Bibliographies thématiques / Contatto visivo

Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Contatto visivo »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 11 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Contatto visivo"

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Zierer, Adriana. « A Duquesa Margaret de York e a salvação de mulheres e homens no manuscrito iluminado Visions du chevalier Tondal (1475) ». De Medio Aevo 11, no 1 (28 mars 2022) : 77–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/dmae.79876.

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O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a salvação de mulheres e homens por meio do manuscrito iluminado Visions do Chevalier Tondal. A Visio Tnugdali, confeccionada no século XII teve uma grande circulação em todo o Ocidente dos séculos XII ao XVI. O manuscrito iluminado da obra, encomendado pela duquesa Margaret de York, visando a salvação de seu esposo Carlos, o Temerário, possui várias especificidades. Uma delas é a presença de mulheres que se parecem com a encomendadora desde a primeira imagem do manuscrito, que possui 20 iluminuras. Destaca-se ainda o fato de que as mulheres se encontram ao lado dos homens nos espaços Paradisíacos da obra. [1] Este artigo inédito faz parte das reflexões que se iniciaram no Estágio Pós-Doutoral, realizado na École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), junto ao GAHOM (Groupe d’Anthropologie Historique de l’Occident Médiéval), sob a supervisão do Prof. Dr. Jean-Claude Schmitt. O contato com o supervisor e as discussões no grupo nos auxiliaram a aprofundar as reflexões sobre a obra Visions du Chevalier Tondal e sua relação com as imagens. Atualmente a investigação, intitulada “Educação, Salvação e Religiosidade: a Visio Tnugdali e Seu Papel na Tradição das Narrativas Visionárias Medievais (séculos XIV-XVI)”, possui financiamento do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), por meio de Bolsa de Produtividade em Pesquisa (PQ2). Agradeço ao Prof. Tiago Augusto Nápoli (PPGL-DLCV-USP-Brathair), que confecciona no momento a primeira tradução em língua portuguesa da Visio Tnugdali e que forneceu os excertos traduzidos da obra que fazem parte deste texto. Meus agradecimentos também para a Prof. Solange Pereira Oliveira (IFMA-Brathair), também pesquisadora da Visio Tnugdali que fez sugestões que contribuíram com o desenvolvimento do artigo. As ideias aqui expressas, no entanto, são de minha inteira responsabilidade.
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Zierer, Adriana. « A Duquesa Margaret de York e a salvação de mulheres e homens no manuscrito iluminado Visions du chevalier Tondal (1475) ». De Medio Aevo 11, no 1 (28 mars 2022) : 77–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/dmae.79876.

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O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a salvação de mulheres e homens por meio do manuscrito iluminado Visions do Chevalier Tondal. A Visio Tnugdali, confeccionada no século XII teve uma grande circulação em todo o Ocidente dos séculos XII ao XVI. O manuscrito iluminado da obra, encomendado pela duquesa Margaret de York, visando a salvação de seu esposo Carlos, o Temerário, possui várias especificidades. Uma delas é a presença de mulheres que se parecem com a encomendadora desde a primeira imagem do manuscrito, que possui 20 iluminuras. Destaca-se ainda o fato de que as mulheres se encontram ao lado dos homens nos espaços Paradisíacos da obra. [1] Este artigo inédito faz parte das reflexões que se iniciaram no Estágio Pós-Doutoral, realizado na École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), junto ao GAHOM (Groupe d’Anthropologie Historique de l’Occident Médiéval), sob a supervisão do Prof. Dr. Jean-Claude Schmitt. O contato com o supervisor e as discussões no grupo nos auxiliaram a aprofundar as reflexões sobre a obra Visions du Chevalier Tondal e sua relação com as imagens. Atualmente a investigação, intitulada “Educação, Salvação e Religiosidade: a Visio Tnugdali e Seu Papel na Tradição das Narrativas Visionárias Medievais (séculos XIV-XVI)”, possui financiamento do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), por meio de Bolsa de Produtividade em Pesquisa (PQ2). Agradeço ao Prof. Tiago Augusto Nápoli (PPGL-DLCV-USP-Brathair), que confecciona no momento a primeira tradução em língua portuguesa da Visio Tnugdali e que forneceu os excertos traduzidos da obra que fazem parte deste texto. Meus agradecimentos também para a Prof. Solange Pereira Oliveira (IFMA-Brathair), também pesquisadora da Visio Tnugdali que fez sugestões que contribuíram com o desenvolvimento do artigo. As ideias aqui expressas, no entanto, são de minha inteira responsabilidade.
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Jaarsma, Eva A., Rienk Dekker, Steven A. Koopmans, Pieter U. Dijkstra et Jan H. B. Geertzen. « Barriers to and Facilitators of Sports Participation in People With Visual Impairments ». Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 31, no 3 (juillet 2014) : 240–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.2013-0119.

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We examined barriers to and facilitators of sports participation in people with visual impairments. Participants registered at Royal Visio, Bartiméus, and the Eye Association were invited to complete a questionnaire (telephone or online). Six hundred forty-eight of the invited participants (13%) completed the questionnaire, and 63% of the respondents reported sports participation. Walking (43%), fitness (34%), and cycling (34%) were frequently mentioned sports. Costs, lack of peers/buddies, and visual impairment were negatively associated with sports participation, whereas higher education and computer (software) use were positively associated. The most important personal barrier was visual impairment; transport was the most important environmental barrier. Active participants also mentioned dependence on others as a personal barrier. The most important personal facilitators were health, fun, and social contacts; support from family was the most important environmental facilitator. To improve sports participation in people with visual impairments, the emphasis in a sports program should be on the positive aspects of sports, such as fun, health, and social contacts.
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Uner, Gorkem, et Erhan Ilhan Konukseven. « Development of a novel 6DOF multi-contact material cutting model for visio-haptic rendering applications ». International Journal of Design Engineering 3, no 3 (2010) : 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijde.2010.039760.

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Hwan Choi, Ki, Song Ee Chung, Tae Young Chung et Eui Sang Chung. « Ultrasound Biomicroscopy for Determining Visian Implantable Contact Lens Length in Phakic IOL Implantation ». Journal of Refractive Surgery 23, no 4 (1 avril 2007) : 362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/1081-597x-20070401-08.

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Barreiro, Mateus Freitas, et Alonso Bezerra Carvalho. « O sistema metafísico de Schopenhauer e a metapsicologia de Freud : encontros e desencontros ». Barbarói, no 46 (9 mars 2016) : 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.17058/barbaroi.v0i46.8098.

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O presente artigo visa analisar as tramas e tensões entre o surgimento da psicanálise de Freud em contato com a filosofia de Schopenhauer. Com a publicação dos escritos psicanalíticos de Freud em sua fase metapsicológica, o psiquismo começou a ser trabalhado por ele sob uma nova perspectiva, rompendo assim com a psicologia clássica de sua época. Por sua vez, e comparativamente, o sistema metafísico adotado por Schopenhauer, visava responder as teorizações sobre um princípio básico que rege o universo, independente de uma utilização necessariamente prática. Embora a psicanálise e a filosofia tenham diferentes objetivos, ainda não se conhece com profundidade a contribuição da filosofia na construção da teoria psicanalítica desenvolvida por Freud, principalmente, no que tange aos encontros e desencontros que o prefixo meta tem na metafísica preconizada por Schopenhauer e na metapsicologia de Freud.
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Cerkvenik, Mojca. « LETTERATURA E CINEMA : L’UTILIZZO DEL FILM NELLA DIDATTICA DELLA LETTERATURA ITALIANA ». Folia linguistica et litteraria XI, no 30 (2020) : 355–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31902/fll.30.2020.20.

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Il cinema rappresenta una delle forme narrative più coinvolgenti, soprattutto per lo studente formatosi in costante contatto con una cultura prevalentemente visiva. Sfruttare l’esperienza e le capacità dello studente relative alla fruizione di messaggi audiovisivi per fare leva sulla motivazione è un passaggio decisivo nella predisposizione e nell’applicazione di percorsi didattici nell’ambito dell’educazione letteraria. Il presente articolo si propone pertanto di illustrare la rilevanza, i motivi e l’utilità dell’utilizzo del cinema nell’insegnamento della letteratura, proponendo percorsi e metodi alternativi rispetto alla didattica tradizionale, che prevedono l’accostamento di testi letterari e filmici afferenti al panorama culturale italiano ed esplorano le rappresentazioni e gli immaginari che ne scaturiscono, incoraggiando l’avvicinamento a testi e mezzi espressivi in forme diverse, sia come oggetto di studio sia come opere di piacevole lettura e visione.Le proposte didattiche formulate sono incentrate sulla scoperta congiunta dei tratti formali ed estetici di opere letterarie e cinematografiche con l’intento di individuare ed evidenziare elementi comuni, variazioni e scambi. A una visione passiva del testo filmico si sostituisce una fruizione attiva ed è in questa prospettiva che si delinea la finalità primaria dello studio di testi letterari e cinematografici: accrescere la consapevolezza critica e la capacità di decodificazione linguistica nonché il livello del gusto estetico, affinché lo studente, lettore ma anche spettatore, sia capace di scelte libere e autonome nell’universo dei messaggi audiovisivi in cui si trova immerso nella società contemporanea.
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Banzi, Jamal Firmat, et Zhaojun Xue. « An Automated Tool for Non-contact, Real Time Early Detection of Diabetes by Computer Vision ». International Journal of Machine Learning and Computing 5, no 3 (juin 2015) : 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijmlc.2015.v5.511.

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Silva, Daniele Costa. « O ambiente escolar e a divisão sexual nas ciências exatas : ». Simpósio Gênero e Polí­ticas Públicas 6 (20 janvier 2021) : 146–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/sgpp.2020v6.p146.

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O presente trabalho tem como objetivo relatar e discutir acerca de experiências relacionadas ao projeto de extensão “ELAS na UTFPR-CP”, uma iniciativa de docentes e estudantes da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Câmpus Cornélio Procópio, realizada de outubro de 2017 a setembro de 2018, que visava colocar estudantes de escolas públicas de Cornélio Procópio em contato com temas, profissionais e estudantes da área de ciências exatas, tecnologia e engenharia, com intuito de promover o debate sobre a sub-representatividade feminina nestas áreas, além da compreensão de que mulheres podem ingressar em diferentes carreiras e empoderamento por meio da representatividade feminina e debates sobre gênero. O desenvolvimento do projeto propiciou vivências e enfrentamentos os quais evidenciaram o quão é urgente a discussão acerca da reprodução e projeção de estereótipos e expectativas de gênero no âmbito escolar.
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Sakai, Takenobu, Takayuki Tao et Satoshi Somiya. « E-18 Visco-Elasticity of Shape Memory Polymer : Polyurethane series(Session : Contact strength/Mechanical) ». Proceedings of the Asian Symposium on Materials and Processing 2006 (2006) : 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeasmp.2006.110.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Contatto visivo"

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Bellini, Luciano Porto. « Estudo comparativo entre o telescópio com lente de contato e o telescópio convencional em pacientes com baixa visão ». reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/17787.

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Objetivos: comparar o telescópio com lente de contato (TLC) com o telescópio convencional (TC) em pacientes com degeneração macular relacionada à idade (DMRI) e baixa visão, com respeito a: acuidade visual (AV), campo de visão (CV), satisfação do paciente com a visão oferecida pelo telescópio (SV), dificuldade de uso do telescópio (DU) e satisfação do paciente com o aspecto estético do telescópio (SE). Materiais e Métodos: Em ensaio clínico randomizado mascarado, foram incluídos 12 pacientes com DMRI e baixa visão, formando 2 grupos de 6 pacientes cada: grupo 1 (uso de TLC) e grupo 2 (uso de TC). Os telescópios usados no estudo foram padronizados para que tivessem a mesma magnificação (2,8x). A AV e o CV foram aferidos antes e durante o uso do telescópio, enquanto a SV, a DU e a SE foram obtidas após a intervenção. Resultados: Não houve diferenças entre os grupos na linha de base. Os dois telescópios demonstraram melhora da AV em relação à linha de base (P=0,002 com o TLC e P<0,001 com o TC) e não houve diferença entre os grupos a este respeito. O CV foi reduzido em 15° com o TLC (P<0.001) e em 54.3° com o TC (P<0.001), em comparação com a linha de base, e tais diferenças também foram significativas entre os grupos durante a intervenção (P<0.001). Os escores de SV foram semelhantes entre os grupos testados. Já os escores de SE, foram maiores com o TLC (P<0.001), assim como os de DU (P=0.003), em relação ao TC. Conclusões: Os dois telescópios promoveram melhora semelhante da AV em pacientes com DMRI e baixa visão, mas o TLC acarretou menor perda de CV em relação ao TC. A SE foi maior com o TLC, mas a DU também foi maior com o TLC, em relação ao TC.
Purpose: To compare the conventional telescope (CT) with the contact lens telescope (CLT) in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and low-vision, with respect to visual acuity (VA), visual field (VF), patient satisfaction with the vision provided by the telescope (VS), telescope use difficulties (UD) and patient satisfaction with the cosmetic appearance of the telescope (CS). Methods: In a masked randomized clinical trial, 12 patients with AMD and low-vision were enrolled in 2 groups with 6 patients each: group 1 (CLT use) and group 2. (CT use) The telescopes used in this study were standardized to have the same magnification power. (2.8x) Visual field and VA were obtained before and during the telescope use, while VS, UD and CS were obtained after the telescope use. Results: There were no significant differences between groups at baseline. Both groups achieved VA improvement with telescopes compared to baseline (P=0.002 in CLT group and P<0.001 in CT group) and there were no significant differences between groups in this regard. Visual field was reduced by 15° in CLT group (P<0.001) and by 54.3° in CT group (P<0.001) compared to baseline, and VF differences between groups were also significant during telescope use. (P<0.001) Scores observed in both groups were similar in regard to VS. Telescope use difficulties were significant higher in CLT group (P=0.003) as well as CS scores (P<0.001) compared to CT group. Conclusions: Both telescopes provide similar improvement in VA in AMD patients with low-vision, but CLT caused less VF reduction than CT use. Patient satisfaction with the cosmetic appearance of the telescope was higher in CLT group, but UD was also higher in this group compared to CT group.
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Irwin, Kenneth M. « Wilderness visitor response to ranger educational contacts at trailheads ». Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91123.

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The use of wilderness rangers to educate visitors on Without-A-Trace camping and wilderness ethics at trailheads is a common management practice, but little is known about how such contacts affect the visitors' wilderness experiences. The purpose of this study was to determine whether Shining Rock Wilderness visitors perceived trailhead contacts as light-handed or heavy-handed and the factors which caused them to perceive the contact the way they did. It also determined whether or not the visitors felt that site conditions in the wilderness were getting better or worse. On-site questionnaires were administered to visitors as they left the area. A majority felt the trailhead contact was a light-handed way to manage wilderness use. The visitors felt that the contact did not take away their freedom to choose how, when or where to recreate. The rangers were perceived as friendly, knowledgeable, and non-authoritarian. The condition of Shining Rock Wilderness was perceived to be relatively free of site impacts. There were no significant differences in the visitors' perceptions of the ranger or the contact due to the sex or experience of the ranger or the sex, age, or experience of the visitors. Implications for wilderness management and research are discussed.
M.S.
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Xu, Yan. « Non-contact vision-based deformation monitoring on bridge structures ». Thesis, University of Exeter, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/34643.

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Information on deformation is an important metric for bridge condition and performance assessment, e.g. identifying abnormal events, calibrating bridge models and estimating load carrying capacities, etc. However, accurate measurement of bridge deformation, especially for long-span bridges remains as a challenging task. The major aim of this research is to develop practical and cost-effective techniques for accurate deformation monitoring on bridge structures. Vision-based systems are taken as the study focus due to a few reasons: low cost, easy installation, desired sample rates, remote and distributed sensing, etc. This research proposes an custom-developed vision-based system for bridge deformation monitoring. The system supports either consumer-grade or professional cameras and incorporates four advanced video tracking methods to adapt to different test situations. The sensing accuracy is firstly quantified in laboratory conditions. The working performance in field testing is evaluated on one short-span and one long-span bridge examples considering several influential factors i.e. long-range sensing, low-contrast target patterns, pattern changes and lighting changes. Through case studies, some suggestions about tracking method selection are summarised for field testing. Possible limitations of vision-based systems are illustrated as well. To overcome observed limitations of vision-based systems, this research further proposes a mixed system combining cameras with accelerometers for accurate deformation measurement. To integrate displacement with acceleration data autonomously, a novel data fusion method based on Kalman filter and maximum likelihood estimation is proposed. Through field test validation, the method is effective for improving displacement accuracy and widening frequency bandwidth. The mixed system based on data fusion is implemented on field testing of a railway bridge considering undesired test conditions (e.g. low-contrast target patterns and camera shake). Analysis results indicate that the system offers higher accuracy than using a camera alone and is viable for bridge influence line estimation. With considerable accuracy and resolution in time and frequency domains, the potential of vision-based measurement for vibration monitoring is investigated. The proposed vision-based system is applied on a cable-stayed footbridge for deck deformation and cable vibration measurement under pedestrian loading. Analysis results indicate that the measured data enables accurate estimation of modal frequencies and could be used to investigate variations of modal frequencies under varying pedestrian loads. The vision-based system in this application is used for multi-point vibration measurement and provides results comparable to those obtained using an array of accelerometers.
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Collumeau, Jean-François. « Commande sans contact d'éclairage opératoire par méthodes de vision informatique ». Thesis, Orléans, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ORLE2001.

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De nos jours, le maintien de l'asepsie dans la salle d'opération est vital pour la limitation de la transmission d'infections nosocomiales au patient lors de l'opération. Des mesures d'asepsie drastiques ont pour but de préserver la zone stérile de tout agent infectieux.Elles interdisent actuellement au chirurgien d'interagir avec les équipements non-stériles du bloc.Le chirurgien opérant souhaiterait cependant disposer d'un contrôle direct sur certains équipements spécifiques du bloc dans des situations données sans enfreindre ces mesures.Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse concernent le développement d'une Interface Homme-Machine permettant la commande gestuelle sans contact, et donc sans transmission d'agents infectieux, de tels équipements.Dans la continuité des travaux existants dans la littérature, une chaîne de traitement basée sur des techniques de vision informatique et un prototype de caméra portée par l'utilisateur ont ainsi été développés pour atteindre ces objectifs. Ce document présente les études comparatives menées sur des algorithmes issus de la littérature afin de sélectionner les plus aptes à être employés dans la chaîne logicielle. Un descripteur géométrique dédié aux mains est introduit, et des approches coopératives sont investiguées sur les étapes de localisation de la main et de classification de la posture prise.Les performances de la chaîne de traitement ainsi créée sont évaluées dans différentes situations à l'aide de bases d'images et de vidéos extensives acquises dans des conditions proches de celles du bloc opératoire, ainsi que sur des images synthétiques réalisées sur un modèle virtuel de main créé ad hoc.Un démonstrateur composé de la chaîne de traitement développée et d'un prototype de caméra frontale permet, associé à une simulation de bras-support d'éclairage opératoire, d'illustrer les possibilités ouvertes par le système développé au cours de cette thèse
Asepsis preservation in operating rooms is nowadays compulsory for avoiding the spread of hospital-acquired diseases to patients during surgeries. Drastic asepsis measures aim at preserving the sterile area of the operating room from infective agents.These measures forbid surgeons from interacting with non-sterile devices. Surgeons wish nonetheless having direct control over some of these devices.The works presented in this thesis relate to the development of a Human-Computer Interface enabling remote, hence without transmission of infective agents, non-contact control over such devices.Following on from previous authors' works in the literature, an image processing chain based on computer vision techniques and a wearable camera prototype have been developed in order to achieve these goals.This document presents the comparative studies led with algorithms issued from the literature with the aim of selecting the most suitable for using in the processing chain. A dedicated geometry-based hand descriptor is introduced, and cooperative approaches are investigated in relation with the hand localization and posture classification steps.The performance achieved by the processing chain in various situations are quantified using extensive picture and video databases acquired in conditions close to those of the operating room. Synthetic pictures created using an ad hoc virtual model of the hand are used as well for this evaluation.A demonstrator composed of the developed processing chain, a wearable camera prototype and a surgical lighting arm simulator enables the illustration of the possiblities offered by the system developed during this thesis
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Pham, Tu-Hoa. « Contact force sensing from motion tracking ». Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT287/document.

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Le sens du toucher joue un rôle fondamental dans la façon dont nous percevons notre environnement, nous déplaçons, et interagissons délibérément avec d'autres objets ou êtres vivants. Ainsi, les forces de contact informent à la fois sur l'action réalisée et sa motivation. Néanmoins, l'utilisation de capteurs de force traditionnels est coûteuse, lourde, et intrusive. Dans cette thèse, nous examinons la perception haptique par la capture de mouvement. Ce problème est difficile du fait qu'un mouvement donné peut généralement être causé par une infinité de distributions de forces possibles, en multi-contact. Dans ce type de situations, l'optimisation sous contraintes physiques seule ne permet que de calculer des distributions de forces plausibles, plutôt que fidèles à celles appliquées en réalité. D'un autre côté, les méthodes d'apprentissage de type `boîte noire' pour la modélisation de structures cinématiquement et dynamiquement complexes sont sujettes à des limitations en termes de capacité de généralisation. Nous proposons une formulation du problème de la distribution de forces exploitant ces deux approches ensemble plutôt que séparément. Nous capturons ainsi la variabilité dans la façon dont on contrôle instinctivement les forces de contact tout en nous assurant de leur compatibilité avec le mouvement observé. Nous présentons notre approche à la fois pour la manipulation et les interactions corps complet avec l'environnement. Nous validons systématiquement nos résultats avec des mesures de référence et fournissons des données exhausives pour encourager et évaluer les travaux futurs sur ce nouveau sujet
The human sense of touch is of fundamental importance in the way we perceive our environment, move ourselves, and purposefully interact with other objects or beings. Thus, contact forces are informative on both the realized task and the underlying intent. However, monitoring them with force transducers is a costly, cumbersome and intrusive process. In this thesis, we investigate the capture of haptic information from motion tracking. This is a challenging problem, as a given motion can generally be caused by an infinity of possible force distributions in multi-contact. In such scenarios, physics-based optimization alone may only capture force distributions that are physically compatible with a given motion, rather than those really applied. In contrast, machine learning techniques for the black-box modelling of kinematically and dynamically complex structures are often prone to generalization issues. We propose a formulation of the force distribution problem utilizing both approaches jointly rather than separately. We thus capture the variability in the way humans instinctively regulate contact forces while also ensuring their compatibility with the observed motion. We present our approach on both manipulation and whole-body interaction with the environment. We consistently back our findings with ground-truth measurements and provide extensive datasets to encourage and serve as benchmarks for future research on this new topic
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Rueff, Erin M. « Contact Lens Discomfort, Vision Correction Preferences, and Accommodative Treatment in Presbyopic and Non-Presbyopic Contact Lens Wearers ». The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1529583462118691.

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Kobeissi, Habib. « Théorie de la vision et du contact entre objets linéaires et parallèles du plan ». Paris, EHESS, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987EHES0070.

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Ce travail consiste a creer une relation de contact, entre des segments paralleles du plan permettant un ensemble d'operations interactives sur des schemas. -etude de la relation de contact et son graphe. -methodes de construction de la relation et les structures de donnees utilisees. -inserer, supprimer ou diviser un segment a l'aide de la relation construite. -cette relation permet la translation d'un segment pour venir en contact d'un autre en entrainant, au besoin, la translation d'autres segments sans creer de chevauchement. -on peut compacter un schema a l'aide de la relation. Toutes ces operations interactives sont effectuees avec le soucis d'affiner au maximum la complexite de leurs algorithmes respectifs.
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Scarl, Daniel L. « Eye contact perception at distances up to six meters ». PDXScholar, 1985. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3693.

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Common experience suggests that most people can tell whether they are being looked at by another person who is about 8 m away. However, the results of past experiments, which used distances of no more than about 3 m, have implied that this cannot be done if the person looked at (Receiver) judges only by the iris-sclera configuration of the person looking (Sender). This is true even if eye contact is defined simply as identifying on-face gazes (FGs). It has been suggested that in everyday experience eye contact is accompanied by cues other than iris position, and that these non-iris-position (NIP) cues to Receiver account for recognition at longer distances. The hypotheses of the present experiment are that FGs can be identified at considerably more than 3 m, without NIP cues: and that this happens because as features of Sender's lower face fall within Receiver's central vision at longer distances, Receiver is able to use them for triangulating the position of Sender's irises.
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Achor, Sam Ndu. « Family visits or contact to dementia elderly at long term care facilities ». CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2000. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1581.

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Almada, Isabela, Gérson Tontini et Universidade Regional de Blumenau Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração. « Identificação de atributos criticos de satisfação em serviços de arquitetura :visão do cliente vs visão do arquiteto / ». reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações FURB, 2008. http://www.bc.furb.br/docs/DS/2008/332750_1_1.pdf.

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Livres sur le sujet "Contatto visivo"

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Nathan, Efron, dir. Contact lens practice. Oxford : Butterworth-Heinemann, 2001.

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Vernon, David. Optical non-contact sensing of eye motion. Dublin : Trinity College, Department of Computer Science, 1991.

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Leroe, Ellen. Monster Vision. New York : Hyperion Books for Children, 1996.

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M, Beresford Steven, et American Vision Institute, dir. Improve your vision without glasses or contact lenses : The AVI program. New York : Simon & Schuster, 1996.

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F, Amos John, et Bartlett Jimmy D, dir. Clinical procedures in optometry. Philadelphia : Lippincott, 1991.

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éd, Morency Jean 1960, dir. Des cultures en contact : Vision de l'Amérique du Nord francophone. Québec : Nota bene, 2005.

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Ortega Pacific, José Ernesto. Adaptación de lentes de contacto en córneas irregulares. Bogotá. Colombia : Universidad de La Salle. Ediciones Unisalle, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19052/9789588687919.

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La adaptación de lentes en córneas regulares se está utilizando desde hace más de medio siglo, y para ello están dispuestos todo tipo de lentes de contacto blandos, híbridos, rígidos y de apoyo escleral. Cuando las córneas son irregulares debido a una deformación en su cara anterior —la más conocida por todos, el queratocono—, la adaptación de los lentes se complica y debe realizarse con ayuda de aparatos que ofrezcan información de todo el perfil corneal, como los topógrafos o tomógrafos corneales. La cirugía refractiva es en general un gran logro de la oftalmología, y Colombia es uno de los países en donde se tienen mayores desarrollos sobre este caso particular. Algunas veces, por inconvenientes en la adecuada selección del paciente, problemas en el desarrollo de la cirugía u otro tipo de problemas posteriores, quedan pacientes con córneas irregulares que no logran buena visión con anteojos y que deben ser adaptados con algún diseño especial de lentes de contacto de apoyo corneal o escleral. Para estas adaptaciones es muy importante la adecuada interpretación de las imágenes topográficas y tomográficas de cornea.
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Leung, Ryan. Novel Computer Vision-based Vehicle Non-contact Weigh-in-Motion System. [New York, N.Y.?] : [publisher not identified], 2022.

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Abati, Silvano. Eyewear and contact lenses for sports : A publication of Leonardo sports vision. [Italy] : Centro Stampa Edizioni, 1996.

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Plainis, Sotiris. Determination of the optical power of single vision and toric soft contact lenses. Manchester : UMIST, 1995.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Contatto visivo"

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Rempe, Davis, Leonidas J. Guibas, Aaron Hertzmann, Bryan Russell, Ruben Villegas et Jimei Yang. « Contact and Human Dynamics from Monocular Video ». Dans Computer Vision – ECCV 2020, 71–87. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58558-7_5.

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Harle, Robert, Jonathan Cameron et Joan Lasenby. « Foot Contact Detection for Sprint Training ». Dans Computer Vision – ACCV 2010 Workshops, 297–306. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22822-3_30.

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Ying, Xianghua, et Hongbin Zha. « Interpreting Sphere Images Using the Double-Contact Theorem ». Dans Computer Vision – ACCV 2006, 724–33. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11612032_73.

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Tanaka, Yoshio, H. Kawada, K. Hirano, M. Ishikawa et H. Kitajima. « Non-contact Micromanipulation System with Computer Vision ». Dans IFMBE Proceedings, 2400–2404. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89208-3_576.

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Quinn, Michael H., et Walt Bassett. « Beauty from Contact Lenses beyond Vision Correction ». Dans ACS Symposium Series, 125–35. Washington, DC : American Chemical Society, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2007-0961.ch006.

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Islam, Shekh Md Mahmudul. « Radar-Based Non-Contact Physiological Sensing ». Dans Vision, Sensing and Analytics : Integrative Approaches, 177–212. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75490-7_7.

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Whalen, Christian. « Article 10 : The Right to Family Reunification ». Dans Monitoring State Compliance with the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, 135–43. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84647-3_15.

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AbstractArticle 10 provides international human rights codification of basic principles that apply in related Hague Convention treaties regarding international travel by children or parents for the purpose of family reunification and visits to maintain relations and personal contact. This chapter looks at the drafting history of Article 10 and related international legal materials, as well as the general principles and related provisions of the UNCRC to outline the substantive content of Article 10. It sets out three main attributes of Article 10, from which indicators of child rights implementation can be derived. These are: (1) the need to treat requests to enter or leave a country for family reunification in a positive, humane, and expeditious manner; (2) ensuring that requests to leave or enter a country entail no adverse consequences for parents, children, or their families; and (3) maintaining relations and personal contacts with both parents if residing in separate states.
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Walter, Annette, Michael Schürer, Achim Langenbucher et Holger Brünner. « Impact of colored contact lenses on color vision ». Dans IFMBE Proceedings, 41–44. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03891-4_11.

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Brahmbhatt, Samarth, Chengcheng Tang, Christopher D. Twigg, Charles C. Kemp et James Hays. « ContactPose : A Dataset of Grasps with Object Contact and Hand Pose ». Dans Computer Vision – ECCV 2020, 361–78. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58601-0_22.

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Cipolla, Roberto, et Andrew Blake. « Surface orientation and time to contact from image divergence and deformation ». Dans Computer Vision — ECCV'92, 187–202. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-55426-2_21.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Contatto visivo"

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Tremblay, Eric J., R. Dirk Beer, Ashkan Arianpour et Joseph E. Ford. « Telescopic vision contact lens ». Dans SPIE BiOS, sous la direction de Fabrice Manns, Per G. Söderberg et Arthur Ho. SPIE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.878795.

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Chiou, Richard Y., Yongjin James Kwon, Yueh-Ting Yang, Robin Kizirian et Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng. « Non-Contact Surface Roughness Measurement for Remote Quality Control ». Dans ASME 2010 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2010-34090.

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This paper presents a new method of surface roughness measurement developed for use in a web-enabled production environment. This method employs an Internet-based vision system to measure and analyze the pattern of scattered light from a surface of an object to derive roughness parameters. The roughness parameters are obtained for a number of metal specimens which are machined to different roughnesses. A correlation curve is established between optical intensity and the corresponding average surface roughness. The quality measurement data is monitored through the web browser while surface roughness parameters are inspected using a machine vision system. This allows the system to operate over the Internet since the machine vision system is integrated with LabVIEW-based graphic user interface (GUI).
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Kloss, Alina, Maria Bauza, Jiajun Wu, Joshua B. Tenenbaum, Alberto Rodriguez et Jeannette Bohg. « Accurate Vision-based Manipulation through Contact Reasoning ». Dans 2020 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icra40945.2020.9197409.

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Kywe, W. W., M. Yoshida et K. Murakami. « Contact Lens Extraction by Using Thermo-Vision ». Dans 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR'06). IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2006.406.

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Mitsuzumi, Yu, Atsushi Nakazawa et Toyoaki Nishida. « DEEP eye contact detector : Robust eye contact bid detection using convolutional neural network ». Dans British Machine Vision Conference 2017. British Machine Vision Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5244/c.31.59.

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« Contact information ». Dans 2012 International Conference on Machine Vision and Image Processing (MVIP 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mvip.2012.6428743.

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Brubaker, Marcus A., Leonid Sigal et David J. Fleet. « Estimating contact dynamics ». Dans 2009 IEEE 12th International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccv.2009.5459407.

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Magnante, Peter C., Nancy J. Coletta et Bruce D. Moore. « Aberration-correcting contact lenses to improve human vision ». Dans Vision Science and its Applications. Washington, D.C. : OSA, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/vsia.2001.sua6.

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Walline, Jeffrey J., Donald O. Mutti et Karla Zadnik. « The contact lens and myopia progression study ». Dans Vision Science and its Applications. Washington, D.C. : OSA, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/vsia.2001.mb3.

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Zhang, Xiaoxiao, Arthur Bradley, Ming Ye et Larry Thibos. « An Experimental Model of Bifocal Vision ». Dans Ophthalmic and Visual Optics. Washington, D.C. : Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ovo.1992.thb1.

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Contact and intraocular lens designers and manufacturers have considered many strategies to provide presbyopes with good near and distant vision. In particular, considerable effort has been made recently to design simultaneous vision bifocal contact and intraocular lenses (CL and IOL). These simultaneous vision bifocals create dual images simultaneously on the retina (we will refer to this as monocular diplopia). Very little is known about the visual impact of such an optical situation.
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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Contatto visivo"

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Fitzpatrick, P. First Contact : an Active Vision Approach to Segmentation. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, janvier 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada434680.

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Chavez, Deborah J. Managing outdoor recreation in California : visitor contact studies. Albany, CA : U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/psw-gtr-180.

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Motley, Robert, Rebekah Siddiqi, Awanti Acharya, Eric Williamson, Danielle Walker et Kaycee Bills. A 21st Century Look at Threats to the Personal Safety of Emerging Adults in Massachusetts. Boston College School of Social Work, Racism-based Violence Injury & Prevention Lab, mai 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ssw.rbvipl.rb001.kq8472.

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Trends in homicide rates for emerging adults in Massachusetts was examined using data from the Massachusetts Violent Death Reporting System, Injury Surveillance Program, and Massachusetts Department of Public Health. Data for police killings was drawn from Mapping Police Violence which currently represents one of the most comprehensive databases of police killing victims in the U.S. Data from Analyze Boston was used to examine rates of police contacts that involved non-fatal police contacts (frisk or searches) among emerging adults in Boston, Massachusetts. Data for suicide deaths and mechanism of suicide were drawn from the Massachusetts Violent Death Reporting System, Injury Surveillance Program, Massachusetts Department of Public Health. Counts of Emergency Department visits for nonfatal drug overdoses in Massachusetts were drawn from the Massachusetts Inpatient Hospital Discharge, Outpatient Observation Stay, and Outpatient Emergency Department Discharge Databases, via the Center for Health Information and Analysis.
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Cerrato, Ignacio, Marcelo D'Agostino, Gemma Galdon Clavell, Cristina Pombo et Luis Tejerina. Tecnologías digitales para la notificación de exposición en época de pandemia. Inter-American Development Bank, décembre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002931.

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El rastreo de contactos es el proceso de detectar, evaluar y decidir qué hacer con las personas que se han visto expuestas a una determinada enfermedad contagiosa con el fin de evitar que la transmisión se extienda. La pandemia causada por la COVID-19 ha desbordado la capacidad de los equipos dedicados a esta tarea generando la necesidad de nuevas técnicas y herramientas para asistir en este proceso. El tiempo de respuesta de los gobiernos ante una emergencia como la actual es vital para la contención y protección de vidas, y las lecciones aprendidas durante el año 2020 son claves para comprender cómo las tecnologías pueden ayudar a combatir enfermedades infecciosas. Este documento conjunto del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) y la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) pretende mostrar cómo las tecnologías pueden ayudar a los gobiernos a superar crisis de esta categoría. En él se recopilan y analizan las distintas soluciones puestas en marcha con el objetivo de ayudar a distintos tipos de organizaciones o gobiernos a planear sus estrategias de rastreo de contactos y se incluyen recomendaciones con base en las experiencias existentes.
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Taylor, Karen, Emily Moynihan et Information Technology Laboratory (U S. ). Information Science and Knowledge Management Branch. The Forefront : A Review of ERDC Publications, Spring 2021. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), juin 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40902.

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The Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) is the premier civil works engineering and environmental sciences research and development arm of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). As such, it partners with the Army, Department of Defense (DoD), federal agencies, and civilian organizations to help solve our Nation’s most challenging problems in civil and military engineering, geospatial sciences, water resources, and environmental sciences. A special government knowledge center, ERDC Information Technology Laboratory’s Information Science and Knowledge Management (ISKM) Branch is critical to ERDC’s mission, fulfilling research requirements by offering a variety of editing and library services to advance the creation, dissemination, and curation of ERDC and USACE research knowledge. Serving as the publishing authority for the ERDC, ISKM publishes all ERDC technical publications to the Digital Repository Knowledge Core, sends a copy to the Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) and creates a press release about each publication on the ERDC website. The Forefront seeks to provide an additional mechanism for highlighting some of our technical publications to the ERDC, USACE, Army, and DoD communities. This publication also encourages those outside ERDC to contact us about using ERDC editing services. For more information regarding the reports highlighted in this publications or others that ERDC researchers’ have created, please contact the ISKM virtual reference desk at erdclibrary@ask-a-librarian.info or visit the ISKM’s online repository, Knowledge Core, at https://erdc-library.erdc.dren.mil/ .
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Moynihan, Emily, et James O’Donoghue. The Forefront : A Review of ERDC Publications, Summer 2022. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), juillet 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44862.

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As the main research and development organization for the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), the Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) helps solve our nation’s most challenging problems. With seven laboratories under the ERDC umbrella, ERDC expertise spans a wide range of disciplines. This provides researchers an amazing network of collaborators both within labs and across them. Many of the publications produced by ERDC through the Information Technology Laboratory’s Information Science and Knowledge Management Branch (ISKM), the publishing authority for ERDC, are a testament to the power of these partnerships. Therefore, in this issue of The Forefront, we wanted to highlight some of those collaborations, across ERDC and beyond. Colored flags at the top of each page indicate the laboratories involved in each report (see the end of this issue for a full list of the laboratories and their lab colors), in addition to USACE red for district collaborators and gray for others. Through these collaborations, ERDC is continuing to demonstrate its value nationally and internationally. Questions about the reports highlighted in The Forefront or others published by ERDC? Contact the ISKM virtual reference desk at erdclibrary@ask-a-librarian.info or visit ERDC Knowledge Core, ISKM’s online repository, at https://erdc-library.erdc.dren.mil/. For general questions about editing and publishing at ERDC, you are also welcome to reach out to me at Emily.B.Moynihan@usace.army.mil. We look forward to continuing to be a resource for ERDC and seeing all the remarkable research that is yet to come.
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Goyeneche, Laura, Cynthia Boruchowicz, Florencia Lopez Boo, Luis Tejerina, Benjamin Roseth et Jennifer Nelson. Pandemics, privacy, and adoption of technology : Perceptions of the use of digital tools and data sharing during COVID-19 from 10 Latin American countries. Inter-American Development Bank, décembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004546.

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This study describes the perception, adoption, and acceptance factors involved in the deployment of digital technologies for public health in Latin America and considers the implications for future digital health interventions. We conducted a descriptive analysis using nationally representative data from a phone survey conducted in 2020 in 10 countries in Latin America. We found that early in the pandemic, in countries with existing applications, 74% of the population used a smartphone, 47% had knowledge of the government app to report symptoms, but only 2% reported using it. Those interviewed reported that they are willing to share their personal data during a pandemic (61%) 50 percentage points higher than in non-pandemic times, although understanding how their personal data was used by the government and private companies was extremely low. More than 70% reported that they would use an application to report symptoms and would use an app that accesses their location or that uses contact tracing technology to alert them about possible exposure. Also, at least half of the users agree with preventive measures against COVID-19 such as daily follow-up calls, tracking via GPS for quarantine enforcement, and daily visits. In all countries, adoption of digital technologies increases if individuals or their relatives report they are infected; it decreases when end-users do not trust the anonymity policies or are concerned about government surveillance. Yet, encouraging greater adoption of digital technologies strongly depends on who designed the technology. Results show that 73% of users would prefer an app designed by an international organization such as the WHO to an app designed by the local government (64%) or a telephone company (56%). The study concludes with a reflection on the promising results of digital technologies and discusses the importance of considering users perceptions, factors for acceptance, and trust when pursuing adoption of digital technologies.
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DeSantis, John, et Jeffery Roesler. Longitudinal Cracking Investigation on I-72 Experimental Unbonded Concrete Overlay. Illinois Center for Transportation, février 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/22-002.

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A research study investigated longitudinal cracking developing along an experimental unbonded concrete overlay (UBOL) on I-72 near Riverton, Illinois. The project evaluated existing literature on UBOL (design, construction, and performance), UBOL case studies, and mechanistic-empirical design procedures for defining the mechanisms that are contributing to the observed distresses. Detailed distress surveys and coring were conducted to assess the extent of the longitudinal cracking and faulting along the longitudinal lane-shoulder joint. Coring over the transverse contraction joints in the driving lane showed stripping and erosion of the dense-graded hot-mix asphalt (HMA) interlayer was the primary mechanism initiating the longitudinal cracks. Cores from the lane-shoulder joint confirmed stripping and erosion was also occurring there and leading to the elevation difference between the driving lane and shoulder. Field sections by surrounding state departments of transportation (DOTs), such as Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, and Pennsylvania, with similar UBOL design features to the I-72 section were examined. Site visits were performed in Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, and Pennsylvania, while other sections were reviewed via state DOT contacts as well as Google Earth and Maps. Evidence from other DOTs suggested that HMA interlayers, whether dense graded or drainable, could experience stripping, erosion, and instability under certain conditions. An existing performance test for interlayers, i.e., Hamburg wheel-tracking device, and current models reviewed were not able to predict the distresses on I-72 eastbound. Adapting a dynamic cylinder test is a next step to screen HMA interlayers (or other stabilized layers) for stripping and erosion potential. To slow down the cracking and faulting on I-72 eastbound, sealing of the longitudinal lane-shoulder joint and driving lane transverse joints is suggested. To maximize UBOL service life, an HMA overlay will minimize water infiltration into the interlayer system and significantly slow down the HMA stripping and erosion mechanism that has led to longitudinal cracking and lane-shoulder faulting.
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Karlstrom, Karl, Laura Crossey, Allyson Matthis et Carl Bowman. Telling time at Grand Canyon National Park : 2020 update. National Park Service, avril 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2285173.

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Grand Canyon National Park is all about time and timescales. Time is the currency of our daily life, of history, and of biological evolution. Grand Canyon’s beauty has inspired explorers, artists, and poets. Behind it all, Grand Canyon’s geology and sense of timelessness are among its most prominent and important resources. Grand Canyon has an exceptionally complete and well-exposed rock record of Earth’s history. It is an ideal place to gain a sense of geologic (or deep) time. A visit to the South or North rims, a hike into the canyon of any length, or a trip through the 277-mile (446-km) length of Grand Canyon are awe-inspiring experiences for many reasons, and they often motivate us to look deeper to understand how our human timescales of hundreds and thousands of years overlap with Earth’s many timescales reaching back millions and billions of years. This report summarizes how geologists tell time at Grand Canyon, and the resultant “best” numeric ages for the canyon’s strata based on recent scientific research. By best, we mean the most accurate and precise ages available, given the dating techniques used, geologic constraints, the availability of datable material, and the fossil record of Grand Canyon rock units. This paper updates a previously-published compilation of best numeric ages (Mathis and Bowman 2005a; 2005b; 2007) to incorporate recent revisions in the canyon’s stratigraphic nomenclature and additional numeric age determinations published in the scientific literature. From bottom to top, Grand Canyon’s rocks can be ordered into three “sets” (or primary packages), each with an overarching story. The Vishnu Basement Rocks were once tens of miles deep as North America’s crust formed via collisions of volcanic island chains with the pre-existing continent between 1,840 and 1,375 million years ago. The Grand Canyon Supergroup contains evidence for early single-celled life and represents basins that record the assembly and breakup of an early supercontinent between 729 and 1,255 million years ago. The Layered Paleozoic Rocks encode stories, layer by layer, of dramatic geologic changes and the evolution of animal life during the Paleozoic Era (period of ancient life) between 270 and 530 million years ago. In addition to characterizing the ages and geology of the three sets of rocks, we provide numeric ages for all the groups and formations within each set. Nine tables list the best ages along with information on each unit’s tectonic or depositional environment, and specific information explaining why revisions were made to previously published numeric ages. Photographs, line drawings, and diagrams of the different rock formations are included, as well as an extensive glossary of geologic terms to help define important scientific concepts. The three sets of rocks are separated by rock contacts called unconformities formed during long periods of erosion. This report unravels the Great Unconformity, named by John Wesley Powell 150 years ago, and shows that it is made up of several distinct erosion surfaces. The Great Nonconformity is between the Vishnu Basement Rocks and the Grand Canyon Supergroup. The Great Angular Unconformity is between the Grand Canyon Supergroup and the Layered Paleozoic Rocks. Powell’s term, the Great Unconformity, is used for contacts where the Vishnu Basement Rocks are directly overlain by the Layered Paleozoic Rocks. The time missing at these and other unconformities within the sets is also summarized in this paper—a topic that can be as interesting as the time recorded. Our goal is to provide a single up-to-date reference that summarizes the main facets of when the rocks exposed in the canyon’s walls were formed and their geologic history. This authoritative and readable summary of the age of Grand Canyon rocks will hopefully be helpful to National Park Service staff including resource managers and park interpreters at many levels of geologic understandings...
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Vargas-Herrera, Hernando, Pamela Andrea Cardozo-Ortiz, Clara Lía Machado-Franco, Carlos Alberto Cadena-Silva, Freddy Hernán Cepeda-López, Aura María Ciceri-Lozano, Carlos Eduardo León-Rincón et al. Reporte de Sistemas de Pago - Junio de 2021. Banco de la República de Colombia, juillet 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.2021.

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El Banco de la República, con el Reporte de Sistemas de Pago, entrega un panorama completo de la infraestructura financiera local, siendo este un producto importante de la labor de seguimiento a dicha infraestructura. Las cifras contenidas en este reporte corresponden al año 2020, período de pandemia durante el cual las medidas de confinamiento para aliviar la tensión sobre el sistema de salud generaron para Colombia, al igual que en la mayoría de los países, una fuerte reducción de la actividad económica y el consumo. Desde el comienzo de la pandemia, la Junta Directiva del Banco de la República adoptó las decisiones necesarias para otorgar al mercado amplia liquidez en pesos y dólares, garantizar la estabilidad de los mercados, proteger el sistema de pagos y preservar la oferta de crédito. El pronunciado crecimiento de los agregados monetarios reflejó la mayor preferencia por liquidez, la cual fue atendida oportunamente por el Banco de la República. Las decisiones adoptadas se realizaron mediante diferentes operaciones, las cuales fueron compensadas y liquidadas en la infraestructura financiera. Después de la introducción, la segunda sección del presente reporte de pagos analiza la evolución y el desempeño de las diferentes infraestructuras financieras. Se destaca que el sistema de pagos de alto valor CUD registró en 2020 un mayor dinamismo que el año anterior, principalmente por el aumento de los depósitos remunerados que en promedio diario realizó la Dirección General de Crédito Público y del Tesoro Nacional (DGCPTN) con el Banco de República, así como una mayor actividad del mercado de simultáneas de deuda pública. Consecuentemente con el crecimiento de la actividad en el CUD, el Depósito Central de Valores (DCV) registró una mayor actividad por el aumento del mercado monetario de deuda pública y por las colocaciones por parte del Gobierno Nacional en el mercado primario. El valor de las operaciones compensadas y liquidadas por intermedio de la Cámara de Riesgo Central de Contraparte (CRCC) continúa creciendo, jalonado principalmente por los contratos non delivery forward (NDF) peso/dólar. Con respecto a la CRCC, es oportuno mencionar que a partir de finales del año pasado esta cámara se encarga de administrar los riesgos y de compensar y liquidar las operaciones del mercado de contado peso/dólar, debido a la fusión con la Cámara de Compensación de Divisas de Colombia (CCDC). Así mismo, a partir del último trimestre del año 2020 la CRCC se encarga de compensar y liquidar el mercado de renta variable, labor que venía desempeñando la Bolsa de Valores de Colombia (BVC). En la sección tres se entrega una visión integral de los pagos en el mercado de bienes y servicios, es decir, de las transacciones efectuadas en el circuito de personas naturales y empresas no financieras. Durante la pandemia las transferencias electrónicas inter e intrabancarias, que en su mayoría son originadas por empresas, registraron un incremento tanto en número como en valor de operaciones frente a 2019. Por su parte, los pagos con tarjetas débito y crédito originados principalmente por personas naturales mostraron un comportamiento decreciente con respecto a 2019. Los pagos realizados con cheques siguen disminuyendo, presentando una tendencia a la baja muy pronunciada en el último año. Como complemento a la información sobre transferencias electrónicas, el reporte incluye en esta sección un sombreado sobre la caracterización de la población con cuenta de ahorro y corriente, empleando los datos de la encuesta del Banco de la República sobre percepción de uso de los instrumentos de pago en 2019. Se incluye también un recuadro sobre la evolución transaccional de una billetera móvil provista por una sociedad especializada en depósitos y pagos electrónicos (Sedpe), mostrando que desde su creación a finales del año 2017 ha incremento en el número de usuarios y el valor de las transacciones, con especial velocidad durante la pandemia. Adicionalmente, se presenta un diagnóstico sobre los efectos de la pandemia en los patrones de pago de la población, fundamentado en datos sobre el uso del efectivo en circulación, sobre los pagos con instrumentos electrónicos, y sobre el consumo y la confianza del consumidor. Se concluye que el desplome en el índice de confianza del consumidor y la caída en el consumo privado dieron lugar a cambios en los patrones de pago de las personas. Las compras con tarjetas de crédito y débito disminuyeron, mientras que los pagos por bienes y servicios mediante transferencia electrónica aumentaron. Estos resultados, junto con el considerable aumento del efectivo en circulación, podrían proveer indicios a favor de un posible atesoramiento del papel moneda con motivo precaución por parte de las personas y de un mayor uso del efectivo como instrumento de pago. Se incluye, además, un recuadro que presenta los principales cambios que se introdujeron en la regulación del sistema de pagos de bajo valor en el país mediante la expedición del Decreto 1692 de diciembre de 2020. La cuarta sección se refiere a las importantes innovaciones y cambios tecnológicos que se han observado en el sistema de pagos al por menor. Se destacan cuatro temas en esta línea. El primero se constituye en un punto clave para la construcción de la infraestructura financiera de pagos inmediatos. Consiste en el diseño e implementación de los llamados esquemas superpuestos, los cuales son un desarrollo tecnológico que permite una comunicación abierta entre los diferentes agentes de la cadena de pagos, logrando una alta interoperabilidad entre diferentes proveedores de servicios de pago. El segundo tema explora los avances en el debate internacional sobre la emisión de moneda digital por parte de los bancos centrales (CBDC por su sigla en inglés), con el fin de entender su posible impacto en el sistema de pagos de bajo valor y en el uso del efectivo. El tercer tema está relacionado con nuevas formas de iniciación de pagos, tales como los códigos QR, la biometría o la tecnología de comunicación de campos cercanos (NCF por su sigla en inglés). Estos cambios, aparentemente pequeños, pueden tener efectos importantes en la experiencia del usuario con el sistema de pagos de bajo valor. El cuarto tema, finalmente, es el crecimiento de los pagos vinculados con la telefonía móvil y el internet. El reporte finaliza en la sección cinco con una reseña de dos trabajos de investigación aplicada realizados en el Banco de la República en el año 2020. El primero analiza el nivel patrimonial de la CRCC, reconociendo el rol relevante que esta infraestructura ha adquirido en la compensación y liquidación de varios mercados financieros en el país. Se exploran los requerimientos de capital para las entidades de contrapartida central establecidos en algunas jurisdicciones, se identifican los riesgos que se busca cubrir desde la perspectiva del servicio que este tipo de entidades ofrece al mercado y aquellos asociados a su actividad corporativa. Se analizan los niveles patrimoniales de la CRCC a partir de lo observado en la regulación de la Unión Europea y se concluye que la CRCC cuenta con un esquema de anillos de seguridad muy similar al observado en la experiencia internacional y que su nivel patrimonial es superior al exigido por la regulación colombiana, siendo suficiente para cubrir otros riesgos. El segundo trabajo de investigación identifica y cuantifica las fuentes que utilizan las entidades participantes en el CUD para cumplir con sus obligaciones diarias contraídas en el mercado financiero local, y con su uso como herramienta de monitoreo de la liquidez intradía en condiciones normales. Leonardo Villar Gómez Gerente General
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