Bibliographies thématiques / Consolidation of fabric

Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Consolidation of fabric »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 10 mars 2023
Mis à jour le 11 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Consolidation of fabric"

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Adamcewicz, Amy S., Balasingam Muhunthan et Eyad Masad. « Soil Fabric Changes During Consolidation ». Geotechnical Testing Journal 20, no 3 (septembre 1997) : GTJ19970010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/gtj19970010.

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Griffiths, Fred J., et Ramesh C. Joshi. « Clay fabric response to consolidation ». Applied Clay Science 5, no 1 (mai 1990) : 37–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-1317(90)90005-a.

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Realff, M. L., M. C. Boyce et S. Backer. « A Micromechanical Model of the Tensile Behavior of Woven Fabric ». Textile Research Journal 67, no 6 (juin 1997) : 445–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051759706700609.

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This work takes a micromechanical approach to fabric tensile modeling. The entire uniaxial tensile stress-strain behavior of the fabric is modeled from the constitutive yarn properties (tensile, bending, flattening, and consolidation behavior) and the original fabric geometry. Techniques for measuring these yarn properties are described. In most cases, there is good agreement between the theoretical and experimental results for several fabrics of differing weave and yarn construction. Modified approaches are suggested for those cases where prediction of fabric stress-strain behavior deviates from the experimental data.
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Lou, Ching Wen, Ching Wen Lin, Chia Chang Lin, S. J. Li, I. J. Tsai et Jia Horng Lin. « The Effects of Thermal Consolidation Methods on PET Nonwoven Composites for Thermal Insulation Use ». Advanced Materials Research 55-57 (août 2008) : 405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.55-57.405.

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As available energy sources have grown increasingly scarce, people have started paying attention to their energy consumption. Although many methods for power generation are being actively investigated, efficient methods for solving energy problems must be based on reducing energy consumption. Thermal insulation can decrease heat energy loss and conserve energy waste, especially in the construction, transportation and industrial fields. In this study, polyester (PET) hollow fibers were blended with various ratios of low-melting-point PET fibers (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%). The fibers were blended using opening, carding, laying and needle punching (150 needles/cm2, 225 needles/cm2 and 300 needles/cm2) to prepare PET nonwoven fabrics. The PET nonwoven fabrics were thermally plate pressed (TPP) and air-through bonding (ATB). Thermal conductivity, physical properties and air permeability were investigated to identify the influence of manufacturing parameters on the PET nonwoven fabrics. The experimental results show that needle punching density, TPP and ATB would influence the thermal conductivity of PET nonwoven fabric, because the structure of PET nonwoven fabric was changed. The optimal parameters of PET nonwoven fabric clipped with an aluminum foil was used to evaluate the influence of aluminum foil on thermal conductivity. The PET nonwoven composite in this study can be used in industrial thermal insulation applications.
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Denkena, Berend, Carsten Schmidt, Simon Werner et Dietmar Schwittay. « Development of a Shape Replicating Draping Unit for Continuous Layup of Unidirectional Non-Crimp Fabrics on Complex Surface Geometries ». Journal of Composites Science 5, no 4 (1 avril 2021) : 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs5040093.

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The manufacturing of large-scale structural components is still dominated by manual labor in many sectors of the modern composite industry. Efforts are being made to establish an automated layup technology for complex structural elements. Processing dry non-crimp fiber fabrics (NCF) offers great cost opportunities and high deposition rates, compared to prepreg-based technologies like automated fiber placement (AFP). Here, the fabric architecture is considered during the draping of the plane textile on curved surfaces. In this paper, the development of a draping unit for balancing fabric tension and consolidating continuously across the layup width is presented. We introduce a geometrical process model to achieve a fabric-friendly draping of the used unidirectional NCF. The shape of the resulting draping front depends on the surface geometry, the shearing of the previously laid-up textile, and the positioning of the material feed. To consolidate the fabric at the altering draping front in an automated layup process, the shape of the continuous consolidation element can be controlled by the elongation of serial soft actuators, manipulated by parallel robot kinematics. The shape replication ability of the draping unit is promising for the implementation of a continuous, fabric-friendly draping process for complex surface geometries.
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Estabragh, A. R., A. A. Javadi et J. C. Boot. « Effect of compaction pressure on consolidation behaviour of unsaturated silty soil ». Canadian Geotechnical Journal 41, no 3 (1 juin 2004) : 540–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t04-007.

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The effect of compaction pressure on subsequent soil behaviour during isotropic consolidation has been investigated by conducting controlled-suction triaxial tests on samples of an unsaturated compacted silty soil. A comprehensive set of laboratory experiments was carried out in a double-walled triaxial apparatus on samples of unsaturated soil that were prepared using two different compaction pressures. The axis translation technique was used for creating the desired suctions in the samples. In the experiments, the soil samples were subjected to isotropic consolidation under constant suctions. The results show that different compaction pressures produce different fabrics in a soil and therefore affect the behaviour of the soil. The results also show that the value of yield stress and the location of the loading–collapse (LC) yield curve are functions of soil fabric. Furthermore, it is shown that the slopes of normal consolidation lines for densely and loosely compacted samples differ in unsaturated conditions but are the same in saturated soils. A comparison is made between the behaviour of the dense and loose samples, and the difference in the behaviour is explained.Key words: suction, unsaturated soil, compaction, consolidation, soil fabric.
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Rezak, Richard, et Dawn L. Lavoie. « Consolidation-related fabric changes of periplatform sediments ». Geo-Marine Letters 10, no 2 (juin 1990) : 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02431027.

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Borazghi, Hossein, David Trudel-Boucher, Johanne Denault et Bo Fisa. « Continuous Consolidation of Polypropylene/Glass Fibre Commingled Fabric ». Polymers and Polymer Composites 16, no 1 (janvier 2008) : 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110801600101.

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Hong, Moon-Kyung, Soon-Wha Bae et Mee-Sik Lee. « Study of Consolidation of Excavated Fabric with Golden Thread ». Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles 33, no 8 (31 août 2009) : 1315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5850/jksct.2009.33.8.1315.

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Day-Stirrat, Ruarri J., Peter B. Flemings, Yao You, Andrew C. Aplin et Ben A. van der Pluijm. « The fabric of consolidation in Gulf of Mexico mudstones ». Marine Geology 295-298 (février 2012) : 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2011.12.003.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Consolidation of fabric"

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Ogunribido, Abiodun Oludare. « Influence of fabric weave on the consolidation of thermoplastic composites ». Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.515219.

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An investigation into the influence of fabric weaves on the consolidation of commingled thermoplastic composites was undertaken. The study was carried out to investigate the influence of fabric weaves on the fibre volume fraction of composites and the resultant effect on the mechanical properties of the composites. Furthermore the correlation between changes in composite void content with changes in the consolidation parameters and the changes in composite thicknesses was also investigated. Four samples representing some of the common preform weave styles used in the production of thermoplastic composites were selected for experimental and theoretical investigations. The sample weaves were, Plain, 2x2 twill, 4x4 twill and unidirectional plain weave. In order to study the influence of preform weaves on the melt impregnation of commingled fabrics, dry preform modelling was carried out to develop a method for predicting nesting in multilayer stacking of plain and nonplain woven preforms. This allows for the prediction of the fibre volume fraction of the dry preform before the onset of melt impregnation. Experimental measurements using the samples show a good correlation between the models and experimental data. Void fraction measurements were carried out using optical microscopic methods. The consolidated samples were subjected to tensile, shear and flexural tests to assess their mechanical properties. Results indicated that preform weaves strongly influenced the consolidation quality measured as a function of the void content and the mechanical properties of the composites. Fabrics with fewer interlacements generally consolidated into composites with void contents lower than fabrics with higher number of interlacements at lower consolidation temperature and pressure. This is due to lower fibre volume fraction and larger inter-tow pore spaces, which is due to very low inter-layer nesting. However, at higher temperatures, void contents of composites consolidated from fabrics with higher interlacements were lower than those consolidated from fabrics with fewer interlacements. This is attributed to nesting within the preform leading to reduction in the pore size of the inter-tow spaces coupled with the reduction in matrix viscosity. The changes in composite thickness as the processing parameters were varied were found to correlate closely with changes in the void content of the corresponding composite. This led to the conclusion that changes in composite thickness can be used as a measure of consolidation quality. This is important as it allows for quick measurements to be taken without the need for tedious void content measurements. Mechanical properties of the composites indicate that preforms with longer float length had better tensile, interlaminar shear and flexural properties. However, unidirectional preforms with little or no transverse bridging fibres tend to be pushed apart during matrix impregnation resulting in resin rich areas. This ultimately results in poorer interlaminar bond strength.
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Davis-Smith, Alexander Page. « Effect of micro-fabric on consolidation behavior of reconstituted kaolin clay ». 2004. http://etd.utk.edu/2004/Davis-SmithAlexander.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2004.
Title from title page screen (viewed Mar. 1, 2005). Thesis advisor: Dayakar Penumadu. Document formatted into pages (ix, 76 p. : ill.). Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 52-57).
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Estabragh, A. R., Akbar A. Javadi et John C. Boot. « Effect of compaction pressure on consolidation behaviour of unsaturated silty soil ». 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/465.

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The effect of compaction pressure on subsequent soil behaviour during isotropic consolidation has been investigated by conducting controlled-suction triaxial tests on samples of an unsaturated compacted silty soil. A comprehensive set of laboratory experiments was carried out in a double-walled triaxial apparatus on samples of unsaturated soil that were prepared using two different compaction pressures. The axis translation technique was used for creating the desired suctions in the samples. In the experiments, the soil samples were subjected to isotropic consolidation under constant suctions. The results show that different compaction pressures produce different fabrics in a soil and therefore affect the behaviour of the soil. The results also show that the value of yield stress and the location of the loading¿collapse (LC) yield curve are functions of soil fabric. Furthermore, it is shown that the slopes of normal consolidation lines for densely and loosely compacted samples differ in unsaturated conditions but are the same in saturated soils. A comparison is made between the behaviour of the dense and loose samples, and the difference in the behaviour is explained.
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Andrina, Elisabetta. « Physico-chemical characterization of innovative natural materials for the consolidation of aged flax fibres ». Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1091254.

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Canvas has begun the favourite painting’s support of the modern age. Flax has been the natural fibre mainly used for this purpose in the centuries. One of the main conservative problem that affects natural fibres is the depolymerisation of cellulose chains. This process involves a decrease of the molecular weight of cellulose chains, that results in a drastic fall of the mechanical resistance of the fibre cell, of the yarn and the fabric as a whole. The restoration procedure more used in the centuries to overlap the structural failure of painting supports, due to depolymerisation and degradation of fibres, is the lining technique. However it represents a controversial method because of the irreversible modifications of the original painting matter that involves, due to the high temperature and pressure conditions requested by the procedure. The aim of this project was finding a material able to consolidate and restructure fibres, actually improving the mechanical characteristics of the old flax canvas and archaeological textiles, which could represent an alternative to line, at least in the less damaged cases. To reach this goal two different products has been tested as consolidant materials: Funori, an heterogeneous mixture extracted from a family of Japanese red seaweeds; a cellulose derivative synthesized by the research group of Prof. Antonella Salvini, associated professor of the “Ugo Schiff” Chemistry Department at the University of Florence; Both the products chosen for the experimentation are characterized by a similar chemical nature with the flax fibre composing canvas supports. This characteristic not only guarantees the chemical compatibility of the two consolidants with the support they will be applied on, but it also allows to suppose the establishment of chemical interactions between the products and the support. Moreover, the combined treatment with calcium hydroxide nanoparticles dispersions has been tested. The aim was to add the preservative action of alkaline earth metal hydroxide nanoparticles against acidic hydrolysis of cellulose to the consolidating action of the two products chosen for the experiment.
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Matthews, William B. « Fabric-on-a-Chip : Toward Consolidating Packet Switching Functions on Silicon ». 2007. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/239.

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The switching capacity of an Internet router is often dictated by the memory bandwidth required to bu¤er arriving packets. With the demand for greater capacity and improved service provisioning, inherent memory bandwidth limitations are encountered rendering input queued (IQ) switches and combined input and output queued (CIOQ) architectures more practical. Output-queued (OQ) switches, on the other hand, offer several highly desirable performance characteristics, including minimal average packet delay, controllable Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning and work-conservation under any admissible traffic conditions. However, the memory bandwidth requirements of such systems is O(NR), where N denotes the number of ports and R the data rate of each port. Clearly, for high port densities and data rates, this constraint dramatically limits the scalability of the switch. In an effort to retain the desirable attributes of output-queued switches, while significantly reducing the memory bandwidth requirements, distributed shared memory architectures, such as the parallel shared memory (PSM) switch/router, have recently received much attention. The principle advantage of the PSM architecture is derived from the use of slow-running memory units operating in parallel to distribute the memory bandwidth requirement. At the core of the PSM architecture is a memory management algorithm that determines, for each arriving packet, the memory unit in which it will be placed. However, to date, the computational complexity of this algorithm is O(N), thereby limiting the scalability of PSM switches. In an effort to overcome the scalability limitations, it is the goal of this dissertation to extend existing shared-memory architecture results while introducing the notion of Fabric on a Chip (FoC). In taking advantage of recent advancements in integrated circuit technologies, FoC aims to facilitate the consolidation of as many packet switching functions as possible on a single chip. Accordingly, this dissertation introduces a novel pipelined memory management algorithm, which plays a key role in the context of on-chip output- queued switch emulation. We discuss in detail the fundamental properties of the proposed scheme, along with hardware-based implementation results that illustrate its scalability and performance attributes. To complement the main effort and further support the notion of FoC, we provide performance analysis of output queued cell switches with heterogeneous traffic. The result is a flexible tool for obtaining bounds on the memory requirements in output queued switches under a wide range of tra¢ c scenarios. Additionally, we present a reconfigurable high-speed hardware architecture for real-time generation of packets for the various traffic scenarios. The work presented in this thesis aims at providing pragmatic foundations for designing next-generation, high-performance Internet switches and routers.
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Matthews, William Brad. « Fabric-on-a-Chip toward consolidating packet switching functions on silicon / ». 2007. http://etd.utk.edu/2007/MatthewsBrad.pdf.

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Livres sur le sujet "Consolidation of fabric"

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Commission, Monopolies and Mergers. Coats Viyella Plc and Tootal Group plc : A report on the merger situations : presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry by Command of Her Majesty, October 1989. London : H.M.S.O., 1989.

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Scott, Tom. The Swiss and their Neighbours, 1460-1560. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198725275.001.0001.

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Renewed interest in Swiss history has sought to overcome the old stereotypes of peasant liberty and republican exceptionalism. The heroic age of the Confederation in the fifteenth century is now seen as a turning point as the Swiss polity achieved a measure of institutional consolidation and stability, and began to mark out clear frontiers. This book questions both assumptions. It argues that the administration of the common lordships by the cantons collectively gave rise to as much discord as cooperation, and remained a pragmatic device not a political principle. It argues that the Swiss War of 1499 was an avoidable catastrophe, from which developed a modus vivendi between the Swiss and the Empire as the Rhine became a buffer zone, not a boundary. It then investigates the background to Bern’s conquest of the Vaud in 1536, under the guise of relieving Geneva from beleaguerment, to suggest that Bern’s actions were driven not by predeterminate territorial expansion but by the need to halt French designs upon Geneva and Savoy. The geopolitical balance of the Confederation was fundamentally altered by Bern’s acquisition of the Vaud and adjacent lands. Nevertheless, the political fabric of the Confederation, which had been tested to the brink during the Reformation, proved itself flexible enough to absorb such a major reorientation, not least because what held the Confederation together was not so much institutions as a sense of common identity and mutual obligation forged during the Burgundian Wars of the 1470s.
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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Consolidation of fabric"

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Mendonça da Costa e Silva, Adilía. « Perspective Chapter : Higher Education Problems in Angola ». Dans Higher Education - Reflections From the Field [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109376.

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Higher education has extreme importance in the countries’ economical, political, and social development. Since it has a fundamental role in a country’s development construction in all its aspects and provides political and strategical support that a country requires for its development. Higher education tends to improve human resources capacity that is integrated with the several activity sectors of a certain country or region, adding to business fabric consolidation and technology innovation. And this makes investment in the education sector, especially in higher education, crucial. This paper’s objective is to search for the main problems faced by educational institutions. To this end, based on the qualitative and descriptive method in which, through observation and interviews, information was collected, which after being analyzed with the help of NVivo, allowed to present a set of failures such as lack of investment, lack of management knowledge and planning on the part of managers of educational institutions, and lack of support for publication, among others.
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Saffer, D., J. Guo, M. B. Underwood, W. Likos, R. M. Skarbek, I. Song et M. Gildow. « Data report : consolidation, permeability, and fabric of sediments from the Nankai continental slope, IODP Sites C0001, C0008, and C0004 ». Dans Proceedings of the IODP. Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2204/iodp.proc.314315316.218.2011.

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Bryant, W. R., R. H. Bennett, P. J. Burkett et F. R. Rack. « The Fabric of a Consolidating Clayey Sediment Column|ODP Site 697 ». Dans Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, 113 Scientific Reports. Ocean Drilling Program, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.113.174.1990.

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Morgan, J. K. « Clay mineral fabrics from the Iberia Abyssal Plain : recorders of postrift consolidation and deformation ? » Dans Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, 149 Scientific Results. Ocean Drilling Program, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.149.233.1996.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Consolidation of fabric"

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Islam, M., H. Mahfuz, M. Motuku, M. Saha, E. Ayorinde, S. Salekeen et S. Jeelani. « Manufacturing and Analysis of 3-D Woven Sandwich Composite Under Compressive Loading With Acoustic Emission Monitoring ». Dans ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-33477.

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Composite sandwich panel with 3-d woven fabric preform were manufactured through a vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process. The 3-d sandwich fabric preform known as Parabeam, consist of two bi-directional woven E-glass fabric surfaces, which are inter connected mechanically with several vertical woven piles. Parabeam provides a new type of sandwich composite that possess several multifunctional benefits in addition to light weight, bending stiffness and core skin debonding resistance advantages. After consolidation of the panels, polyurethane foam was injected into the core. Conventional sandwich panels were also fabricated with precast polyurethane foam and E-glass face sheet for comparison with the Parabeam sandwich. Edge wise compression tests were conducted and the corresponding acoustic emission (AE) responses were monitored by an advance AE system. Piezoelectric sensor was used to detect the AE signals. On the basis AE signals, the damage source of the specimen were identified, and classified. Furthermore, cracking size were estimated and used to determine the delamination events among the AE signals. Consequently, the AE signals were correlated to the load-displacement curve in the time domain in order to elucidate the types of damage in the specimen. Details of the manufacturing process, the compression tests, and the analysis of the AE signals are presented in this paper.
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Vandenbossche, Julie, et John DeSantis. « Effects of Interlayer Properties on the Performance of Unbonded Concrete Overlays ». Dans 12th International Conference on Concrete Pavements. International Society for Concrete Pavements, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33593/a2dhe4o6.

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Unbonded concrete overlays (UBOL) consist of a new Portland cement concrete (PCC) layer placed on an existing PCC pavement. The new concrete layer is separated from the existing pavement by an interlayer system, allowing these overlays to be placed on distressed PCC pavements. The interlayer system usually consists of a thin open graded or dense graded hot mix asphalt (HMA) layer or a non-woven geotextile fabric. In an effort to develop a mechanistic-empirical design procedure for UBOLs, the effects of the interlayer properties on the performance of the overlay must first be established. There are many variables to consider when selecting an interlayer for UBOLs such as, drainability, frictional restraint, prevention of reflective cracking, and stability of a mixture to prevent erosion or consolidation/ rutting. Performance data from in-service pavements at the Minnesota Road Research Facility (MnROAD), Michigan, Missouri, and Pennsylvania, as well as data in the Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) database is examined to establish the influence of interlayer characteristics on overlay performance. . Many of the distresses are at least partially caused by breakdown of the interlayer. Longitudinal cracking develops in the wheelpath due to erosion or consolidation of an asphalt interlayer, while transverse cracking can occur due to reflective cracking, reflective distress, or erosion along the transverse joint. The characteristics of the interlayer also play a role in the rate of the development of faulting. Based on this evaluation, factors that should be considered for optimizing the performance of the interlayer are defined.
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Caracci, Walter, Roberto Kawano, Luis Ingerman, Pamela Pallud, Paula Freyre, Marcelo Carpe, Susana Nari, Luz Ghietto, Eliana Peñalva et Matías Poletti. « La escisión entre la ciudad real y la ciudad postulada : estrategias alternativas para la reformulación de las normas urbanísticas sobre la edificabilidad en la ciudad de Santa Fe ». Dans Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Barcelona : Instituto de Arte Americano. Universidad de Buenos Aires, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.5945.

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Toda obra arquitectónica implica una idea de ciudad. En el centro de Santa Fe se constata una contradicción en este sentido, en tanto los modos de la inversión inmobiliaria promueven la consolidación de un tejido altamente heterogéneo mientras que las tipologías predominantes para la edificación de alta densidad postulan un paisaje caracterizado por un tejido compacto de alturas uniformes y frentes continuos de muy difícil concreción. Se trata de una escisión no sólo alentada por las lógicas del mercado inmobiliario, sino también por las propias normativas municipales que regulan estos procesos. Con el objetivo de reducir esta “brecha”, el proyecto “Ciudad real y ciudad postulada” (FADU-UNL) se basa en la potencialidad de los SIG, como instrumento analítico-performativo, para redefinir los parámetros tradicionales sobre los que se asienta la reglamentación vigente, considerando el estado de hecho como las potencialidades concretas de transformación en un marco de sostenibilidad. All architectural work involves an idea of town. In downtown Santa Fe there’s a contradiction in this respect, because the modes of investment promote the consolidation of a highly heterogeneous urban fabric as the predominant architectural typologies for high density building postulate a landscape characterized by a compact urban fabric of uniform heights and continuous façade, very hard to find in the “real” city. This is a split not only encouraged by the logic of the housing market, but also by the municipal regulations governing these processes. In order to reduce this "gap", the Project "Real City and Postulated City" (FADU-UNL) is based on the potential of GIS as an analytical-performative tool, to redefine traditional parameters that underpin the current regulations, considering the state of affairs as the specific potential transformation into a sustainable framework.
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Matthews, Brad, Itamar Elhanany et Vahid Tabatabaee. « Fabric on a Chip : Towards Consolidating Packet Switching Functions on Silicon ». Dans 2006 IEEE International Conference on Communications. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icc.2006.254713.

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Winhausen, L., K. Khaledi, M. Jalali et F. Amann. « Insights into the Anisotropic, Hydro-Mechanical Behavior of Opalinus Clay Through Experimental and Microstructural Investigations ». Dans 56th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-2022-2075.

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ABSTRACT: For analyzing the influence of structural anisotropy on the hydro-mechanical behavior of a clay shale, we performed three consolidated, undrained triaxial compression tests with different geometric specimen configurations. Opalinus Clay specimens were tested with bedding plane orientations of 30°, 60°, and 90° with respect to the horizontal. Results indicated different peak strengths at failure with highest and lowest values for the 90° and 30°-specimens, respectively. Failure occurred at different mean effective stresses with different magnitudes of pore water pressure built up. The 30°-specimen showed a decreasing effective mean stress up to and beyond failure compared to the initial effective consolidation stress of 10 MPa, while the 90°-specimen increased in effective mean stress during undrained loading. Dilation was found to be highest in the 30°-specimen and lowest in the 60°-specimen, demonstrated by both the effective stress path and the post-experimental microstructural analysis of the shear zones. The macroscopic shear band formed parallel to the bedding plane orientation for the specimen loaded in 60°-orientation. Here, only minor microstructural fabric changes such as increased porosity or deformed grain structures were observed, which verifies the minor volume changes inferred from the effective stress path. 1. INTRODUCTION Anisotropic rocks play an important role for engineering applications in the subsurface. Transversal isotropy is commonly associated with layered sedimentary or metamorphic rock such as sand- and siltstones, mud- or clay rocks, shales, slates and schists. Clay-rich rocks are currently investigated for their application as geological barriers in nuclear waste repositories in many countries (e.g. Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Switzerland, United Kingdom and the United States). The hydro-mechanical response around a repository tunnel during and after the excavation is influenced by the anisotropy of the rock. The anisotropy ratio, i.e., the ratio between rock properties parallel and normal to the plane of transversal isotropy, has been investigated in a variety of experimental studies (e.g. Wild and Amann, 2018; Minardi et al., 2021). However, these two endmember orientations, i.e., 0° and 90° between the loading direction and the plane of anisotropy, cover only a minor portion of geometrical constellations around the full tunnel circumference (Fig. 1.). For the majority of geometric constellations the plane of structural anisotropy, i.e., the bedding or foliation, is oblique to the tangential stress orientation. Favorable boundary conditions for a nuclear waste repository include tectonically-inactive sites, where the bedding is oriented (sub-)horizontally and the major principle stresses are oriented vertically and horizontally. Fig. 1. shows the anticipated geometric constellation in a sub-horizontal layered clay shale at large depth. Although stress rotation may take place during excavation, this simplified sketch suggests that the two endmember constellations, where maximum load is oriented parallel (P-configuration) and perpendicular (S-configuration) to the plane of anisotropy, are limited at the roof/top and the side walls of the tunnel, respectively. All other constellations represent an oblique orientation of the tangential stress in respect to the bedding plane orientation (further referred to as Z-configuration).
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