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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Consumption (Economics) – Europe – History »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Consumption (Economics) – Europe – History"

Stuard, Susan Mosher. « Medieval Workshop : Toward a Theory of Consumption and Economic Change ». Journal of Economic History 45, n^o 2 (juin 1985) : 447–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700034173.

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This workshop addressed a question of concern to medieval economic history for over a generation. Frederic C. Lane called for a theory of consumption, and Carlo Cipolla and Robert Lopez have encouraged a more thorough investigation of the role of demand. Because demand is sometimes understood in terms of needs and of taste, it is often subsumed under the heading of social history, which characterizes and describes, while economic analysis has centered on studies of supply, with their more precise and quantifiable parameters.Will the largely descriptive tools at our disposal help us to understand how demand affected the early-modern economy? The workshop considered demand for goods and services and demand for money. The first three papers addressed the Mediterranean south, and the last three focused upon Europe north of the Alps.

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Broadberry, Stephen, et Leigh Gardner. « ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA AND EUROPE : RECIPROCAL COMPARISONS ». Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 34, n^o 1 (16 décembre 2015) : 11–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610915000348.

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ABSTRACTRecent advances in historical national accounting have allowed for global comparisons of GDPper capitaacross space and time. Critics have argued that GDPper capitafails to capture adequately the multi-dimensional nature of welfare, and have developed alternative measures such as the human development index. Whilst recognising that these wider indicators provide an appropriate way of assessing levels of welfare, we argue that GDPper capitaremains a more appropriate measure for assessing development potential, focussing on production possibilities and the sustainability of consumption. Twentieth-century Africa and pre-industrial Europe are used to show how such data can guide reciprocal comparisons to provide insights into the process of development on both continents.

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Ogilvie, Sheilagh. « Consumption, Social Capital, and the “Industrious Revolution” in Early Modern Germany ». Journal of Economic History 70, n^o 2 (juin 2010) : 287–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002205071000029x.

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This study uses evidence from central Europe to address open questions about the Consumer and Industrious Revolutions. Did they happen outside the North Atlantic economies? Were they shaped by the “social capital” of traditional institutions? How were they affected by social constraints on women? It finds that people in central Europe did desire to increase market work and consumption. But elites used the social capital of traditional institutions to oppose new work and consumption practices, especially by women, migrants, and the poor. Although they seldom blocked new practices wholly, they delayed them, limited them socially, and increased their costs.

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Navrátilová, Miroslava, Markéta Beranová et Lucie Severová. « Economic and institutional aspects of wine consumption in the context of globalization and climate change in Europe and Russia ». Terra Economicus 19, n^o 4 (25 décembre 2021) : 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2073-6606-2021-19-4-127-140.

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OGILVIE, SHEILAGH, MARKUS KÜPKER et JANINE MAEGRAITH. « Household Debt in Early Modern Germany : Evidence from Personal Inventories ». Journal of Economic History 72, n^o 1 (12 mars 2012) : 134–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050711002464.

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The “less-developed” interior of early modern Europe, especially the rural economy, is often regarded as financially comatose. This article investigates this view using a rich data set of marriage and death inventories for seventeenth-century Germany. It first analyzes the characteristics of debts, examining borrowing purposes, familial links, communal ties, and documentary instruments. It then explores how borrowing varied with gender, age, marital status, occupation, date, and asset portfolio. It finds that ordinary people, even in a “less-developed” economy in rural central Europe, sought to invest profitably, smooth consumption, bridge low liquidity, and hold savings in financial form.

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Imre, Anikó. « Why Should We Study Socialist Commercials ? » European Television Memories 2, n^o 3 (30 juin 2013) : 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18146/2213-0969.2013.jethc033.

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This article looks at television’s so far neglected contribution as a relay and interpretive framework at the intersection of postsocialist memory and history studies. It zooms in on postsocialist nostalgia as a relational expression of a heterogeneous set of desires that operate in an intercultural network. Televisual nostalgia also implicates Western Europe and makes explicit a Western European longing for the divided Europe of the Cold War. This longing, in turn, shores up Europe’s repressed imperial history. Television’s role at the pressure points of postsocialist institutional and economic policy, consumption and narrative concerns makes it an indispensable window into the intertwined workings of nostalgia and nationalism within a postcolonial Europe.

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FIDELIS, MALGORZATA. « Pleasures and Perils of Socialist Modernity : New Scholarship on Post-War Eastern Europe ». Contemporary European History 26, n^o 3 (19 octobre 2016) : 533–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096077731600031x.

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What role did consumption, the mass media and popular culture play in post-war Eastern Europe? Did they help ‘normalise’ state socialism or rather inspire outlooks and desires incongruent with communist regimes’ goals? These questions are central to recent scholarship which has departed from conventional Cold War studies centred on narrowly-conceived political elites and modes of Soviet domination. Instead, using the lens of social and cultural history, scholars have turned to exploring Eastern European societies as independent subjects in their own right. Looking at workers, middle classes, women, tourists, hippies, shoppers, television audiences and other groups, this new body of work has questioned the impenetrability of the Iron Curtain and has highlighted Eastern European participation in broader European and global trends. Instead of enumerating failures of the socialist system from ‘economics of shortage’ to the depressing ‘greyness’ of apartment blocks, scholars now explore ‘pleasures in socialism’, including leisure, fashion and consumer culture. In place of preponderant societal resistance against the controlling state, they expose complex ways of appropriation, accommodation and identification with elements of state socialism by individuals and groups.

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Tomlinson, Jim. « Marshall Aid and the ‘Shortage Economy’ in Britain in the 1940s ». Contemporary European History 9, n^o 1 (mars 2000) : 137–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300001065.

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This article assesses the impact of Marshall aid on the economy and politics of Britain in the 1940s. It draws on recent literature on the domestic policies of the Attlee government and on the general impact of Marshall aid on Western Europe, together with the notion of the ‘shortage economy’ developed by Kornai. The central argument is that the deployment of Marshall aid primarily to maintain British consumption levels derived not from a governmental disregard for the importance of reviving investment and industrial output, but from a realistic appreciation of the economic and political consequences of trying to hold consumption down to an excessively austere level.

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Simpson, James. « Factor endowments, markets and vertical integration. The development of commercial wine production in Argentina, Australia and California, c1870-1914 ». Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 29, n^o 1 (27 janvier 2011) : 39–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610910000236.

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AbstractGrape quality and the nature of market demand played a major role in determining the organizational structure of the wine industry in the three decades prior to 1914. In contrast to Europe where grape growing and winemaking were specialist activities, in the New World winemaking and selling were often integrated. This encouraged the appearance of large industrial wineries producing wines that could be branded. Differences within the New World itself can be attributable to the nature of demand and, in particular, to whether wine was considered an article of primary consumption (Argentina), or whether it competed with other, more popular alcoholic beverages such as beer and spirits (Australia and California).

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Francks, Penelope. « Inconspicuous Consumption : Sake, Beer, and the Birth of the Consumer in Japan ». Journal of Asian Studies 68, n^o 1 (27 janvier 2009) : 135–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911809000035.

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The growth of consumption and the emergence of the consumer have become major fields of study in the history of Europe and North America but have been largely neglected by historians of Japan, especially economic ones. This paper argues that, in Japan as elsewhere, the “birth of the consumer” predated the onset of industrialization—hence was not simply a function of the opening of the country to Western modernity—and that the growth of consumption, of “indigenous” as well as “foreign” goods, went on to represent an integral part of the process of economic development. This argument is illustrated by a case study of growth and change in the “ordinary consumption” of food and drink, and in particular of sake, a “traditional” product that emerged as a major consumer good, and of beer, the “foreign” product that was to become, alongside sake, one of the necessities of modern Japanese life.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Consumption (Economics) – Europe – History"

Li, Danying. « Household finance, consumption and health : evidence from China and European countries ». Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2019. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8862/.

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This thesis presents three empirical studies on household finance. The thesis is inspired by the following phenomena: (1) the development of household finance; (2) the importance of enhancing financial inclusion; (3) the rising prevalence of obesity in western countries; (4) the global ageing challenge. Using the China Household Finance Survey, I investigate the determinants of financial inclusion, focusing on the role played by informal finance. I test the extent to which financial inclusion affects households' consumption. My findings suggest that enhancing financial inclusion in China may play an important role in rebalancing the economy towards domestic consumption. Using the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, I investigate the extent to which households' consumption profile changes after health shocks. My findings suggest that non-medical consumption is generally insured against health shocks in China. Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, I find a positive association between financial stress and bodyweight in Europe. I find that individuals are more likely to respond to self-perceived financial stress than to objective levels of debt. Thus, policies aimed at improving citizens' ability to cope with financial stress may play a role in tackling the obesity epidemic in Europe.

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Fuelling, Mathias. « Europa's Bane Ethnic Conflict and Economics on the Czechoslovak Path From Nationalism to Communism, 1848-1948 ». DigitalCommons@USU, 2016. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4724.

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Nationalism has appropriately been a much studied, as well disparaged, phenomenon. However, little work has been done on the specific ways in which nationalists thought about the nature of history and the effect of economics in the formation of nationalist identity. In the case of Central Europe and the lands that now comprise the Czech Republic and Slovakia, Czech and German nationalists had very specific notions of the history of the area and how that history bolstered their claims to be the sole true inhabitants. These claims were created in part due to the effect of economic modernization and job competition. As nationalist notions took hold of the population, ethnic conflict grew between Czechs and Germans in the Habsburg empire. This ethnic conflict helped to fragment the empire and hasten its collapse after World War One. The course of World War Two and the Nazi occupation and breakup of Czechoslovakia was influenced by these nationalist notions. With the progression of World War Two and the Nazi occupation, Czechoslovaks came to believe that they had an affinity with Russia and that the cause of communism was linked with an explicitly “Slavic” identity. After the war approximately three million Germans were expelled from Czechoslovakia, a major act of ethnic cleansing and seen by the Czechoslovaks as the culmination of their perceived age long conflict with the Germans. Communism became hugely popular, seen as the victorious ideology proving Slavic superiority over the Germans. Communist sympathy and party participation grew to enormous levels. When Communist politicians used a political disagreement in February 1948 to call for a mobilization of the population to institute communist rule, the population responded enthusiastically and ushered in a communist majority government.

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Thomas, Alex M. « Consumption and Economic Growth in the Framework of Classical Economics ». Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/14130.

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This thesis is first and foremost an exploration of classical economics with consumption as its focus. It is the latter which distinguishes the present work from the already existing and growing literature on classical economics. The distinctive nature of the theory of value and distribution and the theory of activity levels and growth in classical economics and Marx is analysed and interpreted in chapters 2 to 9, which deal respectively with Cantillon, Quesnay, Turgot, Steuart, Smith, Ricardo, Sismondi and Malthus. The analytical separability between the theory of value and distribution and the theory of activity levels and growth emerges clearly in these chapters. The development of the role of consumption in economic growth, within the classical theoretical framework, particularly from Sismondi and Malthus, is then traced through Marx, Luxemburg and Kalecki – Marx and Luxemburg in particular working within that classical framework. Hence, the thesis we put forward is that the problem of demand insufficiency present in classical economics and Marx, but not satisfactorily formulated or theorized, finds an analytical resolution in Kalecki, via Luxemburg, independent of Keynes. Both Kalecki and Keynes articulate clearly the coordination mechanism between planned saving and planned investment which occurs via changes in aggregate activity levels. In classical economics, most notably in Smith and Ricardo, planned saving is one and the same as planned investment (our latter-day terms); but this assumption is untenable in any economy where saving and investment decisions are decentralised. Finally, in chapter 12, a simple demand-led growth model is presented. Consumption, especially autonomous consumption, is shown to play a decisive role. The last section of the chapter notes the affinities between classical economics and demand-led growth. This reflective section affirms the enduring relevance of the theoretical framework of the classical economists and Marx.

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Tolstrup, Karen Dodge. « Agents of Change and 'The Art of Right Living : How Home Economists Influenced Post World War II Consumerism ». Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2006. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/TolstrupKD2006.pdf.

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Ngai, Chuen-tai Lydia, et 危轉娣. « Consuming the past ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3195117X.

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Sear, Joanne Elizabeth. « Consumption and trade in East Anglian market towns and their hinterlands in the late Middle Ages ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709037.

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Cox, Christopher R. « Synthesizing the Vertical and the Horizontal : A World-Ecological Analysis of 'the Industrial Revolution', Part I ». PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1944.

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'The Industrial Revolution' is simultaneously one of the most under-examined and overly-simplified concepts in all of social science. One of the ways it is highly under-examined is in the arena of the ecological, particularly through the lens of critical world-history. This paper attempts to analyze the phenomenon through the lens of the world-ecology synthesis, in three distinct phases: First, the history of the conceptualization of the Industrial Revolution is examined at length, paying special attention to the knowledge foundations that determine these conceptualizations. Secondly, I sift out what I believe is the dominant model throughout most of modern and now postmodern history, which I identify as the techno-economic narrative. I then present the main critical world-historical challenge to that argument (that the Industrial Revolution was a unified, linear, two-century phenomenon) by outlining the critical interpretations of Fernand Braudel, Immanuel Wallerstein, Giovanni Arrighi, among others, leading a view of industrialization that is over the very long term, or what Braudel referred to as the longue durée. This long-view form of critical historical analysis is unabashedly Marxist, so there is some foray into various pieces of the Marxian canon, pieces that are often left untouched or at the least under-utilized in many politico-economic analyses of environmental history and politico-ecological narratives as well. Thirdly, I attempt to bring this new long-form view of industrialization more firmly into the ecological, but filtering the basic presuppositions of the 'techno-economic' narratives and the Marxist 'critical world-historical' narratives through the presuppositions of Jason W. Moore's world-ecology synthesis. What we arrive at through this filtering process is a very different view of the Industrial Revolution than we are used to hearing about. This is Part I of a much larger research process, one that I intend to bring into the present and future by looking at the development process of the BRICS as the next extension of the Industrial Revolution. What this paper is most concerned with is re-igniting what I think is a valuable debate among theorists, economic historians, and Marxist ecological thinkers, the debate about what exactly this phenomenon was, is, and will be. My small contribution is to re-define it in relationship to its really-existing history, including its antecedents and possible future expansions.

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Bek, Lynda. « Cultural constructions of the Isle of Wight : perception, creation and consumption : identifying factors which specifically contributed towards cultural constructions of the Isle of Wight with specific reference to the period 1750-1900 ». Thesis, Southampton Solent University, 2010. http://ssudl.solent.ac.uk/2068/.

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A cultural evaluation of the Isle of Wight has not been addressed in relation to mainland Britain. Strategically and economically significant, it was often disregarded; however, its unique situation offers a microcosm of social and cultural development, which so far appears to have received little attention. From an island subjected to the will of outsiders, to a cultivated venue, which attracted and fostered cultural tourism, the purpose of this regional study is to trace the evolution of this vulnerable part of England and identify influential factors, which contributed towards its cultural constructions. The hypothesis considers that the construction and consumption of the island was, throughout its history, driven by external forces. This theme is developed by relating cultural and social notions to island circumstances and identifying variables which contribute towards its unique situation. An interdisciplinary approach utilizes mainland Britain as a historical matrix to illustrate cultural development; emphasizing determining circumstances, geographic, social, economic and aesthetic, to establish how the island was used, abused and ignored. Research is island focussed, though with corresponding allusion to metropolitan influence and middle-class cultural aspirations, which contributed to the island becoming a popular tourist destination. By taking a broad historical overview it is apparent that due to location, the island was always an integral part of the British Isles, more significant than other outlying islands due to its relative proximity to the capital, the short distance to the mainland and its strategic importance both militarily and territorially. The progression of a connected narrative allows for an identification of features such as changing attitudes to the countryside and the sea which indicate an increasing consciousness, realized during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in cultural tourism, landscape art and relocation. This narrative structure is critical to establish the context for the primary focus of investigation, the period 1770- 1900 enabling an evaluation of the impact of visitors as consumers, landscape artists as interpreters, and the intertwining of these concepts to give an account of the evolution of cultural tourism on the Isle of Wight. This is central for an appreciation of the ideas, tastes, and affinities expressed aesthetically in prints and paintings, physically in mansions and marine villas and conceptually in cultural conventions such as the notions of travel. It is a significant area for research, since the dynamics of cultural forces are universally relevant for an appreciation of social, historical and economic influences in the cultural domain. On a local level the cultural constructions examined within this study are areas which can be appraised to determine and develop constructive tourism and respond to future cultural needs.

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Chesnut, Lauren J. « Raising a Monster Army : Energy Drinks, Masculinity, and Militarized Consumption ». Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1268945838.

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Hetel, Ioana Laura. « Selves and Shelves. Consumer Society and National Identity in France ». Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1211959481.

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Livres sur le sujet "Consumption (Economics) – Europe – History"

1964-, Blondé B., et International Conference on Urban History (8th : 2006 : Stockholm, Sweden), dir. Fashioning old and new : Changing consumer preferences in Europe (seventeenth-nineteenth centuries). Turnhout, Belgium : Brepols, 2009.

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Consumption and gender in Southern Europe since the long 1960s. London : Bloomsbury Academic, 2016.

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Material culture in Europe and China, 1400-1800 : The rise of consumerism. New York : St. Martin's Press, 1997.

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Modernity and the second-hand trade : European consumption cultures and practices, 1700-1900. New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.

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Lydia, Nembach-Langer, dir. Transformations of retailing in Europe after 1945. Burlington, VT : Ashgate Pub., 2012.

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Ann, Bermingham, et Brewer John 1947-, dir. The consumption of culture, 1600-1800 : Image, object, text. London : Routledge, 1997.

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Au nom du consommateur : Consommation et politique en Europe et aux Etats-Unis au XXe siècle. Paris : Découverte, 2004.

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Las islas del lujo : Productos exóticos, nuevos consumos y cultura económica europea, 1650-1800. México, D.F : El Colegio de México, 2012.

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The landscape of consumption : Shopping streets and cultures in Western Europe, 1600-1900. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire : Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Consumption (Economics) – Europe – History"

Hamdi-Cherif, Meriem, Paul Malliet, Mathieu Plane, Frederic Reynes, Francesco Saraceno et Alexandre Tourbah. « 2. Public Investment and Low-carbon Transition in France ». Dans Greening Europe, 23–40. Cambridge, UK : Open Book Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0328.02.

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In Chapter 2, M. Hamdi-Cherif, P. Malliet, F. Reynes, M. Plane, F. Saraceno, and A. Tourbah argue that public investment in France has been on a downward trend since 2009, rebounding only in the wake of the COVID-19 crisis, with the objective of supporting global demand and spurring economic growth. The increase in investment, however, is less pronounced than during the global financial crisis. Orienting investment towards low-carbon capital within the framework of a long-term emission reduction goal, despite being unprecedented in history, is also insufficient, especially if its level is not maintained over the coming decades. The type of low-carbon transition strategy chosen—either relying more on technological progress or reaching a significant reduction in energy consumption (a Sobriety scenario)—will noticeably impact the composition and amount of investment needed to meet the targets.

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Mallard, Graham, et Stephen Glaister. « The History of Transport in Europe ». Dans Transport Economics, 3–20. London : Macmillan Education UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-06823-1_1.

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Garzilli, Francesca, Federica Vingelli et Valentina Vittiglio. « Shifting Risk into Productivity : Inclusive and Regenerative Approaches Within Compromised Contexts in Peri-Urban Areas ». Dans Regenerative Territories, 51–69. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78536-9_3.

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AbstractRecent international—UN-Habitat and European Environment Agency—and Italian reports have pointed out that urbanization is incessantly expanding at the expense of biodiversity and of rural lands. The radical growth of land consumption and change of land-use contribute to the increase of territorial risks and vulnerability. In particular, such phenomena are more visible within the peri-urban interface, considered as hybrid and malleable areas straddling between city and countryside realities. Even in the absence of a univocal definition, peri-urban is understood as a space where urban expansion occurs. Moreover, it emerges that such space also lacks local governance. Such uncertainty of form, identity and regulation catches the attention of a new urban agenda, which considers the peri-urban the most suitable place where to enact social, ecological and economic challenging changes. In this light, this paper aims to underline how peri-urban areas, although ecologically, socially and weak from a legislation point of view, constitute challenging territories to enact regenerative design and practices. In particular, new policies in sustainable agriculture are considered as potential solutions for the rapid soil consumption in Europe. Therefore, Campania region has been taken as our case study, because the region has a long history of agricultural practices and currently, it is closely linked to risk dynamics. It also represents an emblematic example for its innate exposure to natural hazards (related to its geological nature and geographical location), and for the ongoing man-made risks as causes of ecological and territorial damages. Moreover, land consumption in the region reached a record level in 2019, with 10% of agricultural land lost in a year (corresponding to 140,033 hectares). More than 70% of the consumed lands coincided with areas already exposed to natural hazards, both seismic and hydrogeological (Munafò, 2020). This paper assesses the results of an experimental application developed as part of the REPAiR (This research has been conducted within the framework of the European Horizon 2020 funded research “REPAiR: REsource Management in Peri-urban AReas: Going Beyond Urban Metabolism” [http://h2020repair.eu/]. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 688920. This article reflects only the author’s view. The Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains). Horizon 2020 European research project. We argue that the project results underline the relationship between the peri-urban interface and the soil regeneration through eco-innovative solutions. This has allowed us to link the spatial condition of the peri-urban with the production of waste and its subsequent recycle. This paper aims to further explore the research field experimented during REPAiR, expanding the materials available on the peri-urban and adding information with respect to the risk to which these places are linked.

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Haupt, Heinz-Gerhard. « Consumption History in Europe : An Overview of Recent Trends ». Dans Decoding Modern Consumer Societies, 17–35. New York : Palgrave Macmillan US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137013002_2.

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Barclay, Katie. « The Emotions of Household Economics ». Dans The Routledge History of Emotions in Europe, 185–99. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series : The Routledge histories : Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315190778-17.

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Marchionatti, Roberto. « Economics in the Rest of Europe ». Dans Economic Theory in the Twentieth Century, An Intellectual History—Volume II, 215–51. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80987-4_5.

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Tomka, Béla. « Consumption and leisure in twentieth-century Central and Eastern Europe ». Dans The Routledge History Handbook of Central and Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century, 385–443. New York : Routledge, 2019- | Series : Routledge twentieth century history handbooks | Volume 1 title information from publisher's website. : Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367376062-7.

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Harley, Joseph. « Consumption and material culture of poverty in early-modern Europe, c1450–1800 ». Dans The Routledge History of Poverty, c.1450–1800, 185–205. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. : Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315149271-10.

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Magliulo, Antonio. « Neoclassical Economics vs. Etatism and a Europe of Empires (1871–1918) ». Dans A History of European Economic Thought, 62–77. London : Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003188889-4.

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McCloskey, Deirdre Nansen. « God’s Work in the World : The Deep Compatibility of Real Liberalism with Any Abrahamic Religion ». Dans Relational Anthropology for Contemporary Economics, 77–97. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84690-9_5.

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AbstractI propose, in brief, an intimate, perhaps desirable, but anyway necessary, connection between free will in Abrahamic theology and free action in liberal ideology. The economy, its work, its consumption, even its banking, are not inconsistent with a Christian life if achieved by free will. That is to say, contrary to a century-long supposition among theologians and their enemies, belief in a just and loving God does not entail socialism. The Christian gospels and many a Christian theologian attack wealth, surprisingly harshly by the standards of the rest of the world’s religious canon. It is not surprising, therefore, that in the nineteenth century, a bourgeois but Christian Europe invented the idea of socialism. But statism is by no means necessary for a Christian community. I gesture here towards a much longer case made earlier and recently by me and other Christian admirers of commercially tested betterment. The great liberal era was brief, from 1776 to 1848. It established freedom of religion. But freedom is freedom is freedom. A free-willed person should be, in God’s eyes, free from human interference in religion and behavior and business.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Consumption (Economics) – Europe – History"

ANTON, George. « THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC UNCERTAINTY ON HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION CHOICES. EVIDENCE FROM EUROPE ». Dans International Management Conference. Editura ASE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/imc/2021/03.18.

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This paper is evaluating the impact of uncertainty shocks that are affecting the household behavior in the European Union countries by employing a quantitative approach. By employing a Bayesian VAR model, this paper provides an answer on the importance of the uncertainty shocks on the household consumption choices by using impulse response functions and variance decompositions statistics. The relevance of the study is a major one as it quantifies the impact of the uncertainty pressure on choices consumers make during uncertain times such as the great recession or covid-19 health crisis. Given the current increased focus of the literature on behavioral economics and consumer welfare this paper will provide an answer on consumption by sector increase and decrease as a result of uncertainty shocks.

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Clemens, Marcel, et Torsten Clemens. « Hydrogen Storage to Decarbonize Austria's Energy Consumption ». Dans SPE EuropEC - Europe Energy Conference featured at the 83rd EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209627-ms.

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Abstract The European Union is aiming at reaching greenhouse gas (GHG) emission neutrality in 2050. Austria's current greenhouse gas emissions are 80 million t/year. Renewable Energy (REN) contributes 32 % to Austria's total energy consumption. To decarbonize energy consumption, a substantial increase in energy generation from renewable energy is required. This increase will add to the seasonality of energy supply and amplifies the seasonality in energy demand. In this paper, the seasonality of energy supply and demand in a Net Zero Scenario are analyzed for Austria and requirements for hydrogen storage derived. We looked into the potential usage of hydrogen in Austria and the economics of hydrogen generation and technology and market developments to assess the Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH). Then, we cover the energy consumption in Austria followed by the REN potential. The results show that incremental potential of up to 140 TWh for hydropower, photovoltaic (PV), and wind exists in Austria. Hydropower generation and PV is higher in summer- than in wintertime while wind energy leads to higher energy generation in wintertime. The largest incremental potential is PV, agrivoltaic is significantly increasing the area amenable for PV compared with PV usage only. Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) and Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCV) are using energy more efficiently than Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) cars, however, the use of hydrogen for electricity generation is significantly decreasing the efficiency due to electricity — hydrogen — electricity conversion. The increase in REN use and the higher demand for energy in Austria in wintertime require seasonal storage of energy. We developed three scenarios, Externally Dependent Scenario (EDS), Balanced Energy Scenario (BES) or Self-Sustained Scenario (SSS) for Austria. The EDS scenario assumes significant REN import to Austria whereas the SSS scenario relies on REN generation within Austria. The required hydrogen storage would be 10.82 bn ms for EDS, 13.34 bn ms for BES, and 18.69 bn ms for SSS. Gas and oil production in Austria and the presence of aquifers indicates that sufficient storage capacity might be available. Significant technology development is required to be able to implement hydrogen as energy carrier and to balance seasonal energy demand and supply.

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Fu, Xingguo, Xiaohong Xu et Xuguang Zhou. « The New Lubrication Technology and China’s Sustained Development ». Dans World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63123.

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The application of new lubrication technology has a close relationship with the industrial development of automobile, machinery and transportation. Energy saving and environment protection are main two factors to push lubricants upgrades. Lubricant quality and correct application directly influence the use-life of machine, consumption of energy and environment protection. All over the world, especially in Western developed countries people pay more attention to the research and application of new lubricant technology. The lubricant specifications were reviewed and upgraded continuously according to the requirements of machine, fuel economy and emission. China’s sustained development means the ability to satisfy current human’s requirement as well as not to destroy nature resources for next generation. That also means we must balance the fast development of economy, society, resources and environment, we must protect natural resources and environment such as water, ocean, lands and forest which we live on, which can keep our next generation developing. Research and application of new lubricant technology is basic issues to keep China’s economy continuously growing. China’s petroleum consumption increased rapidly during the recent decades. There are two rapid period within 25 years after China’s application of opening and reform policy. The first is from 1978 to 1990, the whole petroleum consumption increased from 913 million to 1.18 billion tons respectively, increasing rate is 2.0% per year. The second was from 1991 to 2003, petroleum consumption increased from 1.18 billion to 2.74 billion tons, increasing rate was up to 6.7% per year. If we compare 2003 with 2001, the net petroleum consumption amount had increased 42million tons, increase rate is 8.7% per year. China now becomes one of biggest petroleum consumption country. The efficiency of China’s petroleum consumption is low. According to world petroleum consumption level (ton per thousand U.S. Dollar, GDP), China consumes four times more petroleum than that of Japan, three times of that of European, two times of that of USA. The wide application of low-grade lubricating oil and the lack of new lubrication technology are the main cause of the low-efficient petroleum usage. In the future decades petroleum shortages will be more and more strict in China, and it will have an important role in the delay of economic development and national safety. It is our lubricants workers duty to develop and apply the new lubrication technology to enhance the use efficiency of petroleum, to prevent our reliable environment and to push the China’s sustainable development. The world total consumption quantity of lubricating oil keeps about 37 to 39 million tons per year. It shares about 1% of total crude refining amount. The lube consumption amount in North American keeps stable about 9.5 million tons which listed No.1 while European and previous Unit Soviet area decreased. Asia is the only increased area, mainly because of the fast economic growth in China and India. China has consumed 4.4million tons lubricating oil in 2003, take about 1.6% of total crude refining amount, shares about 11% of whole world consumption amount, values about 22 billion RMB [1]. The increased rate reaches the highest—10.56% compared to 2002. This was the first time China become the second lubricant consumer in the world, just after USA. In 2004, China’s lubricants consumption will reach over 5 million tons, reaches the top in history, the increased rate will reach 10% comparing with 2003. China’s Automobile industry develops rapidly in the recent years, at the same time fuel efficiency keeps a low level. In 2002 China’s automobile has consumed 2.28 ton fuel per automobile which is 110–120 percent of USA, 200 percent of Japan. There exists a wide market for the application of new lubrication technology. The application of those additives and lube oils such as environment-friend additives, friction modified agents, nano-lube additives, energy-conserving multi-grade lube oils can enhance lubrication efficiency of equipments, decrease fuel consumption and conserve the petroleum resources. In this paper the applications of Cu nano-lube additive are introduced. and 0.1% Cu nano-lube is added into passenger car motor oil 5W30 SJ. The four-ball test equipment, cam-tappet test equipment and MS VI engine test are used to evaluate the performance, the test results shows the application of Cu nano-additive can obviously decrease the friction coefficient and fuel consumption. China should establish its national lube oil evaluation system, this system can greatly push the warranty of the quality of lube oil. The standard and national principle for fuel-conserving should be acted to improve the application of multi-grade lube oil and energy-conserving lube oil and new technology.

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Bayerl, Mathias, Pascale Neff, Torsten Clemens, Martin Sieberer, Barbara Stummer et Andras Zamolyi. « Accelerating Mature Field EOR Evaluation Using Machine Learning Uncertainty Workflows Integrating Subsurface And Economics ». Dans Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208194-ms.

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Abstract Field re-development planning for tertiary recovery projects in mature fields traditionally involves a comprehensive subsurface evaluation circle, including static/dynamic modeling, scenario assessment and candidate selection based on economic models. The aforementioned sequential approach is time-consuming and includes the risk of delaying project maturation. This work introduces a novel approach which integrates subsurface geological and dynamic modeling as well as economics and uses machine learning augmented uncertainty workflows to achieve project acceleration. In the elaborated enhanced oil recovery (EOR) evaluation process, a machine learning assisted approach is used in order to narrow geological and dynamic parameter ranges both for model initialization and subsequent history matching. The resulting posterior parameter distributions are used to create the input models for scenario evaluation under uncertainty. This scenario screening comprises not only an investigation of qualified EOR roll-out areas, but also includes detailed engineering such as well spacing optimization and pattern generation. Eventually, a fully stochastic economic evaluation approach is performed in order to rank and select scenarios for EOR implementation. The presented workflow has been applied successfully for a mature oil field in Central/Eastern Europe with 60+ years of production history. It is shown that by using a fully stochastic approach, integrating subsurface engineering and economic evaluation, a considerable acceleration of up to 75% in project maturation time is achieved. Moreover, the applied workflow stands out due to its flexibility and adaptability based on changes in the project scope. In the course of this case study, a sector roll-out of chemical EOR is elaborated, including a proposal for 27 new well candidates and 17 well conversions, resulting in an incremental oil production of 4.7MM bbl. The key findings were: A workflow is introduced that delivers a fully stochastic economic evaluation while honoring the input and measured data.The delivered scenarios are conditioned to the geological information and the production history in a Bayesian Framework to ensure full consistency of the selected subsurface model advanced to forecasting.The applied process results in substantial time reduction for an EOR re-development project evaluation cycle.

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Gazioğlu, Şaziye, et Fatoş Otcuoğlu. « The Central Asian Countries and the Energy Sector : Economics, Politics and Legal Aspects ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00434.

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This paper is written with aim of investigating the importance of the natural resources within the Central Asian energy sector. The geopolitics position of the Central Asian Countries place them in the centre of conflicting powers; that is to say, on the one hand they are providing energy to Europe and USA, and on the other hand they are next to China, which has the highest and growing demand for energy consumption. In political arena, China accordingly seeks to prevent the independence of East Turkistan, which has historical links to Turkistan (West) in Russia. In this regard, we examine the energy policies and trade between states, and we particularly focus on the gas and oil pipelines from said countries to Europe. We also examine the demand from Caucasian and the Central Asian Countries by European, and Pacific Countries and, as well as, the USA. Correspondingly, we discuss the political conflicts upon the energy investments, and mainly concentrate on the investments in Central Asian and Commonwealth of Independent States (“CIS”), and the political risks and legal disputes relating to foreign energy investment and stability implications in this regard.

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Felföldi, János. « Capacity building on the field of Life Sciences – fields to articulate project ideas for CARPE partners ». Dans CARPE Conference 2019 : Horizon Europe and beyond. Valencia : Universitat Politècnica València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/carpe2019.2019.10197.

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Within the Faculty of Economics and Business (UD) our research group focuses on Lifestyle and Health Sciences. We define health as a complex psycho-bio and social phenomenon and the overall goal is to promote, assist and implement Sustainable Lifestyle. However Sustainable Lifestyle has many corresponding scientific sub-categories, beyond our activities we concentrate on (1) the present trends and future potential of sustainable food consumption, covering special consumer demands on functional food, organic, ethical , fairly traded, LOHAS and local products, plant-based diet and cultured (lab-grown) meat, Sustainable European traditional pig (Fatty Pig) etc., (2) Short Food Supply Chain, (3) renewable energy, and (4) the economic, social, health preserving effects of physical activity. Our aim is to run professional lifestyle studies focusing on actual research issues of Health Industry. Within the scope of Sustainable Lifestyle we wish to contribute to general awareness-raising about Health Economy with a special attention on social health-consciousness. Our proposal initiates seek future collaborations with CARPE members due to 1. Organisation of joint educational (bachelor, master and PhD) events; 2. Exchange of students; 3. Exchange of teaching and research staff; 5. Exchange of articles, publications and other scientific information; 6. Organisation of common scientific conferences.

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Jenšterle, Jerneja, et Anton Vorina. « E-VEHICLES WITH A FOCUS ON TESLA CARS ». Dans 5th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2021 – Economics and Management : How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2021.447.

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The paper presents research on electric cars with an emphasis on Tesla cars. The paper aimed to get to know the development of Tesla and the innovation of their vehicles. As part of the development of their cars, range, consumption and charging play an important role, the research was focused on comparing models and finding the best car. The research found that all Tesla models, that are currently on the market, are comparable, with good range, charging time and consumption. Nowadays, however, an important issue in our lives is the pandemic, so part of the article also describes the consequences of Covid-19 on the company, in which we found that the company managed to operate profitably despite this situation. In addition to cars’ good features, it’s also important to have charging options, which we explored in this paper using a hypothetical route to various European cities and found that charging stations are the most widespread in Western Europe and that it is almost impossible to drive east.

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Domenech Rodríguez, Marta, David López López et Còssima Cornadó Bardón. « The role of cultural heritage in urban reuse ». Dans HERITAGE2022 International Conference on Vernacular Heritage : Culture, People and Sustainability. Valencia : Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/heritage2022.2022.14392.

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Cities face the challenge of transforming existing buildings to be reused, particularly those that are underused or not used at all. Tackling this issue, the European Commission approved in 2014 a package of measures to promote a circular economy. According to this agreement, our cities can be more sustainable and resilient by transforming these underused existing buildings with proposals for their adaptive temporary reuse, favoring the citizens’ well-being and quality of life and promoting social inclusion and economic growth with respect for the environment. This paper studies the role of heritage education in adaptive urban reuse, exploring the possibilities and methodologies for the reprogramming of existing buildings for different types of activities to offer citizens and communities the opportunity to participate in the life of the city, favouring their social inclusion. In contrast to the common new-builds or refurbishment commissions, reuse offers a greater possibility of disseminating, transforming and reinventing architectural methodologies and approaches to integrate in the design process forms of citizen participation, favouring the transition towards a model of a circular economy and more sustainable consumption. The paper analyses the possibilities of urban reuse applied to five major public heritage buildings in Barcelona: the Post Office Building, the Old Customs House, the France Train Station, the Martorell Museum and the Castle of the Three Dragons. Each of them has a particular condition regarding current uses and its public owning institution and presents specific characteristics regarding building typology, heritage protection, conservation and construction materials and techniques. The buildings date either from the late 19th century or the early 20th century and are grouped along a 1 km axis on the threshold between the historic center and the port of the city. This unique location represents a great strategic potential for the regeneration and urban reactivation of the city.

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Fotova Čiković, Katerina. « COVID-19 CRISIS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM’S RESPONSE IN SOUTHEAST EUROPEAN ECONOMIES : A CAS FRAMEWORK ». Dans 5th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2021 – Economics and Management : How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.s.p.2021.75.

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The global COVID-19 pandemic has transformed the world in 2020 and it has been recognized as the biggest stress test in the history of the European Union. The pandemic is inflicting high and rising human costs worldwide, and the necessary protection measures are severely impacting economic activity. As a result of the pandemic, the global economy had been projected to contract sharply by –3 percent in 2020, which is much worse than during the 2008– 09 Global financial crisis. In these difficult and challenging times, countries and societies need to adapt to the new situation while minimizing the negative social and economic implications. This paper discusses how different governments in the South East Europe region (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia) have managed and dealt with the COVID-19 pandemic. A review of the current literature on COVID-19 is conducted. This paper should enable a better understanding of how different governments have faced the pandemic and how and to which extent they facilitated a proactive and timely approach towards crisis management. The objective of this study is to theorize a CAS (Complex Adaptive System) framework to evaluate the prevention, preparedness, response and crisis management and strategies used during the pandemic and assess the steps taken so far by the selected Southeast European transitional countries for tackling the COVID-19 crisis up to September 2020.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Consumption (Economics) – Europe – History"

Lucas, Brian. Behaviour Change Interventions for Energy Efficiency. Institute of Development Studies, septembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.138.

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Behavioural interventions are policies and programmes that incorporate insights from scientists who study human behaviour (such as psychology and behavioural economics), with the aim of encouraging socially desirable behaviours by removing barriers and creating incentives or disincentives (Cornago, 2021). Very few behavioural interventions for energy efficiency have been documented in Eastern Europe and the Western Balkans, and none in North Macedonia. The limited experience that has been documented in the region consists of a few small trials which used behavioural principles to inform households about approaches to energy conservation, but none of these trials have demonstrated a significant effect on behaviour. Behavioural interventions have been widely used elsewhere in the world, particularly in North America, Western Europe, and Australia, and there are many studies evaluating their impacts in these regions (Andor & Fels, 2018, p. 182). This report focuses primarily on household energy efficiency, and particularly on the most widespread and well-documented interventions, which are those related to providing feedback on energy consumption and labelling consumer goods. Although behavioural interventions have been shown to produce significant impacts and to be cost-effective in many situations, the available evidence has some limitations. Many examples that have been documented are small-scale trials or pilot projects; large-scale, institutionalised policy interventions based on behavioural insights are rare (Users TCP and IEA, 2020, p. 22). In many studies, experiments with small sample sizes and short durations show larger impacts than larger and longer-term studies, suggesting that pilot studies may over-estimate the savings that might be achieved by large-scale programmes (Andor & Fels, 2018, p. 182; Erhardt-Martinez et al., 2010, p. iv). The amount of energy saved by behavioural interventions is often fairly small and varies widely from one programme to another, suggesting that the effectiveness of these interventions may be highly dependent on local context and on details of design and implementation. Finally, many studies rely on participants reporting their intentions, and on hypothetical rather than actual purchasing decisions, and some studies have found a divergence between stated intentions and actual behaviour (Grünig et al., 2010, p. 41; Users TCP and IEA, 2020, pp. 75–76; Yang et al., 2015, pp. 21–22).

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