study, we used the methods of analysis and synthesis. Results. The article proposes certain measures and activities to move to soft financial and monetary policies of the State and corresponding changes in the structure of the Russian economy. This will help ensure six to seven percent GDP growth annually. Conclusions. High loan rates have become the main obstacle to GDP growth in Russia. It is necessary to accept concrete actions and decisions concerning the Bank of Russia key rate, expansion of the functions of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, industrial policy, support of consumer demand, long-term government contracts for the real sector enterprises, etc.

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Kuznetsova, S. S. « Topical issues of the realization and protection of human rights in the practice of smart contract technology application ». Law Enforcement Review 6, n^o 1 (24 mars 2022) : 134–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.52468/2542-1514.2022.6(1).134-149.

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The subject and the aim of the study. The article analyzes the approach to smart contract technology, which is reflected in the scientific literature and legislation of Russia and foreign countries, formulates the advantages and disadvantages of a smart contract that affect the implementation and protection of certain constitutional rights, including freedom of contract, the right to protect, the right to manage personal data.Methodology. Guided by formal dogmatic and comparative law methods in research, the author formulates approaches to the concept of a smart contract that has been developed in the practice of foreign countries and deduces how each of the approaches affects the implementation of constitutional human rights. The paper notes that the use of a smart contract based on the federal blockchain does not allow the full implementation of such rights as freedom of contract, the right to self-defense, and the right to manage personal data. In addition, the transnational nature of smart contracts usage, their pseudonymity and failure to unified concept of legal regulation create obstacles to the effective implementation of the right to judicial protection.The main results. The practice of legal regulation of smart contracts in foreign countries, aimed at minimizing the negative consequences of the use of technology is considered. Some countries follow to the concept of recognizing a smart contract as a form of contract (Italy, United States, Republic of Belarus) and a way of guaranteeing fulfilment of obligations (China, Italy, Republic of Belarus, Russian Federation). The second concept is considered as being the most restrictive for digital progress from one side but being able to guarantee protection of human rights such as right to judicial protection or freedom of contract. The first concept which shows smart contract being a type of contract carries additional risks associated with conclusion of a treaty - inconsistency of the smart contract with the actual will of the parties. The third concept considered smart contract as a type of contract is accepted in the Republic of Malta. The Republic of Malta regulated procedure of voluntary certification for smart contracts that allow to eliminate such threats as violation of human rights and the use of smart contracts for criminal purposes. The experience of legal regulation of smart contracts in the Republic of Malta is recognized as reasonable and effective, however, it is concluded that certification will achieve its goals only if it will be implemented in the legal system of wide range of the countries.Conclusions. It is concluded that despite the fact that the smart contract technology has high potential for its implementation in various fields of social and economic life, the effective implementation of smart contract technology in various spheres of society requires the formation of general legal principles for their application, the definition of areas in which the use of smart contracts is prohibited, as well as the development of international standards for their safe execution.

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Loktionov, V. I. « The New Investment Cycle : Current Finance Mechanisms of Power Engineering Development ». Vestnik of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, n^o 5 (20 octobre 2021) : 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2413-2829-2021-5-64-77.

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The article provides the analysis of current finance mechanisms of developing power systems in the context of acute necessity to start a new investment cycle. It draws a conclusion that state policy in the field of power engineering cannot foster the development of such mechanisms of its financing as state subsidies on purchase and installation of equipment, contracts on buying electricity and power-service contracts. The analysis of extra opportunities of raising investment showed expediency of developing green mechanisms of financing power engineering in Russia and motivating power companies to conduct IPO. The authors put forward recommendations aimed at attaining the acute objective to develop and implement key initiatives promoting the start of a new investment cycle in order to raise funds for modernizing the existing power projects and opening new ones in accordance with higher ecological requirements. For example, to stimulate the growth of Russian companies' IPO and realize the investment potential of the Russian stock market the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Economic Development study the possibility to introduce new tax preferences for investors and companies entering the market, which could ensure institutional support for investors and issuers.

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Popova, Evgeniya Mikhailovna, et Tatyana Viktorovna Nikitina. « Direct German investments in the Russian economy : regional cross-section ». Теоретическая и прикладная экономика, n^o 1 (janvier 2022) : 68–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8647.2022.1.37585.

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Economic relations between Russia and Germany are developing in the context of such global challenges as the aggravation of the international political situation, the introduction of anti-Russian sanctions, the economic recession against the background of the Covid-19 pandemic. The subject of this study is the regional peculiarities of the placement of German capital on the territory of Russia. The object of the study is 55 subjects of the Russian Federation, which are recipients of direct German investments. The authors focus on studying the dynamics, species and geographical structure of accumulated direct German investments in the context of individual subjects and federal districts. The article assesses the level of differentiation of direct German investments within individual federal districts, calculates sub-federal investment positions, identifies trends in investment cooperation between Russian and German enterprises carried out within the framework of special economic zones. It is established that the factors contributing to the placement of German capital in European Russia are the preferential localization of special economic zones in this part of the country, as well as the conclusion of special investment contracts on the basis of already functioning production facilities. According to the results of the study, the authors summarize that the current regional structure of German investments does not contribute to the achievement of such a task provided for by the Spatial Development Strategy of the Russian Federation as the reduction of interregional socio-economic imbalances. The scientific novelty of this study is to develop recommendations for expanding investment cooperation between Russia and Germany in the Far East, special attention is paid to the role of state institutions. The authors substantiate that the implementation of investment projects for the production of wind power units and assemblies, solar panels, as well as the construction of wind and solar power plants in the Far East should be considered as a promising area of cooperation between Russia and Germany.

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Glazunova, I. V. « Development of treasury management of public procurement : problems and prospects ». Law Enforcement Review 5, n^o 4 (5 janvier 2022) : 120–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.52468/2542-1514.2021.5(4).120-134.

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The subject of this study is the legal norms contained in legislation, other legal acts, as well as materials of law enforcement practice regulating the process of treasury management of budgetary funds. This article also analyzes the experience of legal regulation of the mechanism of treasury management of budgetary funds during public procurement, examines the gaps in budget legislation directly related to the topic under consideration.The purpose of this article is to consider the problems and prospects of the development of the Institute of the Federal Treasury in the Russian Federation. The reason for this study was multiple scientific discussions, which caused an ambiguous reaction from the legal community of Russia. The gaps in the budget legislation directly related to the topic under consideration are considered.The methodology. General scientific methods were applied in the framework of comparative, logical and statistical research and analysis of law enforcement and judicial practice in the field of treasury management of budget funds.The main results. A number of issues related to the chosen topic were considered. First of all, it is necessary to understand how the legal regulation of treasury management of budgetary funds is carried out. The form of legal regulation of treasury management differed from other forms and instruments of control the norms on treasury management were established annually by the federal law on the federal budget and acts of the Russian Government, Russian Ministry of Finance and the Federal Treasury adopted in pursuance of this federal law. Secondly, it is worth noting how the procedure for treasury management of budgetary funds during public procurement is built. The mechanism of treasury management provides for operations on personal accounts opened in the Federal Treasury with funds received from the relevant budget in the form of subsidies and budget investments, as well as funds directed to the execution of government contracts, contracts, the sourceof financing of which is the budget of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation. Thirdly, it is necessary to understand what prospects the institute of treasury management of public procurement has. Trends in the development of the institute of treasury management show that quantitative parameters will grow, including due to the use of "extended" treasury management and due to the spread of technological solutions to the level of subjects of the Russian Federation and municipalities.Conclusions. Treasury management of budgetary funds during public procurement is a new institution of budget law, a comprehensive budgetary and legal instrument of public administration, which is used at the stage of budget execution for expenditures to exercise financial control over the public procurement, contracts with legal entities and sole proprietors who are not participants in the budget process. In addition, treasury management is a tool with sufficient elasticity and relative "versatility". At its core, it allows you to strengthen control over the targeted and effective use of budget funds, ensure transparency and openness of procurement procedures and execution of state contracts; reduce unscrupulous suppliers in the chain of co-executors while ensuring proper execution of the state contract; increase financial discipline of the parties to the contract. It is also worth noting that treasury management minimizes some of the risks inherent in the use process. This institution should be considered as a system element in a larger mechanism of budget monitoring.

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Zavyalova, Elena B., Ekaterina I. Shumskaia et Alexandra I. Shumskaia. « Transactions in the digital age : blockchain technology and smart contracts ». Journal of Law and Administration 15, n^o 3 (2 décembre 2019) : 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2073-8420-2019-3-52-32-38.

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Introduction. Smart contracts have become demanded agreements in the modern market with the development of crypto-currency due to their ability to provide and guarantee enforcement. To date they are performed automatically using blockchain technology. Smart contracts are the subject of debate in many countries, primarily because issues have arisen in their legal enactment in the field of regulation of digital assets and the legal recognition of blockchain technology itself, which determined the purpose of this scientific research. For the purpose of a deeper understanding of the essence of this type of agreements, a historical method has been applied in the work on the features of the formation of smart contracts. To identify key differences, a formal legal and comparative analysis of smart contracts with classical contracts in electronic form was carried out. The areas of application of smart contracts in the world and in Russia, such as banking, healthcare, insurance and public services, were also studied.Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the study was made up of the following general scientific and special methods of cognition of legal phenomena and processes, including systemic, historical, formal legal, comparative and analytical approaches.Results. An assessment is made of such contracts from the point of view of the existing civil law of the Russian Federation and further directions for study and development are proposed, including the improvement of the regulatory and institutional environment to maintain legal certainty.Discussion and conclusion. The existing legal regulation does not prohibit the use of smart contracts in the business practices of companies and individuals. But the simplicity of the transaction implementation algorithm built on the blockchain still requires some legal support.

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Aliiev, Maksym. « EU-Azerbaijan relations in the gas transporting sector ». Language, Culture, Politics. International Journal 1 (21 octobre 2022) : 205–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54515/lcp.2022.1.205-218.

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The war in Ukraine changed the security landscape in Europe, the aggression of the Russian Federation also affected the energy security. For decades European elites negotiated and signed contracts for energy supplies from the Russian Federation, which gave Russia the opportunity to restore and strengthen its military capacity, and as a result, to launch an unprovoked aggression against Ukraine. Realizing the fallacy of its own energy diplomacy, the EU began searching for new and intensified relations with existing energy suppliers. The aim of this article is to analyze the role and significance of Azerbaijan as a potential supplier of gas to Europe, especially to its southern flank, where strong positions of Russian influence remain. During the preparation of the study, the international legal basis of relations between Azerbaijan and the EU was systematized and analyzed, the main supply routes of Azerbaijani gas to the European markets were determined and characterized. Prospects for deepening cooperation between the EU and Azerbaijan in the implementation of energy projects have been determined. Possible threats to the supply of Azerbaijani gas to European markets under the conditions of preservation of Russia’s influence are separately described.

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Simonyan, Tatiana, et Sergey Kravtsov. « Foreign and domestic experience in creating public-private partnership projects in the aviation industry ». KANT 37, n^o 4 (décembre 2020) : 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24923/2222-243x.2020-37.43.

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The article is devoted to the study of foreign and domestic experience in improving the efficiency of public-private partnerships in the field of air transportation. The authors analyze the methods and tools of cooperation in the field of PPP and compare the experience of the countries of Europe, the USA, Australia, Asia and Africa with the practice adopted in the Russian Federation. Based on foreign studies, the authors investigate the specifics of PPP contracts in different countries, which make it possible to achieve the maximum economic benefits from the operation of aviation infrastructure facilities. It is concluded that it is necessary to revise some of the features of PPP in Russia, which will allow solving a number of socio-economic problems.

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Panasenko, S. V., et E. A. Krasilnikova. « Features of legal support for the development of electronic commerce in the Russian Federation ». Lizing (Leasing), n^o 4 (1 avril 2021) : 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-03-2110-01.

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The article discusses topical issues of legal support for the development of electronic commerce in the Russian Federation. The authors have carried out an analysis of the main e-commerce categories, the content of which is standardized in regulatory legal acts, including the elements of the purchase and sale process, the concept of types of trading activities, electronic signature, digital assets, digital currency, smart contracts, digital transactions, etc. The article defines the categories, the concept of which is absent in the regulatory legal acts of Russia: the concept of digital goods, e-commerce infrastructure, electronic trade services, delivery channels in online stores, the concept of a courier/courier service, the concept of smart applications, definition of online stores varieties, and so on. Conclusions have been made that the digitalization process has a significant impact on the dynamics of the legal support for the development of electronic commerce, but currently its level is not sufficiently high and requires improvement (by making additions to GOST on trade, the Strategy for the development of electronic commerce and other regulatory legal acts).

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Akhmadova, Maryam Abdurakhmanovna. « Security of rights to intellectual property created in joint activity within the framework of bilateral agreements between Russia and BRICS countries on the scientific and technical cooperation ». Международное право и международные организации / International Law and International Organizations, n^o 3 (mars 2019) : 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0633.2019.3.30742.

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The subject of this research is the international acts in the area of scientific and technical cooperation of the BRICS countries – bilateral agreements between the Governments of the Russian Federation and Brazil (2007), Russian Federation and India (1994), Russian Federation and China (1992), Russian Federation and South Africa (2014), and others pertaining to protection and security of rights to intellectual property. Attention is focused on the problematic moments in legal regulation of the “preceding” and “created” within the framework of these acts of intellectual property, including the questions of dispute settlement between the parties, the order of allocation of rights to service development and compensation for them, structure and content of separate contracts concluded in accordance with the indicated agreements, etc. The scientific novelty consists in articulation of the problem and approaches towards its research. The author comes to the conclusion on the sufficient elaboration of the bilateral agreements between the Russian Federation, India and China, which is viewed as a crucial factor in the development of further cooperation in this area for the purpose of ensuring of economic modernization of these countries on the innovative basis. However, the cooperation between Brazil and South Africa is not well developed, therefore the leadership of these countries does not take measures on development and signing of intergovernmental protocol to the Agreement between the Russian Federation and Brazil, called to regulate mainly the questions of legal protection of intellectual property, which manifests as the factor hampering the development of cooperation.

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Konduktorov, A. S. « Replacing the US Dollar with the Russian Ruble in Payments for Russian Exports : AFinancial and Legal Mechanism for Implementation and Implications for the Monetary Policy ». Lex Russica, n^o 2 (25 février 2022) : 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2022.183.2.024-033.

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The paper examines the reasons for the use of the US dollar as a means of payment in the implementation of foreign economic activity, determines shortcomings that do not allow the use of the Russian ruble in international trade. An organizational and legal mechanism has been developed that makes it possible to switch to the use of the Russian ruble when foreign buyers pay for certain exports of Russia. The mechanism under consideration is based on market principles and it is implemented on the basis of the absence of administrative coercion to apply it. The consequences of using the mechanism are considered in the context of the Russian Federation’s implementation of the monetary policy.The paper uses analytical and structural-logical methods of research, financial and legal modeling of the processes of partial replacement of foreign currencies by the Russian currency in the implementation of foreign economic activity by domestic exporters.It is proposed to create a mechanism for the short-term provision of ruble liquidity to foreign buyers of certain Russian exports, which involves the exchange of foreign currency for Russian rubbles in order to pay for specific foreign trade contracts. Stimulation for its use should be carried out by means of customs and tariff regulation. The mechanism functioning for providing liquidity is supposed to be established using organizational capabilities of the Bank of Russia (either within its structural unit, or in the form of an independent organization controlled by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation). To test the action and consequences of using this mechanism, it is necessary to conduct an experiment on a limited product market that meets the selected criteria. The mechanism for providing ruble liquidity should result in a significant increase in demand for the Russian ruble in the domestic foreign exchange market, which will cause its exchange rate to strengthen and make it possible to reduce the key rate of the Bank of Russia in order to stimulate economic growth to compensate for the deflationary effect.

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Zhdanovskih, R. M. « EXPANSION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE WITH RUSSIAN GAS FOR THE ACCOUNT OF ITS DIVERSIFICATION AND USE OF INNOVATIVE DIRECTIONS ». International Trade and Trade Policy, n^o 2 (6 juillet 2018) : 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2018-2-133-148.

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The article is devoted to the gas export of the Russian Federation, as well as to the search for solutions to the problems arising in the process of foreign gas trading by Russian gas companies. It is specially noted that, as a serious shortcoming of gas exports from Russia, it is only one-pointedness to European countries (mainly to EU countries) and Turkey. In addition, it is pointed out that the supply of natural gas (GHG) from the Russian Federation is carried out with a few exceptions only through pipeline systems. All this puts Gazprom and a number of other Russian gas companies in greater dependence, both from direct European importers and from GHG transit countries. It will be possible to solve the problem of diversification and reliability of gas export to the far abroad of the Russian Federation only due to a certain transition to a new technological type of storage and transportation of NG – in liquefied state. In this case, Russian gas companies will be able to export LNG not only via pipelines to a limited number of countries, but also in the form of liquefied natural gas (LNG) by gas tanks to many countries of the world. This will expand the scale of gas trade to the size of oil trading operations. Russian gas companies and Gazprom, using innovative forms of trade in illegal volumes of LNG in the form of spot, futures and forward contracts, will be able to carry out more flexible trading operations and receive increased profits. At the same time, their dependence on European consumers of Russian pipeline PG and transit countries will decrease.

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Аида Абдуллазяновна, Фатыхова, Сайфуллина Миляуша Анваровна et Уразбахтина Лилия Равилевна. « FEATURES OF CHECKING THE ORGANIZATION OF CASH WORK IN ORDER TO MINIMIZE BANK RISKS INHERENT IN CASH TRANSACTIONS ». STATE AND MUNICIPAL MANAGEMENT SCHOLAR NOTES 4, n^o 4 (décembre 2021) : 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2079-1690-2021-1-4-141-146.

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The article presents the organization of internal control by the Bank of Russia within the framework of cash operations. The authors emphasize the structuring of the main risks inherent in cash transactions, therefore they are presented in this direction of banking. The article says that the main risksof cash work are: operational, reputational, legal, technological, strategic, credit risks, liquidity risk and others, and, moreover, are identified at any stage of working with cash. All these risks affect not only the activities of an individual credit institution, but also the banking system as a whole. Therefore, the authors propose to carry out risk-oriented control, as well as the main approaches and methods of checking cash transactions. The authors point out that internal control involves testing for compliance with internal documents with the necessary requirements of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (laws, instructions, regulations, orders, contracts, including for specific measures (for example, the acquisition of the necessary equipment for cash registers, for the transportation of cash, insurance, automated software). It is necessary to check the correctness of the regulatory internal documents, employment contracts, the distribution of powers of employees, within the framework of cash work, and more.

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Аида Абдуллазяновна, Фатыхова, Сайфуллина Миляуша Анваровна et Уразбахтина Лилия Равилевна. « FEATURES OF CHECKING THE ORGANIZATION OF CASH WORK IN ORDER TO MINIMIZE BANK RISKS INHERENT IN CASH TRANSACTIONS ». STATE AND MUNICIPAL MANAGEMENT SCHOLAR NOTES 4, n^o 4 (décembre 2021) : 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2079-1690-2021-1-4-141-146.

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The article presents the organization of internal control by the Bank of Russia within the framework of cash operations. The authors emphasize the structuring of the main risks inherent in cash transactions, therefore they are presented in this direction of banking. The article says that the main risksof cash work are: operational, reputational, legal, technological, strategic, credit risks, liquidity risk and others, and, moreover, are identified at any stage of working with cash. All these risks affect not only the activities of an individual credit institution, but also the banking system as a whole. Therefore, the authors propose to carry out risk-oriented control, as well as the main approaches and methods of checking cash transactions. The authors point out that internal control involves testing for compliance with internal documents with the necessary requirements of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (laws, instructions, regulations, orders, contracts, including for specific measures (for example, the acquisition of the necessary equipment for cash registers, for the transportation of cash, insurance, automated software). It is necessary to check the correctness of the regulatory internal documents, employment contracts, the distribution of powers of employees, within the framework of cash work, and more.

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Matytsin, D. E. « Risk of non-fulﬁllment of obligations by participants of investment deals : preventive civil law mechanisms for the protection of rights ». Journal of Law and Administration 17, n^o 4 (21 février 2022) : 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2073-8420-2021-4-61-33-50.

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Introduction. The article is devoted to the study of legal mechanisms to protect the rights of participants of remote-digital transaction, made by a private investor (individual) and a legal entity (investment intermediary, investment recipient) with a particular object of investment and related to the real contracts. Violations of the rights of the parties to the transaction are most often associated with the stage of completion of such transaction and are a consequence of untimely and/or incomplete return of the invested money, failure of the counterparty-debtor to fulﬁll its obligations immediately upon receipt of money from the investor - upon transfer of the investment object itself. Failure to pay the promised income naturally gives rise to a conﬂict. Meanwhile, the existing nowadays tools of ﬁnancial security of entrepreneurial projects objectively can not fully meet the current needs of business entities, and new objects of investment still poorly studied in terms of legal science, require the deﬁnition of their legal characteristics and the establishment of the legal nature.Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the study was materialistic positivism combined with the application of general scientiﬁc methods of knowledge. Including: dialectical method, formal-logical, analysis, synthesis, deduction and induction, methods of hypothesis, analogy, etc. Particular scientiﬁc methods are applied in the work, such as: historical and retrospective method, functional, statistical. Special methods of cognition of legal science are also applied: comparative-legal, the method of systemic research, formal-legal, etc. The work also used the method of legal modeling, which allowed to form the structure and functional elements of civil-legal model of prevention of non-fulﬁllment of obligations by participants of remote-digital investment transactions in the information space, protection of their rights and legitimate interests.The normative legal base of the work consisted of the provisions of existing legislative acts. Among them: Federal Law of the Russian Federation from 07.02.1992 № 2300-1 "On protection of consumer rights"; Federal Law of the Russian Federation from 23.12.2003 № 177-FZ "On insurance of deposits in banks of the Russian Federation"; Federal Law from 31.07.2020 № 258-FZ "On experimental legal regimes in the ﬁeld of digital innovation in the Russian Federation"; Federal Law of the Russian Federation from 13.07.2015 № 224-FZ "On public-private partnership, municipal-private partnership in the Russian Federation and amending certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation" and others.The empirical basis of the research were materials of judicial and arbitration practice (for example, Ryazhsky District Court of Ryazan Region; Arbitration Court of Moscow; Ninth Arbitration Court of Appeal of Arbitration Court of Moscow; Zavodoukovsky District Court of Tyumen Region; Tyumen Regional Court, etc.), as well as statistical data published on the ofﬁcial websites of business entities (for example, PJSC Mosbirzhi, American consulting ﬁrm "Satis Group" LLC and others).Theoretical basis consisted of the works of domestic (A.I. Goncharov, A.O. Inshakova, L.A. Novoselova, A.I. Saveliev, E.E. Frolova, Y.S. Kharitonova and others) and foreign scientists (V. Akella, Bin Ke, Y.K. Dwivedi, Donghui Wu, L. Hughes, S.K. Misra, N.P. Rana, V. Raghavan, Jun Chen, Zhifeng Yang, etc.) in the corresponding ﬁeld of research.Research results. As a result of the study, it was found that modern remote digital technologies have gained popularity and are already justifying expectations in the information space. Meanwhile, the token market turned out to have a huge number of so-called "scams" - fraudulent projects whose purpose is to raise funds by deception; in reality, such organizers of investments only created the appearance of implementing a project without any intention to put it into practice. It was also found that many authors, both Russian and foreign, in the modern period pay attention to such modern information technologies as distributed registry technology (blockchain) and smart-contract technology. However, in the scientiﬁc developments of colleagues there are no recommendations for speciﬁc construction of a civil law model of interaction between participants of remote digital transactions in the information space on the basis of a combination of distributed registry (blockchain) and smart contract technologies.Discussion and conclusion. On the basis of modern information technologies it is proposed to organize and regulate the turnover of investment objects in the information space in such a way that the very need to protect rights would disappear since it is impossible to violate them. For the prevention of violations and at the same time the protection of rights it is recommended to use in combination the technology of a distributed register (blockchain) and the technology of a smart contract. Fundamentally important model elements of such a system of violation prevention and protection of rights of participants of remote-digital investment transactions are outlined. The key feature of the proposed Universal Digital Platform for Private Investors is its versatility. It is proposed to combine in one such platform and a ﬁnancial platform for ﬁnancial transactions, and an investment platform for the turnover of utilitarian digital rights, and an information system for the turnover of digital ﬁnancial assets, digital currencies. As standard contractual structures it is recommended to develop standard smart contracts for each object of investment: 1) uncertiﬁed securities; 2) digital rights; 3) utilitarian digital rights; 4) digital ﬁnancial asset; 5) digital currency; 6) futures contract. This task is recommended to be solved by the Bank of Russia through public procurement. Each such standard smart contract, being a computer program, must provide for the possibility of its interfacing with the hardware and software complex of the Moscow Exchange.The article substantiates the necessity of introducing amendments and additions into the Federal Law of 23.12.2003 #177-FZ "On Insurance of Deposits in Banks of the Russian Federation". In conjunction with the proposal of standard smart contracts it is proposed to form their software algorithms with a clear construction of legal structures corresponding to repo and escrow contracts. The new notarial action in the process of registration of remote digital investment transactions and the new legal construction of the transfer of a thing to the notary's security deposit are proposed.It is proved that polysubject jurisdictional block-chain in remote digital transactions on the Universal Digital Platform for Private Investors should be implemented according to a 6-node scheme of interaction between entities operating in and under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation. Risk factors for the implementation of remote blockchain registration of transactions with special investment objects are highlighted. Among such factors are argued: technical factors; economic factors; institutional factors.It is concluded that the civil law model of prevention of defaults of participants of investment transactions and protection of their rights in a systemic relationship integrates a number of special elements. First, public-private partnership; second, the use of experimental legal regime in the ﬁeld of remote-digital investment transactions; third, a set of standard smart contracts - differentiated by type of investment objects; fourth, innovative legal structures for remote-digital investment transactions; ﬁfth, polysubject jurisdictional blockchain, implemented by a 6 node scheme of interaction of entities operating in and under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation; sixth, a methodological set of prevention of potential conﬂicts between participants of remote-digital investment transactions, a systematic set of ways to protect their rights.

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Dyomina, Yana. « Foreign Trade of Russia and Its Far East with ASEAN : Comparative Analysis of Dynamics and Structure ». Regionalistica 9, n^o 2 (2022) : 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14530/reg.2022.2.49.

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The author analyzes the dynamics and structure of foreign trade of Russia and its Far East with member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. The Association isn’t a key economic partner of the Russian Federation or Far East, on average, for the period from 2012 to 2021, ASEAN share in the total turnover of the Far East did not exceed 2%, in Russia’s – 3%. The study also showed that both Russian and Far Eastern exports mostly consisted of fuel and ferrous metals. A more diversified exports structure was characteristic at the beginning and middle of the study period for Vietnam and Indonesia. Supplies of high-tech products (airplanes, helicopters, ships, weapons and ammunition, optical devices, etc.) were provided mainly through state military contracts. At the same time, Russian import was more technologically complex than the Far Eastern one, with prevailing of electrical machinery and equipment. In general, imports from ASEAN were dominated by household and office equipment, appliances, cell phones, food products, rubber, ships. Due to the current COVID-19 pandemic, in 2021 Russia has begun to export vaccines («Sputnik V» and «Sputnik Light»), but this phenomenon is temporary and cannot radically change the commodity structure of supplies. In order to «refine» both Russian and Far Eastern exports, it is necessary to take into account ASEAN states programs for «green» technologies; however, this is a long-term goal

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Degtyareva, Irina A. « DIGITIZATION OF ARCHIVAL RECORDS. A SOLVED TASK OR A TASK OF THE FUTURE ». History and Archives, n^o 4 (2022) : 122–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2658-6541-2022-4-122-135.

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The paper considers the history and current state of the process of digitization of analog documents in the Russian Federation. A comparative analysis of the current issues of digitization of analog documents in foreign countries and in Russia is carried out. The basis for the research is composed by the articles of Russian and foreign experts, which highlight the experience of archives in digitizing analog documents. The author comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to conduct a largescale discussion by the archivists of federal state archives and the archives of the subjects of the Russian Federation of the current issues connected with the process of digitization of analog documents. The accumulated experience of digitizing analog documents in Russia shows that the most important issues for activating the process of high-quality digitization of analog documents, directly related to the possibility of their subsequent use, are the issues related to the creation of a unified state digitization program, among the tasks of which there can be: the need to summarize the work done in that direction in the regions; the identification of the “pain points” (in particular, the need to create a unified regulatory and methodological framework); the consideration of financing issues that will allow the archives to be provided with qualified IT specialists and the necessary equipment; the possibility of concluding contracts with the third-party organizations that might be responsible for the digitization entrusted to them; etc. Archives for the most part have not yet faced the issues of accepting initially digital documents for state storage. It is necessary to use the existing situation to resolve the accumulated difficulties with digitization that require the discussion at the all-Russia level. After all, until now, an average of about 5% of documents in need of digitization have only been digitized in the archives. Thus, if one proceeds from the number of digitized analog documents indicated by the regional archives, the challenges of digitization have not lost their relevance

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Trofimova, Alfiya, Anton Ishchenko, Anna Kroviakova, Ilya Ishchenko et Anastasia Sokolova. « Legal Aspects and Balance Between the Interests of the Employer and the Author in Motivating Inventors ». Science Governance and Scientometrics 17, n^o 1 (31 mars 2022) : 37–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33873/2022.17-1.37-66.

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Introduction. The article examines legal aspects related to stimulating and motivating the activities of inventors in Russia, the creation and use of official inventions and other objects of intellectual property. Methods. Analysis, synthesis, systematic approach, comparative legal, historical, linguistic and systematic methods of interpretation of the law were applied in the process of work. Results and Discussion. The conducted research allows us to conclude that the legal regulation is incomplete. On this basis, a number of changes and additions to the regulatory legal framework are proposed, which should contribute to the creation of the most favourable conditions for motivation to the creative work of inventors and other authors of official results of intellectual activity. It is proposed to develop draft regulations of the Russian Federation on the development of invention and art and design creativity, on additional measures to stimulate Russian inventors and increase their social status; to amend the Labour Code of the Russian Federation, fixing the need to reflect in labour contracts the possibility of creating official intellectual property during the performance of labour functions; to establish rules for payment of royalties for an official computer program or an official production secret; to create the institution of the Presidential Commissioner for the Protection of Inventors' Rights and Commissioners for the Protection of Inventors' Rights in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation; to provide benefits to technological entrepreneurs; and to introduce new financial instruments to support inventive activities. Conclusion. The materials collected as a result of the study allow assessing the existing regulatory framework in the system of material motivation of inventors.

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Chetverikov, A. O., et T. S. Zaplatina. « Migration and Legal Regulation of the Admission of Foreign Scientists to the EU to Conduct Scientific Research at European Mega-Science Facilities ». Lex Russica, n^o 1 (19 janvier 2021) : 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2021.170.1.135-147.

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In the context of the reform of migration legislation in Russia, proceeding from the Concept of State Migration Policy of the Russian Federation for 2019-2025 and the Strategy of Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation in 2016, the paper examines the experience of the supranational legal system of the European Union to create a special procedure for the admission of scientists from countries outside the EU, for the purpose of conducting scientific research in EU megascience facilities (experimental reactors, particle colliders, the synchrotrons, etc.).The subject of the study is the provisions of Directive (EU) 2016/801 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2016. "On the Conditions of Entry and Residence of Third-Country Nationals for the Purposes of Research, Studies, Training, Voluntary Service, Pupil Exchange Schemes or Educational Projects and Au Paring" in the part relating to scientists ("Researchers" in the terminology of the Directive).Following the general characteristics (history of adoption, action in time, space and in the circle of persons, conceptual apparatus), the general and special conditions for admission of foreign scientists to the EU, the legal features of "admission agreements" with research organizations of the EU member States and migration documents (residence permits or visas for long-term stay), on the basis of which foreign scientists enter and engage in research activities in the EU, are considered.The final section specifies alternative legal mechanisms for the admission of foreign scientists to the EU — civil law and employment contracts (contracts), including within the framework of the application of EU legislation on the labor migration of highly skilled workers from third countries and the European blue card established by this legislation.

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Bakhshian, Emma. « Using the capacity of preferential tax regimes of the regional investment projects and special investment contracts for the development of cluster approach in the Russian Federation ». Налоги и налогообложение, n^o 1 (janvier 2020) : 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-065x.2020.1.32127.

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The subject of this research is the theoretical and practical aspects of implementation of the regional investment projects (RIP) and special investment contracts (SIC), and prospects of their use as the instruments for incentivizing the development of innovation and industrial clusters in Russia. The article reveals the essence of cluster approach and its evolution in the Russian practice. The author meticulously examines the peculiarities of preferential tax regimes within the framework of RIP and SIC. Special attention is given to the conceptual changes of the legislation on SIC, and analysis of their impact upon the efficiency of the mechanism of SIC. The following conclusions were made: 1) preferential tax regime of RIP, being convenient, transparent and highly demanded by representatives of business sector, is presented as promising for supporting cluster participants; 2) novelties of the legislation on SIC contribute to the increase of its attractiveness for investors, including cluster participants; 3) tax regime of SIC may serve as the instrument for incentivizing such vectors of development of the cluster approach in Russia, as realization of joint projects of cluster participants, development of interregional clusters and intercluster cooperation.

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Nizamov, Ramil', Guzaliya Klychova et Albert Iskhakov. « ISLAMIC FINANCE ». Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 14, n^o 4 (12 avril 2020) : 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2020-14-4-122-127.

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Currently, an alternative to traditional finance is actively forming in the world - the Islamic financial system with its inherent financial products. In the Russian Federation, the topic of Islamic finance is being developed by the scientific and business environment at the regional level, precisely, with the involvement of working groups of international experts. In the course of the study, a analysis was made of the main provisions and characteristics of Islamic finance. Islamic finance includes financial products such as Musharaka, Mudaraba, Murabaha, Ijara, Salaam, Istisna ’and others. According to Musharak, participants in the transaction combine assets and share risks among themselves. Mudaraba, a trust management agreement, allows you to combine the entrepreneurial talent of the manager and the funds of the owner of capital. Murabaha, a resale agreement, provides an opportunity to purchase goods by installments to customers. Ijara serves as a replacement for operating leasing and is used more broadly as a lease. Salaam, an advance financing contract, is mainly used for transactions with standard property. Istisna’ contract, where the contractor, in addition to its services, uses its own material and raw materials, an investment tool for long-term projects. In order to unify the terms of Islamic financial contracts, international standards have been developed by the Organization of Accounting and Auditing of Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI, Bahrain headquarters). Fiqh property relations, a section of Sharia science, is a methodological and theoretical basis for Islamic finance. The features of Islamic finance include asset-based, restrictions on funded activities and the principle of sharing risks between capital and the entrepreneur. The movement of cash flows according to Islamic economic doctrine must necessarily be supported by the movement of real goods and services. Islam prohibits financing activities harmful to society. The right to profit in Islam arises from the acceptance of risk. It was found that the constraining factors for the development of Russian Islamic financial institutions remain due to its regulation in national legislation. It is noted that Islamic finance has developed in Russia due to the presence of demand at the local and regional levels from business and the population who are actively practicing Islam. Monitoring of the Russian Islamic financial services market has shown that about ten companies offering Islamic financial services currently operate in Russia.

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Malykh, E. B. « Worldwide development of renewable energy in the context of Russia’s geo-economic interests ». Economics and Management 28, n^o 3 (31 mars 2022) : 255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/1998-1627-2022-3-255-266.

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Aim. The presented study aims to assess the impact of the worldwide development of renewable energy on Russia’s geo-economic interests and to formulate proposals for reducing the negative aspects of such influence.Tasks. The authors examine materials related to the topic of the study; analyze trends in the development of renewable energy sources (RES) worldwide; identify threats to hydrocarbon exports from Russia associated with the development of RES; show Russia’s export potential in the hydrogen market; assess threats associated with plans for the production of hydrogen based on RES in the long term in countries that are major potential importers of hydrogen from Russia; formulate proposals for reducing the negative impact of possible threats.Methods. The research methodology includes the method of analyzing the primary data of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) on the level and pace of development of renewable energy in countries serving as major importers of energy commodities from Russia; data from the RENEWABLES 2021 (REN 21) report of the global renewable energy community, which unites the representatives of science, government, and industry; information posted on the official websites of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation, the largest Russian mineral companies, and information contained in the works of Russian and foreign authors.Results. With existing technologies, renewable energy sources do not pose a significant threat to the exports of hydrocarbons from Russia for the next 5–10 years. This is due to the insignificant share of renewable energy in energy production and consumption, volatility of energy production depending on weather conditions, excess of investment in traditional energy compared to investment in renewable energy, and long-term contracts for the supply of fossil resources to China.Conclusion. During the active introduction of hydrogen energy (presumably until 2030), the demand for hydrocarbon fuel will persist if there is a tendency for its decrease In the long term, the development of renewable energy will inevitably lead to the replacement of Russian hydrogen imports with green hydrogen produced from renewable energy sources in importing countries. In this case, the global demand for hydrogen exports will inevitably fall, as will the demand for CO2 capture and storage services; the global price of hydrogen will decrease. During this period, it is advisable to specialize in the export of technologies, including in the field of hydrogen energy.

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Bhagwat, Jawahar. « Cooperation between Russia and India in the Arctic : A pipedream or a strategic necessity ». Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. International relations 13, n^o 4 (2020) : 488–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu06.2020.405.

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The aim of the article is to explore areas of cooperation between Russia and India with specific reference to the Arctic. The Russian Federation has sought strategic partners for the development of the Arctic, with it’s primary focus being the development of the oil and gas industry and the Northern Sea Route (NSR). Russia and India have had diplomatic relations in diverse spheres such as space, atomic energy, defense, and the petroleum industry. Russia’s focus on the Arctic ushers in many more opportunities for cooperation. India is one of the few countries to which Russia has accorded investment opportunities in the oil and gas and the diamond industry. As a result, India has made significant investments in Russia’s oil and gas industry. The article highlights that the energy deficit in India is critical, value of imports is rising and this consequently affects the development of the country. Oil production has been declining marginally and gas production is almost static. There is therefore a need to sign diverse long-term contracts for petroleum products like China has been doing with Russia. The article also suggests that there is a case for increased Indian investment in the Arctic in diverse spheres. The need for greater cooperation in scientific research, development of the NSR and possible utilisation of the enormous technically qualified human resources that India has in diverse areas of the Arctic is noted. The article based upon systemic and comparative analysis concludes that Russia-India cooperation in the Arctic is a strategic necessity.

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Tan, Zhongsheng. « Comparative analysis of legislation in the field of labor protection in Russia and China ». Proceedings of Petersburg Transport University 17, n^o 4 (décembre 2020) : 583–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.20295/1815-588x-2020-4-583-590.

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Objective: Analysis of labor legislation on labor protection in the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China with the aim of constantly improving working conditions, ensuring safety and harmlessness of operations which are unsafe and harmful to health, mechanization and automation of heavy manual labor, as well as the implementation of safe and civilized production. Methods: An analysis of legislation on labor protection was applied in terms of employment, labor contracts, working hours and rest breaks, wages, labor protection, social insurance, vocational training, etc. Based on its results, negative and positive consequences of legislation on labor protection in China and Russia were identifi ed. Results: The constitutions and labor legislation of both countries contain the rights of workers to legal protection, including the right to work in conditions that meet safety requirements, there are standards for investigating accidents at work, and special attention is paid to the labor protection of women and children. It was revealed that in the Russian Federation, in contrast to China, a greater number of regulatory laws and regulations were developed, and special labor assessments were effectively regulated, therefore, the safety level in the Russian workplace is higher. Practical importance: In accordance with the legislation on labor protection, state bodies, economic departments, enterprises and their leaders at all levels must take various organizational and technical measures to create safe, hygienic and comfortable working conditions for workers which prevent and eliminate accidents, industrial poisoning and occupational diseases, protect the health and safety of workers, maintain and improve their long-term working capacity, avoid unnecessary losses of social labor and material benefi ts. Constantly improving labor legislation allows working safely and protects the legal rights of employees.

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