Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Conflict of laws – France »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Conflict of laws – France"
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Crawford, Emily. « Tracing the Historical and Legal Development of the Levée en Masse in the Law of Armed Conflict ». Journal of the History of International Law 19, no 3 (14 août 2017) : 329–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718050-12340084.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Levée en masse – the spontaneous uprising of the civilian population against an invading force – has long been a part of the modern law of armed conflict with regard to determining who may legitimately participate in armed conflict. The concept originated during the revolutionary wars in America and France, and was incorporated into the first codified rules of armed conflict. However, despite the prevalence of the category of levée en masse in the modern laws of armed conflict, there have been few, if any, instances of levée en masse taking place in modern armed conflicts. This article examines how and why the category of levée en masse developed. In doing so, this article situates the concept and evolution of levée en masse within the history of international humanitarian law more generally.
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Mantilla, Giovanni. « Forum Isolation : Social Opprobrium and the Origins of the International Law of Internal Conflict ». International Organization 72, no 2 (2018) : 317–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818318000097.
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AbstractWhy have states created international laws to regulate internal armed conflicts? This article is the first to theorize the emergence and design of these international rules, focusing on Common Article 3 to the 1949 Geneva Conventions. Drawing on original multicountry archival research, I develop the mechanism offorum isolationto explain the origins of Common Article 3, demonstrating the importance of social opprobrium pressure to explain why Britain and France switched from staunch opposition to support and leadership in 1949. Specifically, forum isolation pressured these European empires to concedeandto react strategically behind the scenes, saving face and safeguarding their security interests by deliberately inserting ambiguous language in the text of Common Article 3. This move later facilitated states' avoidance of this rule in many conflict cases.
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Buriak, K. M. « FEATURES OF CONFLICT-OF-LAWS REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL WORK RELATIONS ». Constitutional State, no 41 (17 mars 2021) : 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2411-2054.2021.41.225615.
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The article provides a comprehensive legal study of the basic principles of conflict-oflaws and legal regulation of work, complicated by a foreign element. It is determined that work relations complicated by a foreign element include: work of local citizens with foreign employers outside their country; foreign business trips of citizens to work abroad; work at enterprises owned by foreign entrepreneurs on the territory of their state; work of foreigners in the host state. It is noted that conflict-of-laws issues in the field of work relations complicated by a foreign element arise due to the specifics of the national legislation of each of the countries and the inconsistency of private international law in this area. The article analyzes the peculiarities of work of foreigners in Austria, Brazil, Canada, China, Romania, USA, Tunisia, Hungary, Ukraine, France, Germany, Czech Republic, Sweden, Switzerland, Japan. Based on the analysis it is concluded that the working conditions of emigrants are regulated by Public Law Regulations, which are mandatory and less humane in their content than the general conditions established by the general labor legislation and collective agreements. Foreign workers are directly dependent on entrepreneurs due to threats of expulsion, language difficulties, lack of professional training and other reasons. It is characterized by free overtime work, non-provision of vacations and sick leave. The article describes the conflict-of-laws bindings, which regulate work relations complicated by a foreign element, namely: the law of the autonomous will of the parties, the law of the place of performing of work, the law of the location of the employer, the law of the place of conclusion of an employment contract, the principle of the employer's personal law, the law of citizenship (domicile), the law of the flag, the principle of the closest connection. The features of the operation of conflict-of-laws bindings regulating work relations complicated by a foreign element in countries of different legal families are considered
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Zada, Khamami, et M. Nurul Irfan. « Negotiating Sharia in Secular State : A Case Study in French and Germany ». Samarah : Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam 5, no 1 (30 juin 2021) : 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v5i1.9753.
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The European Muslims, the majority of them come from Muslim countries, are facing the identity dilemma. On the one hand, they are the Muslims who are obliged to carry out their religious teaching, but on the other hand, they are the Muslims who have acquired European citizenship who cannot enforce religious laws and instead submit to secular state laws. The study analyzes French and Germany Muslim aspirations and their negotiations on carrying out sharia in the secular state. This is field study by qualitative approach. Primary data was collected by interviews with Muslims of Moroccan, Tunisian, Algerian, and Turkish descent living in France and Germany. The study found that French and German Muslims want to apply sharia, but France and Germany do not allow religious law to be made a state law. These have left French and German Muslims to negotiate without opposition, resistance, and conflict. As European citizens, they accept secular law without losing their religious and social identity, though couldn’t fully implement Sharia.
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Ho-Dac, Marion. « Recognition of a status acquired abroad ». CUADERNOS DE DERECHO TRANSNACIONAL 14, no 1 (8 mars 2022) : 1169–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cdt.2022.6745.
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In the French legal system, recognition of status is a classic issue that attracts diverse responses, depending on the circumstances, from procedural recognition of judgement to conflict of laws and conflict of authorities. In the light of this classic scheme, many foreign statuses are recognised in France without any difficulties, provided that they were legally obtained abroad. However, many obstacles to recognition remains and the current changing legal context in favour of a new subjective right of free movement including the status of persons, has been provoking active academic discussions among French scholars and unprecedented judicial developments. For these reasons, it is important to rethink globally the issue of recognition of status in a broad perspective within the French legal order.
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Canivet, Guy. « The Responsibility of Judges in France ». Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 5 (2003) : 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/152888712802784298.
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In the mountains of Kashmir lived a Sultan, the Sultan of Salamandragore, so concerned that the laws he had prescribed were strictly observed that he found good reasons for his judges to condemn all his subjects to death, and to have them dispatched by his executioner. Deprived of sleep by remorse and haunted by his victims, he blamed his judges, and had them decapitated in their turn.Thus begins a cruel Oriental tale, freely adapted in a poem by Jacques Prévert, which is, it seems to me, quite a good illustration of the paradox of the judge’s responsibility comparing the extraordinary nature of their power to their relationship to politics. Nevertheless, from this point of view, there is indeed in France a question, that is to say a democratic debate, a conflict of opinion generally perceived to be the result of the growing role of law in the regulation of social relationships and the increasing power of judges in the private domain as well as in the public, economic and social spheres.
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Canivet, Guy. « The Responsibility of Judges in France ». Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 5 (2003) : 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1528887000004249.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In the mountains of Kashmir lived a Sultan, the Sultan of Salamandragore, so concerned that the laws he had prescribed were strictly observed that he found good reasons for his judges to condemn all his subjects to death, and to have them dispatched by his executioner. Deprived of sleep by remorse and haunted by his victims, he blamed his judges, and had them decapitated in their turn. Thus begins a cruel Oriental tale, freely adapted in a poem by Jacques Prévert, which is, it seems to me, quite a good illustration of the paradox of the judge’s responsibility comparing the extraordinary nature of their power to their relationship to politics. Nevertheless, from this point of view, there is indeed in France a question, that is to say a democratic debate, a conflict of opinion generally perceived to be the result of the growing role of law in the regulation of social relationships and the increasing power of judges in the private domain as well as in the public, economic and social spheres.
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Kuehn, Thomas. « A Late Medieval Conflict of Laws : Inheritance by Illegitimates in Ius Commune and Ius Proprium ». Law and History Review 15, no 2 (1997) : 243–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/827652.
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In the wake of the demolition of the Berlin Wall and the erection of the Maastricht Treaty, intense debate rages over all factors contributing to both unity and diversity in Europe. While issues circulating around markets, currency, and national sovereignty receive greater play in the media, the discussion of parallel issues of European legal unity has been more longstanding. The case can be made that Europe (with the exception of England) has long had a great degree of legal unity. The Roman civil law and the canon law of the church, with some texts of feudal law, became a common learned law, the ius commune, developed and disseminated in the universities in the Middle Ages. This written legal heritage spread from Italian schools, beginning with Bologna, and was “received” in Germany, France, Spain, and even Scotland in the course of the sixteenth century. It was displaced finally with nineteenth-century codifications of national law, which strove to enshrine the legislatively enunciated genius and uniqueness of the nation.
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Jeusette, Julien. « L’éloge du vagabondage au XIXe siècle : une pensée minoritaire ». Quêtes littéraires, no 4 (30 décembre 2014) : 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/ql.4571.
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All along the nineteenth century in France, the vagabond becomes a main social and philosophical issue, for he is hunt down by scientists – vagrancy is conceived as a mental illness – and by jurists – different laws are created to criminalize the act. By establishing a link between this sudden obsession and the concern expressed by thinkers (Tocqueville, Comte, Bourget) that the society is dangerously blowing apart in separate individuals, this paper aims to analyze the manifestation of this conflict between society and vagabond in literature, among others Barrès’ Les Déracinés and Gide’s Nourritures terrestres.
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Sábo, Jozef. « Taxation of Digital Servieces from International Tax Law Perspective ». Financial Law Review 20, no 4 (2020) : 64–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/22996834flr.20.021.13093.
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The article analyses taxes on digital services adopted in the United Kingdom, France, Austria, and Italy. The article tries to identify the architectural features of these taxes that could conflict with obligations according to international tax treaties and EU laws. The article also presents OECD “Unified Approach” which is based on multilateral agreement. The main hypothesis of the article is that this approach represents a better solution for the taxation of digital services than unilateral national taxation of digital services. In the presented analyses, mainly horizontal comparative method, method of logical analysis and synthesis are employed.
Thèses sur le sujet "Conflict of laws – France"
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Henry, Elisa. « Les sûretes mobilières en droit international privé : étude critique du droit francais à la lumière du droit comparé et du droit uniforme ». Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30304.
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Securities on movables are one of the major feature of credit mechanisms.Under domestic law, this type of guarantee is widely used, specifically in France, Great-Britain and Canada, under different forms. On the other hand, due to legal uncertainties surrounding operations bearing an international character, securities on movables are rarely used in international transactions.
Regrettably, this established fact, particularly illustrated by French law, appears to go against modern tendencies to favour the internationalisation of commercial activities. The analysis of the rules of French private international law in the light of the corresponding rules of English and Canadian law allows us to identify the main obstacles in the international traffic of securities on movables and to propose reforms initiatives.
Consequently, the analysis of several ratified or drafted international conventions which are related to some aspects of securities on movables in an international context can bring suitable solutions to problems raised by the internationalisation of securities. This thesis proposes that these international agreements carrying conflict of law rules or uniform substantive law constitute the most promising means of regulating these mechanisms which are directly connected to modern international financing.
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Serra, Freire Paula. « Le contrat international de consommation, comparaison franco-brésilienne ». Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020051.
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L’internationalisation de la consommation de produits ou services est un phénomène qui peut être observé dans les pays développés, comme la France, mais aussi, en grande mesure, dans les pays en voie de développement comme le Brésil. Cette internationalisation a des effets importants sur la protection du consommateur, considéré dans la plupart des pays comme une partie faible qui mérite protection. Cette internationalisation soulève aussi des questions intéressantes de droit international privé. Dans ce travail, nous allons étudier les questions liées à la détermination de la juridiction compétente et celle de la loi applicable à ces contrats, depuis la perspective du droit français et du droit brésilienThe internationalization of the consumption of products and services is a phenomenon that can be seen in developed countries, like the case of France, but also to a large extent in developing countries like Brazil. Such internationalization has important implications for the protection of consumers, which are considered in most countries as a weak party that deserves to be protected. This internationalization also raises interesting private international law issues. In this work, we will study the issues related to the determination of the competent jurisdiction and the law applicable to such contracts, from both the French and the Brazilian law perspectives
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Hammond, Catherine. « Family conflict in ducal Normandy, c. 1025-1135 ». Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3940.
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This thesis focuses on conflict within families in Normandy, c. 1025 to 1135. Despite the occurrence of several acute struggles within the ducal house during this period, and a number of lesser known but significant disputes within aristocratic families, this topic has attracted little attention from historians. Kin conflict was cast by medieval commentators as a paradox, and indeed, it is often still regarded in these terms today: the family was a bastion of solidarity, and its members the very individuals to whom one turned for support in the face of an external threat, so for a family group to turn against itself was aberrant and abhorrent. In this thesis, I draw on significant narrative and documentary evidence to consider the practice and perception of family discord. When considered in its broader setting, it emerges that kin disputes were an expected and accepted part of Norman society at this time. I begin by introducing the topic, justifying my approach, considering the relevant historiography, and providing an overview of the sources. In chapter one, I examine the representations of family and conflict in a range of primary sources to glean contemporary views. In chapters two and three, I focus on the practice of conflict within the ducal family, considering the causes of disputes, and then the place of internal ducal dissension in the Norman world. Chapter four analyses the same issues in relation to discord within aristocratic families, before chapter five explores family disputes which arose from patronage of the Church. In the conclusion, I consider the Norman example within its comparative contemporary milieu and ponder the broader themes of family conflict.
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Bouchareb, Hafida A. L. « La confrontation de la dissolution du lien conjugal et ses effets entre les états maghrébins et les états européens francophones, France et Belgique ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210425.
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L’objet de cette thèse est d’étudier « La confrontation de la dissolution du lien conjugal et ses effets entre les États maghrébins et les États européens francophones (France et Belgique) ». Les difficultés de coordination des systèmes islamiques et européens de droit international privé proviennent de l’écart entre leurs législations relatives au statut personnel et au droit de la famille. En droit musulman, les matières du statut personnel sont solidaires des donnés religieuses. Les ressortissants maghrébins établis dans des pays européens se retrouvent souvent confrontés au croisement du système juridique maghrébin et celui de leur pays d’accueil.S’il est un domaine où se heurtent des visions difficilement conciliables entre l’Europe et certains pays musulmans, c’est bien celui du mariage mixte et particulièrement celui de la répudiation. Il faut souligner que le problème perdure depuis plus de vingt ans.
Toutefois un grand nombre de ressortissants Marocains réside en Belgique ce qui conduit inévitablement à ce que des problèmes liés à la dissolution de leur mariage se posent. A ces difficultés viennent s’ajouter les problèmes de conflits de lois. Cette étude a donc tenté de dégager les caractéristiques des différents systèmes étudiés et de montrer les divergences qu’ils comportent en terme de méthodes utilisées dans le règlement des conséquences du divorce ou de répudiation.
La présence d’une communauté immigrée de statut personnel musulman et la rencontre de l’ordre juridique européen avec ce phénomène, posent l’épineux problème de l’harmonisation de deux systèmes juridiques fondamentalement différents et a ainsi pu être qualifié de « conflit de civilisations ». Ce qui permet une vue globale du sujet.
Summary: The purpose of this thesis is to study the dissolution of a marriage tie between North African states and European French speaking states, and what this dissolution means in term of confrontation on both sides concerning the juridic systems european and islamic. The difficulties of coordination between the islamic way of life and the international law are the result of divergence relating with personal status and family right. In the islamic law, personal status and religious faith are closely interlinked. Moroccan nationals who step up house in an european country are confronted with the law of the Maghreb and the law of the country witch welcomes them.
Mixed marriages and in particularly in a case of repudiations are a sphere where european nations and some muslim nations don’t see things in the same way. One has to emphasize that these problems have been enduring for over tweenty years. A great numbers of Morocans lives in Belgium which leads to difficulties if their marriages have to be dissolved. Over these difficulties problems of laws conflicts are added. This study have tried to show the characteristics of these systems and the different way to solve the consequences of the divorce or of the repudiation. The presence of an immigrated community of personal muslim status and the encounter of the juridic european system with this phenomenon set the acute issue of the harmonization of two juridics systems deeply different. This can be described as a “conflict of civilisations”. This allows a broad view of the subject
Doctorat en droit
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Bieker, Eva. « Die Interventionen Frankreichs und Grossbritanniens anlässlich des Frankfurter Wachensturms 1833 eine Fallstudie zur Geschichte völkerrechtlicher Verträge / ». Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2003. http://books.google.com/books?id=mNPiAAAAMAAJ.
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Manga, Dominique. « La protection juridique de l’usager du médicament en France et au Japon ». Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1029.
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Dans les sociétés anciennes et modernes, la santé a été et est aujourd'hui encore une préoccupation capitale. Elle est le signe du niveau de bien être de la collectivité et de la personne. Dans le cadre de l’accès à la santé qui constitue un droit pour tous, le médicament occupe une place importante en France et au Japon, deux pays où l’espérance de vie et le niveau de vie sont élevés et ne cessent d’augmenter. C’est au vu de ces considérations que nous nous interrogeons à travers cette thèse sur la véritable place de l'usager dans la régulation du médicament en France et au Japon qui sont deux pays différents par leur culture mais qui convergent à certains moments dans le droit. L'on pourrait valablement soutenir qu’un bon système de santé se reconnaît par le niveau de protection qu'il accorde à l'usager du médicament. Cela n'est pas aussi simple car divers intérêts sont en jeu. Il est aussi important de savoir comment se solde le traitement des conflits d'intérêts dans la régulation du médicament : protection de l'être humain ou protection de la science? S'il est soutenable que la protection d'un "humain scientifique" existe, il nous appartient de rechercher la réalité de l'existence d'un ensemble de règles permettant d'assurer une "Science plus Humaine". Nous savons et il a été reconnu que le monde de la santé, émotionnel, individualiste, structuré en groupes de pressions très forts et souvent très capitaliste, est difficile à appréhenderIn former and modern societies, health has been and still is a crucial concern. It is the sign of the community’s and the individual’s well-being. In the setting of access to health that is a right for all, the drug has an important place in France and in Japan, which are countries where life expectancy and level of life are high and keeps on increasing. It is in consideration of this, that we are asking ourselves, through this thesis, about the drug user's right place in drug regulation in France and Japan which are countries different by their culture but sometimes converging in law.We can validly hold up that a good health system can be recognized by the level of protection given to the drug user. But this is not so easy because various interests are at stake. It is important to know how these kinds of conflicts are solved in drug law: is it human or science which is protected? If we can hold up that the protection of the "scientific human" exists, we have to research the reality of the existence of rules insuring a “more human” science. We know and it has been said that the field of health, emotional, individualistic, structured in strong lobbies and often capitalistic, is very difficult to comprehend
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Bouyahia, Sabrine Maya. « La proximité en droit international privé de la famille français et tunisien : actualité et perspectives (étude des conflits de lois) ». Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020103/document.
Texte intégralRésumé :
La présente étude a pour objectif de déterminer la place réservée à la proximité dans les systèmes de droit international privé de la famille français et tunisien. L’accent sera mis tout d’abord sur les divergences entre les deux pays dans l’identification du rattachement le plus proche de manière abstraite et les méthodes adoptées pour le désigner, ensuite sur les insuffisances constatées dans l’intégration de ce procédé dans les deux pays. Ainsi, il s’avère que l’orientation générale du législateur tunisien privilégiant le rattachement des relations familiales à la nationalité, s’intègre bien dans une perspective de recherche de la proximité telle que perçue dans le système tunisien. A l’inverse, le système français requiert un choix différent qui tient compte de la composition de la société française. La résidence habituelle qui ne cesse de proliférer dans les règles de conflit françaises concrétise mieux que la nationalité, le rattachement de proximité en France. Cependant, les prévisions des règles de conflit préétablies sont susceptibles d’être détrompées lors de leur application, ce qui nécessite une correction tant sur le plan conflictuel, que sur le plan matériel. Les corrections appellent l’intervention du juge qui doit vérifier d’une part, la conformité du résultat établi objectivement avec la spécificité de la relation de droit et d’autre part, la conformité des dispositions du droit désigné aux recommandations de l’ordre juridique dû. Toutefois, dans une matière où le législateur est intervenu, il devient difficile de laisser au juge la possibilité d’apprécier souverainement le résultat d’une règle de droit prédéterminée. C’est pourquoi, l’exercice discrétionnaire par le juge de cette prérogative est appréhendé par les législateurs français et tunisien en raison de l’insécurité qu’elle pourrait engendrer. Pourtant, il existe bel et bien des méthodes permettant de concilier les exigences de la proximité avec celles de la sécurité juridique. Il convient par conséquent de les identifier, avant de proposer les réformes nécessaires dans les systèmes étudiés afin de mieux concrétiser la proximitéThe following study is aimed to determine the broad place of the proximity in Private International Family Law within French and Tunisian legal systems. First of all, this analysis draw attention to the differences between countries in the identification of the connecting factor in abstract way within personal status matters as well as the methods used to designate it. Then, it underscores the deficiencies observed within the integration of this process in both countries.Thus, the general position of the Tunisian legislator which is in favor for connecting factor offamily relationships to nationality fits into a perspective research of proximity as provided in the Tunisian system. Unlike, the French system requires a different choice reflecting the composition of the French society. The proliferation of habitual residence in the French rules of conflictem bodies more than nationality, the connecting factor of proximity in France.However, the forecasts of pre-established rules of conflict are undeceived and may require, when applied, their correction in terms of conflict and material. Such corrections require the intervention of judges to verify the compliance of the result with the specificity of the relationship of law on one hand and the compliance of the provisions referred by the law of the Forum on the other hand. Nevertheless, when the legislator intervened, it becomes difficult to allow the assessment of the result pre-determined of the rule of law to the judge. Therefore, the appreciation of the judge for such prerogative is apprehended by legislators of both legal systems already studied because of the insecurity that could generate. Nonetheless, there are methods which allow the reconciliation of requirements of proximity withthose of legal security. Consequently, it would be more appropriate to identify them before proposing the necessary reforms within studied systems to better embody the proximity
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Morhun, Nicolas. « Optimisation et sécurisation des investissements immobiliers russes en France ». Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLED067.
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Basée sur une analyse économique de l’investissement qui tend à se développer de plus en plus en droit contemporain, l’étude de l’optimisation et de la sécurisation de l’investissement immobilier russe en France vient reléguer le risque lié au blanchiment au second plan. Il ne s’agit pas ici de nier ce risque mais de démontrer que la mise en place d’une démarche de gestion de patrimoine visant à prendre en compte les intérêts et les enjeux du client en cherchant même à les optimiser, permet d’évaluer le risque que représente cet investissement. Cette analyse du risque de l’investissement nécessite de s’interroger sur les problématiques de droit international privé, de fiscalité internationale résultant de l’investissement ainsi que sur les problématiques liées au financement de l’opération et à la mise en œuvre de garanties. De contrainte faisant craindre le pire aux divers professionnels intervenant dans l’opération, le risque de blanchiment apparaît ici être la résultante d’une analyse économico-juridique visant à servir l’intérêt de l’investisseur. Comprendre les enjeux, les motivations de l’investissement et chercher à y répondre tout en sécurisant les diverses personnes intervenant dans le processus d’investissement, telle est la problématique que cette thèse se propose de résoudreBased on an economic analysis of the investment, which is increasingly tending to develop in contemporary law, the study of optimisation and security of Russian real estate investment in France relegates the risk of money laundering. This thesis shows that although such a risk cannot be denied, it can still be evaluated by implementing a management approach in order to optimise client’s issues and interests.The investment risk analysis requires consideration regarding questions relating to international private law, international taxation, as well as financing for transactions and implementation of guarantees. As a rule, the money laundering risk is leading various professionals involved in the transaction to fear the worst; however such risks seem to appear as a result of economic and legal analysis which aims to serve investor’s interests. Understanding the issues and reasons for investment, whilst trying to find solutions in order to secure the investment process is the objective of this thesis
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Zreik, Saba. « Conventions réglementées et intérêt social en droit comparé (Liban, France, USA) ». Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020027/document.
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L’intérêt social est la raison d’être principale de la règlementation des conventions réglementées. Il est délimité par des intérêts voisins et par l’intérêt personnel abrité par ces conventions, dont le jeu conflictuel peut léser la société. L’existence d’un conflit et de sa justification peuvent être présumées. L'intérêt social est désormais celui de l’entreprise vue dans son contexte économique large. Un intérêt de groupe est distinctement reconnu. La qualification des conventions sert à identifier celles qui doivent être contrôlées. La mise en oeuvre de la protection de l’intérêt social s’opère à travers la prévention des conflits d’intérêts, moyennant une révélation de l'intérêt personnel. Cette révélation déclenche la procédure d'appréciation par les organes sociaux concernés. Des garanties législatives et jurisprudentielles assurent la primauté de l’intérêt social, par la limitation de l’exercice de certains droits et par l’application judiciaire stricte du respect des obligations légales qui pèsent sur les intéressés. La convention frauduleuse est nulle. Celle non autorisée qui est préjudiciable à la société est annulable; et ses conséquences sont supportées par l’intéressé qui engage sa responsabilité civile et même parfois sa responsabilité pénale. La comparaison du traitement de ce sujet dans les trois systèmes juridiques libanais, français et américains a dévoilé des failles dans les deux premiers ; des projets de réforme sont proposésThe corporate interest is the main reason behind the regulation of related party transactions. Its limits are defined by similar interests and the personal interest embodied in these transactions. The inter-action of these conflicting interests may harm the company. The existence of a conflict and of its justification may be presumed. The corporate interest is from now on that of the enterprise seen within its wide economic context and the interest of a group of companies is distinctively acknowledged. The qualification of those transactions helps identify those that are subject to scrutiny. The protection of the corporate interest is achieved by the prevention of the conflicts of interests through the disclosure of the personal interest. This disclosure triggers the concerned corporate bodies’ evaluation process. Legislative and jurisprudential guarantees ensure the predominance of the corporate interest through limitations on the exercise of certain rights and a strict judicial enforcement of legal duties laid on the interested party. The fraudulent transaction is void. The unauthorized one that is damaging to the company is voidable and its consequences are assumed by the interested party who may be exposed to civil and, sometimes, criminal liability. The comparison of the treatment of this subject in the Lebanese, French and American legal systems revealed the weaknesses in the first two; amendment proposals are made
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Miranda, Guerra Frank Nectali. « Le conflit de lois en droit des transports de marchandises par mer ». Thesis, Dijon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DIJOD008.
Texte intégralRésumé :
L’uniformisation internationale du droit de transport de marchandises par mer est caractérisée par certains défauts. Par exemple, les Règles de La Haye-Visby ne s’appliquent qu’au transport maritime, ainsi les opérations avant et après le transport par mer sont exclues de leur champ d’application. Le droit international privé déterminera la loi applicable à ces opérations, mais les règles de conflit de lois sont générales et il existe quelques règles spéciales relatives au transport de marchandises par mer. Afin de guider le choix entre les règles de conflit de lois générales et spéciales, la nature particulière des contrats maritimes doit être prise en compte. La thèse tente de déterminer les défauts de l’uniformisation internationale du droit de transport de marchandises par mer, étudie l’application des règles de conflit de lois aux contrats maritimes et tente également de démontrer comment la nature particulière des contrats maritimes influence le choix et l’interprétation des règles de conflit de lois générales. La thèse prend en compte le droit de contrats internationaux et le droit international privé de France et de PanamaThe international uniformity of the carriage of goods by sea law is characterized by certain deficiencies. For instance, the Hague-Visby Rules are applicable only to the maritime leg, so the operations before and after the maritime leg are not under regulation. Here private international law will determine the law to regulate these operations, but the conflict of laws is generalized and there are very few special rules related to the carriage of goods by sea. To guide the choice between the general and special conflict of law rules, the specific characteristics of maritime contracts have to be taken into account. This research tries to determine the deficiencies in the international uniformity of the carriage of goods by sea law, studies the application of the conflict of law rules to maritime contracts and to show how the specific characteristics of maritime contracts influence the choice and the interpretation of the general conflict of law rules. The research takes into account contract and private international law in France and Panama
Livres sur le sujet "Conflict of laws – France"
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Rude-Antoine, Edwige. Le mariage maghrébin en France. Paris : Karthala, 1990.
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Ferry, Claude. La validité des contrats en droit international privé : France/U.S.A. Paris : Libr. générale de droit et de jurisprudence, 1989.
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L'ordre public en droit international de la famille : Étude comparée France, Espagne. Paris : L'Harmattan, 2005.
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Witz, Claude. Application du droit étranger par le juge national : Allemagne, France, Belgique, Suisse : colloque, Sarrebruck, 28 juin 2013. Paris : Société de législation comparée, 2014.
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Williams, Rebecca. Unjust enrichment and public law : A comparative study of England, France and the EU. Oxford : Hart, 2004.
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Legrand, Véronique. Le contrôle de la Cour de Cassation en droit international privé. Villeneuve d'Ascq : Presses universitaires du Septentrion, 2000.
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Kati-Kati, Hamba. Les pratiques matrimoniales dans et hors du droit positif : Le cas des congolais de France. Lille : Atelier national de reproduction des thèses, 2004.
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Dupuis-Berruex, Marjorie. Le juge naturel dans le droit de l'ancienne France. Clermont-Ferrand] : Fondation Varenne : L.G.D.J., 2012.
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Cartier, Emmanuel. La QPC, le procès et ses juges : L'impact sur le procès et l'architecture juridictionnelle. Paris : Dalloz, 2013.
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La protection juridique des inventions dans les relations commerciales entre la France et la Chine : Étude de droit comparé et de droit international privé. Paris : Librairie You-Feng, 2007.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Conflict of laws – France"
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Parisi, Francesco, et Erin A. O’Hara. « Conflict of Laws ». Dans The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics and the Law, 387–96. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-74173-1_78.
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Sachdeva, Amit M. « Conflict of Laws ». Dans Encyclopedia of Law and Economics, 314–21. New York, NY : Springer New York, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7753-2_33.
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Sachdeva, Amit M. « Conflict of Laws ». Dans Encyclopedia of Law and Economics, 1–9. New York, NY : Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7883-6_33-1.
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Jaeger, Axel-Volkmar, et Götz-Sebastian Hök. « Conflict of Laws ». Dans FIDIC - A Guide for Practitioners, 55–70. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02100-8_2.
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Hannan, Neil. « Conflict of Laws ». Dans Cross-Border Insolvency, 167–205. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5876-9_11.
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Kevelson, Roberta. « Conflict of Laws ». Dans The Law as a System of Signs, 287–94. Boston, MA : Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0911-6_22.
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Dane, Perry. « Conflict of Laws ». Dans A Companion to Philosophy of Law and Legal Theory, 197–208. Oxford, UK : Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444320114.ch12.
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Millington, Chris. « Brutes and Bludgeoners : The Police ». Dans Fighting for France. British Academy, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197266274.003.0004.
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This chapter analyses the behaviour of the police during violent confrontations. The democratic Third Republic strove to control the behaviour of the forces of order, hoping to inculcate a respect for citizens’ democratic rights in the policeman. However, in the heat of the moment, officers frequently lashed out at political activists and innocent bystanders. They thus earned a deserved reputation for gratuitous brutality. As political conflict worsened during the 1930s, the Mobile Guard riot police were increasingly called to maintain law and order, sometimes with fatal consequences. While the authorities deplored such killings they nevertheless recognised that lethal force was sometimes necessary to defend the regime.
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Sorkin, David. « Civil Rights in Western Europe ». Dans Jewish Emancipation, 72–79. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691164946.003.0006.
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This chapter focuses on how western European states introduced limited changes to the Jews' status in the eighteenth century. England introduced a policy of naturalization for Jews in its colonies in part to compete with Holland's successful free port (St. Eustatius). However, only the wealthy could aspire to naturalization. The merchant elite's effort to gain easier naturalization with the “Jew Bill” (1753) failed when it became embroiled in the general Whig-Tory conflict. In France, the Jews of Bordeaux reached the acme of corporate privileges by gaining residential and commercial freedom throughout the kingdom. In contrast, Alsatian Jewry continued to suffer from major restrictions. The privileges it brought from the Holy Roman Empire were at odds with a centralizing French administration. Moreover, occupational and residential restrictions that forced Alsace's Jews into moneylending and petty trade created enduring tensions with the surrounding populace. Louis XVI's patents (1784) removed one demeaning law but otherwise imposed harsher laws on most Jews while further privileging the wealthy. Since Louis XVI's Edict of Toleration for Protestants (non-Catholics) did not apply to Jews, his government attempted, but failed, to produce legislation for Jews modeled on Joseph II's.
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Margaritis, Konstantinos. « Physical Education and Religious Freedom ». Dans Advances in Business Information Systems and Analytics, 144–55. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5387-8.ch007.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Freedom of religion has been constantly characterized as one of the foundations of a democratic society. On the other hand, the significance of physical education in the development of children's overall personality is beyond dispute. Thus, the question that arises is, What happens in a case of a conflict involving the above? The aim of this chapter is to provide an answer on the basis of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights. In particular, the fundamental cases of Dogru vs. France and Kervanci vs. France will be examined, as well as the recent case of Osmanoglu and Kocabas vs. Switzerland. Through the analysis of the cases, useful conclusions will be drawn on the possible impact of religious freedom on physical education.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Conflict of laws – France"
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Gómez Vives,, Alejandro. « Le Corbusier en Briey. Habitar la unité del bosque. *** Le Corbusier in Briey. Inhabiting the unité of the forest. » Dans 8º Congreso Internacional de Arquitectura Blanca - CIAB 8. Valencia : Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ciab8.2018.7434.
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La unité d’habitation de Briey-en-Forêt de Le Corbusier aparece como un paquebote de hormigón varado en el corazón de un bosque de una pequeña población del noreste de Francia. Precisamente su ubicación será origen de conflictos políticos a lo largo de sus primeros 30 años de vida, estando al borde de la demolición, tras un período de cierre. De las 4 unités que construye Le Corbusier en Francia es la menos divulgada, quizás por carecer de los servicios comunitarios que tanto éxito le habían conferido al proyecto de Marsella. Estos servicios, que se iban a implantar a nivel de calle en distintos edificios, finalmente no se desarrollarán. Por lo tanto, esta unité sólo alojará en su interior viviendas, las cuales se van a analizar pormenorizadamente. El hormigón será el material protagonista, si bien con unos acabados distintos a los vistos en los proyectos anteriores de Marsella y Nantes-Rezé. En Briey se emplearán nuevas***The Unité d’Habitation of Briey-en-For.t by Le Corbusier appears as a concrete steamboat stranded in the heart of a forest in a small town of northeastern France. Precisely its location will be the source of political conflicts throughout its first 30 years of life, being on the verge of demolition after a period of closure.Among the 4 Unités built by Le Corbusier in France, this is the least publicized, perhaps because it lacked the community services so successful in the Marseille project. These services, which were to be implemented at street level in different building, finally are not developed. It is the apartments hosted in the interior of Unité that will be analysed in detail. Concrete will be the leading material, although with different finishes than those seen in the previous projects of Marseille and Nantes-Rez.. In Briey, new formwork
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Nuhija, Bekim. « CONFLICT OF LAWS - MARRIAGE ». Dans 4th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Sciences and Arts SGEM2017. Stef92 Technology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2017/12/s02.050.
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« Conflict and Peace Building : A Study of Women Organizations of Northeast India ». Dans Sept. 17-19, 2018 Paris (France). Excellence in Research & Innovation, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/eirai4.f0918411.
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Chen, Zhenyi. « Study On The Situation Between France And The South China Sea From The Perspective Of Balance Of Power Theory ». Dans 8th Peace and Conflict Resolution Conference [PCRC2021]. Tomorrow People Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52987/pcrc.2021.011.
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ABSTRACT With the rise of China and the escalation of tension between China and the United States, European countries led by Britain, France and Germany pay increasing attention to the regional situation in the Asia-Pacific (now known as "Indo-Pacific"). Among them, the South China Sea (SCS) is one of the main areas disputed by China, the United States, Southeast Asian countries and some European countries. Western countries are worried that the rise of China's military power will break the stability of the situation in SCS and alter the balance of power among major powers. Therefore, they tried to balance China's rise through alliance. In France's Indo-Pacific strategy, France aims to build a regional order with the alliance of France, India and Australia as the core, and regularly carry out military exercises targeting SCS with the United States, Japan and Southeast Asian countries. This paper aims to study the activities and motivation of France in the South China Sea, and put the situation in SCS under the perspective of Balance of Power Theory, focusing on China, America and France. It will be argued that great powers are carefully maintaining the balance of military power in SCS, and it is highly possible that this trend would still last in the middle and long term, particularly via military deployment and strategic alliances. KEYWORDS: South China Sea, France, China, Balance of Power theory, Indo-Pacific.
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Hemler, Adrian. « Bridging the Public-Private Law Divide in the Conflict of Laws ». Dans COFOLA International 2022. Brno : Masaryk University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p280-0231-2022-1.
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As the name suggests, the methodology of private international law relates to substantive private law only. A parallel methodological system regarding public law does not exist. The paper argues that this methodological rift lacks any doctrinal justification. It concludes that there are no obstacles to all-sided conflict of laws rules in the public law domain. Since the paper finds that foreign public law is already applicable in private party cases (albeit heavily obscured), it focuses on public law relationships where a foreign state appears as a plaintiff. In this respect, it is shown why the application of foreign public law embodies an attractive compromise between legal assistance and recognition.
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Méndez Landa, Francisco Javier. « ATACAR LA FRONTERA : LA POESÍA COMO POLÍTICA EN LA OBRA DE FRANCIS ALŸS. » Dans IV Congreso Internacional Estética y Política : Poéticas del desacuerdo para una democracia plural. València : Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/cep4.2019.10288.
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Desde finales de los años 90’s el artista belga radicado en México, Francis Alÿs (1959) ha extrapolado su labor artística al abandonar el Centro Histórico de la Ciudad de México como su principal laboratorio social, para incidir en diversas regiones del mundo -principalmente territorios de conflicto bélico, socioeconómico, político y migratorio-, en un afán de imaginar realidades distintas a las establecidas por medio de la activación de relatos urbanos, fábulas, moralejas, actividades fútiles y juegos de niños; deviniendo en variadas y aparentemente inocentes metáforas que esconden complejas y poderosas reflexiones sociales. El presente trabajo plantea trazar una acupuntura que sigue algunas acciones de Francis Alÿs fuera del territorio mexicano para construir un imaginario global desde lo poético de su labor: en un mundo gobernado por la desesperanza, y las tensiones generadas por las fronteras de los países, la voz de Alÿs se vuelve un bálsamo necesario que permite visualizar otras soluciones posibles a los conflictos políticos derivados de la independencia y la consecuente autonomía de un determinado territorio. I. En 1997, Alÿs viaja de Tijuana, Baja California, México a San Diego, California, EUA, -ciudades vecinas separadas únicamente por la valla Internacional-; pero el artista lo hace sin cruzar la frontera norte; imaginando una nueva y absurda ruta migratoria que evade la burocracia necesaria para ingresar legalmente a los Estados Unidos; iniciando su viaje en Tijuana, y prosiguiendo por Ciudad de México, Panamá, Santiago de Chile, Auckland, Sydney, Singapore, Bangkok, Rangún, Hong Kong, Shanghái, Seul, Anchorage, Vancouver, Los Ángeles y concluir finalmente en San Diego, California, arribando 35 días después de haber iniciado su travesía. II. En 2005, Alÿs convoca a lancheros voluntarios de Cayo Hueso, Florida, EUA y de La Habana, Cuba, a construir con sus endebles barcas un sólido puente que permita enlazar estas dos naciones sobre el Golfo de México. III. En 2004, Alÿs recorre la ‘Línea verde’, demarcación establecida para promover un alto al fuego entre Israel y Palestina, con una lata de pintura verde agujereada, trazando con su andar una línea verde, que materializa esta división naturalmente imaginaria. IV. En 2008, Alÿs invita a niños de las comunidades pesqueras de Tánger, Marruecos y Tarifa, España a construir una línea humana que permita liberar pequeños barcos de juguete para navegar de norte a sur, y viceversa el Estrecho de Gibraltar. Para Alÿs, la poesía posee una cualidad disruptiva, capaz de hacernos imaginar otros futuros posibles.
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Карпенко, Анна, et Anna Karpenko. « Protection of property rights of minors under the laws of Russia and France (comparative legal analysis) ». Dans International legal aspects of family law and protection of children's rights. Москва : INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2965-296-308.
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Sivan-Sevilla, Ido. « Trading privacy for security in cyberspace : A study across the dynamics of US federal laws and regulations between 1967 and 2016 ». Dans 2017 9th International Conference on Cyber Conflict (CyCon). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/cycon.2017.8240329.
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M. Broman(), Morgan, et Pamela Finckenberg-Broman(). « Weaponized Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Laws of Armed Conflict (LOAC)– the RAiLE© Project ». Dans Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies (IHIET-AI 2022) Artificial Intelligence and Future Applications. AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100870.
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This article critically examines the area of and contributes to the knowledge around laws and policy for the emerging technology - military application of autonomous weapon systems (AWS). Some argue that any attempt to outright ban AWS is pointless, as they are considered to be in their early concept stage, and the shape or look these may take in the future are currently unknown.(Noone and Noone, 2015) The debate on AWS can be divided into three broad approaches within the literature; ‘total ban’, ‘wait and see’ and the ‘pre-emptive’ approach. Relevant literature for the subject matter is used strive to answer the question; How do we achieve AWS/AI programming which adheres to the LOAC’s intentions of the ‘core principles of distinction, proportionality, humanity and military necessity’?
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Ramić, Kemal, Chris Chapman, Goran Arbanas, Jesse Brown, Yongqiang Cheng, Yaron Danon et Dominik Fritz. « The importance of phonon spectrum measurements for accurate prediction of thermal scattering laws [Slides] ». Dans 34.Working Party for International Nuclear Data Evaluation Co-operation (WPEC) Meetings, Paris (France), 10-13 May 2022. US DOE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1901581.
Texte intégralRapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Conflict of laws – France"
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Ruiz-Roque, Orlando. The Laws of Armed Conflict and Environmental Protection : Striking a Balance,. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, janvier 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada298584.
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Jansen, Kees. Business conflict and pesticide risk regulation in Costa Rica : supporting data on laws and instructive events, 1998-2014. Wageningen : Wageningen University, Rural Sociology Group, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/414174.
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Broadberry, Stephen, Nicholas Crafts, Leigh Gardner, Rocco Macchiavello, Anandi Mani et Christopher Woodruff. Unlocking Development : A CAGE Policy Report. Sous la direction de Mark Harrison. The Social Market Foundation, novembre 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/978-1-904899-98-3.
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The world’s poor are ‘trapped’ in poverty. How can we unlock development so that poor countries can sustain economic growth over long periods of time? Our report considers this problem on three levels, the national economy, the private sector, and citizenship. At the core of each chapter is new research by CAGE members and associates. Chapter 1 addresses the factors underlying sustainable growth of the national economy. Chapter 2 looks for the sources of business capacity and sustainable growth of the private sector. Chapter 3 links citizenship to economic development, showing how political voice can enable women to participate more freely in society and the economy. In all three chapters we show how economic development relies on the rule of law, including a framework of laws and their enforcement that is applied to all and accessible by all. We show how, without such a framework, the sustainable growth of national economies and their businesses is threatened when laws fail to resolve conflicts. This failure is often accompanied by corruption or violence. So, we discuss what can be done to promote the rule of law; to make economic growth more stable and sustainable; to enhance the capacity of business organisations that are most likely to attract, grow and create jobs; and to enable women to play a full part in economic development as citizens, providers, and entrepreneurs. Foreword by Frances Cairncross; Introduced by Nicholas Crafts.
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Lewis, Dustin, Gabriella Blum et Naz Modirzadeh. Indefinite War : Unsettled International Law on the End of Armed Conflict. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, février 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/yrjv6070.
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Can we say, definitively, when an armed conflict no longer exists under international law? The short, unsatisfying answer is sometimes: it is clear when some conflicts terminate as a matter of international law, but a decisive determination eludes many others. The lack of fully-settled guidance often matters significantly. That is because international law tolerates, for the most part, far less violent harm, devastation, and suppression in situations other than armed conflicts. Thus, certain measures governed by the laws and customs of war—including killing and capturing the enemy, destroying and seizing enemy property, and occupying foreign territory, all on a possibly large scale—would usually constitute grave violations of peacetime law. This Legal Briefing details the legal considerations and analyzes the implications of that lack of settled guidance. It delves into the myriad (and often-inconsistent) provisions in treaty law, customary law, and relevant jurisprudence that purport to govern the end of war. Alongside the doctrinal analysis, this Briefing considers the changing concept of war and of what constitutes its end; evaluates diverse interests at stake in the continuation or close of conflict; and contextualizes the essentially political work of those who design the law. In all, this Legal Briefing reveals that international law, as it now stands, provides insufficient guidance to precisely discern the end of many armed conflicts as a factual matter (when has the war ended?), as a normative matter (when should the war end?), and as a legal matter (when does the international-legal framework of armed conflict cease to apply in relation to the war?). The current plurality of legal concepts of armed conflict, the sparsity of IHL provisions that instruct the end of application, and the inconsistency among such provisions thwart uniform regulation and frustrate the formulation of a comprehensive notion of when wars can, should, and do end. Fleshing out the criteria for the end of war is a considerable challenge. Clearly, many of the problems identified in this Briefing are first and foremost strategic and political. Yet, as part of a broader effort to strengthen international law’s claim to guide behavior in relation to war and protect affected populations, international lawyers must address the current confusion and inconsistencies that so often surround the end of armed conflict.
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Burniske, Jessica, et Naz Modirzadeh. Pilot Empirical Survey Study on the Impact of Counterterrorism Measures on Humanitarian Action & ; Comment on the Study. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, mars 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/kecj6355.
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To help determine the measurable impact of counterterrorism laws on humanitarian action, the Counterterrorism and Humanitarian Engagement (CHE) Project at the Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict collected data from humanitarian actors demonstrating the impact (or lack thereof) of counterterrorism laws and regulations on humanitarian organizations and their work. The Pilot Empirical Survey Study on the Impact of Counterterrorism Measures on Humanitarian Action (by Jessica S. Burniske and Naz K. Modirzadeh, March 2017) captures the resulting initial attempt at a pilot empirical study in this domain. Modirzadeh wrote a Comment on the Study (March 2017). That Comment raises considerations for states and donors, for humanitarian organizations, and for researchers.
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Marsden, Eric. La relation contrôleur-contrôlé dans les activités industrielles à risque. Fondation pour une culture de sécurité industrielle, mars 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.57071/723uib.
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This document concerns the regulatory oversight and governance of high-hazard industrial activities. A complex set of laws, regulations and institutions contribute to the social control of these activities, reinforcing and serving as a complement to the risk prevention mechanisms put in place by operating companies. This document focuses in particular on the relationship between regulators and the regulated entities and the impact of the quality of this relationship on industrial safety. The scope is the prevention of major accident hazards in different industry sectors (process industry, transport, energy), in France and at an international level. The document addresses a broad range of meanings for the term “regulator”, including the entities and people who play an official role in regulatory control and societal governance: legislators, control authorities, inspectors, as well as certified third parties with a mandate to control specific activities, and the internal risk control organizations within firms. This document aims to outline the impacts of the regulator-regulatee relationship, its contribution to the governance and control of major accident hazards, and the factors that determine the quality of this relationship and its capacity to contribute to safety.
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Lillian Rutandaro, Sherrie, Christine Lundambuyu Munalula, Rogers Otuta et Manenji Mangundu. Lives at Risk : A study of girls dropping out of school in Juba, Rumbek and Pibor Counties, South Sudan. Oxfam, novembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2022.9349.
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This study was undertaken by Oxfam in three South Sudanse counties as part of the SIDA-funded project 'Building Resilience through Gender and Conflict-Sensitive Approaches to Education, Skills Development, and Sustainable Livelihoods'. Its purpose was to shed light on why so many girls drop out of school. The research revealed that women and girls often lack decision-making power over their lives. Early or forced marriage, the abduction of girls, perceptions that education delays marriage – and that educated girls risk not finding husbands – all contribute to dropout rates. Additional challenges include a lack of adequate hygiene and sanitation facilities in schools, the distances learners need to travel, insecurity caused by communal violence, floods, food insecurity, and a heavy household work burden. The Government of South Sudan has in place laws and policies to address these issues, but they remain largely on paper and enforcement mechanisms are weak. The report analyses each of these factors in turn and presents recommendations for how the SIDA project can begin to address them in its future programming.
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Lewis, Dustin, Radhika Kapoor et Naz Modirzadeh. Advancing Humanitarian Commitments in Connection with Countering Terrorism : Exploring a Foundational Reframing concerning the Security Council. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, décembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/uzav2714.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The imperative to provide humanitarian and medical services on an urgent basis in armed conflicts is anchored in moral tenets, shared values, and international rules. States spend tens of billions of dollars each year to help implement humanitarian programs in conflicts across the world. Yet, in practice, counterterrorism objectives increasingly prevail over humanitarian concerns, often resulting in devastating effects for civilian populations in need of aid and protection in war. Not least, confusion and misapprehensions about the power and authority of States relative to the United Nations Security Council to set policy preferences and configure legal obligations contribute significantly to this trajectory. In this guide for States, we present a framework to reconfigure relations between these core commitments by assessing the counterterrorism architecture through the lens of impartial humanitarianism. We aim in particular to provide an evidence base and analytical frame for States to better grasp key legal and policy issues related to upholding respect for principled humanitarian action in connection with carrying out the Security Council’s counterterrorism decisions. We do so because the lack of knowledge regarding interpretation and implementation of counterterrorism resolutions matters for the coherence, integrity, and comprehensiveness of humanitarian policymaking and protection of the humanitarian imperative. In addition to analyzing foundational concerns and evaluating discernible behaviors and attitudes, we identify avenues that States may take to help achieve pro-humanitarian objectives. We also endeavor to help disseminate indications of, and catalyze, States’ legally relevant positions and practices on these issues. In section 1, we introduce the guide’s impetus, objectives, target audience, and structure. We also describe the methods that we relied on and articulate definitions for key terms. In section 2, we introduce key legal actors, sources of law, and the notion of international legal responsibility, as well as the relations between international and national law. Notably, Security Council resolutions require incorporation into national law in order to become effective and enforceable by internal administrative and judicial authorities. In section 3, we explain international legal rules relevant to advancing the humanitarian imperative and upholding respect for principled humanitarian action, and we sketch the corresponding roles of humanitarian policies, programs, and donor practices. International humanitarian law (IHL) seeks to ensure — for people who are not, or are no longer, actively participating in hostilities and whose needs are unmet — certain essential supplies, as well as medical care and attention for the wounded and sick. States have also developed and implemented a range of humanitarian policy frameworks to administer principled humanitarian action effectively. Further, States may rely on a number of channels to hold other international actors to account for safeguarding the humanitarian imperative. In section 4, we set out key theoretical and doctrinal elements related to accepting and carrying out the Security Council’s decisions. Decisions of the Security Council may contain (binding) obligations, (non-binding) recommendations, or a combination of the two. UN members are obliged to carry out the Council’s decisions. Member States retain considerable interpretive latitude to implement counterterrorism resolutions. With respect to advancing the humanitarian imperative, we argue that IHL should represent a legal floor for interpreting the Security Council’s decisions and recommendations. In section 5, we describe relevant conduct of the Security Council and States. Under the Resolution 1267 (1999), Resolution 1989 (2011), and Resolution 2253 (2015) line of resolutions, the Security Council has established targeted sanctions as counterterrorism measures. Under the Resolution 1373 (2001) line of resolutions, the Security Council has adopted quasi-“legislative” requirements for how States must counter terrorism in their national systems. Implementation of these sets of resolutions may adversely affect principled humanitarian action in several ways. Meanwhile, for its part, the Security Council has sought to restrict the margin of appreciation of States to determine how to implement these decisions. Yet international law does not demand that these resolutions be interpreted and implemented at the national level by elevating security rationales over policy preferences for principled humanitarian action. Indeed, not least where other fields of international law, such as IHL, may be implicated, States retain significant discretion to interpret and implement these counterterrorism decisions in a manner that advances the humanitarian imperative. States have espoused a range of views on the intersections between safeguarding principled humanitarian action and countering terrorism. Some voice robust support for such action in relation to counterterrorism contexts. A handful call for a “balancing” of the concerns. And some frame respect for the humanitarian imperative in terms of not contradicting counterterrorism objectives. In terms of measures, we identify five categories of potentially relevant national counterterrorism approaches: measures to prevent and suppress support to the people and entities involved in terrorist acts; actions to implement targeted sanctions; measures to prevent and suppress the financing of terrorism; measures to prohibit or restrict terrorism-related travel; and measures that criminalize or impede medical care. Further, through a number of “control dials” that we detect, States calibrate the functional relations between respect for principled humanitarian action and countering terrorism. The bulk of the identified counterterrorism measures and related “control dials” suggests that, to date, States have by and large not prioritized advancing respect for the humanitarian imperative at the national level. Finally, in section 6, we conclude by enumerating core questions that a State may answer to help formulate and instantiate its values, policy commitments, and legal positions to secure respect for principled humanitarian action in relation to counterterrorism contexts.
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Colomb, Claire, et Tatiana Moreira de Souza. Regulating Short-Term Rentals : Platform-based property rentals in European cities : the policy debates. Property Research Trust, mai 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52915/kkkd3578.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Short-term rentals mediated by digital platforms have positive and negative impacts that are unevenly distributed among socio-economic groups and places. Detrimental impacts on the housing market and quality of life of long-term residents have been particular contentious in some cities. • In the 12 cities studied in the report (Amsterdam, Barcelona, Berlin, Brussels, Lisbon, London, Madrid, Milan, Paris, Prague, Rome and Vienna), city governments have responded differently to the growth of short-term rentals. • The emerging local regulations of short-term rentals take multiple forms and exhibit various degrees of stringency, ranging from rare cases of laissez-faire to a few cases of partial prohibition or strict quantitative control. Most city governments have sought to find a middle-ground approach that differentiates between the professional rental of whole units and the occasional rental of one’s home/ primary residence. • The regulation of short-term rentals is contentious and highly politicised. Six broad categories of interest groups and non-state actors actively participate in the debates with contrasting positions: advocates of the ‘sharing’ or ‘collaborative’ economy; corporate platforms; professional organisatons of short-term rental operators; new associations of hosts or ‘home-sharers’; the hotel and hospitality industry; and residents’ associations/citizens’ movements. • All city governments face difficulties in implementing and enforcing the regulations, due to a lack of sufficient resources and to the absence of accurate and comprehensive data on individual hosts. That data is held by corporate platforms, which have generally not accepted to release it (with a few exceptions) nor to monitor the content of their listings against local rules. • The relationships between platforms and city governments have oscillated between collaboration and conflict. Effective implementation is impossible without the cooperation of platforms. • In the context of the European Union, the debate has taken a supranational dimension, as two pieces of EU law frame the possibility — and acceptable forms — of regulation of online platforms and of short-term rentals in EU member states: the 2000 E-Commerce Directive and the 2006 Services Directive. • For regulation to be effective, the EU legal framework should be revised to ensure platform account- ability and data disclosure. This would allow city (and other ti ers of) governments to effectively enforce the regulations that they deem appropriate. • Besides, national and regional governments, who often control the legislative framework that defines particular types of short-term rentals, need to give local governments the necessary tools to be able to exercise their ‘right to regulate’ in the name of public interest objectives.
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Lewis, Dustin, et Naz Modirzadeh. Taking into Account the Potential Effects of Counterterrorism Measures on Humanitarian and Medical Activities : Elements of an Analytical Framework for States Grounded in Respect for International Law. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, mai 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/qbot8406.
Texte intégralRésumé :
For at least a decade, States, humanitarian bodies, and civil-society actors have raised concerns about how certain counterterrorism measures can prevent or impede humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts. In 2019, the issue drew the attention of the world’s preeminent body charged with maintaining or restoring international peace and security: the United Nations Security Council. In two resolutions — Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019) — adopted that year, the Security Council urged States to take into account the potential effects of certain counterterrorism measures on exclusively humanitarian activities, including medical activities, that are carried out by impartial humanitarian actors in a manner consistent with international humanitarian law (IHL). By implicitly recognizing that measures adopted to achieve one policy objective (countering terrorism) can impair or prevent another policy objective (safeguarding humanitarian and medical activities), the Security Council elevated taking into account the potential effects of certain counterterrorism measures on exclusively humanitarian activities to an issue implicating international peace and security. In this legal briefing, we aim to support the development of an analytical framework through which a State may seek to devise and administer a system to take into account the potential effects of counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities. Our primary intended audience includes the people involved in creating or administering a “take into account” system and in developing relevant laws and policies. Our analysis zooms in on Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019) and focuses on grounding the framework in respect for international law, notably the U.N. Charter and IHL. In section 1, we introduce the impetus, objectives, and structure of the briefing. In our view, a thorough legal analysis of the relevant resolutions in their wider context is a crucial element to laying the conditions conducive to the development and administration of an effective “take into account” system. Further, the stakes and timeliness of the issue, the Security Council’s implicit recognition of a potential tension between measures adopted to achieve different policy objectives, and the relatively scant salient direct practice and scholarship on elements pertinent to “take into account” systems also compelled us to engage in original legal analysis, with a focus on public international law and IHL. In section 2, as a primer for readers unfamiliar with the core issues, we briefly outline humanitarian and medical activities and counterterrorism measures. Then we highlight a range of possible effects of the latter on the former. Concerning armed conflict, humanitarian activities aim primarily to provide relief to and protection for people affected by the conflict whose needs are unmet, whereas medical activities aim primarily to provide care for wounded and sick persons, including the enemy. Meanwhile, for at least several decades, States have sought to prevent and suppress acts of terrorism and punish those who commit, attempt to commit, or otherwise support acts of terrorism. Under the rubric of countering terrorism, States have taken an increasingly broad and diverse array of actions at the global, regional, and national levels. A growing body of qualitative and quantitative evidence documents how certain measures designed and applied to counter terrorism can impede or prevent humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts. In a nutshell, counterterrorism measures may lead to diminished or complete lack of access by humanitarian and medical actors to the persons affected by an armed conflict that is also characterized as a counterterrorism context, or those measures may adversely affect the scope, amount, or quality of humanitarian and medical services provided to such persons. The diverse array of detrimental effects of certain counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities may be grouped into several cross-cutting categories, including operational, financial, security, legal, and reputational effects. In section 3, we explain some of the key legal aspects of humanitarian and medical activities and counterterrorism measures. States have developed IHL as the primary body of international law applicable to acts and omissions connected with an armed conflict. IHL lays down several rights and obligations relating to a broad spectrum of humanitarian and medical activities pertaining to armed conflicts. A violation of an applicable IHL provision related to humanitarian or medical activities may engage the international legal responsibility of a State or an individual. Meanwhile, at the international level, there is no single, comprehensive body of counterterrorism laws. However, States have developed a collection of treaties to pursue specific anti-terrorism objectives. Further, for its part, the Security Council has assumed an increasingly prominent role in countering terrorism, including by adopting decisions that U.N. Member States must accept and carry out under the U.N. Charter. Some counterterrorism measures are designed and applied in a manner that implicitly or expressly “carves out” particular safeguards — typically in the form of limited exceptions or exemptions — for certain humanitarian or medical activities or actors. Yet most counterterrorism measures do not include such safeguards. In section 4, which constitutes the bulk of our original legal analysis, we closely evaluate the two resolutions in which the Security Council urged States to take into account the effects of (certain) counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities. We set the stage by summarizing some aspects of the legal relations between Security Council acts and IHL provisions pertaining to humanitarian and medical activities. We then analyze the status, consequences, and content of several substantive elements of the resolutions and what they may entail for States seeking to counter terrorism and safeguard humanitarian and medical activities. Among the elements that we evaluate are: the Security Council’s new notion of a prohibited financial “benefit” for terrorists as it may relate to humanitarian and medical activities; the Council’s demand that States comply with IHL obligations while countering terrorism; and the constituent parts of the Council’s notion of a “take into account” system. In section 5, we set out some potential elements of an analytical framework through which a State may seek to develop and administer its “take into account” system in line with Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019). In terms of its object and purpose, a “take into account” system may aim to secure respect for international law, notably the U.N. Charter and IHL pertaining to humanitarian and medical activities. In addition, the system may seek to safeguard humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts that also qualify as counterterrorism contexts. We also identify two sets of preconditions arguably necessary for a State to anticipate and address relevant potential effects through the development and execution of its “take into account” system. Finally, we suggest three sets of attributes that a “take into account” system may need to embody to achieve its aims: utilizing a State-wide approach, focusing on potential effects, and including default principles and rules to help guide implementation. In section 6, we briefly conclude. In our view, jointly pursuing the policy objectives of countering terrorism and safeguarding humanitarian and medical activities presents several opportunities, challenges, and complexities. International law does not necessarily provide ready-made answers to all of the difficult questions in this area. Yet devising and executing a “take into account” system provides a State significant opportunities to safeguard humanitarian and medical activities and counter terrorism while securing greater respect for international law.