Bibliographies thématiques / Context negotiations

Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Context negotiations »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 11 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Context negotiations"

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Crump, Larry. « Negotiation Process and Negotiation Context ». International Negotiation 16, no 2 (2011) : 197–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138234011x573011.

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AbstractThis article examines how external events grounded in a negotiation’s relevant environment (i.e., negotiation context) influence negotiation process and outcome. Multilateral, regional and bilateral environments are examined through linkage theory to gain understanding about the impact of external events or context on negotiation process and outcome. Linkages between a negotiation and its context are examined through five trade negotiations: the WTO Doha round (multilateral-global); the Free Trade Area of the Americas (multilateral-regional); EU‐Mercosur (bilateral-regional); EU‐Chile (bilateral); and US‐Chile (bilateral). In addition to developing greater understanding about the strategic relationship between a negotiation and its context this article establishes a theoretic framework that defines the known universe of linkage dynamics. The impact of multilateral environments on the regional negotiation process and outcome is of particular interest, as is the strategic use of bilateral environments in seeking to achieve multilateral geopolitical ends.
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Altschul, Carlos. « Internal Coordination in Complex Trade Negotiations ». International Negotiation 12, no 3 (2007) : 315–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138234007x240655.

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AbstractComplex trade negotiations call for elaborate internal coordination and adept negotiating actors. In successful cases, these actors develop reciprocal dependent behaviors. Recent business and trade negotiation experiences testify to the development of process mechanisms in a variety of settings that demonstrate the capacity of the negotiators' role to expand. Constraints are acknowledged, essentially, the fact that the negotiator is a mandated agent and acts within a timebound context. Still, as drivers, negotiators practice their trade creatively to promote internal coordination, restructure the context, reframe and help solve micro-negotiation conflicts, and create conditions for the observance of reciprocating behaviors. The French term endroit is used to describe the venue in which collaborative negotiation is conducted.
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Fang, Tony, Josephine Schaumburg et Daniella Fjellström. « International business negotiations in Brazil ». Journal of Business & ; Industrial Marketing 32, no 4 (2 mai 2017) : 591–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-11-2016-0257.

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Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore an innovative strategy for studying the Brazilian negotiator’s unique and paradoxical characteristics from a cultural point of view to acquire a better understanding of the nature of international business negotiations in Brazil. Design/methodology/approach The study is of a qualitative nature, using a multiple-case study design at three levels (small-, medium- and large-scale negotiations). Interviews were conducted with Brazilian and German managers to capture the emic–etic view of the Brazilian negotiator. The Strategic Trinity Model was developed to assess the behavior of the Brazilian negotiator in agreement with three metaphors: “African Capoeirista”, “Portuguese Bureaucrat” and “Indigenous Warrior”. Findings The three roles “African Capoeirista”, “Portuguese Bureaucrat” and “Indigenous Warrior” comprised similar as well as contradicting characteristics. The Brazilian negotiator chose naturally and even paradoxically from these role features, effectively negotiating any given situation, context and time. During the pre- and post-negotiation phases, traits of the “African Capoeirista” and “Indigenous Warrior” were the most salient. During the formal negotiation phase, however, the characteristics of the “African Capoeirista” and “Portuguese Bureaucrat” dominated. Research limitations/implications International business negotiations in Brazil call for an in-depth comprehension of the paradoxical roles that local negotiators take on to achieve better negotiation outcomes. Originality/value The present study unveiled the contradicting Brazilian negotiating style in international business negotiations, thus acquiring a better understanding of the negotiation process in the Brazilian market.
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Bowles, Hannah Riley, Bobbi Thomason et Inmaculada Macias-Alonso. « When Gender Matters in Organizational Negotiations ». Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior 9, no 1 (21 janvier 2022) : 199–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-055523.

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A person's gender is not a reliable predictor of their negotiation behavior or outcomes, because the degree and character of gender dynamics in negotiation vary across situations. Systematic effects of gender on negotiation are best predicted by situational characteristics that cue gendered behavior or increase reliance on gendered standards for agreement. In this review, we illuminate two levers that heighten or constrain the potential for gender effects in organizational negotiations: ( a) the salience and relevance of gender within the negotiating context and ( b) the degree of ambiguity (i.e., lack of objective standards or information) with regard to what is negotiable, how to negotiate, or who the parties are as negotiators. In our summary, we review practical implications of this research for organizational leaders and individuals who are motivated to reduce gender-based inequities in negotiation outcomes. In conclusion, we suggest future directions for research on gender in organizational negotiations.
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Elgström, Ole. « Negotiating with the LDCs : Situation and Context ». Cooperation and Conflict 22, no 3 (septembre 1987) : 135–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001083678702200301.

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In this article I introduce and analyze some characteristic features of bilateral foreign aid negotiations, as compared to other types of negotiations between states. A first typical trait is the apparent asymmetry of power between the negotiating actors. According to bargaining theory, this would predict also an asymmetry of outcome. Such a conclusion is challenged, however, by other distinguishing features of aid negotiations. The normative aspect, stating the existence of moral obligations, the repetitive nature of most aid negotiations, the existence of asymmetries of attention and resolve, and some tactical characteristics of such negotiations: all these aspects might be interpreted as creating more promising conditions for the weaker actor. To understand and explain foreign aid negotiations — their processes and outcomes — it is not enough, however, to study the negotiatory situation as such. An analysis of extra-negotiatory contextual factors is also needed. I distinguish between three categories: relations between the actors outside of the aid negotiations, relations between the actors and other actors, and the domestic contexts of both actors.
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Kovalchuk, A. « Peculiarities of negotiating by a barrister during reconciliation within pre-trial investigation ». Herald of criminal justice, no 4 (2019) : 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2413-5372.2019.4/147-153.

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So far, the current legislation provides the parties of the criminal proceedings for the right of reconciliation. Moreover, the Criminal and Criminal Procedure Codes provide for grounds, participants, stages of the reconciliation process. Nevertheless, the most crucial point for attainment of peace between the parties are direct negotiations of the victim and suspected person or defendant. It is logical that legislator doesn’t set limits and make recommendations upon negotiating process. The purpose of the article is to identify the main stages of negotiation with a view to reconciling the suspect and the victim in the pre-trial investigation and outlining known negotiation techniques that may be helpful to the lawyer in the process of communication between the parties in the context of reconciliation. It is stated, that the barrister is an irreplaceable member of the negotiating process during reconciliation within criminal proceedings. He can not only legally qualify the parties` interests, but also, based on his own experience and scientific awareness, can help achieve effective results of the negotiations. Meanwhile, the author justifies the necessity of additional awareness of the barrister with respect to negotiating and psychology aimed at speeding up of negotiations and establish contact with each party and between the parties. It is determined that the knowledge of classical communication techniques and the research of new communication techniques will increase the level of negotiation efficiency and, as a consequence, the successful resolution of conflicts. Given that reconciliation negotiations are often considered successful when satisfy the interests of all parties, development of communication skills based on the above mentioned techniques will help to reach consensus. The author seeks to analysis of the familiar negotiating techniques and making predictions about the implementation of theories within criminal procedural practice as well as illustration of the causal link between the lawyer's negotiating skills and the parties' possible reactions. The stage of the negotiation process is illustrated, taking into account the following categories: personal characteristics of the parties, the preparatory process, tactics and techniques of communication and feedback of the parties.
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Jönsson, Christer. « Relationships between Negotiators : A Neglected Topic in the Study of Negotiation ». International Negotiation 20, no 1 (17 mars 2015) : 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718069-12341294.

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Negotiation can be seen as a dynamic social process. Perspectives emphasizing the social context and dynamics of negotiations have been largely neglected in the negotiation literature. This article addresses the question of why social relations have received such scant attention, reviews the existing literature on negotiation as a social process, and spells out some ingredients of a social contextual approach. Finally, by way of illustration, such an approach is applied to international negotiations. Whereas ideas about social dynamics emanate from a focus on individuals, international negotiations take place at a level of aggregation and representation most remote from the individual level. Yet, even at this macro level, social context matters in negotiations.
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Najam, Adil. « Dynamics of the Southern Collective : Developing Countries in Desertification Negotiations ». Global Environmental Politics 4, no 3 (1 août 2004) : 128–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/1526380041748100.

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This paper seeks to understand how the collective South, as institutionally represented by the Group of 77 (G77), manages its unity as a negotiating collective despite its many internal differences and in the face of external pressures. Negotiations leading to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD) are used as an empirical case study. This is a particularly interesting case because a) it was manifestly South-driven, b) it saw uncommonly intense South-South bargaining within the context of a global environmental negotiation, and c) it also saw intense North-South differences. In focusing on how the G77 managed its internal (South-South) as well as external (South-North) negotiations, the paper uses a negotiation analytical framework to derive generalizable lessons about the collective negotiating behavior of the developing countries' caucus in global environmental politics.
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Peleckis, Kęstutis. « Assessment of Bargaining Power in Preparation of International Business Negotiations Strategies : Case of Wholesale Trade ». International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 65 (décembre 2015) : 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.65.1.

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Recently businesses need to find the new ways to ensure business growth and competitiveness in the international market. Cultural diversity of international business brings new challenges in the development and implementation of negotiation strategies of businesses, in cooperation with foreign partners. At present business solutions are used for development and implementation of negotiating strategies for international business, which are not universally suitable for business development in all situations in context of globalization, with current challenges, which are characterized by increasing risk, uncertainty and cultural differences. New challenges in international business negotiations are caused by formation of common cultural and information space in a global scale, the new demands for information technology progress in development of international competition and accelerating innovation processes. International business negotiation strategy development and implementation are setting the essential features and causal relations and is relevant in practice by creating in each negotiation case the unique negotiation strategy, focused on maximizing the effectiveness of the international business with the aim of more efficient use of business negotiation potential – the negotiating power. In scientific problem solving it is necessary to offer such instruments, which would take into account bargaining power of participants in negotiations, and would allow real implementation of business strategies and constitute an appropriate contribution to their development. The article aims - to design a theoretical model for preparing and implementing strategies of international business negotiations, based on evaluations of bargaining powers and to verify experimentally its relevance and applicability.
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Crump, Larry, et Christian Downie. « Understanding Climate Change Negotiations : Contributions from International Negotiation and Conflict Management ». International Negotiation 20, no 1 (17 mars 2015) : 146–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718069-12341302.

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Climate change is the largest and most complicated interdependent issue the world has confronted. Yet there is little negotiation and conflict management knowledge within the climate change context. To address this gap, this theoretical article reviews the sparse extant literature and provides a brief overview of the science of climate change public policy. This review establishes a foundation for examining negotiation and conflict management research questions that emanate from current and future climate change negotiations. Such questions are considered for climate change mitigation negotiations and climate change adaptation negotiations. This article demonstrates how the negotiation and conflict management field can make important contributions to the study of interdependency in a context of climate change.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Context negotiations"

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Hughes, Justin H. « An analysis of Sun Tzu's Art of War with the context of negotiations : approaches and strategies ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50258.

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2005.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: If you want peace make ready for war! This was what Sun Tzu believed when conveying his philosophies in his book the Art of War. What is remarkable about the Art of War is that it was written about 2300 years ago and presented a new way of thinking about battle. Sun Tzu did not promote engaging in battle but rather overcoming the enemy without having to do battle. "100 victories in 100 battles is not the most skilful. Subduing without battle is the most skilful" (Denma Translation: 2003: 25 - 26). The Sun Tzu begins with the understanding that conflict is an integral part of human life. It is within us and all around us. Sometimes we can skilfully sidestep it, but at other times we must confront it directly. Many of us have seen the destructive power of aggression, whether on a personal level or in the disasters of armed conflict. We know as well the limitations of most political and personal responses to that aggression. How can we work with it in a more profound and effective way? (Denma Translation: 2003: 2). As in modem day society conflict is ever present and the manner in which we deal with such conflict either resolves the conflict or exacerbates it. One way of dealing with conflict is through negotiations. The negotiation process is an orderly process whereby parties can engage each other in dialogue in order to reach a mutually acceptable agreement. What is evident is that to be successful in a negotiation the necessary planning and preparation needs to be done. Although it is not possible to prepare and plan for all eventualities within the negotiation process most scenarios can be predicted and therefore if the required preparation is done the possibility of reaching one's objective is increased. When preparing for negotiations it is imperative that all environments that can impact on the negotiation are considered. Furthermore the organisational and personal power of the negotiator and the other party needs to be determined. Within the negotiation process the negotiator will display certain behaviours depending what he/she wishes to achieve. Should the negotiator wish to drive the negotiation then behaviours such as providing information or making proposals will be used. On the other hand, if the negotiator wishes to draw the other party into the negotiation then the behaviour of seeking information and summarising would be used. The outcome of a negotiation could be one of four, namely lose -lose, win -lose, win - win or mutual gains. There are different approaches to negotiation, namely soft, hard and principled. It is suggested that the most appropriate approach is the principled approach, although the soft and hard approach could be used under certain circumstances. A negotiation is a systematic process and involves the aspect of planning. Without planning negotiations are sure to fail and the objective set not reached. The types of planning that need to be done are strategic, tactical and administrative. Instead of opposing each other the planning aspects of negotiation complement each other. Sun Tzu proposes ways to settle a conflict without engaging in battle. Although the learned strategist does not promote negotiation directly when reading the 'Art of War' it becomes evident that Sun Tzu preferred to resolve conflicts in a peaceful manner. It was only when no other option was available that he suggests battle. In war most of the planning and preparation involves strategies, which is similar in the negotiation process. It is important that a negotiator knows when to move, when to stand fast and when to engage the other party. This is also true for any military engagement. Sun Tzu sets out philosophies, which can be used to strategise for negotiation. Although a bit of poetic licence exists when interpreting Sun Tzu's philosophy for the negotiation arena, what the learned author contributes to the field of negotiation is to make the negotiator aware of the options available. The Art of War provides insight into creative thinking where Sun Tzu spells out that it is better to conquer the enemy without engaging in battle. Furthermore the less of the enemy's possessions destroyed the more astute the leader and lastly, that one must not engage in battle because of the wrath of the leaders. In other words it should not be retaliation because the leader's ego is bruised. Sun Tzu provides wisdom, which can be utilised in the negotiation process. The interpretation of Sun Tzu's strategies provides a framework for negotiators to strategise when entering into negotiations.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: As jy Vrede wil hê, maak reg vir 'n oorlog! Dit is wat Sun Tzu geglo het toe hy sy filosofie in die boek Art of War, weergegee het. "100 victories in 100 battles is not the most skilful. Subduing without battle is the most skilful" (Denma vertaling: 2003: 25-26). Sun Tzu gaan van die veronderstelling uit dat konflik 'n integrale deel van die menslike bestaan is. Dit is binne in ons en orals om ons. Somtyds kan ons dit behendig systap maar ander kere moet ons dit direk hanteer. Baie van ons het al die destruktiewe krag van agressie gesien, hetsy op persoonlike vlak of in rampspoedige gewapende konflikte. Ons ken ook die beperkings van die meeste politieke of persoonlik reaksies op die tipe aggressie. Hoe kan ons dit op 'n meer diepgaande en effektiewe manier hanteer? (Denma vertaling: 2003: 25-26) Soos ook in die moderne samelewing is konflik alom teenwoordig en die wyse hoe dit hanteer word kan dit of oplos, of vererger. Een metode om konflik te hanteer is deur onderhandeling. Die proses van onderhandeling is 'n ordelike proses waardeur partye met mekaar in gesprek tree ten einde tot 'n wedersyds aanvaarbare ooreenkoms te bereik. Dit blyk dat ten einde suksesvol te wees in onderhandelings die nodige beplanning en voorbereiding gedoen moet word. Alhoewel dit is nie moontlik is om te beplan vir alle gebeurlikhede tydens die onderhandelinge nie, kan die meeste scenario's egter voorspel word. Indien die nodige voorbereiding dus gedoen word kan dit jou kanse om jou eie doelwitte te bereik, verhoog. Wanneer voorberei word vir onderhandelings is dit noodsaaklik dat alle omgewings invloede wat 'n impak kan hê daarop oorweeg word. Verder moet die organisatoriese en persoonlike mag van die onderhandelaar en die ander party bepaal word.Tydens die onderhandelings proses sal die onderhandelaar sekere gedrag toon afhangend van wat hy/sy uit die onderhandelings wil verkry. Indien die onderhandelaar hoop om die onderhandelings te lei, sal gedrag soos om inligting te verskaf en om voorstelle maak, gebruik word. Indien die onderhandelaar andersyds eerder die ander partye wil betrokke kry by die onderhandelings, sal gedrag soos die soeke na inligting en om opsommings te maak, getoon word. Die uitkoms van onderhandelings kan een van vier moontlikhede wees, naamlik: verloor-verloor, wenverloor, wen-wen of beide partye baat. Daar is verskillende benaderings tot onderhandeling naamlik die sagte, die harde en die beginselvaste benadering. Dit word aan die hand gedoen dat die mees toepaslike benadering die beginselvaste benadering is maar dat die sagte of aggressiewe (harde) benadering ook onder sekere omstandighede gebruik kan word.Onderhandelinge is 'n sistematiese proses en behels beplanning. Sonder beplanning is onderhandelings gedoem tot mislukking en is die doelwitte nie haalbaar nie. Die tipe beplanning wat gedoen moet word is strategies, takties en administratief. Die verskillende tipes beplanning komplementeer mekaar eerder as om mekaar te opponeer. Sun Tzu voorsien metodes hoe om konflik te besleg sonder om in oorlog betrokke te raak. Hoewel die geleerde strateeg nie onderhandelings direk promoveer nie blyk dit by die lees van The Art of War dat Sun Tzu verkies on konflik op 'n vreedsame wyse op te los. Dit was slegs wanneer geen ander opsie beskikbaar was nie dat hy oorlog voorstel. Tydens oorlog word beplanning en voorbereiding gewy aan strategie wat baie ooreenkom met die van die onderhandelingsproses. Dit is belangrik dat die onderhandelaar weet wanneer om te beweeg, wanneer om vas te staan en wanneer om die ander party te betrek.Hierdie is ook belangrik vir enige militêre aanval. Sun Tzu se filisofie kan dus ook gebruik word vir strategie beplanning vir onderhandeling. Hoewel 'n mate van poëtiese vaardigheid benodig word vir die intepretering van Sun Tzu se filosofie in die onderhandelings arena word die geleerde outeur se bydrae op die onderhandelings gebied gemaak daardeur dat die onderhandelaar bewus gemaak word van sy beskikbare opsies. The Art of War gee insig in kreatiewe denke waar Sun Tzu dit uitspel dat dit beter is om die vyand te oorwin sonder om in 'n geveg betrokke te raak. Verder word aangedui dat hoe minder van die vyand se besittings vernietig word hoe slimmer die leier en dat daar nie in 'n geveg betrokke geraak moet word vanweë die woede van die leiers nie. Met ander woorde daar moet nie vergelding wees as gevolg van die gekrenkte ego van die leier nie. Sun Tzu verskaf dus wysheid wat gebruik kan word in die onderhandelings proses. Die interpretasie van Sun Tzu se strategieë voorsien 'n raamwerk aan onderhandelaars vir stategiese beplanning wanneer betrokke geraak word in onderhandelings.
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Furini, Francesco <1991&gt. « Adaptation and mitigation in the context of international environmental agreements : strategic interactions and effects on negotiations' outcome ». Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/17852.

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This research focuses on the analysis, from a game theoretical perspective, of International environmental agreements in the presence of adaptation. Despite its private good nature, adaptation plays a crucial role in climate agreements negotiation because of its strategic relation with mitigation. For this reason, it is very important to include both strategies in IEAs modeling. The dissertation is a collection of three papers which expand the existing literature on IEAs in different directions: 1) the standard mitigation-adaptation game (M+A-Game) is analysed in a Stackelberg scenario; 2) the strategic relation between mitigation and adaptation and its effect on climate negotiation is analysed assuming that mitigation, attenuating climate change damages, can also affect the effectiveness of adaptation; 3) the existing theoretical results are tested through an integrated assessment model application. The strategic relation between mitigation and adaptation, the effect of adaptation on mitigation strategies and on negotiation’s outcome are analysed. Successful climate cooperation requires both large stable coalitions and high welfare improvements with respect to non-cooperation. The paradox of cooperation persists in most of the game configurations considered. Optimistic results arise only in a situation in which strategic complementarity holds both in mitigation and mitigation-adaptation space.
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Aspeteg, Joakim, et Jonas Karlsson. « A Swedish perspective of business negotiation in a cross-cultural context : A multiple case study on B2B level regarding business negotiations in China and how cultural differences has an impact ». Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för organisation och entreprenörskap (OE), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-36239.

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Rempel, Terrance. « The right to political participation and the negotiation of durable solutions : Palestinian refugees in comparative context ». Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/13801.

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In the 1990s Palestinian refugees sought to secure a seat in negotiations alongside the PLO and Israel in talks to resolve their situation. Their efforts raise a number of basic questions concerning the right to political participation and the negotiation of durable solutions to refugee situations. First and foremost is the question of whether peace negotiations comprise a conduct of public affairs under international law entailing a concomitant right to take part. Second and related is the question of whether citizens, refugees in particular, have a right to take part in the conduct of public affairs when they are outside their country of citizenship voluntarily or otherwise. This study examines these questions through legal analysis of the right to political participation under international treaty law, jurisprudence and soft law and through empirical analysis of all negotiated settlements to armed conflict between 1990 and 2000. The study concludes that while refugees did not have a "right" to take part in the negotiation of durable solutions during the period under consideration, the PLO and Israel may have nevertheless had an obligation to facilitate the participation of refugees in a manner that would have allowed for substantial influence on decisions affecting their lives with the objective of shared ownership of agreements reached. The study also finds that between 1990 and 2000 few refugees appeared to take part directly in the direct negotiations to their situation. The implementation of durable solutions and agreements reached along with unofficial or indirect peacemaking mechanisms appeared to comprise the primary or most common domains for political participation. The study concludes that the negotiation of durable solutions for refugees is nevertheless a developing area of law and practice which has arguably strengthened in the decade since Israel and PLO sought to achieve a negotiated solution to the Palestinian refugee issue.
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Idrizbegovic-Zgonic, Aida. « "Challenge of set frames" ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/3147.

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2007/2008
Exploration of current trends in the Contextual Architecture (urban setting), meanings of context and finding new ways to connect to the existing. The key issue is establishing a relationship between new building and its setting (frames) through contextual processes like local scenarios or phenomenon or negotiation with site. The principles of dialogue and tension are tools that allow us to establish the new contextual order.
XXI Ciclo
1976
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Karunatillake, Nishan C. « Argumentation-based negotiation in a social context ». Thesis, University of Southampton, 2006. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/263130/.

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Argumentation-based negotiation (ABN) is gaining increasing importance as a fundamental method of interaction in multi-agent systems. In essence, ABN enhances the ways agents can interact within a negotiation encounter. In particular, it allows agents to justify their demands, criticise each others’ proposals, and add comments to their statements during a negotiation encounter. Furthermore, ABN gives them the capability to exchange explicit arguments, such as promises, threats, appeals, and other forms of persuasive locutions, to influence one another during a negotiation dialogue. Such enhancements lead to richer forms of negotiation than have hitherto been possible in game-theoretic or heuristic-based models. Therefore, many argue that endowing the agents with the ability to argue during their negotiation interactions, not only facilitates more realistic rational dialogues, but also allows an effective means of resolving different forms of conflicts endemic to multi-agent societies. Even though ABN is argued to be an effective means of resolving conflicts, its operation within multi-agent systems incurs certain computational overheads. In particular, it takes time for an agent to argue and convince an opponent to change its demands and yield to a less favourable agreement within an ABN encounter. It also takes computational effort for both parties of the conflict to carry out the necessary reasoning required to generate, select, and evaluate an appropriate and a convincing set of arguments required for such an encounter. On the other hand, within a multi-agent society, not all conflicts need to be resolved. In some instances conflicts can be avoided by other nonarguing means. For instance, in certain situations agents may be able to avoid conflicts by finding an alternative resource to achieve their actions instead of arguing over a conflicting one. They also may be able to re-plan to achieve the same objective through a different means and, thereby, remove the conflict without argument. In the presence of such overheads and given the alternatives available, this thesis argues that computationally bounded entities such as agents need to consider two critical questions before they use ABN to manage their conflicts. First is when to argue; that is, under what conditions would ABN, as opposed to other non-arguing methods, present a better option for agents to overcome conflicts. Second is how to argue; that is, a computationally tractable method and a set of strategies to successfully formulate such sophisticated ABN dialogues. To this end, this thesis forwards a detailed theoretical and empirical study to address both these research questions. In more detail, first we formulate a novel ABN framework that allows agents to argue, negotiate and, thereby, resolve conflicts in structured multi-agent systems. The framework is unique in the way that it explicitly captures social influences endemic to such agent societies and, in turn, allows agents to use them constructively in their ABN dialogues. Having formulated the framework, we then map it into the computational context of a multi-agent task allocation scenario. In so doing, we bridge the gap between theory and practice and provide a test-bed to evaluate how our ABN model can be used to manage and resolve conflicts in multi-agent societies. Our experimental analysis on when to argue shows a clear inverse correlation between the benefit of arguing and the resources available within the context. It also shows that arguing selectively is both a more efficient and a more effective strategy than doing so in an exhaustive manner. Furthermore, we show that when agents operate under imperfect knowledge conditions, an arguing approach allows them to perform more effectively than a non-arguing one. On the issue of how to argue, we show that arguing earlier in an ABN interaction presents a more efficient method than arguing later in the interaction. Moreover, during an ABN interaction, allowing agents to negotiate their social influences presents both an effective and an efficient method which will enhance their performance within a society.
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Gonçalves, Sandra Maria Dias. « Relação entre estilos de liderança, estratégias de negociação e satisfação na Força Aérea Portuguesa ». Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/7549.

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Mestrado em Gestão de Recursos Humanos
Os conflitos organizacionais são uma realidade incontornável no seio das organizações, sendo que se realizarem uma gestão eficaz e eficiente dos conflitos, através das estratégias de negociação e da liderança, poderão retirar benefícios positivos e construtivos do conflito. Por outro lado, o modo como os conflitos são resolvidos tem efeitos relevantes para a satisfação em contexto de trabalho, sendo possível estabelecer uma relação entre a liderança, estratégias de negociação e satisfação. Este estudo analisa as relações que se estabelecem entre as estratégias de negociação e estilos de liderança, quais as variáveis que tem maior poder preditivo da satisfação e se as estratégias de negociação mediam a relação entre os estilos de liderança e a satisfação, no contexto específico da Força Aérea. A amostra em estudo foi constituída por 241 militares da Força Aérea Portuguesa (Oficiais e Sargentos), aos quais foi aplicado um questionário individual. Os resultados demonstram que as variáveis com maior poder de previsão da negociação integrativa são o estilo de liderança apoiante e directivo. Por outro lado, as variáveis com maior poder de previsão da negociação distributiva são o estilo de liderança apoiante, o nível de escolaridade e o estilo de liderança diretivo. A negociação integrativa e a idade são as variáveis com maior poder preditivo da satisfação, de acordo com os resultados obtidos. Por último, constata-se, a partir dos resultados obtidos, que a negociação integrativa medeia a relação entre o estilo de liderança apoiante, a idade e a satisfação.
Organizational conflicts are inescapable realities within organizations. By achieving effective and efficient conflicts management through negotiation strategies and leadership, positive and constructive benefits may result from conflict. On the other hand, the way in which conflicts are resolved has relevant effects to job satisfaction. Therefore, it is possible to establish a relationship between leadership styles, negotiation strategies and job satisfaction. This study analyzes, in the context of the Portuguese Air Force, the established relationships between negotiation strategies and leadership styles; which variables have greater predictive power of job satisfaction; and whether negotiation strategies mediate the relationship between leadership styles and job satisfaction. The sample includes 241 Portuguese Air Force servicemen (Officers and Sergeants), which were given an individual questionnaire. Results show that the variables with the greatest predictive power of integrative negotiation are the supportive leadership style and directive leadership style. On the other hand, the variables with the greatest predictive power of distributive negotiation are supportive leadership style, the level of schooling and the directive leadership style. Integrative negotiation and age are the variables with the greatest predictive power of job satisfaction. Finally, results also show that integrative negotiation mediates the relationship between the independent variables supportive leadership style, and age and the dependent variables job satisfaction.
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Stevenson, Christine. « Negotiating a therapeutic context in family therapy ». Thesis, Northumbria University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262566.

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Jarvis, Ryan D. « Protecting Sensitive Credential Content during Trust Negotiation ». Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2003. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd192.pdf.

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Al, Ridhawi Yousif. « An ontology-based negotiation protocol and context-level agreements ». Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27748.

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Services and applications in pervasive environments must adapt to changes occurring in the surrounding environment and meet the needs of mobile users according to the users' changing situations. Existing context-aware architectures and middleware are faced with two problems. First, is their weakness in expressing complex inter-context relationships, stemming from use of less capable approaches to modeling contextual knowledge. Secondly, context dissemination methods used by these systems result in network flooding, unrestricted access to private context information, and the inability of consumers to limit or personalize received context. This thesis provides an ontology-based context-level negotiation protocol along with a context-aware system architecture. The protocol permits context consumers to personalize their received context information through negotiations with context providers. The thesis illustrates the use of this negotiation protocol through the design and implementation of a context-aware system architecture capable of acquiring, modeling, reasoning and disseminating context information through ontologies.
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Livres sur le sujet "Context negotiations"

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Gerhart, Paul F. Saving plants and jobs : Union-management negotiations in the context of threatened plant closing. Kalamazoo, MI : W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1987.

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Dominique, Njinkeu, et African Economic Research Consortium, dir. African preparation for trade negotiations in the context of the ACP-EU Cotonou Partnership Agreement. Nairobi : African Economic Research Consortium, 2002.

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Levush, Ruth. Israel : Legality of the decision to release convicted Palestinians in the context of peace negotiations. Washington, D.C.] : The Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Center, 2013.

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Hassan, A. M. Badrul. Food Security of the Net Food Importing Developing Countries (NFIDCS) in the Context of WTO negotiations. Dhaka : Pathak Shamabesh, 2011.

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Saillant, Richard. Government intervention in international maritime transport services : An analysis of Canada's economic interests in the context of the GATS negotiations. Ottawa, Ont : Dept. of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, 1999.

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United Nations. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, dir. An exploration of the need for and cost of selected trade facilitation measures in Asia and the Pacific in the context of the WTO negotiations. New York : United Nations, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, 2006.

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Pavlenko, Aneta, et Adrian Blackledge, dir. Negotiation of Identities in Multilingual Contexts. Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit : Multilingual Matters, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21832/9781853596483.

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1963-, Pavlenko Aneta, et Blackledge Adrian, dir. Negotiation of identities in multilingual contexts. Clevedon : Multilingual Matters, 2004.

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Xu, Jingyi. A business communication and negotiation strategy for Wormald control systems : Communicating and negotiating in a cross-cultural context. Manchester : UMIST, 1997.

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Melli, Marygold Shire. The process of negotiation : An exploratory investigation in the divorce context. Madison, Wis : Institute for Legal Studies, University of Wisconsin--Madison, Law School, 1985.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Context negotiations"

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Flynn, Asher, et Arie Freiberg. « Plea Negotiations in Context ». Dans Plea Negotiations, 17–36. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92630-8_2.

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Helmold, Marc. « Best-in-Class Negotiations in the International Context ». Dans Successful International Negotiations, 1–24. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33483-3_1.

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Kissinger, Henry A. « The Viet Nam Negotiations ». Dans The Vietnam War and International Law, Volume 3 : The Widening Context, 741–64. Princeton : Princeton University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400868247-038.

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Bazerman, Max H., et Andrew J. Hoffman. « 14. Applying the Insights of Walton and McKersie to the Environmental Context ». Dans Negotiations and Change, sous la direction de Thomas A. Kochan et David B. Lipsky, 257–68. Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/9781501731686-016.

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Li, Xiangling, et A. J. Koole. « Cultural keywords in Chinese-Dutch business negotiations ». Dans The Cultural Context in Business Communication, 185. Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/z.87.12li.

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Zucconi, Mario. « European Security and the Changing Context of East—West Relations ». Dans The Arms Race in an Era of Negotiations, 223–33. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11967-7_13.

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Delreux, Tom, Edith Drieskens, Bart Kerremans et Chad Damro. « The External Institutional Context Matters : The EU in International Negotiations ». Dans The Influence of International Institutions on the EU, 58–75. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230369894_4.

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Sorkar, M. N. I. « Power and Issue Framing in the Context of Climate Negotiations ». Dans Power and Issue Framing in the Contemporary World, 1–9. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9740-1_1.

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Freeman, J. P. G. « Macmillan and Eisenhower : The Test-ban Negotiations, 1957–60 ». Dans Britain’s Nuclear Arms Control Policy in the Context of Anglo-American Relations, 1957–68, 71–102. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-07807-3_4.

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Freeman, J. P. G. « Macmillan and Kennedy : The Test-ban Negotiations, 1960–3 ». Dans Britain’s Nuclear Arms Control Policy in the Context of Anglo-American Relations, 1957–68, 103–51. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-07807-3_5.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Context negotiations"

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Karpova, Svetlana, et Olga Ustinova. « TRANSFORMATION OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR IN THE INDUSTRIAL MARKET IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITALIZATION ». Dans III International Conference Technology & Entrepreneurship in Digital Society. Real Economy Publishing House, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17747/teds-2020-28-32.

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Intense competition in industrial markets leads to constant changes in consumer behavior. Difficult pricing negotiations and abuse of power make it difficult for participants to interact in sales management. Taking these facts into account, it should be noted that for the sales manager, price becomes an indicator of success in the end result of negotiations. At the same time, surveys of heads of sales departments in the industrial sector show that, among other important elements of negotiations, are the duration of the business relationship, the reputation of the supplier. Despite these tendencies, questions remain about other factors that can consciously or unconsciously influence the negotiation situation, both in a positive and negative direction. The research results were carried out in accordance with the order of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation of March 20, 2020 No. 0564 / o "On the organization of the implementation of the second stage of fundamental research works carried out within the framework of the state assignment in 2020." on the topic "Theory of consumer behavior in the modern economy".
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VEGIENĖ, Rasa, et Edita LEONAVIČIENĖ. « EU INTEGRATED POLITICAL CRISIS RESPONSE SYSTEM WITHIN THE SCOPE OF THE EU COMMON SECURITY AND DEFENCE POLICY : THE ROLE OF NEGOTIATION AS INSTRUMENT TO MANAGE CRISIS ». Dans International Scientific Conference „Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering". Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2021.631.

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Purpose – examine the European Union (EU) integrated political crisis response system, within the scope of the EU common security and defence policy and the present value of negotiations as a tool. Research methodology – a systematic analysis of the scientific literature and descriptive methods were applied to analyse actual and recent theoretical scientific work on integrating the European Union security and defence policy. We were discussing the concept of security from the theoretical perspective of constructivism, presenting the essential features. The empirical part of the work proves how discourse theory may help develop both negotiations and constructivism methodology. Findings – Negotiation theory play an important role in crisis management, developed proposals for the theory and methodology of negotiations. Research limitations – research does not cover negotiations in the context of military actions; the research examines the only civil empirical case of COVID-19 crises. Practical implications – presented conclusions show how the development of negotiations theory may substantially increase responsiveness to any EU crisis. Originality/Value – this study as interdisciplinary combined mixed methodologies: constructivism methodology of threat identification was compared with discourse theory (Austin’s) speech act.
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Oion Encina, Rakel. « THE CHALLENGE OF STRENGTHENING EQUALITY POLICIES WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF ARMED CONFLICT AND PEACE NEGOTIATIONS ». Dans International Conference on Future of Women. The International Institute of Knowledge Management-TIIKM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17501/icfow.2018.1101.

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GUTU, Ioana. « The Romanian, Bulgarian and Hungarian Economic Diplomacy in the Context of EU-USA Bilateral Negotiations ». Dans 8th LUMEN International Scientific Conference Rethinking Social Action. Core Values in Practice | RSACVP 2017 | 6-9 April 2017 | Suceava – Romania. LUMEN Publishing House, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc.rsacvp2017.29.

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Piekutowska, Agnieszka. « THE GROUNDS OF PROTECTIONISM IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN THE 21st CENTURY IN THE CONTEXT OF MULTILATERAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS ». Dans Economic and Business Trends Shaping the Future. Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Economics-Skopje, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47063/ebtsf.2021.0020.

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As the importance of tariffs diminishes, to avoid underestimation, analysis of the dynamics of protectionism implies the use of more complex data. Hence, this research explores the Global Trade Alert database, which covers a wide range of measures used by countries within trade policy. Once the dynamics of protectionism in trade is presented, the analysis of its grounds might be undertaken to answer the question: what are the reasons for high levels of protectionist tendencies in the 21 st century? Is this a post-crisis repercussion only? Or is the failure of multilateral negotiations under the auspices of the WTO which, in turn, makes space for increased levels of protectionism? While many analyses highlight the indisputable impact of the crisis on the growing protectionist tendencies in the 21 st century, it has been over ten years since the crisis, which requires a search for alternate or additional premises. The hypothesis was therefore adopted that the failure of multilateral negotiations within the Doha Round may make space for increased protectionism in the 21 st century. Taking into consideration all of the negative consequences of protectionism, the analysis of its causes has a justification. Successful treatment requires a diagnosis of the sources of the problem; only once these are identified can an appropriate action be undertaken. The main conclusion from the research is that because of the diversification within the WTO, the multilateral liberalization agenda has been limited. Hence, “next generation” issues are addressed elsewhere, like within regional trade agreements, which, as a result, became very popular after 2001. However, RTAs should not be perceived as an alternative to liberalization under the auspices of the WTO, as they are not free from protectionist tendencies.
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Alankarage, S., A. Samaraweera, J. Royle, A. Macolino, S. Robertson et AD Palihakkara. « Cultural basic assumptions of consultants and contractors during negotiations : The case of South Australian construction industry ». Dans 10th World Construction Symposium. Building Economics and Management Research Unit (BEMRU), University of Moratuwa, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/wcs.2022.23.

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Negotiations are required in every stage of a construction project. The process of negotiation involves being able to understand the position and emotions of the other side of the negotiation. A reliable means for understanding cultural basic assumptions on negotiation tactics assist in better predicting how individuals may act in a negotiation. This research aims to analyse the effect of basic assumptions of consultants and contractors on negotiations in the South Australian construction industry. This was approached through a case study research strategy, utilising semi-structured interviews with two contractors and two consultants each from three large South Australian Road projects followed by a Content Analysis. Findings reveal that both the contractors and consultants believe the nature of human relationships as collaborative and therefore view negotiations as a mean of strengthening the partnership. They negotiate openly to reach win-win outcomes. They view the nature of human nature to be good, therefore more trust and more openness to creative new ideas in negotiation planning. Respondents mostly believe the nature of the human activity to be harmonizing and are more likely to use trade-offs in reaching mutually beneficial negotiation outcomes. The knowledge created in this research will be useful for anyone preparing to negotiate within the South Australian construction industry or similar cultural setups to understand and predict how contractors and consultants would react to different situations and issues within negotiation processes and to achieve effective outcomes. Further research can study the basic assumptions of sub-contractors about negotiations.
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Hussain, Syed Sajid. « Integrating end-user support and negotiations to specify requirements for context-based adaptations in a collaboration environment ». Dans the 2nd ACM SIGCHI symposium. New York, New York, USA : ACM Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1822018.1822073.

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Kojo, Matti. « Local Negotiation on Compensation : Siting of the Spent Nuclear Fuel Repository in Finland ». Dans The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7094.

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The aim of the paper is to analyse the local negotiation process between the Municipality of Eurajoki and the nuclear power company Teollisuuden Voima (TVO) and the nuclear waste management company Posiva Oy. The aim of the negotiations was to find an acceptable form of compensation for siting a spent nuclear fuel repository in Olkiluoto, Finland. The paper includes background information on the siting process in Finland, the local political setting in the Municipality of Eurajoki and a description of the negotiation process. The analysis of the negotiations on compensation is important for better understanding the progress of the Finnish siting process. The paper describes the picture of the contest to host the spent nuclear fuel repository. It also provides more information on the relationship between the Municipality of Eurajoki and the power company TVO. The negotiations on compensation and the roles of various players in the negotiations have not been studied in detail because the minutes of the Vuojoki liaison group were not available before the decision of the Supreme Administrative Court in May 2006.
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Garg, Ritam. « Cross-cultural Collaboration for International Trade, and Markets. Case of Indigenous Management Concepts ». Dans 4th International Conference. Business Meets Technology. València : Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/bmt2022.2022.15543.

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The economic developments in the 21st century that are happening within the context of globalisation have increasingly set the focus on emerging markets. Moreover, it is expected that within the next twenty years, most of the world's growth will occur in the emerging markets (Cavusgil et al., 2013). Within this background, one market that particularly seems to gain increasing importance in the context of international trade is the People's Republic of China. Today, it is the world's second largest trading nation, and has emerged as the most important bilateral trade partner for many countries (Riccardi, 2016). Despite the unprecedented growth rates, and bi-lateral trade agreements, the importance and understanding of indigenous management practices unique to China remain largely unknown (Garg and Berning, 2017). The objective, therefore, of this paper is two-fold; the first objective is to explore the nature of culture and its role in the society. The second objective is to explore and investigate whether and how German companies’ understanding of Chinese culture facilitates the trade negotiations. The paper seeks to contribute to the growing indigenous management research.
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Gündoğdu Odabaşıoğlu, Fatma. « An Assessment on Financial Markets : European Union Member Country Hungary and Candidate Country Turkey ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01700.

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With the end of cold war, Central and Eastern European countries who had not participated in the integration of Europe, have applied to become members of European Union. Hungary, a Central European country; applied for membership on December 16, 1991, started full membership negotiations in 1998 and joined the Union on May 1, 2004. Turkey on the other hand, was granted candidacy status during Helsinki European Council Summit Meeting of December 1999, after a 40 years long relationship that started with Turkey’s application to join European Economic Community on July 31, 1959. Negotiations for full membership of Turkey were finally started on October 3, 2005 and country entered a new era to adapt EU Acquis. Within this context, this study aims to compare financial markets of EU member state Hungary and candidate state Turkey for the period of 1998 - 2015; to evaluate risks and fragilities related to financial development levels and stability of banking sectors for both countries based on generally accepted financial indicators. In conclusion; Hungary was observed to have significantly less developed capital market compared Turkey over the years, despite having similar ratios in financial deepening during recent years. Findings of this assessment point out an increasing credit risk for banking sector of Hungary, enhanced by the economic crisis of 2008. In comparison, credit risk in banking sector of Turkey has been decreasing over the years. High credit/deposit ratio, is a sign of degradation and can be observed in Hungary's balance sheets, raised for Turkey as well.
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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Context negotiations"

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Caetano, Gerardo. Analysis and foresight of the European Union - Mercosur Association Agreement. Fundación Carolina, avril 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/issn-e.1885-9119.dtff04en.

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After a negotiation that has been ongoing for more than two decades, the “agreement in principle” between the European Union and Mercosur regarding the trade pillar, announced in June 2019, has not been confirmed. Moreover, in the current context, the perspectives that are outlined in both blocks are not auspicious, for various reasons that are analyzed. In this context, the text will analyzes the following points: i) in the absence of a specific Treaty in progress of application, it informs about the negotiations of the trade pillar, its current status, the contents of the principle of agreement signed in 2019, the possibilities of closure and ratification by the two parties and the main expected impacts; ii) the potential implications of this agreement for both the European Union and Mercosur, in particular with regard to its foreseeable consequences for the strategic autonomy of both regions and for the strengthening of multilateralism at present; and iii) the expected impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and the eventual contribution of this Association Agreement in the new scenarios. The text closes with a brief overview.
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Einhorn, Robert, Dina Esfandiary, Anton Khlopkov, Grégoire Mallard et Andreas Persbo. From the Iran nuclear deal to a Middle East Zone ? Lessons from the JCPOA for the ME WMDFZ. Sous la direction de Chen Zak et Farzan Sabet. The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, mai 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/wmdfz/2021/jcpoa1.

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The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) explicitly states that it “should not be considered as setting precedents for any other state or for fundamental principles of international law.” However, its unique negotiations process, provisions, and implementation created an important set of tools that could provide valuable insights and lessons for a Middle East Weapons of mass Destruction Free Zone (ME WMDFZ). Understanding these tools in a regional context based on the JCPOA experience could provide ME WMDFZ negotiators and researchers important additional tools, ideas, and lessons learned on the road toward negotiating a Zone treaty. This series explores lessons from the JCPOA for the ME WMDFZ through essays focusing on five key themes, including the Iran nuclear deal’s negotiating process, structure and format; nuclear fuel cycle activities and research; safeguards and verification; nuclear cooperation; and compliance and enforcement.
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Kelly, Luke. Lessons learnt from humanitarian negotiations with the Taliban, 1996-2001. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), septembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.11.

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This rapid literature review finds that humanitarian actors responded in a variety of ways to Taliban actions limiting principled aid in the country during the period of their rule (1996-2001). The report is focused on the findings around humanitarian negotiation and the strategy of humanitarian actors in response to Taliban policies limiting women's ability to work for humanitarian organisations or access services. The findings are not intended to imply parallels with the current situation in Afghanistan. Evidence is in the form of a number of evaluations, academic articles and lessons learned papers on negotiating with the Taliban. It discusses the methods of negotiating with the Taliban (e.g. co-ordination, working with the leadership or rank-and-file), the content of negotiations and particularly the question of reaching agreement on women’s rights, as well as humanitarian actors’ negotiating capacity. There is less discussion on the negotiation of specific programmes (e.g. anti-gender-based violence programmes). Due to the different goals and principles of humanitarian actors, as well as different ideas of feasibility, conclusions on the effectiveness of negotiating tactics vary. Strategies therefore cannot be judged as 'successful' without reference to a conception of what is most important in humanitarian programming, and the constraints of the situation. The review highlights lessons on good negotiating practices. The main issue being negotiated was the clash between the Taliban's restrictions on women and humanitarian actors' aim of providing aid to all, including women, according to need. Various strategies were used to persuade the Taliban to consent to principled aid. This review considers aid agency negotiating strategy and tactics, as well as the underlying interests and constraints that may make negotiations more or less successful.
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Kelly, Luke. Lessons Learnt from Humanitarian Negotiations with the Taliban, 1996-2001. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), septembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.126.

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This rapid literature review finds that humanitarian actors responded in a variety of ways to Taliban actions limiting principled aid in the country during the period of their rule (1996-2001). The report is focused on the findings around humanitarian negotiation and the strategy of humanitarian actors in response to Taliban policies limiting women's ability to work for humanitarian organisations or access services. The findings are not intended to imply parallels with the current situation in Afghanistan. Evidence is in the form of a number of evaluations, academic articles and lessons learned papers on negotiating with the Taliban. It discusses the methods of negotiating with the Taliban (e.g. co-ordination, working with the leadership or rank-and-file), the content of negotiations and particularly the question of reaching agreement on women’s rights, as well as humanitarian actors’ negotiating capacity. There is less discussion on the negotiation of specific programmes (e.g. anti-gender-based violence programmes). Due to the different goals and principles of humanitarian actors, as well as different ideas of feasibility, conclusions on the effectiveness of negotiating tactics vary. Strategies therefore cannot be judged as 'successful' without reference to a conception of what is most important in humanitarian programming, and the constraints of the situation. The review highlights lessons on good negotiating practices. The main issue being negotiated was the clash between the Taliban's restrictions on women and humanitarian actors' aim of providing aid to all, including women, according to need. Various strategies were used to persuade the Taliban to consent to principled aid. This review considers aid agency negotiating strategy and tactics, as well as the underlying interests and constraints that may make negotiations more or less successful.
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Kelly, Luke. Lessons Learnt from Humanitarian Negotiations with the Taliban, 1996-2001. Institute of Development Studies, septembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.119.

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This rapid literature review finds that humanitarian actors responded in a variety of ways to Taliban actions limiting principled aid in the country during the period of their rule (1996-2001). The report is focused on the findings around humanitarian negotiation and the strategy of humanitarian actors in response to Taliban policies limiting women's ability to work for humanitarian organisations or access services. The findings are not intended to imply parallels with the current situation in Afghanistan. Evidence is in the form of a number of evaluations, academic articles and lessons learned papers on negotiating with the Taliban. It discusses the methods of negotiating with the Taliban (e.g. co-ordination, working with the leadership or rank-and-file), the content of negotiations and particularly the question of reaching agreement on women’s rights, as well as humanitarian actors’ negotiating capacity. There is less discussion on the negotiation of specific programmes (e.g. anti-gender-based violence programmes). Due to the different goals and principles of humanitarian actors, as well as different ideas of feasibility, conclusions on the effectiveness of negotiating tactics vary. Strategies therefore cannot be judged as 'successful' without reference to a conception of what is most important in humanitarian programming, and the constraints of the situation. The review highlights lessons on good negotiating practices. The main issue being negotiated was the clash between the Taliban's restrictions on women and humanitarian actors' aim of providing aid to all, including women, according to need. Various strategies were used to persuade the Taliban to consent to principled aid. This review considers aid agency negotiating strategy and tactics, as well as the underlying interests and constraints that may make negotiations more or less successful.
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Asgedom, Amare, Shelby Carvalho et Pauline Rose. Negotiating Equity : Examining Priorities, Ownership, and Politics Shaping Ethiopia’s Large-Scale Education Reforms for Equitable Learning. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), mars 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/067.

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In 2018, the Government of Ethiopia committed to large-scale, donor-supported reforms aimed at improving equitable learning in the basic education system—the General Education Quality Improvement Program for Equity (GEQIP-E). In this paper, we examine the reform design process in the context of Ethiopia’s political environment as a strong developmental state, assessing the influence of different stakeholder priorities which have led to the focus on equity within the quality reforms. Drawing on qualitative data from 81 key informant interviews with federal and regional government officials and donors, we explore the negotiation and power dynamics which have shaped the design of the reforms. We find that a legacy of moderately successful reforms, and a shared commitment to global goals, paved the way for negotiations of more complex and ambitious reforms between government actors and donors. Within government, we identify that regional governments were only tokenistically included in the reform process. Given that regions are responsible for the implementation of these reforms, their limited involvement in the design could have implications for success.
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Rojas Scheffer, Raquel. http://mecila.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/WP-27-Rojas-Scheffer_Online.pdf. Maria Sibylla Merian International Centre for Advanced Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences Conviviality-Inequality in Latin America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46877/rojasscheffer.2020.27.

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Households that hire domestic workers are a space of compulsive encounters where people of different origins and social class meet, experiencing physical proximity that makes the social distance that prevails between them even more noticeable. Drawing on current research and scholarship on paid domestic work in Latin America, this paper explores the different ways of analysing the encounters of women from highly unequal social positions in the narrowness of the private household, arguing that the combination of physical proximity and affective ties fosters the (re)production of social inequalities and asymmetries of power. But while it is within the convivial relations of these households that inequality becomes evident, it is also there where it can be negotiated, fought, or mitigated. Households that hire domestic workers are thus a privileged site for observing negotiations and disputes concerning social inequalities, and hence, a critical context to study the reciprocal constitution of conviviality and inequality.
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Holtman, K., et A. Mutz. Transparent Content Negotiation in HTTP. RFC Editor, mars 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc2295.

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Klyne, G. Protocol-independent Content Negotiation Framework. RFC Editor, septembre 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc2703.

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Greenhill, Lucy. MASTS ‘Brexit’ event – summary report. Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland (MASTS), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15664/10023.25094.

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Background. As negotiations continue in relation to the UK’s departure from the European Union, considerable uncertainty remains around the final structure of any deal and the implications across all policy areas. Maritime issues are of key concern in Scotland and numerous reports and opinions are accumulating, highlighting significant areas of concern, ranging from fisheries to decommissioning, and some potential opportunities. There is a critical need for knowledge and capacity to support and influence the on-going negotiation process, at both the Scottish and UK level. Expertise regarding the broad range of marine research, operations and commerce is in demand to support discussion, promote interests and secure advances where possible. Such discussion must be based on the best available science but taking into account the socio-economic and historical context. The Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland1 (MASTS) is supporting this discussion, providing scientific expertise and promoting the development of emerging policy and progress towards sustainable marine management, during the transition period and for the post-departure UK organisation. This workshop, supported by MASTS, brought government and academia together to consider the legal, governmental and research framework under which Brexit is taking place and to identify priority areas and activities where information can be shared and options considered for enhancing scientific support for the Brexit process. The objectives were to: • Understand current status of Brexit with respect to marine systems and research capacity, including the legislative framework • Identify the priority gaps in knowledge • Develop ways to enhance communication pathways for the best scientific advice required to support the Brexit process.
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