Thèses sur le sujet « Constraint translation »

Le contexte général de ce travail est la problématique de la conception de systèmes de haute qualité intégrant plusieurs sources de données via une couche sémantique codée dans un langage de représentation et de raisonnement sur les connaissances. Nous considérons les systèmes de gestion de données basés sur des connaissances (KBDM), qui sont structurés en trois couches : la couche de données, qui comprend les sources de données, la couche de connaissances (ou ontologique), et les mappings entre les deux. Les mappings et les connaissances sont exprimés dans le cadre des règles existentielles. Une des difficultés intrinsèques à la conception d'un système KBDM est la nécessité de comprendre le contenu des sources de données. Les sources de données sont souvent fournies avec des requêtes et des contraintes typiques, à partir desquelles on peut tirer des informations précieuses sur leur sémantique, tant que cette information est rendue intelligible aux concepteurs du système KBDM. Cela nous amène à notre question centrale : est-il possible de traduire les requêtes et les contraintes des données au niveau de la connaissance tout en préservant leur sémantique ? Les principales contributions de cette thèse sont les suivantes. Nous étendons les travaux antérieurs sur la traduction de requêtes sur les données vers l'ontologie avec de nouvelles techniques pour le calcul de traductions de requêtes parfaites, minimalement complètes ou maximalement adéquates. En ce qui concerne la traduction des contraintes sur les données vers l'ontologie, nous définissons un cadre général et l'appliquons à plusieurs classes de contraintes. Enfin, nous fournissons un opérateur de réécriture de requêtes adéquat et complet pour les règles existentielles disjonctives et les mappings disjonctifs, ainsi que des résultats d'indécidabilité, qui sont d'un intérêt indépendant
The general context of this work is the issue of designing high-quality systems that integrate multiple data sources via a semantic layer encoded in a knowledge representation and reasoning language. We consider knowledge-based data management (KBDM) systems, which are structured in three layers: the data layer, which comprises the data sources, the knowledge (or ontological) layer, and the mappings between the two. Mappings and knowledge are expressed within the existential rule framework. One of the intrinsic difficulties in designing a KBDM is the need to understand the content of data sources. Data sources are often provided with typical queries and constraints, from which valuable information about their semantics can be drawn, as long as this information is made intelligible to KBDM designers. This motivates our core question: is it possible to translate data queries and constraints at the knowledge level while preserving their semantics?The main contributions of this thesis are the following. We extend previous work on data-to-ontology query translation with new techniques for the computation of perfect, minimally complete, or maximally sound query translations. Concerning data-to-ontology constraint translation, we define a general framework and apply it to several classes of constraints. Finally, we provide a sound and complete query rewriting operator for disjunctive existential rules and disjunctive mappings, as well as undecidability results, which are of independent interest

Morphology and syntax have both received attention in statistical machine translation research, but they are usually treated independently and the historical emphasis on translation into English has meant that many morphosyntactic issues remain under-researched. Languages with richer morphologies pose additional problems and conventional approaches tend to perform poorly when either source or target language has rich morphology. In both computational and theoretical linguistics, feature structures together with the associated operation of unification have proven a powerful tool for modelling many morphosyntactic aspects of natural language. In this thesis, we propose a framework that extends a state-of-the-art syntax-based model with a feature structure lexicon and unification-based constraints on the target-side of the synchronous grammar. Whilst our framework is language-independent, we focus on problems in the translation of English to German, a language pair that has a high degree of syntactic reordering and rich target-side morphology. We first apply our approach to modelling agreement and case government phenomena. We use the lexicon to link surface form words with grammatical feature values, such as case, gender, and number, and we use constraints to enforce feature value identity for the words in agreement and government relations. We demonstrate improvements in translation quality of up to 0.5 BLEU over a strong baseline model. We then examine verbal complex production, another aspect of translation that requires the coordination of linguistic features over multiple words, often with long-range discontinuities. We develop a feature structure representation of verbal complex types, using constraint failure as an indicator of translation error and use this to automatically identify and quantify errors that occur in our baseline system. A manual analysis and classification of errors informs an extended version of the model that incorporates information derived from a parse of the source. We identify clause spans and use model features to encourage the generation of complete verbal complex types. We are able to improve accuracy as measured using precision and recall against values extracted from the reference test sets. Our framework allows for the incorporation of rich linguistic information and we present sketches of further applications that could be explored in future work.

El presente estudio analiza de forma empírica si los estilos de aprendizaje se correlacionan significativamente con la calidad de traducción, cuando la tarea de traducción se desarrolla bajo restricciones de tiempo cada vez mayores. Además, el estudio vincula la práctica pedagógica con la realidad profesional, a la vez que potencia las sinergias entre dicha práctica pedagógica y la investigación empírica en el campo de la traducción. El estudio se construye gradualmente sobre el análisis de los patrones de rendimiento basado en el producto y los patrones de rendimiento basado en el proceso resultantes y luego destaca los vínculos pertinentes de la variable personal de estilos de aprendizaje. Todo ello sobre la base de los datos obtenidos sobre un total de 84 estudiantes universitarios de traducción de la Facultad de filología inglesa de la Universidad Aristóteles de Tesalónica en Grecia. Los resultados apuntan a un estilo de aprendizaje que se correlaciona significativamente con la calidad de la traducción cuando se trabaja con plazos de entrega relativamente más amplios y otro distinto cuando se aumentan las restricciones de tiempo. La evidencia empírica sugiere que los participantes experimentan un estado cognitivo de "shock" cuando sufren restricciones de tiempo cada vez mayores. Las conclusiones parecen indicar que es aconsejable favorecer un ambiente de aprendizaje que tenga en cuenta los diferentes estilos de aprendizaje de los estudiantes.
The present study examines empirically whether learning styles significantly correlate with translation quality when the translation task takes place under increasing time constraints. It strives to link pedagogical practice with professional reality, while promoting synergies between pedagogical practice and empirical translation research. The study gradually builds on the analysis of emerging product- and process-based performance patterns and then highlights pertinent links with the personal variable of learning styles, on the basis of data collected from a total of 84 undergraduates studying translation at the School of English, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. Results point to a learning style that correlates significantly with translation quality when working under a relatively relaxed deadline, and to a different one when time constraints increase. Empirical evidence also suggests that participants undergo a state of cognitive “shock” when under increasing time constraints. The conclusions seem to indicate it is worthwhile favoring a learning environment which will take into account students’ different learning styles.

This project analyzes the Spanish dubbing of Glee for Latin American audiences in order to understand how identity—gender, sexuality, race, ethnicity, religion, and (dis)ability—is shaped by the adaptation process. I make two primary interventions within the field of global television studies. First, I expand adaptation analysis by adding industrial norms and production processes to the traditional theorizations of technical and cultural aspects; secondly, I use this web of elements as an interpretive lens for analyzing television translations, thus providing a model for making sense of how the adaptation process affects the representation of race, sexuality, and other forms of identity. Glee is translated for all of Latin America by the Mexico City company New Art Dub, and so I spent three weeks there doing field work. In addition to interviewing Glee’s Spanish-language script writer, director, actors, engineers, and technicians, and observing their work at every stage, I reviewed dubbed scripts and conducted textual analysis of the dubbed episodes. As this project demonstrates, the translation process negotiates complex international forces along with numerous industrial, technical, and cultural constraints as it shapes representations of and discourses about sexual, gender, racial, and ethnic identities. This research demonstrates that between imperialism and indigenization is an entire adaptation industry which simultaneously exaggerates and downplays cross-cultural similarities and differences.

Although Audiovisual Translation has received considerable attention in recent years, evidence suggests that there is a paucity of empirical research carried out on the topic of ideological and cultural constraints in audiovisual translation from English into Arabic. This is despite the fact that subtitling and dubbing Western animation into Arabic has been on the increase ever since television sets entered Arab homes; which is why several authority figures are calling for tighter control and moral screening of what is aired on television sets, in particular that which is aimed at children. This study aims to add some understanding of the problems facing practitioners in the dubbing/subtitling industry, such as the reasons for their alleged reality distortion and how these problems are dealt with by the dubbing agencies. This is achieved by exploring the extent ideological and cultural norms, as weB as other agents, shape the outcome of dubbed English animations/films when rendered into Arabic by manipulation, subversion and/or appropriation. Fifty-two dubbed episodes of The Simpsons were selected for this study. The Simpsons was chosen due to its universal appeal and influence. It addresses many sensitive issues, such as sex, drugs, religion, politics, racial and gender stereotypes, with a bluntness and boldness rarely seen before, and goes beyond passive entertainment and school education. Therefore, it is looked at with suspicion and vigilance in the Arab World. The methodological approach adopted for this study is primarily qualitative, which is proven to provide the kind of expert understanding this study aims to achieve, as Denzin and Lincoln (1994) attest. Because this research springs from the conviction that the issues involved constitute a complex phenomenon, and because the aim is to uncover what could be learnt about intrinsic and extrinsic conditions, it is important to adopt Toury's (1980, 1995) descriptive translation studies paradigm as well as critical discourse analysis strategy. This paradigm enables researchers to describe, explore, analyse, interpret views of the participants, and bring forth the representational properties of the screen discourse as a vehicle for ideological and cultural power transfer. The contrastive analysis of the English and Arabic versions of The Simpsons yielded interesting results; it established that the translation process is marred by many intrinsic and extrinsic factors, either exercised by the translator or imposed upon him. Ideological and socio-cultural factors are the chief culprits in the case of translating The Simpsons into Arabic.

A tradução para legendas compreende, além de fatores culturais e linguísticos, questões técnicas específicas, as quais exercem grande influência no momento de fazer as escolhas tradutórias. É frequente a sensação, para os conhecedores da língua fonte, de que a legenda não compreende tudo o que está sendo dito na tela. Entretanto, o conhecimento das restrições técnicas, bem como a análise de fatores extratextuais envolvidos no material, permitem ao espectador discernir as possíveis intenções do legendador. Nesta pesquisa, analisamos o script do filme O auto da Compadecida, de Guel Arraes (2000), a fim de identificarmos marcadores culturais e quais os tratamentos dispensados a eles nas traduções para as legendas disponíveis no DVD oficial do filme, a partir do conceito de modalidades tradutórias de Aubert (2006). Após o levantamento dos marcadores e as análises das traduções, observamos as relações estabelecidas entre a tradução textual, as restrições técnicas da legendagem e os elementos extratextuais presentes no filme, conforme Titford (1982), e o quanto essas relações favorecem a compreensão da natureza dos marcadores por parte dos espectadores estrangeiros. Como resultado, apresentamos quatro tipologias de legendas combinadas com as modalidades, com o propósito de favorecer futuros estudos que versarão sobre a tradução de marcadores culturais e tradução para legendagem.
Translation into subtitles includes, in addition to cultural and linguistic factors, specific technical concerns, which exert great influence in the moment of making translation choices. It is often felt by those who have a solid knowledge of the source language, that the subtitle does not consist of everything that is displayed on the screen. However, the knowledge of specific technical constraints, as well as the analysis of extratextual factors involved in the material, allow the viewer to discern the possible intentions of the subtitler. In this research, we analyzed the movie script of O auto da Compadecida (A dogs will) by Guel Arraes (2000) in order to identify cultural markers and what treatments were given to them in the official subtitles which are available in the DVD, based on the concept of translation modalities by Aubert (2006). After selecting the cultural markers and having analyzed the translations, we observed the relations established between the textual translation, the technical constraints and the extratextual elements present in the movie, according to Titford (1982), as well as how these relations allow the comprehension of the nature of the markers by the foreign viewers. As a result, we present four typologies of subtitles united with the modalities, with the purpose of providing support for future studies that deal with translation of cultural markers and translation for subtitling.

La conductivité hydraulique racinaire (Lpr) traduit la facilité du passage de l'eau au travers des racines. Ce paramètre, majoritairement contrôlé par l'activité de canaux hydriques membranaires (aquaporines), est modulable par diverses contraintes environnementales. Ce travail a permis de caractériser, sur un même organisme (Arabidopsis), les effets d'un ensemble de contraintes abiotiques et biotiques, représentatives de situations environnementales, sur la Lpr. Alors que la flagelline n'affecte pas la Lpr, les contraintes osmotiques (NaCl, mannitol), oxydantes (H2O2, NO) et nutritionnelles (carence en phosphate, en nitrate, culture des plantes en nuit prolongée) inhibent la Lpr. Par contre, la réalimentation en phosphate ainsi que l'addition de saccharose à des plantes cultivées en nuit prolongée stimulent la Lpr. Une approche phosphoprotéomique quantitative, basée sur l'analyse par MS de protéines microsomales racinaires purifiées à partir de plantes cultivées dans trois de ces contextes (NaCl, NO, phosphate) a permis de quantifier les variations d'abondance de l'ensemble des aquaporines racinaires ainsi que de leur état de MPT. D'un point de vue qualitatif, 22 aquaporines ont été identifiées dans la racine ainsi que plusieurs types de MPTs, incluant des nouveaux sites de phosphorylation (7), de méthylation (13 à 15), de formylation (4) et de déamidation (25 à 26). D'un point de vue quantitatif, cette étude a permis de conclure que les observations réalisées au niveau de la Lpr sont la résultante de mécanismes multifactoriels incluant l'état de phosphorylation des trois sites de l'extrémité C terminale de PIP2;1/2;2/2;3, l'état de phosphorylation de l'extrémité N terminale de PIP1;1/1;2, ainsi que les aquaporines TIPs. Ce travail permet donc de proposer de nouveaux mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans la régulation de la Lpr en réponse à des contraintes de l'environnement
The water uptake capacity of plant roots (root hydraulic conductivity, Lpr) is mainly determined by water channels (aquaporins) and is modulated by environmental constraints. The present work characterised, in a unique organism (Arabidopsis), effects on Lpr of abiotic and biotic constraints representative of environmental situations. Whereas flagelline does not affect Lpr, osmotic (NaCl or mannitol), oxidative (H2O2 or NO) and nutritional (phosphate or nitrate starvation, prolonged night) stimuli inhibit Lpr. However, phosphate and sucrose resupply stimulate Lpr. A phosphoproteomics approach based on MS analysis of microsomal proteins extracted from roots of plants cultivated in different environmental constraints (NaCl, NO,phosphate starvation and resupply) allowed to quantify variations of abundance of roots aquaporins and of their PTMs. As a qualitative point of view, 22 aquaporins were identified in roots as well as several post-translational modifications including new sites of phosphorylation (7), methylation (13 to 15), formylation (4) and deamidation (25 to 26). From a quantitative point of view, the present work drove to the conclusion that the modulations of Lpr result from multifactorial mechanisms including the phosphorylation status of the C terminal part of PIP2;1/2;2/2;3 and of the N-terminal part of PIP1;1/1;2 and TIP aquaporins. This study proposes new molecular mechanisms implicated in Lpr regulation in response to various environmental situations

En partant du cadre conceptuel des modèles IDRC (Interprétation-Décisions-Ressources- Contraintes) et du modèle d'Efforts de l'interprétation simultanée de Daniel Gile entre langues vocales, nous tenterons d'analyser le processus de l'interprétation en langue des signes et étudierons la charge cognitive inhérente au passage d'une langue vocale (canal audio-vocal), à une langue signée (canal visuo-gestuel). Nous analyserons en premier lieu l’ensemble des contraintes concourant à l’exercice de l’interprétation en langue des signes pouvant se distinguer de celles généralement observées en interprétation entre langues vocales (nous incluons les langues vocales syntaxiquement très éloignées) telles que les contraintes socio-économiques, les contraintes linguistiques et enfin les contraintes d’espace. Nous procéderons ensuite à une analyse cognitive du processus de l’interprétation en nous référant au modèle d'Efforts de l’interprétation simultanée de Gile (Effort d'Écoute et d'Analyse, Effort de Mémorisation à court terme, Effort de Production, Effort de Coordination de ces trois activités simultanées), et nous chercherons à envisager sa transposition aux langues des signes. Pour mieux comprendre les mécanismes constitutifs du processus, nous observerons particulièrement le concept de scénarisation (Séro-Guillaume, 2008) pour une première analyse de la charge cognitive de l’interprète en action. Cette capacité de représentation synthétique visuelle est-elle plus ou moins grande si on prend en compte le degré d'abstraction du discours, la technicité de l'énoncé, le manque de correspondances lexicales, le contexte de l'interprétation (pédagogique, conférence, etc.), la préparation ? Notre analyse du processus se base sur un corpus constitué de plusieurs études empiriques d’interprétations vers la langue des signes : une étude semi-expérimentale, une étude de cas naturaliste et une étude expérimentale, ainsi que sur des interviews d’interprètes et un focus group. Les observations faites sur l’ensemble de ces études nous ont permis de croiser nos données et de dégager les éléments pertinents de nos résultats pour une avancée dans la compréhension du processus cognitif de l’interprétation en langue des signes
Taking as its point of departure the conceptual framework provided by the IDRC models (Interpreting-Decisions-Resources-Constraints) and Daniel Gile’s Effort model of simultaneous interpreting between spoken languages, this thesis aims to analyse the process of sign language interpreting and study the cognitive load inherent in encoding information from a spoken language (an auditory-vocal modality of language production) into signed language (a vision and gesture-based modality). The first part of the work analyses the set of constraints involved in the exercise of sign language interpreting, as distinguished from those generally observed to apply between spoken languages (including languages syntactically far apart), such as socio-economic constraints, linguistic constraints and, finally, spatial constraints. There follows a cognitive analysis of the interpreting process with reference to Gile’s Effort model of simultaneous interpreting (Listening and Analysis Effort, Memory Effort, Production Effort, Effort of Coordination of these three simultaneous activities), with an attempt to envisage transposing its application to sign language. In order to gain better understanding of the constituent mechanisms of the process, initial analysis of the cognitive load of the interpreter in action accords particular attention to the concept of scénarisation (scene-staging) (Séro-Guillaume, 2008). Is this capacity for creating a visual picture from sequential meaning greater or lesser when factors such as the degree of abstraction of the speech, the technicality of its content, a lack of lexical correspondence, the interpreting context (educational setting, conference setting, etc), and the amount of preparation are taken into account? Analysis of the process is based upon a corpus comprising several empirical studies of interpreting into sign language: a semi-experimental study, a naturalistic case study, and an experimental study, as well as on interpreter interviews and a focus group. The observations drawn from all of these studies have enabled cross-referencing of our data and the identification of the relevant elements of our research results in order to advance understanding of the cognitive process of sign language interpreting

Notre travail consiste à étudier les contraintes qui influent sur les prises de décisions du traducteur en phase de reformulation. Appliquée au domaine de la littérature de jeunesse, la traduction est envisagée comme un acte de communication qui n’est pas que linguistique : elle est également conditionnée par des éléments extralinguistiques qui participent des influences réciproques entre la communication et la culture dans laquelle elle se produit. La littérature traduite pour ce public se présente comme un sous-système dépendant du cadre littéraire général de la société d’accueil. Elle est, de ce fait, soumise aux conditions et contraintes de production et diffusion du système littéraire pour jeune public. L’analyse des récits destinés au jeune public permet en effet de mettre en exergue les valeurs à la fois culturelles et morales que chaque société cherche à inculquer à son jeune lectorat. Qui veut saisir les procédés méthodologiques et les visées de l’entreprise traduisante dans ce domaine, se voit contraint par la nature même de l’objet, à envisager une étude de la dynamique de la littérature et de la traduction pour enfants dans le contexte d’accueil. Dans le monde arabe, des facteurs tels les parents, les éditeurs, la spécificité de l’ancrage spatioculturel, les auteurs, les traducteurs mais aussi les illustrateurs sont autant de contraintes qui jouent un rôle majeur dans ce qui est produit pour ce jeune public. D’un point de vue traductologique, ces contraintes constituent des « normes sociales » qui délimitent le cadre opérationnel dans lequel viendra s’inscrire toute opération traduisante pour le jeune public. Le concept de ‘norme sociale’ comme l’entend Toury, est central dans toute communication, parce qu’il permet d’identifier les rapports entre la société et sa production littéraire et traduisante. Pendant le processus de traduction, ces normes sont converties en contraintes traductologiques qui peuvent être d’ordre culturel, politique ou idéologique, en ce sens où elles gouvernent les prises de décisions et influent sur la tâche du traducteur au stade de la reformulation. Quels sont les éléments observables qui nous permettent de cerner ces contraintes, et quel rapport entretiennent-elles entre elles et sur le processus de traduction en général et dans la reformulation en particulier ? Surtout, quel est la démarche traductologique qui permettrait d’optimiser les résultats compte tenu de ces contraintes ? Telles sont les questions finales auxquelles ce travail tente d’apporter quelques réponses
Our work consists in studying the constraints that affect translator’s decisions in the phase of reformulation. Applied to the field of children’s literature, translation is viewed as an act of communication which is not only linguistic: it is also conditioned by extralinguistic elements that involve reciprocal influences between communication and local culture. The literature translated for this audience is presented as a sub-system part of the general literary host society. It is, therefore, subject to conditions and constraints of production and dissemination of literary system for young lectors. The analysis for the young lectors makes it possible to highlight the values of both culture and morality that every society seeks to instill in its young readers. Whoever wants to seize the methodological procedures and purposes of the translating process in this area is constrained by the nature of the subject, to consider a study of the dynamics of literature and translation for children in the host context. In the Arab world, factors such as parents, publishers, spatiocultural specificities, authors, translators and also illustrators play a major role in what is written for young audiences. From a standpoint of translation studies, these constraints are considered as "norms" that define the operational framework that govern any translation for young lectors. The concept of ’social norm’ as defined by Toury, is central to all communication, because it identifies the relationship between a society and its literary and translation process. During the translation process, these norms are converted into translational constraints that may be cultural, political or ideological in the sense that they govern the decision and the influence of the translator during the phase of reformulation. What are the observable elements that allow us to identify these constraints and how do they interact to each other and with the translation process in general and in particular with the reformulation? Above all, what is the translation approach that would maximize results in light of these constraints? These are the final questions to which this work attempts to provide some answers

Domain specific Modeling Languages (DSMLs) are increasingly used at the early phases in the development of complex systems, in particular, for safety critical systems. The goal is to be able to reason early in the development on these models and, in particular, to fulfill verification and validation activities (V and V). A widely used technique is the exhaustive behavioral model verification using model-checking by providing a translational semantics to build a formal model from DSML conforming models in order to reuse powerful tools available for this formal domain. Defining a translational semantics, expressing formal properties to be assessed and analysing such verification results require such an expertise in formal methods that it restricts their adoption and may discourage the designers. It is thus necessary to build for each DSML, a toolchain which hides formal aspects for DSML end-users. The goal of this thesis consists in easing the development of such verification toolchains. Our contribution includes 1) expressing behavioral properties in the DSML level by relying on TOCL (Temporal Object Constraint Language), a temporal extension of OCL; 2) An automated transformation of these properties on formal properties while reusing the key elements of the translational semantics; 3) the feedback of verification results thanks to a higher-order transformation and a language which defines mappings between DSML and formal levels; 4) the associated process implementation. Our approach was validated by the experimentation on a subset of the development process modeling language SPEM, and on Ladder Diagram language used to specify programmable logic controllers (PLCs), and by the integration of a formal intermediate language (FIACRE) in the verification toolchain. This last point allows to reduce the semantic gap between DSMLs and formal domains.

Cette thèse se propose d’étudier les contraintes lectoriales susceptibles d’exercer une influence sur les décisions du traducteur de la littérature de jeunesse en se servant d’un grand corpus composé des traductions chinoises des contes de Charles Perrault (1910-2016). Elle s’articule autour de trois questions centrales : Qu’est-ce que les contraintes lectoriales ? Quelles sont les contraintes lectoriales en traduction de la littérature enfantine ? Quelles sont les contraintes lectoriales qui ont existé dans la pratique traductive chinoise des contes de Perrault ? Pour mener à bien cette investigation, nous avons suivi les trois étapes suivantes : 1) à la lumière des travaux traductologiques antérieurs, nous avons d’abord tenté de définir la notion de « contrainte lectoriale » et de proposer un modèle d’analyse qui permet de mieux saisir les décisions traductives prises en situation de ces contraintes ; 2) nous focalisant ensuite sur la littérature de jeunesse, champ d’application de notre problématique, nous avons ensuite relevé, de manière générale, les spécificités du lectorat enfantin à l’appui des discours théoriques de la littérature de jeunesse et de la pédopsychologie ; 3) à la fin, une longue partie a été consacrée aux analyses du corpus, lesquelles seront en mesure de tester les hypothèses que nous avons formulé dans le développement théorique et de révéler les normes traductives propres à la traduction pour la jeunesse en Chine à une époque donnée. D’un point de vue communicationnel de la traduction, les contraintes lectoriales constituent pour nous l’ensemble hétérogène des facteurs liés au sujet lisant et pouvant entraver la liberté du traducteur dans sa prise de décisions. Elles varient selon le temps et l’espace avec les changements dans la langue-culture d’accueil, dans notre cas le contexte d’arrivée chinois
The present thesis aims to study the “reader’s constraints” that can influence the decisions of the translator of children’s literature by using a large corpus of Chinese translations of Charles Perrault’s tales (1910-2016). It focuses on three central questions: What are the “reader’s constraints”? What are the “reader’s constraints” in the translation of children's literature? Which are the “reader’s constraints” that existed in the Chinese translation of Perrault's tales? To carry out this investigation, we have followed the three steps outlined below: 1) in the light of previous research in translation studies, we first tried to define the notion of "reader’s constraint" and propose a model of analysis that allows us to find the translational decisions made in the context of those constraints; 2) then we have focused on the children’s literature, in order to examine the features of the young readers by aid of the theoretical discourses of youth literature and child psychology; 3) finally, a long section has been devoted to the analyzes of the corpus, which will be able to test the hypothesis formulated in our theoretical development and to reveal the translational norms which can be applicated to the translation for the youth in China at a given time. From a communicational view of translation, the reader’s constraints constitute a heterogeneous set of factors related to the reader and which can hinder the translator's freedom in his decision-making. They vary according to time and space with changes in the target language-culture, which is the Chinese context in case of our study

Presentation du langage pascal/relationnel construit a partir de pascal par adjonction de constructions venant du domaine des bases de donnees ainsi que la conception et l'implantation du traducteur du langage. Les instructions relationnelles sont inspirees du calcul des predicats et permettent les operations classiques offertes par les systemes de gestion de bases de donnees relationnelles

The modal satisfiability problem has to date been solved using either a specifically designed algorithm, or by translating the modal logic formula into a different class of problem, such as a first-order logic, a propositional satisfiability problem or a constraint satisfaction problem. These approaches and the solvers developed to support them are surveyed and a synthesis thereof is presented. The translation of a modal K formula into a constraint satisfaction problem, as developed by Brand et al. [18], is further enhanced. The modal formula, which must be in conjunctive normal form, is translated into layered propositional formulae. Each of these layers is translated into a constraint satisfaction problem and solved using the constraint solver ECLiPSe. I extend this translation to deal with reflexive and transitive accessibility relations, thereby providing for the modal logics KT and S4. Two of the difficulties that arise when these accessibility relations are added are that the resultant formula increases considerably in complexity, and that it is no longer in conjunctive normal form (CNF). I eliminate the need for the conversion of the formula to CNF and deal instead with formulae that are in negation normal form (NNF). I apply a number of enhancements to the formula at each modal layer before it is translated into a constraint satisfaction problem. These include extensive simplification, the assignment of a single value to propositional variables that occur only positively or only negatively, and caching the status of the formula at each node of the search tree. All of these significantly prune the search space. The final results I achieve compare favorably with those obtained by other solvers.
Computing
M.Sc. (Computer Science)

This report describes the UNITRAN (UNIversal TRANslator) system, an implementation of a principle-based approach to natural language translation. The system is "interlingual", i.e., the model is based on universal principles that hold across all languages; the distinctions among languages are handled by settings of parameters associated with the universal principles. Interaction effects of linguistic principles are handled by the syste so that the programmer does not need to specifically spell out the details of rule applications. Only a small set of principles covers all languages; thus, the unmanageable grammar size of alternative approaches is no longer a problem.

Knowledge translation describes the process of getting knowledge into practice, leading to a healthy workforce and economy. Knowledge translation is particularly challenging at the primary healthcare level, which manifests as a research to practice gap. This research aimed to explore and describe knowledge translation from both a knowledge translation organisation’s and knowledge user’s point of view at the South African primary healthcare level. A qualitative dominant, mixed methods approach was used. Twelve semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine organisations to evaluate their knowledge translation strategies. An online survey collected responses from primary healthcare workers to assess their knowledge needs and preferences. Lastly, the Thinking Processes of Theory of Constraints were applied to the public sector to identify ways in which knowledge translation can be optimised within the Department of Health system. This research found that the organisations’ strategies were inextricably linked to the knowledge translation context. Barriers to knowledge translation in the public and private sector as well as urban and rural areas differed in many respects. Organisations were successful in overcoming many of these barriers, but barriers that reside at the Department of Health (DOH) policy level, remain difficult to address. The 82 survey respondents were mostly doctors from the urban private sector. They represented a distinct subset of practitioners who preferred using the internet to access knowledge and identified no significant barriers to staying up to date. The Thinking Processes identified possible solutions to getting new DOH guidelines into practice in a fast, reliable and coordinated manner. This requires increased collaboration between knowledge translation organisations and the DOH as well as the design of a system for updating the DOH guidelines on an annual basis.
Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
ccgibs2014
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MBA
Unrestricted

Ao trabalhar com um vasto número de áreas, o tradutor generalista prova ser um profissional versátil, munido de características que o destacam pela criatividade e adaptabilidade. Ao investigar o modo como este trabalha, através da análise do processo tradutório, é possível delinear o perfil deste tradutor. Esta reflexão é importante tanto para iluminar e dar a conhecer os desafios da tradução generalista, como para revelar o trabalho dos profissionais desta área. Assim, a partir da experiência de estágio na empresa de tradução Eurologos, foi possível obter a nível prático uma visão abrangente do que envolve o exercício desta vertente da profissão de tradutor. Através da execução de tarefas como tradução, revisão e formatação bem como o contacto diário com gestores de projetos de tradução, resultou uma reflexão acerca da tradução generalista. Procurou-se ainda, na componente teórica, explorar temas como o aspeto cultural, a questão da autoria por parte do tradutor e o papel da tecnologia no dia a dia do tradutor generalista.
The generalist translator demonstrates to be a versatile professional by working with numerous areas, equipped with features that emphasize its creativity and adaptability. It is possible to outline the profile of this translator trough the analysis of the translation process and also investigating the way he works. This reflexion is important, not only to illuminate and raise awareness to the challenges of generalist translation, but also to reveal the work of the professionals of this area. Thus, with the help of the internship experience on the translation company Eurologos, it is possible to obtain, in a practical level, a broad vision of what this profession entails. Throughout the execution of tasks such as translation, revision and formatting, as well as the daily contact with the translation project manager, results a reflexion about the generalist translation. The theoretical component covers an analysis of themes: the cultural aspect, the authorship of the translator and the role of technology in the daily routine of the generalist translator.

Relatório de Estágio do Mestrado em Tradução apresentado à Faculdade de Letras
O presente relatório, elaborado no âmbito do Mestrado em Tradução, tem por objetivo relatar e refletir sobre as atividades desenvolvidas durante o estágio curricular realizado na empresa Wordzilla. Sendo esta uma empresa de tradução audiovisual, o relatório incide sobre a tradução para legendagem através de uma abordagem funcionalista. O relatório divide-se em seis partes: a primeira parte foca-se no estágio e na entidade de acolhimento; a segunda consiste numa breve contextualização (teórico-metodológica e histórica) acerca da teoria funcionalista e da tradução audiovisual; a terceira parte refere exclusivamente às condicionantes inerentes ao processo de legendagem; a quarta parte recai sobre os problemas genéricos de tradução; e a quinta parte estuda casos práticos realizados durante o estágio. A parte última deste relatório abordará as considerações finais, somando as condicionantes da legendagem aos problemas de tradução. Existem ainda poucos estudos sobre a área da tradução e legendagem, especialmente em Portugal, apesar de este valor tender a aumentar com o desenvolvimento exponencial paralelo da importância da comunicação audiovisual. Dentro dos poucos estudos que existem, grande parte deles fundamenta-se nos constrangimentos que definem esta forma de tradução e a distinguem das outras mais habituais (literária ou técnica), muito frequentemente estudadas. O presente trabalho procura não só contribuir para o estudo da tradução para legendagem, mas também explorar a posição desta forma condicionada de tradução no contexto das teorias aplicadas às formas mais genéricas de tradução, nomeadamente a teoria funcionalista. Estudar os constrangimentos desta forma tão particular de tradução e adicioná-los aos problemas genéricos de tradução propostos por Christiane Nord ajudará a clarificar algumas questões relativas à adequação da abordagem funcionalista no que diz respeito à tradição e legendagem e apontar algumas das lacunas desta abordagem relativamente à tradução audiovisual.
This report, prepared in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master’s Program in Translation, presents and discusses the subtitling tasks that I carried out during an internship at the audiovisual translation company Wordzilla.The report is divided into six chapters: the first presents the translation company where the internship took place; the second provides a theoretical, methodological and historical overview of audiovisual translation and the functionalist approach; the third focuses on the constraints inherent to the process of subtitling; the fourth addresses general translation problems; the fifth analyzes selected samples of the subtitling work that I performed during the internship; and the sixth and last chapter presents some final remarks about the conjunction between constraints in subtitling and translation problems.There are few studies on translation and subtitling, particularly in Portugal, although it is to be expected that their number will increase given the exponential growth of the importance of audiovisual communication. Most of the existing studies about the subject focus on the constraints that distinguish audiovisual translation from other types of written translation (literary or technical). This report aims not only to contribute to the study of translation for subtitling, but also to explore the place of this constrained type of translation in the context of the theories applied to other forms of translation, particularly the functionalist theory. To study the specific constraints of the subtitling process, adding them to the general problems of translation proposed by Christiane Nord, will help clarify some questions regarding the application of the functionalist theory to translation for subtitling, showing some of the limitations of this approach in what concerns audiovisual translation.

A research report submitted before the Faculty of Arts at the University of the Witwatersrand for partial fulfilment of the degree of Master of Arts in Translation
The factors which ought to be taken into account in screen translation are considered, in terms of describing the constraints and norms governing one particular translation. The German company ZDF has commissioned a South African studio to dub the television programme, "SOKO 5113: Wenn der Tod zweimal klingelt", into English for various overseas markets. The translation of this programme is analysed, in terms of both those elements which make dubbing the same as 'ordinary' translation, and those which distinguish the two. These include such things as extratextual factors, context, synchronisation and shifts in meaning. The analysis of the translation is based on Descriotive Translation Studies, in that the reasons for certain decisions made during the translation process are considered, as opposed to criticising the final translation product. The analysis is preceded by an introduction to the context of this translation, with a brief discussion of the different types of screen translation and television dubbing in South Africa. The ultimate conclusion is that dubbing does present slightly different challenges to the translator, but it should not be excluded as a branch of the field of translation.
Andrew Chakane 2018

The aim of this thesis is to present the French author Georges Perec in greater detail - his life and works, constraints he used in his experimental literary work, the reception of the author in the Czech and English contexts - and to compare the Czech and English translations of a selected extract from his novel Life A User's Manual. The first part of the thesis deals with the author's life and includes information on his published works. Its second part gives an overview of his texts translated into Czech, as well as of the reception of the writer's work in Czech media. The aim of the following part is to give a similar summary but with respect to the English context, and it sketches out some translation problems English translators encountered while translating Perec's work. The fifth part is dedicated to the writer's masterpiece Life A User's Manual. It outlines the main plot of the novel, the formal constraints Perec bound himself with, and his approach to writing in general. The final part is a comparative translatological analysis of the Czech and English translations of the fifty-first chapter.