Livres : « Constituency service »

1

A, Ferejohn John, et Fiorina Morris P, dir. The personal vote : Constituency service and electoral independence. Cambridge, Mass : Harvard University Press, 1987.

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Bowler, Shaun. Representation and theEuropean Parliament in 1990 : Electoral systems and constituency service. Manchester : European Policy Research Unit, Department of Government, Victoria University of Manchester, 1991.

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Creelman, Samuel. Creelman's address to the electors of the constituency of Truro. [Halifax, N.S. ? : s.n., 1987.

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author, Omolo Annette, et Finch, Christopher (Social Development Specialist), author, dir. Six case studies of local participation in Kenya : Lessons from Local Authority Service Delivery Action Plan (LASDAP), the Constituency Development Fund (CDF), and Water Action Groups (WAGs). Nairobi, Kenya : World Bank, 2013.

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Library of Congress. Constituent Services. Consultative Management Planning Group. Constituent Services, CMPG final report and recommendations. [Washington, D.C : Library of Congress, 1994.

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Equity in resource allocation : The need for alternative constituency development fund allocation criteria. Nairobi : Institute of Policy Analysis and Research, 2007.

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Oyugi, Lineth Nyaboke. Equity in resource allocation : The need for alternative constituency development fund allocation criteria. Nairobi : Institute of Policy Analysis and Research, 2007.

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H, Marks Joan, Sarah Lawrence College. Health Advocacy Program. et Advocacy in Health Care Conference (1984 : Sarah Lawrence College), dir. Advocacy in health care : The power of a silent constituency. Clifton, N.J : Humana Press, 1986.

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Wilmore, Elaine L. Superintendent leadership : Applying the educational leadership constituent council (ELCC) standards for improved district performance. Thousand Oaks, CA : Corwin Press, 2008.

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Ghosh, Sunanda. Parliament and information flow : A study of the Lok Sabha. New Delhi : Uppal Pub. House, 1991.

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Berhanu, Kassahun. Returnees, resettlement, and power relations : The making of a political constituency in Humera, Ethiopia. Amsterdam : VU University Press, 2000.

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Wilmore, Elaine L. Superintendent leadership : Applying the educational leadership constituent council (ELCC) standards for improved district performance. Thousand Oaks, CA : Corwin Press, 2008.

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13

Urunov, Asror. Regional economy. ru : INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1013012.

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The textbook presents the main categories of the regional economy, evaluation and sustainable development and the competitiveness of the region, theoretical terms about the economic area; specified properties, functions and factors of its formation. Disclosed parametric characteristics of the single economic space, and its possible life cycle. Outlines the economic evaluation methods and justify the location of production, state regulation of economy of regions of the Russian Federation, assessment of natural resource and socio-economic potential of the constituent entities, Federal districts. Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation. Designed for bachelors, masters, studying the discipline "Regional economy" as well as for postgraduates and teachers of economic universities, practitioners of economic services of enterprises and organizations. Can be useful for specialists of Federal and regional authorities.

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Cain, Bruce, John Ferejohn et Morris Fiorina. Personal Vote : Constituency Service and Electoral Independence. Harvard University Press, 2013.

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Cain, Bruce, John Ferejohn et Morris Fiorina. Personal Vote : Constituency Service and Electoral Independence. Harvard University Press, 1987.

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The Personal Vote : Constituency Service and Electoral Independence. Harvard University Press, 1990.

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Bussell, Jennifer. Clients and Constituents. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190945398.001.0001.

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This book provides a theoretical and empirical examination of constituency service in developing countries. The predominant view of distributive politics in “patronage democracies” emphasizes the partisan targeting of pork and clientelism. In contrast, this book demonstrates that high-level legislators in India and other contexts often provide direct, nonpartisan assistance to individual constituents. Under what conditions do they provide constituency service, rather than engage in partisan bias? The book shows that the uneven character of access to services at the local level—often because of biased allocation on the part of local intermediaries—generates demand for help from higher-level officials, and also creates incentives for those politicians to bypass intermediaries by providing direct assistance. It draws on elite and citizen surveys, interviews, qualitative shadowing, and experiments to explore the dynamics of both the demand for constituency service and its supply. The book’s findings highlight the potential for an underappreciated form of democratic accountability, one that is however rooted in the character of patronage-based politics.

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Investing in Park Futures - The National Park System Plan Vol. VI : Planning & Public Involvement : Constituency Building for the Parks ; A Blueprint for ... in Park Futures : A Blueprint for Tomorrow). National Parks & Conservation Association, 1988.

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Yeoman, Ruth. From Traditional to Innovative Multi-Stakeholder Mutuals. Sous la direction de Jonathan Michie, Joseph R. Blasi et Carlo Borzaga. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684977.013.34.

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The UK Coalition Government’s public-sector transformation initiatives produced a growing number of public-service mutuals. Despite this, there is little understanding of the transition experiences of such organizations, and associated processes of organizational change. This chapter describes the case of Rochdale Boroughwide Housing (RBH), an affordable housing provider, and now a dual constituency mutual, jointly owned by staff and tenants. A key characteristic of the change was the need for individuals to craft new self-identities by holding in tension the identity of being a co-owner with that of being a public-service worker or tenant. Smith and Graetz’s (2011) ‘paradox management’ was used to investigate new values arising from the proliferation of dualities. Although the stresses of change were not avoided, the co-owners of RBH created new capabilities with the potential to, not only sustain the organization, but also increase the resilience and innovative capacities of the communities it exists to serve.

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Advocacy in Health Care : The Power of a Silent Constituency. Humana Press, 2013.

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Contacting Child Support with constituent inquiries. [Olympia?] : Washington State Dept. of Social & Health Services, Division of Child Support, 2005.

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Raju, Ramachandran. Part VIII The Government’s Legal Personality, Ch.55 Public Employment and Service Law. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198704898.003.0055.

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This chapter examines relevant provisions of the Indian Constitution with respect to public employment and service law. In particular, it considers the Indian Constitution’s regulation of civil servants and the constitutional controversies surrounding the often-competing ideals of bureaucratic independence and bureaucratic responsiveness. After providing a historical overview of the Indian bureaucratic structure, the chapter turns to the debates in the Indian Constituent Assembly over the place for an independent civil service in a modern, democratic nation such as India. It then considers the constitutional status of the civil service, paying special attention to provisions relating to terms of service and constitutional protections for civil servants. It also explores the question of administrative reforms and their implications for the civil service in India.

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Friedman, Sally, et Richard K. Scotch. Politicians with Disabilities : Challenges and Choices. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.207.

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Persons with disabilities make up a large and significant segment of the American public; however, Americans with disabilities have rarely been considered an important political constituency or received public (or scholarly) attention in terms of their representation among political candidates or office holders. To the extent that people with disabilities have been addressed in American political discourse, they have been associated with the receipt of public benefits and services instead of being thought of as people with the potential to actively participate. Having a physical or mental impairment has typically carried with it a considerable degree of social stigma, and to be disabled is, in the minds of many, to be incapable and incompetent, dependent on others, and even morally questionable. Thus, for much of American history, the perception of an individual as disabled has been inconsistent with the personal qualities that the voting public and political gatekeepers view as desirable for public officials.While there have always been politicians with disabilities in government, many of them have chosen to hide or minimize the visibility and extent of their impairments. However, cultural changes in part provoked by the disability rights movement have meant that many impairments have become less discrediting, and that people with disabilities are more likely to be seen as having the potential to be contributing citizens. The number of political candidates and officeholders with disabilities appears to be increasing, and some have chosen to include or even highlight their disabling condition as they present themselves to their constituents.

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Advocacy in Health Care : The Power of a Silent Constituency (Contemporary Issues in Biomedicine, Ethics, and Society). Humana Press, 1986.

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Principal Leadearship:Applying the New Educational Leadership Constituent Counsil (ELCC) Standards. Corwin Press, 2002.

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Grogan, Colleen, et Christina M. Andrews. Medicaid. Sous la direction de Daniel Béland, Kimberly J. Morgan et Christopher Howard. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199838509.013.013.

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Medicaid’s intergovernmental design with a generous federal matching rate and substantial state discretion has fostered gradual but steady expansions of the program over time. Gradual growth creates a favorable political environment in which each expansion creates a political constituency for Medicaid—among provider groups and enrollees—who then fight against retrenchment. Yet, as program expenditures continue to increase, especially during fiscally distressed times, the partisan divide over the future direction of Medicaid becomes more stark. These are the political dynamics that will define how states struggle with the Affordable Care Act (ACA) Medicaid expansion and also how states attempt to provide long-term care financing and services under their Medicaid programs.

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Returnees, Resettlement and Power Relations : The Making of a Political Constituency in Humera, Ethiopia. Vu University Press, 2001.

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Russell, Annelise. Tweeting is Leading. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197582268.001.0001.

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Social media is changing the business of representation and lawmaker reputation building, and this book uses the US Senate to illustrate the constituent-driven nature of political communication. I offer a critical analysis of senators’ communication on Twitter, the forces that shape it, and the agendas that result. Senators strategically communicate a political image that reflects their unique political persona. They have to decide what they want to be known for, crafting communications that prioritize legislation, constituent service, and party politics in ways that meet the interests of their constituencies and foster promising electoral returns. Senators’ communicated, public priorities—what is termed in this book as the rhetorical agenda—offer a necessary tool for understanding how senators link their carefully crafted public image with potential voters. The rhetorical agenda uses more than 180,000 lawmaker tweets to challenge what we know about representation, removing the institutional and political constraints on congressional communication and giving lawmakers a messaging platform where individual discretion is high, the relative costs are low, and someone is always watching.

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Superintendent Leadership : Applying the Educational Leadership Constituent Council Standards for Improved District Performance. Corwin Press, 2008.

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Superintendent Leadership : Applying the Educational Leadership Constituent Council Standards for Improved District Performance. Corwin Press, 2008.

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Wilmore, Elaine L. Superintendent Leadership : Applying the Educational Leadership Constituent Council Standards for Improved District Performance. Corwin Press, 2013.

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Rau, Jochen. Simple Systems. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199595068.003.0004.

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Even though the general framework of statistical mechanics is ultimately targeted at the description of macroscopic systems, it is illustrative to apply it first to some simple systems: a harmonic oscillator, a rotor, and a spin in a magnetic field. These applications serve to illustrate how a key function associated with the Gibbs state, the so-called partition function, is calculated in practice, how the entropy function is obtained via a Legendre transformation, and how such systems behave in the limits of high and low temperatures. After discussing these simple systems, this chapter considers a first example where multiple constituents are assembled into a macroscopic system: a basic model of a paramagnetic salt. It also investigates the size of energy fluctuations and how—in the case of the paramagnet—these fluctuations scale with the number of constituents.

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Crawford, James. Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198737445.001.0001.

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Serving as a single-volume introduction to the field as a whole, Brownlie’s Principles of Public International Law seeks to present international law as a system that is based on, and helps structure, relations among states and other entities at the international level. It aims to identify the constituent elements of that system in a clear way. This ninth edition has been completely updated to take account of the many developments in international law that have occurred since the 8^th edition (2012).

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Giraldeau, Luc-Alain, Philipp Heeb et Michael Kosfeld, dir. Investors and Exploiters in Ecology and Economics. The MIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262036122.001.0001.

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In the natural world, some agents (investors) employ strategies that provide resources, services, or information while others (exploiters) achieve gain through these efforts. Such behavior coexists and is observable in many species at many levels: from bacteria which depend on the existence of biofilms to synthesize constituent proteins; to cancerous cells which employ angiogenesis in tumors; to parents who forego vaccinating their children yet benefit from herd immunity; to countries’ actions in the handling of greenhouse gases. To analyze such behavior, two independent research traditions have developed in parallel—one couched in evolutionary theory championed by behavioral ecologists, the other in the social sciences advocated by economists. This book looks for commonalities in understanding and approach, in an effort to spur research into this widespread phenomenon.

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Gil-Egui, Gisela. E-Government. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.162.

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E-government refers to a set of public administration and governance goals and practices involving information and communication technologies (ICTs). It utilizes such technologies to serve public agencies’ external audiences and constituents. However, the scope of that service is the subject of much debate and, consequently, no consensual definition of e-government had been formulated. The prehistory of e-government resonates with assumptions from the “new public management” (NPM), which proposed a restructuring of governmental agencies by adopting a market-based approach to ensure cost efficiencies in the public sector. Coined in the mid-1990s, the notion of e-government as equivalent to better government, economic growth, human development, and the knowledge society in general was quickly and uncritically accepted by practitioners and scholars alike. As scholars from different disciplines, including politics communication and sociology, paid increasing attention to the intersections of structural factors, hardware, and culture in the adoption and use of ICTs, research on e-government began to show some diversification. By the twenty-first century, the number of e-government websites from local and national administrations has grown sufficiently to allow some generalizations based on empirical observation. Meanwhile critical and comprehensive approaches to e-government frequently adopt a critical stance to denounce oversimplifications, determinisms, and omissions in the formulation of e-governance projects, as well as in the evaluation, adoption, and assessment of e-government effectiveness. Beyond the particularities of each emerging technology, reflection on the intersections between ICTs and government is moving away from an exclusive focus on hardware and functionality, to consider broader questions on governance.

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Schiller, Wendy J., et Charles Stewart. Myth and Reality of the Seventeenth Amendment. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691163161.003.0007.

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This chapter summarizes the book's findings and reflects more broadly on the quality and context of Senate representation under two different electoral systems. In doing so, it addresses several key questions about institutional representation in the U.S. democracy. Are U.S. senators more responsive today to the needs and opinions of their constituents than under indirect elections? Did state legislators actually serve as good trustees in choosing their U.S. senators on behalf of their states' voters? Finally, if the Tea Party and other advocates for the repeal of the Seventeenth Amendment get their wish, will the U.S. Senate be a fundamentally different institution?

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Ringe, Nils, Jennifer Nicoll Victor et Wendy Tam Cho. Legislative Networks. Sous la direction de Jennifer Nicoll Victor, Alexander H. Montgomery et Mark Lubell. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190228217.013.19.

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Legislatures are naturally interactive institutions. Creating laws, engaging in representation and oversight, and serving constituents are social processes. Legislators have many connections with each other, some preexisting or natural and some created while in office. This chapter explores various ways to understand legislative politics through a relational lens. Legislators rely on networks for a variety of functions, including collaboration, information diffusion, policy coordination, coalition building, and voting. Relationships are a fundamental aspect of how legislators, and those who interact with them, function. The chapter examines the history of how networks have been studied in legislatures and describes various challenges this field of study has recently overcome, as well as other challenges yet to be solved in studying legislative politics using networks. It relays the dominant existing applications and methods in this subfield and suggests several fruitful avenues for future research.

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Tyler, Daniel, dir. The Cambridge Companion to Prose. Cambridge University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108939201.

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This Companion provides an introduction to the craft of prose. It considers the technical aspects of style that contribute to the art of prose, examining the constituent parts of prose through a widening lens, from the smallest details of punctuation and wording to style more broadly conceived. The book is concerned not only with prose fiction but with creative non-fiction, a growing area of interest for readers and aspiring writers. Written by internationally-renowned critics, novelists and biographers, the essays provide readers and writers with ways of understanding the workings of prose. They are exemplary of good critical practice, pleasurable reading for their own sake, and both informative and inspirational for practising writers. The Cambridge Companion to Prose will serve as a key resource for students of English literature and of creative writing.

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Shugart, Matthew S., Matthew E. Bergman, Cory L. Struthers, Ellis S. Krauss et Robert J. Pekkanen. Party Personnel Strategies. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192897053.001.0001.

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The book develops the notion of “party personnel strategies”, which are the ways in which political parties assign their elected members—their “personnel”—to serve collective organizational goals. Key party goals are to advance a policy brand and maximize seats in the legislature. We offer a theory of how assignments of members to specialized legislative committees contribute to these goals. Individual members vary in their personal attributes, such as prior occupation, gender, and local experience. Parties seek to harness the attributes of their members by assigning them to committees where members’ expertise is relevant; doing so may enhance the party’s policy brand. Under some electoral systems, parties may need to trade off the harnessing of expertise against the pursuit of seats, instead matching legislators according to electoral situation (e.g., marginality of seat) or characteristics of their constituency (e.g., population density). The book offers analysis of the extent to which parties trade of these goals by matching the attributes of their personnel and their electoral needs to the functions of the available committee seats. The analysis is based on a dataset of around 6,000 legislators across thirty-eight elections in six established parliamentary democracies with diverse electoral systems.

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Leite, Leonardo Canez. Direito e pesquisa : Um dossiê de artigos científicos - Volume 2. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-230-8.

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Essential to the administration of justice, the lawyer plays a key role in postulating a decision favorable to his constituent and convincing the judge. However, it is common in nature to the formation and performance of bad professionals, who, due to their inconsistent actions or omissions, cause damage, whether material or moral, in the face of claims to be reached by their contractors, forming in the popular imagination a pejorative stereotype regarding the performance. from the lawyer. However, it is part of this area, a very small percentage that denigrate the image of valuable operators of the law. Thus, the Civil Liability of the Lawyer before the Theory of the Loss of a Chance becomes possible, because through misery, lack of knowledge, among others, according to the Brazilian Bar Association, lead the professional services contractor. attorneys to suffer direct or indirect damages, as they see the possibility of obtaining any economic advantage or avoid an injury, given the lost chance. Thus, even if the damage is uncertain, but if concrete probabilities are present, it should be compensated, not for the unwanted end result, but for the mere loss of the chance of achieving it.

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Woloch, Nancy. Introduction. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691002590.003.0001.

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This introductory chapter provides an overview of single-sex protective laws. The longevity of protective laws rests in part on reformers' bifocal defense. The goal of such laws, their proponents claimed, was to compensate for women's disadvantages in the labor market and to serve as the linchpin of a larger plan to achieve wage-and-hour standards for all employees. This double-planked rationale—though contradictory—proved versatile and enduring; it suited constituents with varied priorities. Protective laws' longevity also rested on effective social feminist organization and, after 1920, on the federal Women's Bureau. In retrospect, single-sex protective laws were an unwieldy means to achieve egalitarian ends—or what women reformers of the 1920s called “industrial equality.” However, critics charged that the laws failed to redress disadvantage and even compounded it. Protection's supporters also confronted developments they could not anticipate and shifts in attitude they could not foresee.

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Velji, Jamel. Apocalyptic Religion and Violence. Sous la direction de Michael Jerryson, Mark Juergensmeyer et Margo Kitts. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199759996.013.0014.

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This chapter offers a working definition of the apocalyptic, followed by some of the apocalyptic's most important constituent components. Then, it concentrates on associations between these components and violence, illuminating how structures of the apocalyptic can be deployed to serve violent ends. Apocalyptic texts and movements alike demonstrate a tendency to split the world and its contents into absolute good and absolute evil. Dualistic thinking has been noted by many scholars as a quintessential element of religious violence. Furthermore, the chapter examines three interrelated processes connected to duality that aid in the transformation of apocalyptic thinking into violence against others. Apocalyptic duality is deepened through a sense of temporality that envisions all of time having led up to the unique moment in history in which only the elect exclusively possess the truth. Duality and utopia coalesce as motive forces for foreign intervention to “free” those who are “oppressed.”

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Kumar Sharma, Mukesh, et Pallavi Kaushik, dir. Therapeutic Implications of Natural Bioactive Compounds. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/97898150800251220301.

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This volume is a comprehensive compilation of contributions on the state of art knowledge about bioactive compounds including their sources, isolation methods, biological effects, health benefits and potential applications. These bioactive compounds could serve as alternatives in the prevention or treatment of multifactorial diseases for vulnerable population groups. Chapters in the book incorporate the knowledge based on traditional medicine with recent findings on bioactive molecules and their pharmaceutical implications in neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, COVID 19, diabetes, immunomodulation and farm animal diseases. The book also highlights the latest breakthroughs in the field of screening, characterization, and novel applications of natural bioactive compounds from diverse group of organisms ranging from bacteria, algae, fungi, higher plants, and marine sources. Authors from renowned institutions of India, Japan and China have shared their expertise in the contributed chapters with the goal of enhancing readers knowledge about the significance of use of bioactives in therapeutics and nutraceuticals. It is an informative reference for researchers, professors, graduate students, science enthusiasts, and all those who wish to gain insights into various aspects of bioactive compounds and development of new pharmacological active constituents and nutritional science.

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Barr, Owen, et Bob Gates, dir. Oxford Handbook of Learning and Intellectual Disability Nursing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198782872.001.0001.

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The Oxford Handbook of Learning and Intellectual Disability Nursing, 2nd edition, has been comprehensively updated throughout and brings together the contributions of leading practitioners and academics from the UK, the Republic of Ireland, and further beyond, in an authoritative text that provides essential facts and information on nurses working with people with intellectual disabilities. A unique aspect to this Oxford Handbook is the continuing attention given to differences in legislation and social policy across the jurisdiction of the constituent countries of the UK, as well as the Republic of Ireland. The landscape for the practice of nursing has never been so complex, and given this complexity of context and practice, the Oxford Handbook of Learning and Intellectual Disability Nursing continues to offer students and newly qualified practitioners alike up-to-date and concise, practical applied knowledge, as well as theoretical information, about working in a person-centred way with people with intellectual disabilities and their families/carers in order to promote their physical and mental health, improve their quality of life and their active involvement in decisions about their care, and support their access to general healthcare and community services. This handbook will be of use in the very many areas where nurses for people with learning/intellectual disabilities are located. It will also be of use to a wider range of other health and/or social care professionals, who often seek an authoritative text that provides essential facts and information on working with people with intellectual disabilities.

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Anderson, Greg. The Cells of the Social Body. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190886646.003.0013.

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Within their cosmic ecology, the Athenians took it for granted that their polis was a “communion” (koinonia) of households, so in their experience there could be no equivalents of our modern distinctions between state and society or political and social realms. Households (oikoi) functioned as the cells of the social body, such that the vitality of the parts was inseparable from the vitality of the whole. Thus, the human “government” of the polis began not with assembly meetings but with the management of its constituent oikoi, which were the primary means of life and livelihood for all Athenians. The Athenians also took it for granted that the gods had deliberately designed males and females to play different, but complementary roles in the reproduction of social being. Women were expected to serve as “partners” to their husbands in the business of household management, performing a wide range of functions that were essential to the lives of their oikoi and therefore to the life of their polis. While they may not look like “citizens” to us, they were considered full members of the polis (politides) at the time. Terms like “patriarchy” and “misogyny,” so common in the modern literature, are accordingly unhelpful when describing gender relations in classical Athens.

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Vairappan, Charles S. Ecological Chemicals as Ecosystem Function Mediaters and Potential Lead Pharmaceuticals. UMS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51200/ecologicalchemicalsumspress2021-978-967-2962-94-6.

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Relationship between functioning ecosystem services and human wellbeing has been established as a bridge connecting nature and society. It has also become central pillar of sustainability science and dictates the paradigms of sustainable development. But, conceptual frameworks that systematically integrates the important roles played by natural ecological chemicals by establishing empirical links between the nature and ecology not only varies, but lacks clear support. The value of ecological chemicals as ecosystem derived natural products warrants explicit acknowledgement, only then trade-offs between services and prioritization of policy can be realised. In the last 20 years, important roles played by the ecological chemicals in Bornean terrestrial and marine ecosystems were investigated and reported. Terrestrial plants produce Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs) and structurally interesting secondary metabolites that facilitate their ecological processes that are aimed to establish communication such as defence, attraction, deterrent and territorial marking. Some of the most commonly utilized herbs and plants of traditional medicine importance showed very interesting chemical constituents, that justify their traditional utilization for human wellbeing. The role of VOCs that originated from animal diet and emitted through decomposition of faeces, was traced back to their important role as attractants of insects, particularly dung beetles that facilitates the remineralization of faeces and returns C and N to soil as to replenish global C and N-sink. Marine flora and fauna are perhaps the most vivid producers of structurally interesting secondary metabolites with more than one ecological functions. Halogenated secondary metabolites produced by red algae Laurencia are unique in their structural design and exhibited multiple biological potentials. Similarly, soft corals in the Sulu-Sulawesi Coral Triangle produced a huge diversity of terpenoids and functions as feeding deterrents of these soft bodied invertebrates. Ecological chemicals obtained from the Bornean biodiversity also exhibited a wide array of medically important biological activities such as anti-microbial, anti-inflammation, anti-anticancer and serves an important array of lead pharmaceuticals. Some of these compounds are very potent and have been patented as lead-pharmaceutical candidates from Bornean natural products. Hence, ecological chemicals are important natural products that regulate ecological processes that ensures ecological balance in tropical ecosystems. Humans who are the custodians of natural ecosystem, stand to benefit directly and indirectly when we practice sustainable utilization and regulation of our natural resources.

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47

Dunnington, Kent. Humility, Pride, and Christian Virtue Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818397.001.0001.

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This book proposes an account of humility that relies on the most radical Christian sayings about humility, especially those found in Augustine and the early monastic tradition. It argues that this was the view of humility that put Christian moral thought into decisive conflict with the best Greco-Roman moral thought. This radical Christian account of humility has been forgotten amid contemporary efforts to clarify and retrieve the virtue of humility for secular life. The book shows how humility was repurposed during the early modern era—particularly in the thought of Hobbes, Hume, and Kant—better to serve the economic and social needs of the emerging modern state. This repurposed humility insisted on a role for proper pride alongside humility, as a necessary constituent of self-esteem and a necessary motive of consistent moral action over time. Contemporary philosophical accounts of humility continue this emphasis on proper pride as a counterbalance to humility. By contrast, radical Christian humility proscribes pride altogether. The book shows how such a radical view need not give rise to vices of humility such as servility and pusillanimity, nor need such a view fall prey to feminist critiques of humility. But the view of humility set forth makes little sense abstracted from a specific set of doctrinal commitments peculiar to Christianity. The book argues that this is a strength rather than a weakness of the account since it displays how Christianity matters for the shape of the moral life.

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Observations on the dispute between the United States and France : Addressed by Robert Goodloe Harper, Esq. one of the delegates of South Carolina, a state, at one time, the most devoted to the French interests of any in the Union ; to his constituents, in May, 1797. [Dublin] : Philadelphia printed, Dublin, re-printed by P. Byrne ..., 1985.

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49

Anderson, Greg. The Cares of a Corporate Self. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190886646.003.0015.

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Here, finally, the book turns to consider what is more conventionally called Athenian “government,” namely the activities of Demos, the council of 500, and the sundry poliadic “officials.” As the chapter stresses, Demos, the ultimate rule-making agency in Attica, was fundamentally different from a modern “state” in at least three ways. The first of these differences concerns their respective quiddities as social objects. Whereas a modern state is conventionally seen as a machine-like material assemblage of practices and individual persons, Demos was a kind of deathless corporate person in its own right, one that both pre-existed and outlived the particular individuals who happened to embody it at any given time. Second, by comparison with the conspicuously activist, highly interventionist states of modernity, Demos was a peculiarly inert kind of agency. In its primary incarnations in assembly meetings and law courts, its function was to serve as a purely deliberative rule-making body, in that it materialized to produce binding resolutions to issues raised by “civilians,” whether they were its assembly “advisors” or the prosecutors in court cases. Third, given that Athenian households were assumed to be largely responsible for governing themselves, both individually and collectively, the competence of Demos was necessarily limited. Essentially, it was responsible for producing binding decisions only on those matters which households could not already manage for themselves, like polis-wide cults, diplomacy, and warfare. In short, to summarize chapters 12-14, demokratia in Attica was not a modern-style “state-centered” form of rule. It was an ongoing exercise in self-management by the unitary social body of Demos, whether acting as its constituent parts or as the totality of the whole.

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