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1
Kamenskikh, Mikhail S. « Bulgarian Builders in the Sociocultural Community of Western Siberia in the 1970s–1980s ». Izvestia of the Ural federal university. Series 2. Humanities and Arts 23, no 4 (2021) : 211–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2021.23.4.075.
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This article is devoted to analysing arrival circumstances, population, settlement, work conditions, socio-cultural adaptation, and particularities of relations with the local community of builders from Bulgaria who migrated to Western Siberia within the framework of government contracts. The article refers to unpublished archive materials, data from journals, and field trips recorded in Tyumen Region in 2019–2020. The research reveals that travelling to the USSR in order to earn money played an important part in individual success strategies of Bulgarian youth in the 1970s and became quite widespread. Between the 1970 and late 1980s, Tyumen Region received 4 000 Bulgarians living in it with the biggest groups working in Tyumen, Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Urai, and Nadim. Several districts, working villages, and oil extraction facilities in Western Siberia were built by them. Also, both in Tyumen and Surgut, there are squares of Soviet-Bulgarian friendship, and in Surgut there is a monument to Georgi Dimitrov. Upon arrival in the USSR, the Bulgarians had a privileged status. The main adaptation difficulties were associated with the local climate and the language barrier. The life of Bulgarians and the work of the Glavbolgarstroy company in Western Siberia laid a strong foundation for economic activity that gave rise to a large influx of Bulgarian migrants to Russia in the 1990s. As a result, according to All-Russian censuses in 2002 and 2010, Tyumen region had the largest community of Bulgarians registered in Russia. Today Bulgarians in Western Siberia are present as third-generation migrants; they play a significant role in sociocultural and economic spheres of Tyumen Region. Many of them maintain an emotional bond with their motherland and keep in touch with their families and close people in Bulgaria.
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Lefebvre, Marianne, Dimitre Nikolov, Sergio Gomez-y-Paloma et Minka Chopeva. « Determinants of insurance adoption among Bulgarian farmers ». Agricultural Finance Review 74, no 3 (26 août 2014) : 326–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-05-2013-0022.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the determinants of agricultural insurance adoption in Bulgaria, using a purpose-built survey of 224 farmers interviewed in 2011. The insurance decision is analyzed conjointly with other risk management decisions on the farm such as having contracts with retailers or processors, diversifying farm activities and using irrigation. Design/methodology/approach – The agricultural insurance sector in Bulgaria is presented in the broader context of the transition to a market-oriented economy and integration of Bulgarian agriculture into the EU Common Agricultural Policy. The recent developments on the determinants of farm insurance adoption in the agricultural economics and finance literature are discussed. A multivariate probit model is used in order to determine the factors explaining the adoption or non-adoption of various risk management tools by the surveyed farmers, including farm insurance. Findings – The authors find that farmers with diversified activities, using irrigation or having contracts with retailers or processors, are more likely to adopt insurance, after controlling for farms and farmers’ structural characteristics. Additionally, the authors find that the main characteristics distinguishing farmers who purchase agricultural insurance from non-users are farm size and farm location. The existence of strong regional effect suggests the importance of adapting the insurance products to the different regional contexts in Bulgaria. Originality/value – This paper contributes to the (limited) literature on agricultural insurance adoption in transition countries, currently shifting from a system where compensation against natural hazards tended to come from a State damage mitigation fund, inherited from the centrally planned governments to private and voluntary agricultural insurance. This research provides a unique data source on the Bulgarian case study.
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Milusheva, Boryana. « METHODS FOR TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS IN THE BULGARIAN PRIVATE SECTOR ». Economics & ; Law 2, no 1 (30 mai 2020) : 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/el.swu.v2i1.7.
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The research examines the issues related to the chosen methods for termination of employment contracts in “Perfumery Douglas Bulgaria” OOD. Based on the analysis of the normative regulation as well as the results of the conducted research, summaries, conclusions and recommendations for improvement in the company and in the Labour Code of the Republic of Bulgaria are made. Debatable questions are also raised for discussion on the basis of which a proposal is derived for a change in the National Revenue Agency (NRA) Register of Employment Contracts.
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Minkov, N. « Proceedings of the International Workshop Shapes and Dynamics of Atomic Nuclei : Contemporary Aspects (SDANCA-21), 16-18 September 2021, Sofia, Bulgaria ». Bulgarian Journal of Physics 48, no 5-6 (18 décembre 2021) : 371–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.55318/bgjp.2021.48.5-6.371.
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This volume contains articles based on presentations given at the International Workshop "Shapes and Dynamics of Atomic Nuclei: Contemporary Aspects" (SDANCA-21) held in Sofia Tech Park, Sofia, Bulgaria from the 16-th to the 18-th of September 2021. The Workshop was organized by researchers from the Institute of Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy (INRNE) in Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS) with the financial support of the Bulgarian National Science Fund under contracts No. KP-06-N48/1, KP-06-N28/6 and KP-06-RILA/6. It appears as the fourth issue of the workshops {SDANCA-15}, {SDANCA-17} and {SDANCA-19} held in Sofia in 2015, 2017 and 2019, respectively...
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Vasilev, Aleksandar. « A business-cycle model with a modified cash-in-advance feature, government sector and one-period nominal wage contracts : the case of Bulgaria ». Journal of Mathematical Economics and Finance 6, no 1 (30 juin 2020) : 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jmef.v6.1(10).02.
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Georgiev, Minko. « INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS OF TRANSACTIONS IN AGRICULTURAL LAND CONTRACTS IN BULGARIA ». Agricultural sciences III, no 5 (2011) : 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22620/agrisci.2011.05.011.
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Filipova, Nadya. « The State and the Bulgarians Temporarily Working in Libya in the 1970s ». Istoriya-History 29, no 1 (20 janvier 2021) : 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/his2021-1-5-libi.
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The publication examines the policy of the Bulgarian state towards the Bulgarian specialists working in Libya and the reactions of the employees to the regulatory norms and circumstances. The increase in the number of Bulgarians aspiring to work in Libya is analyzed in the context of the legal and socio-economic conditions in Bulgaria, the contract clauses for hiring, and their application in practice in addition to the growing needs and possibilities of the Libyan state to hire qualified personnel. The forms of control of the Bulgarian state towards the Bulgarians working abroad, and the attempts to protect their interests, and to create a propitious living environment are studied. The behavior of Bulgarians in Libya is presented in the context of the general conditions for residence and work in Libya. The research is based on archival sources of the Ministries of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of Bulgaria for the Cold War period and on an unprocessed file of the Bulgarian Communist Party archive.
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Mladenov, Valeri, Vesselin Chobanov, George Calin Seritan, Radu Florin Porumb, Bogdan-Adrian Enache, Vasiliki Vita, Marilena Stănculescu, Thong Vu Van et Dimitrios Bargiotas. « A Flexibility Market Platform for Electricity System Operators Using Blockchain Technology ». Energies 15, no 2 (12 janvier 2022) : 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15020539.
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The paper’s main objective is to demonstrate the trading and flexibility of services amongst TSOs, DSOs, and Prosumers in a transparent, secure, and cost-effective manner using Blockchain-based TSO-DSO flexibility marketplace (EFLEX). The aim is to look for ways to help DSOs/TSOs be more flexible and more directly engaged in managing energy flows on the network. EFLEX will streamline the needs of both TSO and DSO on the same platform. Based on the paper’s proposed services, the pilot service demonstration will be carried out in Bulgaria and Romania, and the main focus will be on congestion management, TSO-DSO Coordination, and Marketplace. The proposed objective is achieved by using Blockchain-based smart contracts and distributed ledger technology.
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Momchilov, H., et P. Petkova. « ANALYSIS OF THE DYNAMICS OF THE AVERAGE PRICES OF THE CONTRACTS FOR LEASE OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS IN SOUTH-EASTERN REGION OF BULGARIA FOR THE PERIOD 2010-2019 ». Trakia Journal of Sciences 19, Suppl.1 (2021) : 159–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2021.s.01.023.
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Leases and rent play a key role in agricultural production. Rental payments represent a significant part of production costs. Practice shows that in order not to lose the already occupied areas, producers increase the amount of payments to owners. The aim of the study is to track the dynamics of average prices for lease agreements for the South-Eastern region of Bulgaria. Basic and chain indices of price dynamics were used. There was a continuous growth of increase in rent payments.
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Ivanova, Evgenia. « The Revolution as Contracted Transission ». Balkanistic Forum 32, no 1 (15 janvier 2023) : 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v32i1.17.
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A review of the book of Dimitar Ludzev “The Revolution in Bulgaria 1989–1990 in the Pantheon of Time” has been done. Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Science "Prof. Marin Drinov", 2022, ISBN 978-619-245-235-3.
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Zhelyazkova, P., V. Petrova et D. Dimov. « Study on the continuity of farmer`s breeding activity with Patch Faced Maritza sheep breed ». Agricultural Science and Technology 10, no 4 (2018) : 285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/10.15547/ast.2018.04.054.
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Abstract. The aim of this study was to analyze tendencies in the population of Patch Faced Maritza sheep breed and estimation of sustainability of the breeding program for this breed by analyzing continuity of farmer`s breeding activity. Patch Faced Maritza sheep breed is a local Bulgarian sheep breed typical for lowland regions of South Bulgaria and could be successfully used as local genetic resource in productive strategies for milk and meat production. Data about breeders and population structure of the breed during 27 years (1991-2017) were provided by the breeding association of Maritza sheep breed. The changes in the population structure during the 2005-2017 were tracking. The number of breeders included in the breeding program was increased from 10 to 88 herds. This positive trend in the population and increased farmer`s interest to participate in the breeding program were due to government programs for supporting sheep farming and preserve many indigenous sheep breeds that are part of agricultural heritage. The increased number of herds included in the breeding program led up to enlarge active population in three main reproductive categories: ewes, rams and breeding lambs. Comparatively small number of ewes, rams and breeding lambs which in 2005 were respectively 375, 13 and 180 run to 7678, 493 and 1868 in 2017. This enlarge of active population was achieved by three ways: joining farmers which kept Patch Faced Maritza sheep but not participating in official breeding program of the breed, increasing the breeding lambs for replacement rate and limited upgrade crossing. On the based breeding activity contracts with farmers it was estimated continuity of breeding activity in two categories of breeders: finished breeding activity with the breed and continuing with active breeding activity with the breed. The causes for discontinuing of active farmers breeding work were analysed. A total number of farmers which finished breeding activity was 54 for 27 years. Averaged continuity of farmer`s breeding activity was 4.26 years. The analysis of this information find out five reasons for discontinuing farmers breeding activity: disinterest, death, old age, switching to another business, and changing the breed. From the listed reasons the most important are switching to another business 23 farmers and disinterest for active breeding work 17 farmers. The most important fact results nowadays is the fact that Patch Faced Maritza sheep is occurred already in 11 regions in Bulgaria, although 74.11% of the population is situated in two regions Plovdiv and Pazardzhik.
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Yarygina, I. Z. « Using Russian Ruble in International Transactions ». MGIMO Review of International Relations, no 1(34) (28 février 2014) : 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-1-34-141-145.
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The article deals with topical issues in international relations of the Russian Federation on the basis of the increased use of the ruble as the currency contracts and payments. The work shows the coordinated support of economic actors, public institutions of countries-partners. Collaborate with international teams, according to the author of the article, the implementation of economic programs of mutual interest and reinforces the trend of creating a multipolar world. The analysis of problems of development cooperation partners countries in the monetary sphere and shows that the main causes hindering greater use of domestic currencies are: hard currency regulation; a rare use of letters of credit and guarantees, which increases the financial risk operations; significant transaction costs; asymmetrical measures, currency regulation, burdening the mutual interests of the parties. To expand the use of the ruble in international relations author offers take into account a number of factors, including the need for a priority international currency contracts to perform the basic functions of money abroad is a measure of the value, means of payment and means of hoarding. The author's position is presented about the prospects of State institutional policy. In particular, the conclusion: the experience of Bulgaria, Romania, Albania has shown that the main task of the departments responsible for implementing the monetary policy should be the containment of inflationary pressures associated, including overdue contributions to the budget. A key priority in such circumstances is to support solvent and transparent banking systems, which are the basis for international cooperation.
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Bozilov, Ivan. « Njakolko belezki k''m Theophanes Chronographia, 497 ». Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog instituta, no 50-1 (2013) : 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zrvi1350179b.
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The paper analyzes the paragraph of the Chronicle of Theophanes the Confessor in which the Byzantine Chronicler describes the contract made between Bulgaria and Byzantium in 716, and above all the mention of the Bulgarian ruler Kormesios in it.
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Misztal, Anna, Magdalena Kowalska et Anita Fajczak-Kowalska. « The Impact of Economic Factors on the Sustainable Development of Energy Enterprises : The Case of Bulgaria, Czechia, Estonia and Poland ». Energies 15, no 18 (19 septembre 2022) : 6842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186842.
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The sustainable development of enterprises is based on three pillars: economic, social, and environmental. Sustainable development aims to limit climate change and its negative impact on the natural environment. The main aim of this paper is to assess the impact of selected energy economy factors (government expenditure, environmental taxes, outlays on renewable energy sources, prices of futures contracts for CO2 emissions, outlays on R&D, and the EU Emissions Trading System (ETSEU)) on the sustainable development of the energy sectors in Bulgaria, Czechia, Estonia, and Poland, from 2008 to 2022. We use the correlation coefficients, the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Vector Autoregressive (VAR) Models, and the simultaneous equation. The research results indicate a variation in the direction and strength of the influence of individual economic factors in the studied countries (p < 0.05). The results can support operational and strategic decisions sustaining the sustainable development of enterprises in the analyzed countries. The results indicate the need to reform selected economic factors, with an emphasis on the increased importance of environmental taxes and the reform of the EU ETS, which is a key tool for reducing greenhouse gas emissions cost-effectively.
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Kostova, Dobrinka. « Trust and solidarity in Bulgarian cooperatives ». Sociologija 48, no 2 (2006) : 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc0602149k.
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The paper analyzes the strategies of people in agriculture, especially in the mountain regions where the fragmentation of land is significant. The quantity of land there is also limited. This leads to important consequences for the agrarian development. The culture of keeping the lands of the predecessors burdens the market of agricultural lands. The renting of lands depends on the types of plants to be cultivated as the law for renting lands allows contracts for the max of five years and for the farmers it is insecure to cultivate perennial plants on such lands. In this situation the survival of the small-scale farmers depends on their ability to coop and support each other. The article describes the emergence of a coop for bioproduction of roses, mint and milk in the "Valley of Roses", Karlovo and Gabrovo regions, the solidarity between the farmers, the stimuli and barriers to their activities. It reveals the culture of mutual support based not so much on economic but rather on other incentives such as love to nature and environment, strong desire to prove that bioproduction could develop in the country and that bioproducts are the future for Bulgarian agriculture. It is a different coop in comparison with the socialist collectives. The now established coop unites the farmers for education, qualification, market and mutual support for objectives, but each farmer produces his/her products alone. The farmers sell the products together and each one depends on the culture of others' conscious cultivation of bioproducts. Until now, the experience has been positive and the coop has sustainable development. This is also due to the creation of three professional organizations - the coop as a producing unit, organization for distributing knowledge on organic production and a certifying organization of bioproducts. The survival of the coop depends on farmers? hard work and solidarity, the strong will to survive, the hope for future significant agricultural support and subsidies when the European Union enlargement involves Bulgaria and the improvement of the economic situation in the country that could bring better buying abilities of the population.
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Neuburger, Mary Catherine. « Cigarette advertising in Cold War Bulgaria ». Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 8, no 1 (15 février 2016) : 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhrm-02-2015-0009.
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Purpose – This paper aims to explore the parameters of Bulgarian cigarette advertising in the Cold War period. It contrasts the evolution of cigarette marketing in Bulgaria and the USA in the context of contrasting communist and capitalist notions of the “good life” versus the “common good”. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is informed by a growing literature on advertising under communism, but also new work on consumption in the Soviet Union and Cold War Eastern Europe. It draws upon archival and printed Bulgarian, and some American, sources, and the memoir of a key player in the Bulgarian tobacco industry. Findings – The paper concludes that marketing of cigarettes in communist Bulgaria gained momentum in the same period that cigarette advertising in the USA was severely curtailed. In Bulgaria, the notion that cigarettes were key to the promised “good life” and “building socialism”, out-weighed any notion of harm to the “common good”. Originality/value – This study casts doubt on the common notion that there was no advertising under communism, by offering an in-depth study of an industry that was allowed to market and develop a quality product to an unusual degree. It undermines assumptions about “command” economy, industry behavior, contributing to a re-thinking of Eastern Bloc consumer culture. In addition, it sheds light on changes in the acceptability of cigarette advertising within the Cold War context, namely, how the process of advertising regulation in the West, and increased marketing in the East, fit into Cold War debates and interactions.
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Danailova, Maria. « Enforcement of Administrative Contracts ». De Jure 13, no 2 (21 décembre 2022) : 269–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54664/dnzi4433.
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The signing of the administrative contract presupposes voluntary performance of the obligations assumed by it. In case of non-performance, there is coercive enforcement. This article examines the questions concerning the legal mechanisms of how this should be done; how the legislator regulates the performance of administrative contracts in the Bulgarian Code of Administrative Procedure and in special laws, and addresses the issue of jurisdiction over disputes about performance; and why the provision of Art. 128, item 3 of the Code governs requests for the performance of administrative contracts in the existence of а coercive enforcement procedure under the Code. The article justifies the assumption that, even in the field of administrative contract enforcement, the administrative authority is not an equal partner in finding solutions to satisfy the public interest, but remains a counterparty in a dominant position.
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Vassileva, Radosveta. « Shattering Myths : The Curious History of the Bulgarian Law of Obligations ». Studia Iuridica 82 (2 mars 2020) : 309–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.9793.
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While Bulgarian scholars concur that Bulgaria’s Law of Obligations and Contracts, which was enacted in 1950 and which is still in force today following cosmetic changes in the early 1990s, is an original Bulgarian legal text, archival and comparative research shows that it is heavily based on the Italian Codice Civile of 1942. Why would a communist country seek inspiration in a country with a Fascist ideology? Exploring the reasons behind this legislative choice as well as the reasons why this ‘dark’ secret was buried for so long challenges traditional taxonomies of comparative law, reveals the peculiar patterns of legal change, including the key role of the legal scholar in the process, and demonstrates the power of comparative law in shattering myths in legal history.
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Neuburger, Mary. « To Chicago and Back : Aleko Konstantinov, Rose Oil, and the Smell of Modernity ». Slavic Review 65, no 3 (2006) : 427–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4148658.
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In 1893 Aleko Konstantinov undertook a momentous journey to the Chicago World's Fair. Mary Neuburger explores the broader implications of this journey and its consequences for the Bulgarian encounter with the west and modernity, drawing special attention to the issue of smell. As chronicled in To Chicago and Back, written after his return, Konstantinov discovers both the New World and the quintessence of his own nation on the famous Midway Plaisance, where he meets the prototype for Bulgaria's greatest literary anti-hero—the indomitable Baĭ Gano. In Baĭ Gano—a fictional travelogue about a Bulgarian in Europe—as in To Chicago and Back, Konstantinov explores the theme of Bulgarian backwardness vis-à-vis a more developed (albeit imperfect) Europe and United States. As Baĭ Gano, a bumbling and stinky rose oil merchant, travels throughout “civilized“ Europe, olfactory contrasts and ironies emerge, highlighting the role of smell in evolving Bulgarian (and European) notions of modernity and “otherness.“
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Schönfelder, Bruno. « Bulgaria's Long March Towards Meaningful Credit Contracts ». Post-Communist Economies 17, no 2 (juin 2005) : 173–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14631370500104851.
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Sabev, Sabin, et Maria Ilcheva. « SELECTION CRITERIA AND FINANCIAL CORRECTIONS THROUGH THE PRISM OF THE CASE LAW ». Knowledge International Journal 28, no 5 (10 décembre 2018) : 1625–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij28051625s.
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According to article 70 from the Law on the management of European Structural and Investment Funds, the financial support with resources form these funds can be entirely or partially revoked with a financial correction for irregularity, which might be a fault in the public procurement process, implemented with an action or inactivity on behalf of the beneficiary and would have as a result a financial damage on the resources from the European Structural and Investment Funds, as well as for other irregularity considered a violation of the applicable legislation of the European Union and/or Bulgarian legislation which is related with an action or inactivity of the beneficiary and might lead to a financial damage of the resources from the European Structural and Investment Funds.The Council of Ministers of Republic of Bulgaria has published an Ordinance for identification of irregularities, which might be considered grounds for financial corrections, together with percentage indicators for defining the scope of financial corrections according to the Law on management of resources from the European Structural and Investment Funds. In this ordinance some of the violations which lead to imposing financial corrections are related with defining the selection criteria for the potential applicants and participants in the procurement process – such as failure to publish the selection criteria on the contract notice, unlawful award criteria, award criteria which are not related with the matter of the contract or are disproportionate to the scope of contract, changing the criteria after opening the tenders which may result in incorrect acceptance or rejection of tenderers, assessing the tenderers and applicants while using unlawful and discriminatory selection criteria.
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Milewski, Paweł, et Jakub Szmyt. « Biothermal contrasts while travelling in or between Poland and Bulgaria ». Europa XXI 29 (2015) : 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/eu21.2015.29.5.
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Chavdarova, Tanya. « Work without Labor contract and changing employment policy in Bulgaria ». European Legacy 1, no 2 (avril 1996) : 664–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10848779608579467.
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Nadoveza, Branko. « The secret of the London contract from 1915 ». Bastina, no 56 (2022) : 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bastina32-33457.
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The Treaty of London of April 1915 was primarily provided for an expansion of Italy and its access to the Entente and a break with the Central Powers. The Treaty of London did not mention the creation of a "Greater Serbia", but what Italy will gain and what will remain for Serbia and Yugoslavian peoples within Austria-Hungary. Bulgaria and its compensations in Macedonia are especially included in that agreement, to the detriment of Serbia. The Treaty of London was secret and was therefore rejected in Versailles. Its ideas were only partially realized. It was an important military, political and moral issue. The ideas of the Treaty of London were a subject of speculation.
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Noev, Nivelin. « Contracts and Rental Behavior in the Bulgarian Land Market : An Empirical Analysis ». Eastern European Economics 46, no 4 (juillet 2008) : 43–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/eee0012-8775460403.
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Tsitsas, George, Chavdar Kolev, Liliana Radoi et Vlad Petrila. « Technical and Contractual Trends for Micro Tunneling Projects in Romania and Bulgaria ». Advanced Engineering Forum 21 (mars 2017) : 609–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.21.609.
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This publication provides an overview of the current technical and contractual trends that govern the execution of micro-tunneling projects in both Romania and Bulgaria. Technical issues discussed include available equipment and technologies, aspects related to the complexity and challenges of these works, comparisons between the open trench and trenchless methods, environmental impact, and other. Legal issues discussed include contractual schemes, relationship between the parties involved, dispute resolution, and contract types in compliance with both the national as well as the European Union law. Appropriate technical equipment is recommended to avoid risk in implementation and ensure the quality of finished products.
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Williams, Colin C., Josip Franic et Rositsa Dzhekova. « Explaining the Undeclared Economy in Bulgaria : an Institutional Asymmetry Perspective ». South East European Journal of Economics and Business 9, no 2 (1 mars 2015) : 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jeb-2014-0008.
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Abstract This paper proposes a way of explaining the undeclared economy that represents participation in undeclared work as a violation of the social contract between the state and its citizens, and as arising when the informal institutions comprising the norms, values and beliefs of citizens (civic morality) do not align with the codified laws and regulations of a society’s formal institutions (state morality). Drawing upon evidence from 1,018 face-to-face interviews conducted in Bulgaria during 2013, the finding is that the greater is the asymmetry between formal and informal institutions (i.e., citizens’ civic morality and state morality), the greater is the likelihood of participation in the undeclared economy, and vice versa. The outcome is that tackling the undeclared economy requires a focus upon reducing this lack of alignment of formal and informal institutions. How this can be achieved in Bulgaria in particular and South-East Europe and beyond more generally, is then discussed.
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Spasova, Sonya, et Svetoslava Dimitrova. « MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS AND INITIATIVES IN THE REGIONAL HISTORY MUSEUMS IN BULGARIA ». Education and Technologies Journal 12, no 1 (1 août 2021) : 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.26883/2010.211.3056.
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The main role for access to cultural values, i.e., for their socialization in the modern society, have cultural institutions. This paper proposes results for researching of 186 museum educational programs and initiatives divided into 27 regional history museums in Bulgaria. Methodology aims to outline the main directions for deriving categories related to quantitative and qualitative indicators on meeting certain educational needs. A key element in the research is to establish the degree of interaction of cultural institutions with the school education system in the country. The results of the collected statistical data and the thematic analysis of the educational activities can be of benefit to the scientific community for specialists in the field of culturology, pedagogy, museology, cultural heritage and other scientific fields. The research is part of a research project with Contract № KP-06-M35/3 from 18.12.2019 entitled: „Research of contemporary educational programs of cultural institutions in Bulgaria“, funded by the National Science Fund, part of the Ministry of Education and Science.
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Terziev, Venelin, Nikolay Nichev et Marin Georgiev. « SOCIAL ENTERPRISES AND THEIR IMPACT IN BULGARIA ». Knowledge International Journal 30, no 6 (20 mars 2019) : 1645–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij30061645t.
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The Economic and Social Council of the Republic of Bulgaria (ESC) believes that social enterprises in Bulgaria are still an untapped business model. Current social enterprises are mainly non-governmental organizations by applying the relevant legislation creating social enterprises whose business is focused on the realization of the social purpose and mission of the organization. Social enterprises in Bulgaria operate in various sectors, the most serious part are in: the delivery of social services; providing jobs for people with disabilities; mediation in finding employment of unemployed persons; provision of health services; аctivities in the field of education and others.In realizing these activities the leading is not the end product but the achieved social effect on individuals themselves expressed in obtaining the necessary support to integrate into society. In this sense, there are three basic models of social enterprises:The most common model is the one that creates jobs and develops the workforce. By business jobs are created primarily for people with disabilities. Most often the social enterprise is the employer of people with disabilities in order to achieve the integration of persons with disabilities in the labor market and create conditions for a better life.Another popular model of a social enterprise is the one in which the enterprise produces goods and seeks markets, also engaging with their distribution. Most often social enterprises involve persons with disabilities in the form of occupational therapy involved in the production of certain goods. Existing social enterprises in Bulgaria within this model are engaged in the manufacture of certain products by persons who are unemployed or socially excluded. The aim is to enable them to work and improve their social inclusion.The third existing model in Bulgaria is related to the provision of social services generally through payment of external customers, while social enterprise provides social services to its members. Payment is under contract with the state or a municipality. Within this model, services are provided to different users paid directly to social enterprise for direct service.
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Scott, Norman. « Establishing and Financing of a Joint Venture ». Revue générale de droit 19, no 4 (5 avril 2019) : 787–819. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1058497ar.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This article deals with a Guide prepared by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe concerning east-west joint ventures. The publication focusses on the issues arising in the establishment and operation of east-west joint ventures in those European members countries of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) which now allow this form of industrial co-operation in their respective territories — namely, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania and the Soviet Union. In parallel with that Guide, the author exposes the importance and the contents of the contract itself with its main provisions.
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Stambolova, Ivanka, et Stefan Stambolov. « HOME CARE IN OUTPATIENT CARE – STATE AND DEVELOPMENT IN BULGARIA ». Knowledge International Journal 28, no 2 (10 décembre 2018) : 571–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij2802571s.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In outpatient care the home care, including hospices, is recognized as a model for providing quality, cost-effective and charitable care. The focus is mainly on the care that helps everyday lifeof the patient as well as the relatives, rather than on treatment, and in most cases it takes place in the patients' home. In Europe, in recent years there has been a real "boom" in home care due to demographic processes linked to increased needs for elderly care and chronically ill under the conditions of limited financial resources.In outpatient medical care in our country by means of a national framework contract there are regulated visits to the patient's home by a doctor, as well as visits by medical staff employed by him - nurse, midwife, medical assistant / paramedic / for manipulation, counseling and monitoring. At the same time there is no regulated legal activity in the Republic of Bulgaria, which is essentially the subject of home care.Since 1994 „Caritas“ has carried out the "Home Care" service, which provides a complex - health and social care for over 360 sick adults in a place where the elderly person feels the most comfortable - in their own home. „Caritas Home Care“ is provided by mobile teams of nurses and social assistants who visit the elderly at home and provide them with the necessary care according to their health and social needs.With the establishment of the first „Home Care Center“ in Lozenets region, Sofia, with the support of the PHARE ACCESS program in 2003, the Bulgarian Red Cross introduces in Bulgaria an integrated model for provision of health care and social services in the home of adults, chronically ill and people with permanent disabilities. To date, there are a number of problems in home care related to the realization of home care for patients in need in out-of-hospital settings: lack of legal regulation for home care, lack of qualified staff in outpatient care; lack of organization and structures for care; unsettled funding and the inability of the part of the population that is most in need of care to pay for it, there is no regulation to control the activity. Although home care began over 20 years ago, our country is yet to make its way to the European program called „Home care in Europe“.
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Milanov, Avgustin. « FORECASTING OF SOME KEY INDICATORS OF THE RFI AND RFP PROCESSES OF THE BULGARIAN MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATION OPERATORS ». Economics & ; Law 2, no 2 (30 décembre 2020) : 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/el.swu.v2i2.6.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The present paper regards the opportunities of forecasting of some key indicators in the “Request for Information” (RFI) and “Request for Proposal” (RFP) processes in the supply chain at the Bulgarian mobile telecommunication operators. The presented hereby forecasting is based on the use of the Holt-Winters method for exponential smoothing in the presence of additive and multiplicative seasonality and is made or indicators: “number of contracts”, “number of contracts with savings” and “number of the issued purchase orders”. The lowest “Stationary R square”, “R square” and MAPE (Mean Absolute Percentage of Error) values are used as measurement of accuracy and for selection of the best fit models that are applied. It is also important to point out that the measurement is being done for the so-called “bottle necks” or “narrow places” in the RFI and RFP processes. The purpose of this bottle-neck forecasting is to provide timely point for “Go/Not Go” decisions point for these very same process and thus to result in an improved risk management in the form of risk aversion and risk minimization.
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Parachkevova, Irina. « Le droit bulgare des contrats à l’épreuve de l’harmonisation européenne ». Revue internationale de droit comparé 61, no 1 (2009) : 147–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ridc.2009.19843.
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Apostolov, Ivan. « Revenue Recognition from Construction Contracts : Differences Between Bulgarian National Accounting Standards and International Accounting Standards ». Procedia Economics and Finance 32 (2015) : 1647–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(15)01491-4.
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Popova, Plamena. « Workshop : E-Books and e-Lending in Libraries – Challenges and Opportunities ». Digital Presentation and Preservation of Cultural and Scientific Heritage 3 (30 septembre 2013) : 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.55630/dipp.2013.3.31.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The proposed event is part of the 2013 program of IFLA (International Federation of Library Association) as well IFLA – CLM Committee on eBooks and e-lending. The proposed event is also part of the activities of a research project with international participation "Copyright Policies of libraries and other cultural institutions” (2012 -2014), (financed by National Science Fund of the Bulgarian Ministry of Education, Youth and Science, Contract No ДФНИ - К01/0002 -21.11.2012).
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Gergov, K., H. Burgazliev, E. Hristov, G. Shopov et S. Ognyanov. « Employment of Students From Pharmaceutical Specialties – A Pilot, Retrospective-Prospective, Longitudinal, Questionnaire Survey in Two Centers in Bulgaria ». Acta Medica Bulgarica 48, no 2 (1 juillet 2021) : 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amb-2021-0025.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Aim To investigate the employment, the desire to work, the work habits and preferences of the students from the pharmaceutical specialties in Bulgaria. Secondary objectives: To analyze the possibilities for employment, to assess its lawfulness, to analyze existing vicious practices, to establish the main problem in fitting together the academic learning process and the work activity. Materials and methods This was a pilot, retrospective-prospective, longitudinal survey in two centers. We developed a survey questionnaire containing 28 questions of both the open-ended and closed-ended types. The data collection was done using the “Direct individual poll” method. he target group consisted of 165 students from pharmaceutical specialties – pharmacy students from Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University “Sv. Kliment Ohridski”, and Bachelor-pharmacists from the Medical College, University “Prof. Dr. Assen Zlatarov”, Bourgas. The data were processed with the SPSS software. Results The results are presented in two parts: the first part refers to Bachelors of Pharmacy, and the second – to Masters of Pharmacy. In their majority, the pharmacy students work during their academic studies – 86.4%. The main stimulus for starting work is of financial origin. Of all students working, 56.8% were hired on an employment contract, while up to one-third worked without any contract at all. In the case of assistant pharmacists 4 45.3% of the respondents worked, and the majority of the respondents did it for financial reasons (66.7%). 86.2% had a signed employment contract, but 67.9% were insured on the basis of the minimum salary. Most commonly the students were working in the field of their future specialty in the pharmacy network. Conclusion The students indicated difficulties in the process of combining their work activity and their studies, a negative attitude to the legal framework and easily discernible negative attitude towards the main field of fulfillment also by the Masters of Pharmacy – working in a pharmacy.
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Bagasheva, Alexandra, Christo Stamenov et Maria Kolarova. « Semantic packaging in verb-based compounds in English and Bulgarian ». Slavia Meridionalis 13 (1 mai 2015) : 201–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sm.2013.011.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Semantic packaging in verb based compounds in English and BulgarianThe article contrasts the word formation types of (para)synthetic compound nouns and compound verbs in two genetically distantly related but typologically distinct languages Bulgarian and English. While the nature of synthetic compound nouns in both languages is comparable, compound verbs show greater contrasts in terms of types, restrictions and preferences for intra compound relations and semantic diversity. An explanation is sought in terms of the influence of word relevant syntactic properties on word formation phenomena in the two languages. An additional powerful factor is the ubiquity of conversion or syntactic promiscuity in English. A hypothesis is formulated that in Bulgarian the iconicity of word formation processes and products associated with the biuniqueness of the sign as understood by Natural Morphology accounts for restrictions on the absolute reign of word formation paradigms in Bulgarian, where the distinction between inflectional morphology and word formation is more sharply delineated. The typological character of the two languages is ultimately taken into account as a factor which determines the preferences for compounds in English and the prevalence of affixal derivation in Bulgarian. Kompresja semantyczna w złożeniach czasownikowych w językach bułgarskim i angielskimAutorzy artykułu dokonali porównania mechanizmów słowotwórczych wykorzystywanych przy derywacji (para)syntetycznych złożeń rzeczownikowych oraz czasownikowych w językach bułgarskim i angielskim. Badane języki wykazują dalekie pokrewieństwo genetyczne, lecz z typologicznego punktu widzenia są one od siebie różne. W odróżnieniu od mechanizmów tworzenia syntetycznych złożeń rzeczownikowych, które w obu językach są podobne, złożenia czasownikowe różnią się, jeżeli chodzi o ich typy, ograniczenia użycia oraz preferencje odnośnie relacji zawartych w określonych złożeniach, jak również różnorodność semantyczną. Omawiane zjawiska są prawdopodobnie warunkowane tym, jak cechy składniowe danego języka wpływają na jego mechanizmy słowotwórcze. Kolejnym istotnym czynnikiem, kształtującym naturę tych mechanizmów w języku angielskim, jest konwersja semantyczna. W języku bułgarskim podział na morfemy słowotwórcze i fleksyjne jest dużo bardziej wyrazisty niż w języku angielskim. Autorzy stawiają hipotezę, że przyczyny tego zjawiska należy upatrywać w dwóch czynnikach: ikoniczności bułgarskich procesów słowotwórczych oraz bijekcji znaku (w rozumieniu morfologii naturalnej). W ostatecznym rozrachunku wydaje się, że to cechy typologiczne wpływają na to, że język angielski wykazuje wyraźną skłonność do tworzenia złożeń wyrazowych, zaś w języku bułgarskim dominuje zjawisko afiksacji derywacyjnej.
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Pavlov, Radoslav, et Desislava Paneva-Marinova. « Digital Libraries and Portals Saving National Cultural Heritage (IMI – BAS Experience) ». Digital Presentation and Preservation of Cultural and Scientific Heritage 1 (30 septembre 2011) : 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.55630/dipp.2011.1.24.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The current research activities of the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (IMI — BAS) include the study and application of knowledge-based methods for the creation, integration and development of multimedia digital libraries with applications in cultural heritage. This report presents IMI- BAS’s developments at the digital library management systems and portals, i.e. the Bulgarian Iconographical Digital Library, the Bulgarian Folklore Digital Library and the Bulgarian Folklore Artery, etc. developed during the several national and international projects: - ―Digital Libraries with Multimedia Content and its Application in Bulgarian Cultural Heritage‖ (contract 8/21.07.2005 between the IMI– BAS, and the State Agency for Information Technologies and Communications; - FP6/IST/P-027451 PROJECT LOGOS "Knowledge-on-Demand for Ubiquitous Learning", EU FP6, IST, Priority 2.4.13 "Strengthening the Integration of the ICT research effort in an Enlarged Europe" - NSF project D-002- 189 SINUS ―S emantic Technologies for Web Services and Technology Enhanced Learning‖. - NSF project IO-03- 03/2006 ―Development of Digital Libraries and Information Portal with Virtual Exposition ―Bulgarian Folklore Heritage‖‖. The presented prototypes aims to provide flexible and effective access to the multimedia presentation of the cultural heritage artefacts and collections, maintaining different forms and format of the digitized information content and rich functionality for interaction. The developments are a result of longstanding interests and work in the technological developments in information systems, knowledge processing and content management systems. The current research activities aims at creating innovative solutions for assembling multimedia digital libraries for collaborative use in specific cultural heritage context, maintaining their semantic interoperability and creating new services for dynamic aggregation of their resources, access improvement, personification, intelligent curation of content, and content protection. The investigations are directed towards the development of distributed tools for aggregating heterogeneous content and ensuring semantic compatibility with the European digital library EUROPEANA, thus providing possibilities for pan- European access to rich digitalised collections of Bulgarian cultural heritage.
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Fotic, Aleksandar. « The contracts in “other” languages and Ottoman Shari’ah Court (16th - 18th c) ». Balcanica, no 32-33 (2002) : 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/balc0233175f.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Between the 16th and 18th centuries, as subsequently as well, non-Muslim subjects of the Ottoman Empire used as lawful proof in the Shari?ah court various documents, contracts, written in non-Ottoman languages. What is particularly worth emphasizing, is the fact that these contemporary documents, written in Cyrillic script and in the Serbian/Bulgarian language, as well as those in the Greek language, not rarely involved even Muslim and non-Muslim subjects. Even very important ones: concerning payment of debts and giving land as security. On the basis of few h?ccets preserved at Hilandar it has been shown that such documents were indeed acknowledged by the Ottoman Shari?ah courts, and as reliable and valid evidence. The h?ccets refer to them as m?loviya/m?l?yia (??????) - undoubtedly derived from the Greek term omologia (????????) - regardless of whether a document was in Greek or in some of the Slavic languages. Writing omologias in mixed milieus, with predominantly Christian population, shows that Muslim community sometimes accepted local customs and traditions of the zimm?s. They were influenced by local customs although there was open and more secure opportunity to register loans at k?d??s Shari?ah court.
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Poesen, Michiel. « Contracts, Pigeonholes and Irish-Bulgarian Connections. Cross-Border Litigation on Property Service Charges : Kerr v Postnov and Postnova ». Edinburgh Law Review 24, no 1 (janvier 2020) : 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/elr.2020.0602.
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Yurasov, Mikhail K. « The Rus and Hungarians on the Lower Danube in 943 ». Rusin, no 67 (2022) : 30–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/67/3.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Russian chronicles give different dates of Igor's second campaign against Byzantium. Researchers adhere to the dating of The Tale of Bygone Years (Povest' vremennykh let) - 944; however, 943 seems to be the most possible, since Igor's contract with the Greeks was preceded by difficult, and therefore long negotiations, which resulted in Igor's agreement with the Greeks in 944. Earlier in 943, the Hungarians passed through Bulgaria, having confirmed the agreement on the tribute by the “empire of the Romans.” Those who support that Igor's second campaign against the Greeks shoud be dated 943 try to link it with the military action of the Hungarians, having no serious grounds for this. Until 970, the Hungarian leaders did not enter into military alliances with the Kievan princes, since their robber raids were directed mainly to the west, while their invasions of the Balkans became more frequent after their defeat in Germany in 955. Nevertheless, setting off in a raid on Byzantium in the spring of 943, the Hungarians learnt about Igor's military preparations from the Eastern Slavs from Transcarpathia, who had close contacts with the Tivertsy, Igor's allies in his summer campaign of 943. To achieve their goals, the Hungarians skillfully took advantage of the news that a more significant army had been assembled in Russia to march to the Balkans. In his turn, Igor benefited from the fact that the Hungarians had already sown fear in Byzantine society before his arrival on the Lower Danube, saying that Bulgaria did not prevent “northern barbarians” from passing through its territory.
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Paneva-Marinova, Desislava, Radoslav Pavlov, Detelin Luchev, Malvina Ruseva et Boyan Bontchev. « The First Information Day : Serious Games as Contemporary Tools for New Educational Applications ». Digital Presentation and Preservation of Cultural and Scientific Heritage 7 (10 septembre 2017) : 283–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.55630/dipp.2017.7.30.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In technology-enhanced education, the “serious games” method is accepted as a research, pedagogic, and evaluative tool. The method helps instructors to motivate student learning, curiosity, creative and logical thought, as well as develop a variety of skills and competencies. Serious educational games aim to cultivate better comprehension strategies, creative thinking, learning-by-doing (production, authorship), and students’ engagement in their own cognition and learning processes. The first information day will present the scholarly and scholarly-practical outcomes of the Serious Education Games as Contemporary Tools for New Educational Applications project, Contract DSD-2/05.04.2017, between the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, activity Introduction of Contemporary Methods in Educating and Fostering Young Talent (PMC No347).
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VELEVSKI, METODIJA, STOYAN C. NIKOLOV, BEN HALLMANN, VLADIMIR DOBREV, LAVRENTIS SIDIROPOULOS, VICTORIA SARAVIA, RIGAS TSIAKIRIS et al. « Population decline and range contraction of the Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus in the Balkan Peninsula ». Bird Conservation International 25, no 4 (5 décembre 2014) : 440–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270914000343.
Texte intégralRésumé :
SummaryThe Egyptian Vulture has been classified as ‘Endangered’ due to a rapid population decline in India and long term declines in Europe and Africa. Although the species has been reported to be declining in Eastern Europe, no quantitative assessment of the magnitude or the causes for population declines are available. We used monitoring data from the Balkan Peninsula to estimate changes in population size and extent of occurrence of Egyptian Vultures between 1980 and 2013. We quantified population trends in three countries (Bulgaria, Greece and the former Yugoslav Republic [FYR] of Macedonia) to assess whether population declines are similar within the Balkan range states. We found a rapid and consistent decline of the Egyptian Vulture population that was largely similar among the three countries (λ = 0.940 in FYR of Macedonia, 0.951 in Bulgaria, 0.920 in Greece). As a consequence of population declines, the breeding range of Egyptian Vultures has contracted and the population in the Balkan Peninsula has fragmented into six subpopulations separated by more than 80 km. Population declines may be driven by factors such as poisoning, electrocution, direct persecution and changes in food availability which operate at large spatial scales and affect birds both on breeding grounds as well as during migration and wintering. Because the relative importance of threats to the survival of Egyptian Vultures are poorly understood, there is a critical need for research into causes of mortality and potential conservation actions that may halt and reverse population declines.
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Terziev, Venelin, Natalia Bekiarova et Marin Georgiev. « SUPPORT STRUCTURES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP ». Knowledge International Journal 29, no 1 (28 février 2019) : 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij2901021t.
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In the last decade the concept of development and promotion of social economy and social entrepreneurship are part of EU policy to tackle the social exclusion of persons in a vulnerable position. Also, the model of social economy is one of the key instruments for achieving social objectives within the framework of the sustainable and inclusive growth. Social benefits are measured by integration and employment of disadvantaged people, the contribution to the process of social inclusion of other vulnerable people, and the economic indicator is expressed by saved public funds for social welfare, on the one hand, and the additional funds compensating the social costs of long-term unemployment. What is important to happen is to create suitable conditions for the development of social enterprises with the widest possible range - vulnerable groups themselves and their problems are diverse and different, and the "answer" to their needs must be flexible in order to be efficient and effective; "way to solutions" is not important (the path may be different, as are diverse and vast opportunities for economic initiatives) that leads to the result itself, the result is important - better integration and sustainable tackling of social exclusion.The Economic and Social Council of the Republic of Bulgaria (ESC) believes that social enterprises in Bulgaria are still an untapped business model. Current social enterprises are mainly non-governmental organizations by applying the relevant legislation creating social enterprises whose business is focused on the realization of the social purpose and mission of the organization. Social enterprises in Bulgaria operate in various sectors, the most serious part are in: the delivery of social services; providing jobs for people with disabilities; mediation in finding employment of unemployed persons; provision of health services; аctivities in the field of education and others.In realizing these activities the leading is not the end product but the achieved social effect on individuals themselves expressed in obtaining the necessary support to integrate into society. In this sense, there are three basic models of social enterprises: The most common model is the one that creates jobs and develops the workforce. By business jobs are created primarily for people with disabilities. Most often the social enterprise is the employer of people with disabilities in order to achieve the integration of persons with disabilities in the labor market and create conditions for a better life. Another popular model of a social enterprise is the one in which the enterprise produces goods and seeks markets, also engaging with their distribution. Most often social enterprises involve persons with disabilities in the form of occupational therapy involved in the production of certain goods. Existing social enterprises in Bulgaria within this model are engaged in the manufacture of certain products by persons who are unemployed or socially excluded. The aim is to enable them to work and improve their social inclusion. The third existing model in Bulgaria is related to the provision of social services generally through payment of external customers, while social enterprise provides social services to its members. Payment is under contract with the state or a municipality. Within this model, services are provided to different users paid directly to social enterprise for direct service.
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Bouček, Vilim. « Smjernice u postlisabonskom europskom međunarodnom privatnom pravu ». Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta u Zagrebu 72, no 3 (30 juin 2022) : 799–826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3935/zpfz.72.3.02.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper discusses the application of the EU directive as a source of European private international law with an emphasis on the post-Lisbon period in private international law of the member states. After presenting the main features of a directive in private international law, such as the legal basis for those “measures” in secondary legislation, types of directive, their structure, purpose and the effects of a directive, the author points out the special importance of the directive expressed in the Ingmar and Unamar cases of the Court of Justice of the European Union. In both cases the legal framework was Council Directive 86/653/EEC of 18 December 1986 on the coordination of the laws of the Member States relating to self-employed commercial agents. In the Ingmar case of 2000, although lacking a (unilateral) conflict of law rule, the Court gave, by interpretation, the position of an unwritten (or hidden) conflict of law rule to a substantive law provision of the Directive. At the same time the Court determined that the provisions of Articles 17 to 19 are to be regarded as mandatory rules for the purposes of private international law. For the former EC legal order it was essential that a principal established in a non-member country (USA), whose commercial agent acts within the EC, cannot evade those provisions by freely choosing un-harmonized applicable law. In 2013 Court of Justice of the European Union was again asked to deal with Council Directive 86/653/EEC of 18 December 1986 but in the new Unamar case with parties from Bulgaria (principal) and Belgium (commercial agent). Again, the Court confirmed the mandatory character of Articles 17 and 18 of the Directive and applied also Art. 7(2) of the Rome Convention of 1980. In his ruling it took into consideration the provisions of Art. 9(1) of the Rome I Regulation in which there is a definition of overriding mandatory provisions. Taking into account the terms of the mandatory provisions, but this time also consistent with the wording of Article 9(1) of the Rome I Regulation of 2008, the Court concluded that the law chosen by the parties to a commercial agency contract may be rejected by the court of another Member State before which the case has been brought in favor of the law of the forum, owing to the mandatory nature in the legal order of that Member State, only if the court of the forum state held it to be crucial to grant the commercial agent protection, going beyond that provided for by the directive, thus taking account of the nature of such mandatory provisions. From June 1988 to today (2021) the EEC, the EC and the EU adopted a considerable number of directives as measures for the approximation of national law dealing mostly with consumer, but also employment and insurance issues, setting forth conflict rules. These sector-specific rules (or special conflict rules for certain (consumer) contracts) from the second-generation directives based on unilateral conflict rules prevail over the conflict rules of the Rome Convention of 1980 (Art. 20) and the Rome I Regulation of 2008 (Art. 23) in relation to particular matters, lay down conflict-of-law rules relating to contractual obligations. This situation creates a “labyrinth” of legal sources dealing with conflict-of-law rules on the national, (ex international) and on the European level. The described fragmentation of a situation where conflict-of-law rules are depressed among several instruments and where there are differences between those rules, contrary to Recital 40(1)-1) Rome I Regulation, has not been avoided. But at the same time the Rome I Regulation did not exclude the possibility of including conflict-of- rules with regard to particular matters (Recital 40(1-2) Rome I Regulation). At the end of this paper the author answered one additional question: How to solve the problem of the lack of coordination between the Rome I Regulation of 2008 and other provisions of EU law, including national laws implementing those acts? The first step may be to give a narrow interpretation of Art. 23 of the Rome I Regulation and to give precedence only to special EU conflict-of-law rules in relation to a particular matter. Stricto sensu it means, all provisions in the consumer directives which provide that, if a contract has a direct link to the territory of one or more Member States, EU law will apply, even if the parties have chosen the law of a third country, should not (always) be regarded as choice of law rules. Such a consideration has the potential to exclude the application of Art. 23 of the Rome I Regulation and rather apply Article 3(4) or 9(2) of Rome I. An example of such “conflict-of-law rule” is Article 22(4) of Consumer Credit Directive 2008/48 EC of 23 April 2008 on credit agreements for consumers (OJ EU L 133/66). The second step is to reopen the lost political battle from 2008 of the European Parliament for a general precedence of all EU internal market law. Thirteen years after Rome I was adopted we have some additional arguments in favor of applying the general principle of supremacy in EU law without breaching “the proper functioning of the internal market” (Recital 40(2) of the Rome I Regulation). The first argument is general, known as the process of communitarization. Its result is not just Rome I (without Article 23) but also Directive 2011/83/ EU of 25 October 2011 on consumer rights, which is a new legal act in the post-Lisbon period of the EUPIL and among consumer directives should be seen as lex posterior. It is not for the first time that in such kind of Directive there is no unilateral conflict rule with the aim to protect all EU values by applying EU law. But the relevant provision lays down that the consumer should not be deprived of the protection granted by that Directive, and that, where the law applicable to the contract is that of a third country, Regulation Rome I should apply in order to determine whether the consumer retains the protection granted by that Directive (Recital 58 of the Directive on consumer rights). Taking into consideration all above mentioned arguments, the author concludes: in the third decade of the 21st century the post-Lisbon legal practice regarding special EU conflict-of-law rules relating to particular matters contained in EU Directives on consumer protection should no longer prevail. The application of the Directives with or without a unilateral conflict rule in a situation with an international element should instead be safeguarded through the application of the provisions of Articles 3(4) and Art. 6(2) for consumer protection, and Article 9(2) of the Rome I Regulation of 2008 in order to determine whether the consumer retains the protection granted by that Directive.
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Paunović, Sanja, et Rajko Kosanović. « Further milestones in the economic development of south-eastern Europe ». SEER 22, no 1 (2019) : 33–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/1435-2869-2019-1-33.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This article updates the authors’ previous analysis of the economic position facing western Balkans countries. It analyses development between 2008 and 2018 in five countries from the region - Serbia; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Montenegro; North Macedonia; and Albania - and contrasts this with the three newest EU member states - Bulgaria; Romania; and Croatia. Its argumentation is based on the following parameters: GDP growth; GDP per capita; GDP at purchasing power parity; the share of investment in GDP; average monthly net wages; average monthly gross wages; inflation; the share of foreign and public debt share as a percentage of GDP; and balance of payments. In 2018, economic growth in the western Balkans reached 3.8 per cent, supported by increased public spending and, in Albania and North Macedonia, also by a rise in net exports. According to World Bank projections, western Balkans economies are projected to continue to expand in 2019-20, but this stable outlook is vulnerable and subject to risks, including not least the migration of well-educated and highly-skilled young people.
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Baltadjiev, Atanas G. « Somatotype characteristics of male patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ». Folia Medica 54, no 2 (1 octobre 2012) : 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10153-011-0087-5.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Introduction: Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder and as such it no doubt affects the components of somatotype of diabetics. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the somatotype of males with type 2 diabetes. Patients and methods: In the study we assessed anthropometrically 169 male patients with type 2 diabetes. The patients were Bulgarian; they were allocated into two age groups: group 1 included 40-60-year-old patients and group 2 - 61-80-year olds. Healthy Bulgarian men without any history of metabolic, neoplastic, or other diseases were used as controls divided into age matched groups. Measurements obtained directly were height, body weight, biepicondylar breadth of humerus, biepicondylar breadth of femur, relaxed upper arm circumference, contracted upper arm circumference, forearm circumference, waist circumference, hip circumference, thigh circumference, calf circumference. Skin folds: subscapular, over rib 10, suprailiac, over abdomen, triceps, biceps, forearm, thigh, calf. Calculated parameters: Heath-Carter anthropometric somatotype components. Results: Mean somatotype of 40-60-year-old male diabetics was endomorphic mesomorph (endo-mesomorph), (endo 5.03; meso 6.57; ecto 2.01). Mean somatotype 61-80-year-old diabetic males was endomorphic mesomorph (endo-mesomorph), (endo 4.14; meso 5.88; ecto 1.64). The between-age comparison showed the somatotype in both age groups of diabetic males to be endomorphic mesomorph. The mesomorphy was dominant, followed by endomorphy and ectomorphy was far behind. The differences in the ratings of the somatotype components were of high statistical significance (P < 0.001). The mesomorphy and endomorphy ratings in patients with type 2 diabetes aged 40-60 years were greater than those of patients aged 61-80 years with the difference reaching statistical significance (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Both age groups of male diabetics presented with endomorphic mesomorph somatotype. Mesomorphy was the highest, followed by endomorphy. Ectomorphy lagged substantially behind, leading to a shift in the somatoplot upward to mesomorphy and leftward to endomorphy. Unlike the findings of studies in foreign countries presenting markedly dominating endomorphy, in our study Bulgarian diabetic males presented with dominating mesomorphy. This can be regarded as a characteristic feature of Bulgarian diabetic patients. This could be accounted for by the role played by factors such as lifestyle, habits, environment, diet, methods of treatment, etc. The somatotype of Bulgarian diabetic males (endomorphic mesomorph) is more favourable with regard to the risk, course and prognosis of the disease.
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Paneva-Marinova, Desislava, et Radoslav Pavlov. « Mini-symposium on Future Trends in Serious Games for Cultural Heritage ». Digital Presentation and Preservation of Cultural and Scientific Heritage 8 (3 septembre 2018) : 241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.55630/dipp.2018.8.25.
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In combination with the appropriate content, serious games become an important modern-day educational tool, which reflects both the current state of technology and learners’ social profiles. The method helps instructors to motivate student learning, curiosity, creative and logical thought, as well as develop a variety of skills and competencies. Serious educational games aim to cultivate better comprehension strategies, creative thinking, learning-by-doing (production, authorship), and students’ engagement in their own cognition and learning processes. This mini-symposium on Future Trends in Serious Games for Cultural Heritage will present outcomes of the Serious Education Games as Contemporary Tools for New Educational Applications project, Contract DSD- 2/05.04.2017, between the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, activity Introduction of Contemporary Methods in Educating and Fostering Young Talent (PMC No 347), other projects in the field and will outline some future trends for cultural heritage game development.
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Baltadjiev, Atanas G. « Somatotype Characteristics of Female Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus / Характеристика Соматотипа Жен Щин, Больных Сахарным Диабетом Типа 2 ». Folia Medica 55, no 1 (1 janvier 2013) : 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/folmed-2013-0007.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract The AIM of the present study was to determine the somatotype of females patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two-hundreds and twelve female patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were measured. The patients were of Bulgarian ethnicity and were divided into two age groups: Group 1: 40-60 years of age and Group 2: 61-80 years of age. The control group comprised healthy females of Bulgarian ethnicity without any metabolic, neoplastic, or other disease divided into age matched groups. Measurements obtained directly were height, body weight, biepicondylar width of humerus, biepicondylar width of femur, arm circumference in relaxed state, arm circumference in contracted state, and calf circumference. Skin folds: subscapular, suprailiac, over triceps and calf. Parameters calculated: the components of the Heath-Carter anthrpometric somatotype. RESULTS: The mean somatotype of 40-60-year-old female diabetics was mesomorph endomorph, (meso 6.09; endo 6.59; ecto 1.57). The mean somatotype of 40-60-year-old female controls was mesomorphic endomorph (meso 5.65; endo 6.82; ecto 2.75). The mean somatotype of 61-80-year-old diabetic females was endomorphic mesomorph (endo-mesomorph), (meso 9.41; endo 5.39; ecto 1.55). The mean somatotype of 61-80-year-old female controls was mesomorph-endomorph (meso 6.70; endo 6.66; ecto 2.95). Between-age comparison of female diabetics: the endomorph component dominated in the group of 40-60-year-old patients, and the mesomorph component dominated in the group of 61-80-year-old patients. In both groups ectomorphy markedly lagged behind. CONCLUSION: The mean somatotype of diabetic females aged 40-60 years is mesomoph-endomorph; it differs from the mesomorphic mesomorph somatotype of the control subjects. Endomorphy and mesomorphy dominate clearly, and ectomorphy significantly lags behind. This was the reason we get a distorted somatoplot with a sharp shift to endomorphy and mesomorhpy. The mean somatotype of diabetic women aged 60-80 years was endomorphic mesomorphy with the mesomorphy component leading. It differed from the somatotype of the controls, where mesomorphy and endomorphy scored equally (mesomorph-endomorph). The somatotype of female diabetics suggests that they have a relatively massive skeleton with well-developed muscles and greater body weight relative to height. Unlike the results of studies in other countries presenting with markedly dominating endomorphy, in our study the Bulgarian diabetic females presented with dominating mesomorphy. This can be regarded as a peculiarity of the Bulgarian diabetic patients. The somatotype of the Bulgarian diabetic females is more favorable on the risk, course and prognosis of the disease.
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Bafoil, François. « Contrats, négociations et relations informelles dans la gestion locale de l'emploi en Allemagne de l'Est, en Pologne et en Bulgarie ». Revue d’études comparatives Est-Ouest 29, no 3 (1998) : 85–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/receo.1998.2930.
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