Thèses : « Conflict of laws – European Union countries »

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Fee, Emma. "'A Europe without dividing lines': the normative framework of the European neighbourhood policy - emergent jus gentium or consolidation of jus civile?" Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=83952.

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The primary focus of this work is Article 57 of the Draft European Constitution, concerning the constitutionalisation of a new aspect in EU external relations law, 'the European Neighbourhood Policy'. No comprehensive study of this constitutional article has yet been undertaken in EU legal research. Through the medium of the title of my thesis I wish to examine whether it amounts to an emergent jus gentium for the EU or its antithesis, the consolidation of jus civile. In parallel with the nature of the subject, this study is necessarily a legal-political one. Key points identified are the strategic use of human rights, extraterritoriality of law, foreign direct investment and legal imperialism. A number of recent developments, both judicial and legislative, have provoked this study.

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Xu, Mu Chi. "Flexibility versus certainty : a comparative study of choice of law rules regarding contractual liabilities in the European Union and Mainland China." Thesis, University of Macau, 2009. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2112293.

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Bonova, Lucia. "The international merger control regime : building cooperation without harmonization." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98603.

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Globalization has had two major implications for national merger control regimes: national competition authorities are called more and more to examine transactions with cross-border dimensions and secondly, domestic business practices may be scrutinized by foreign nations. In light of this, divergent substantive standards have become a source of international friction, notably between the two most mature merger control regimes, the European Union and the United States. Facing this new reality, it has become clear that some sort of international arrangement will be needed in order to reduce the inefficiencies created by multijurisdictional review. Various proposals have been made, ranging from ambitious ones that would include the creation of an international competition code and enforcement agency, to more realistic proposals of achieving international coordination of merger control regimes through bilateral and multilateral cooperation amongst antitrust agencies. This thesis argues that the path of large-scale cooperation is the most appropriate way to cope with the problems raised by globalization. As such, cooperation does not imply the harmonization of merger control regimes. The future lies in the hands of the International Competition Network which, despite considerable achievements, must evolve in the near future.

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Van, den Haute Erik. "Harmonisation européenne du crédit hypothécaire: perspectives de droit comparé, de droit international privé et de droit européen." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210458.

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La réalisation du marché intérieur européen par une meilleure intégration des marchés financiers est aujourd’hui devenue une réalité. L'objectif est toutefois loin d'être atteint en matière de crédit hypothécaire, nonobstant de nombreuses initiatives européennes. Compte tenu de ces difficultés et du postulat selon lequel il serait impossible d'harmoniser le droit des suretés immobilières en raison de leur ancrage culturel et national, une proposition alternative consistant dans la création d'une sûreté immobilière commune (euro-hypothèque), venant se superposer aux systèmes nationaux, a été formulée depuis un certain nombre d'années. La recherche analyse dans un premier temps la réalité du postulat précité à la lumière du droit comparé et conclut qu'en réalité, les différents systèmes trouvent non seulement leur origine dans un modèle identique, fondé sur le caractère accessoire de la sûreté, mais ont en outre connu une évolution similaire au cours de ces dernières années. Il apparaît que ce modèle constitue la meilleure base pour toute harmonisation européenne. Après avoir examiné l'interaction avec le droit international privé, sous l'angle de la protection du consommateur, et le droit européen, sous l'angle de la question de la compétence communautaire et du principe de subsidiarité, des pistes sont proposés pour opérer un rapprochement des législations nationales relatives au crédit hypothécaire. La proposition consiste à intégrer dans un seul instrument juridique contraignant (une directive européenne) les différentes propositions permettant d'opérer un rapprochement des législations nationales à trois niveaux :celui de la sûreté immobilière et de la publicité foncier, celui du contrat de prêt et enfin, celui relatif à la procédure de réalisation de l'immeuble. Doctorat en droit info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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CERAN, Olga. "Cross-border child relocation : national law in a united Europe." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/74359.

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Defence date: 17 March 2022 Examining Board: Prof. Stefan Grundmann (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin & European University Institute); Prof. Martijn Hesselink (European University Institute); Prof. Katharina Boele-Woelki (Bucerius Law School); Dr. Ruth Lamont (University of Manchester) Cross-border child relocation cases are among the most difficult disputes that family judges need to face. Commentators across the globe disagree on the interpretation of the child's best interests and the relevance of adults' autonomy in this context. As relocations are directly concerned with free movement, the literature has expressed an interest also in the European Union's influences in this area. However, considering its lack of competence in family law and the limited jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union on such issues, some questions about the scope and nature of obligations imposed by EU law remain open. This thesis investigates, therefore, the following question: What is the (nature of) EU law's influence on cross-border child relocation and what are its effects on national legal systems? Its contribution is two-fold. Methodologically, it proposes a constructively oriented investigation of European influences in child relocation law. Cross-border movement constitutes the main raison d'être of EU law, and a defining feature of its community. Hence, a mixture of traditional values and new ways of life - sanctioned by a supranational entity - might lead to new dilemmas regarding children's interests and adult autonomy and complicate relocation decisions. The suggested approach allows contextual influences to be analysed together with legal doctrines, at both the EU and the national level. Substantively, the thesis builds on existing research to refine the understanding of child relocation in the context of supranational fundamental rights and freedoms in the EU, in their doctrinal and ideational dimensions. Finally, using case law from Germany, Poland, and England and Wales, it qualitatively investigates how national judges encounter the EU and draw from its ideational and legal features. This thesis demonstrates how the normatively inflicted EU context is occasionally used in courts but does not seem to consistently reorient national approaches towards the EU. Chapter 3 ‘Child relocation and the European framework of human rights' of the PhD thesis draws upon an earlier version published as an article 'Child relocation, soft law, and the quest for umiformity at the European court of human rights : part one' (2020) in the journal ‘Prawa prywatnego’ Chapter 3 ‘Child relocation and the European framework of human rights' of the PhD thesis draws upon an earlier version published as an article 'Child relocation, soft law, and the quest for umiformity at the European court of human rights : part two' (2021) in the journal ‘Prawa prywatnego’

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Galan, Andreea Elena. "The Impact of the Refugee Crisis on the European Union." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4253.

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The purpose of this thesis is to focus on the impact of the influx of refugees on the European Union taking into consideration the challenges, threats and opportunities that arise from this persistent crisis. The examination of the above-mentioned issue presents and analyzed pertinent findings derived from the relevant literature in the field, ranging from diverse case studies, public statistics, data of European Union institutions as well as NGO's, associations and other entities that have addressed issues of human rights and refugee integration in European Union countries. The thesis discloses how this complex matter, referred to as the "current European refugee crisis" gives rise to complex problems and divergent concerns ranging from Islamophobia, terrorist attacks and threats, economic challenges, cultural conflicts, and social clashes. It concludes that there is a need for new perspectives and strategies for better addressing the long and short term causes and challenges of the European refugee crisis.

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ENRIGHT, Sarah Ryan. "Disability discrimination and the European Union : the impact of the framework employment directive 2000/78/EC." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5564.

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Award date: 1 December 2005 Supervisor: M. A. Moreau In this thesis I propose to examine the effectiveness of the non-discrimination legislative framework now in place at the European level as a tool for achieving fairness and a decent standard of living for people with disabilities. With this aim in mind, the first section of the thesis will examine what factors led the Union to frame its work in the promotion of disability rights and how current anti-discrimination legislation emerged as a result. Section two goes on to examine the relationship between equality and disability and how the notion of equality can be applied to disability discrimination. Section three is dedicated to an analysis of the Framework Directive and its effectiveness in ensuring protection and rights for people with disabilities in the labour market. Finally section four examines the potential of the most innovative part of the Directive for people with disabilities, the concept of reasonable accommodation, which has been introduced to EU law for the first time by Article 5 of the Directive.

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Lu, Lu. "Anti-dumping actions against China : a comparison of European Community and Indian laws and policies." Thesis, University of Macau, 2009. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1951584.

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Tian, Han Bo. "The conflict between bilateralism and multilateralism in complicated EU-China relations." Thesis, University of Macau, 2010. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2555573.

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Mongkolkiatsri, Sirichai. "Private international law context of defamation in the United Kingdom and the European Union context /." Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=26230.

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Ette, John Umo. "The Impact of Economic Integration within the European Union as a Factor in Conflict Transformation and Peace-Building." PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1893.

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This study examines economic integration within the European Union (EU) as a factor in conflict transformation and peace-building. European responses to causes of frequent conflicts and wars after the end of WWII focused on the search for peace, economic cooperation and prosperity. This thesis will focus on three elements: economic interdependence, the expansion of the free market, and economic integration. In-depth examination of these factors reveals that economic interdependence or the exchange of goods and services across inter-state and international boundaries only, is not sufficient to bring peace among states. Economic inter-dependence may reduce the impact of war, but cannot maintain sustainable peace. Unfair competition fanned by economic nationalism was a strong obstacle to free trade in Europe in the early 19th century. In the 21st century, the expansion of free trade, with increased understanding has enhanced reduction in interstate conflicts. However, free trade, in and of itself does not constitute a strong factor for a sustainable peace. Free trade may encourage democracy, but the expansion of free trade coupled with interdependence, does not bring sustainable peace. The EU has successfully established sustainable peace through economic integration-the creation of the single market that established freedom of movement, people, goods, services; and a single currency that facilitates easy transactions. The single market also abolished tariffs and custom duties. By and large, economic integration within the EU has been successful in creating a sustainable peace because economic interdependence, and the expansion of the free market have been combined with political integration by building democratic institutions at the intergovernmental and transnational levels.

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Bjugan, Ketil. "Europe's divided north : a comparative analysis of the conflict over European Union membership in four Nordic countries." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1999. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1516/.

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This thesis is a comparative analysis of how the conflict over membership in the European Union (EU) affected people and parties in four Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden) between 1985 and 1997. The purpose of the thesis is to analyse how and why a) the people, and b) the political parties in these four countries have reacted to the prospect of membership - or, in the case of Denmark, continued membership - in the EU. The thesis is divided into two main sections. Section one consists of three theoretical chapters. Chapter one explains why European integration has conflict potential in the Nordic countries, and why this conflict has increased in salience since the mid-1980's. Chapter two outlines and develops a political cleavage model. This has two purposes; firstly, to explain the nature of the Nordic party systems; secondly, to outline social, ideological and institutional limitations to the effect of the conflict over EU membership on the party systems of these countries. Chapter three develops two models derived from rational choice theory. The first assesses how EU membership might be expected to affect the utility of individual citizens. The second focuses on how political parties might be expected to react to the prospect of (continued) EU-membership. Chapters four to seven (section two) assess the explanatory power of the models developed in chapters two and three for each of the countries concerned, by analysing the hypothesised effects of the EU-conflict on individual utility and on the party systems. Chapter eight compares the results of chapters four to seven. Finally, the conclusion assesses the heuristic value of the methods employed, and the implications for theory. In summary, it is argued that, firstly, expected consequences for individual economic utility and left-right ideological position are the most important variables for explaining differences in attitude to membership, both within each country and between the four countries. Secondly, for the majority of parties the increased salience of this conflict complicates their strategy, in particular with regard to the ability to pursue vote maximisation and office maximisation simultaneously. A partial solution is to off-load the EU-conflict away from national elections. This explains in large part why in each of the countries the EU-conflict has been off-loaded from the arena of national elections to that of referendums and elections to the European Parliament.

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Tanrikulu, Osman Goktug. "A Dissatisfied Partner: A Conflict - Integration Analysis of Britain's Membership in the European Union." PDXScholar, 2013. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1064.

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Since 2009, the European Union has faced the worst economic crisis of its history. Due to the devastating impact of the Eurozone crisis on their economies, European countries realized the need to deepen the integration. Without a fiscal union, the Monetary Union would always be prone to economic crises. However, the efforts to reinforce the Union’s economy have been hampered by the UK due to its obsession with national sovereignty and lack of European ideals. In opposing further integration, the UK officials have started to speak out about the probability of leaving the EU. The purpose of this paper is to present benefits and challenges of Britain’s EU membership and to assess the consequences of leaving the Union both for the UK and for the EU. This study utilizes Power Transition theory to analyze British impact on European integration. With the perspective of this theory, the UK is defined as a dissatisfied partner. By applying the conflict– cooperation model of Brian Efird, Jacek Kugler and Gaspare Genna, the effect of the UK’s dissatisfaction is empirically portrayed. The empirical findings of the conflict– integration model clearly show that Britain’s dissatisfaction has a negative impact on European integration and jeopardizes the future of the Union. Power Transitions analysis indicates that the UK would become an insignificant actor in the international system and lose the opportunity for the Union’s leadership if it leaves the EU. On the other hand, although Britain’s departure would be a significant loss in terms of capability, economic coherence is more important for the EU. Without enough commitment for the Union, increasing the level of integration with the UK would raise the probability of conflict with the integration process in the future.

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Eralp, Ulas Doga. "The effectiveness of the EU as a peace actor in post-conflict Bosnia Herzegovina an evaluative study /." Fairfax, VA : George Mason University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1920/4577.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--George Mason University, 2009. Vita: p. 340. Thesis director: Dennis J.D. Sandole. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Conflict Analysis and Resolution. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Oct. 12, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 327-339). Also issued in print.

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Ahmed, Mukarrum. "A comparative study of the fundamental juridical nature, classification and private law enforcement of jurisdiction and choice of law agreements in the English common law of conflict of laws, the European Union private international law regime and the Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2016. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=230177.

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During the course of this PhD thesis, it will be argued that it is misconceived to think of jurisdiction and choice of law agreements as unilaterally enforced domestic private law obligations within an English 'dispute resolution' paradigm because multilateral private international law rules are essentially secondary rules for the allocation of regulatory authority which may not permit a separation of functions or the relative effect of such agreements. In other words, a multilateral system for the public ordering of private law will assume priority over or trump the existence of the private law rights and obligations of the parties to the jurisdiction and choice of law agreement and the unilateral enforcement of such rights via anti-suit injunctions and the damages remedy. Otherwise, the private law enforcement of the mutual contractual obligation not to sue in a noncontractual forum attributed to an exclusive jurisdiction agreement may operate as a 'unilateral private international law rule' with a controversial and confrontational allocative function of its own. It may lead to the 'privatization of court access' by dubiously perpetuating and prioritizing the unilateral private ordering of private law over the multilateral public ordering of private law. Moreover, the enforcement of jurisdiction and choice of law agreements by private law remedies within a multilateral system will necessarily distort the allocative or distributive function of private international law rules by giving precedence to the redistributive will of the parties premised on principles of corrective justice inter partes of questionable applicability. International structural order is compromised in the unilateral private law enforcement of jurisdiction and choice of law agreements as such enforcement gives rise to a clash of sovereign legal orders and also the possibility of 'regime collision' by interfering with the jurisdiction, judgments and choice of law apparatus of foreign courts which a multilateral conception of private international law is supposed to prevent in the first place. However, this PhD thesis will argue that outside the confines of the EU private international law regime, the variable geometry that is characteristic of the international commercial litigation sphere may not impede the separation of functions within such agreements. Whether an English court ought to grant a pragmatic private law remedy enforcing such agreements is of course another matter. Ultimately, a more comprehensive concept of transnational justice in private international law disputes informed by methodological pluralism needs to be developed. A notion of transnational justice which seeks to simultaneously balance the competing demands of the notion of 'conflicts justice' which prioritizes ex ante multilateral allocative imperatives and the idea of an ex post material justice between the litigating parties in the individual instance.

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Moreira, André de Oliveira Schenini. "Uma análise acerca do artigo 8º do regulamento Roma II em face ao fenônemo das violações ubíquas de direitos autorais." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/115060.

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O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar qual o tratamento que o fenômeno das violações ubíquas de direitos autorais, praticadas essencialmente no âmbito da internet, recebe no direito do conflito de leis, haja vista ser tal ocorrência um terreno fértil para a múltipla aplicação de legislações a um único ato. A análise realizada partiu da clara influência do princípio da territorialidade dos direitos autorais no âmbito do direito internacional privado de diferentes legislações, cujos resultados não se mostraram capazes de lidar com os reflexos do fenômeno das violações ubíquas. Para tanto, buscamos primeiramente no Regulamento Roma II, um instrumento de direito unional que unificou as regras de definição da lei a ser aplicada em casos de violações de direitos de propriedade intelectual no âmbito da União Europeia, mais especificamente no seu aritgo 8º, alternativas para uma abordagem mais atualizada. Aparentemente, apesar do alardeado teor vanguardista desse regulamento, referido instrumento de direito unional apresentou uma abordagem deveras conservadora no que tange ao conflito de leis para infrações de propriedade intelectual por meio de mídias ubíquas. Devido a isso, o presente estudo buscou em outras alternativas, encontradas em normas de soft law e no próprio direito europeu, possíveis saídas para o entrave criado pelo legislador unional nesse instrumento que deveria servir de modelo às futuras legislações internacionalprivatistas. A atual rigidez territorialista existente na forma como as violações ubíquas dos direitos de criação do homem são tratadas, fenômeno crescente com o uso desenfreado da internet em nosso dia a dia, assim como o poder unificador do Regulamento Roma II, foram razões que fizeram com que este trabalho propusesse um novo artigo para o citado conjunto de regras de conflitos de leis, específico para lidar com as violações ubíquas de direitos autorais, baseado em elementos de conexão condizentes com a atual realidade de exploração de obras da criação humana. The purpose of this work is to analyse which is the treatment granted by the conflictof- law to the copyright ubiquitous infringement phenomenon occured mainly in the internet, considering that such situation is a fertile ground for the multiple application of laws occured due to the promotion of a sole act. The performed analysis departed from the clear influence of the copyright territoriality principle over the international private law of different legislations, whose results were not capable to deal with the reflexes originated from the ubiquitous infringement phenomenon. In this sense, we firstly searched in the Rome II Regulation, an european law tool that has unified the conflict-of-law rules for intellectual property infringement in the European Union, specifically in its article 8, an alternativa for an updated approach. Although the boasted avant-garde content of such regulation, apparently this european legal instrument presented an extremely conservative approach when dealing with the conflict-of-laws in intellectual property infringements perpetrated through ubiquitous medias, which therefore forced the current work to seek in other alternatives, located in the soft law and in the own european law, possible solutions for this complication created by the european legislator in an instrument that should have served as model to future international private law rules. The current rigidity seen in the way that ubiquitous infringements of creation rights are treated, considering the growing status of such phenomenon due to the vast use of the internet in our daily tasks, as well as the unifying power of the Rome II Regulation, were the reasons that directed this study to create a new rule for the cited group of conflict-oflaw rules specifically built to deal with copyright ubiquitous infringements, based on connecting factors that are consistent with the current reality of intellectual creations exploitation.

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Vannes, Viviane. "Concilier le droit à l'action collective et les autres droit fondamentaux: recours au principe de proportion." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210492.

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Concilier le droit à l'action collective et les autres droits fondamentaux :recours au principe de proportionnalité ?Difficile équilibre entre efficacité du droit de grève et respect des autres droits fondamentauxViviane Vannes L’objet de la thèse est de vérifier si le principe de proportionnalité, entouré de certains critères fixes et cohérents, permet au juge de justifier de manière plus rationnelle une décision portant sur l’exercice du droit de grève. La proportionnalité est en effet de plus en plus invoquée dans la matière des conflits collectifs du travail soit pour admettre son exercice soit pour le limiter voire le sanctionner. La première partie de la thèse entend identifier le concept de proportionnalité: notion, champ d’application, critères, limites, avantages et inconvénients. Elle est, aujourd’hui, l’instrument de référence comme mode de résolution des conflits de droit, à un point tel qu’elle est érigée au rang des principes de droit. C’est, la raison pour laquelle nous avons voulu déterminer les tenants et aboutissants du concept. Son inconvénient majeur est de s’appuyer, le plus souvent, sur des critères subjectifs :le raisonnable en droit, l’éthique du comportement et la morale sociale. Nous avons, alors, recherché des critères plus objectifs qui seraient susceptibles d’écarter le risque de subjectivité du juge. Nous avons observé qu’en droit européen, la Cour de Justice apprécie la validité d’un acte communautaire ou d’une mesure nationale en vérifiant s’il répond des critères précis :l’aptitude de l’acte à atteindre l’objectif poursuivi, la nécessité de l’acte en vue de l’atteindre et la proportionnalité intrinsèque de l’acte analysée dans ses rapports à l’égard de son ou ses destinataires. Ces critères sont également appliqués par la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme dans la matière portant sur l’application de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme et des libertés fondamentales. L’analyse de cette jurisprudence permet d’affirmer qu’ils présentent une meilleure cohérence et plus d’objectivité que le raisonnable en droit. La deuxième partie de la thèse s’attache à fixer le statut du droit de grève en Belgique. Compte tenu de l’absence de réglementation générale belge, nous avons, d’abord, pris en considération le droit international et européen. Nous en avons retiré des lignes directives de l’exercice normal du droit de grève. L’analyse de la doctrine et de la jurisprudence belge a, ensuite, permis de fixer les éléments suivants du droit de grève :notion, contours, conditions d’existence, de légalité, de légitimité; compétence du juge du fond et des référés en cas de litige portant sur l’exercice du droit de grève. La troisième partie de la thèse identifie, dans la matière des conflits collectifs du travail, les droits susceptibles d’être soumis au raisonnement de proportionnalité et ceux qui ne le sont pas. Car, la proportionnalité ne résout pas tous les conflits. Elle ne s’applique pas lorsqu’il s’agit de juger de la légalité de la grève, de sa régularité et dans les situations de grève spontanée déclenchée en réaction aux violations par l’employeur de ses propres obligations. Elle concerne celles où le juge est amené à juger de la légitimité du moment de sa mise en œuvre, des buts poursuivis ou des atteintes que ses modalités causent aux droits subjectifs d’autrui. C’est, alors, le conflit entre des droits de même valeur juridique qui met en œuvre le jugement de proportionnalité :droit de grève et droit de propriété et liberté d’industrie des employeurs ;droit au travail des travailleurs non grévistes ;liberté d’industrie des tiers en relation commerciale avec l’entreprise en grève, fournisseurs, clients, usagers, d’exercer leur commerce, leur industrie ;liberté d’aller et venir des usagers d’un service public. Dans les situations où elle s’applique, la thèse propose d’inviter le juge à appliquer des critères précis pour juger de la proportionnalité de la grève. Les demandes actuelles du justiciable de rationalité et de compréhension de la décision de justice l’exigent. C’est, dans son application comme mode de résolution des conflits de droit, que notre questionnement est de savoir si, les critères contenus dans le principe de proportionnalité de droit communautaire de l’aptitude, de la nécessité et la proportionnalité de l’acte, peuvent fixer une ligne de conduite destinée à établir les règles de l’exercice normal de la grève ?La réponse donnée est, selon nous, positive. La thèse n’entend nullement porter atteinte au droit de grève. Il appartient au socle des droits sociaux fondamentaux. La reconnaissance du droit de grève aux travailleurs ou à leurs organisations syndicales est l’un des attributs essentiels des régimes démocratiques. Il n’est donc pas question de remettre en cause un droit fondamental durement acquis. Toutefois, l’essence même d’une société démocratique repose sur le respect d’autres droits, l’intérêt général, la sécurité, la propriété, la liberté au travail, la liberté d’entreprendre. C’est la raison pour laquelle, la thèse s’attache à la difficile question de la conciliation entre, d’une part, droit de grève et efficacité de la grève et, d’autre part, droits d’autrui. Doctorat en droit info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Papastathopoulos, Stavros. "Expanding the European Union's Petersberg tasks : requirements and capabilities /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Jun%5FPapastathopoulos.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Defense Decision-Making and Planning)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2004. Thesis advisor(s): David S. Yost. Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-64). Also available online.

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Kereselidze, Nino. "Foreign policy of the European Union towards the South Caucasus in 1992-2014." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6824.

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This assessment of European Union foreign policy towards the South Caucasus shows that while the EU has developed a coherent transport policy since 1992, paradoxically, it has had no corresponding coherent conflict resolution policy for this region. The fact that the EU deepened transport cooperation without a mediation policy in an area with a multiplicity of protracted conflicts is a puzzle. Although the EU eventually added mediation to its policy during the Russia-Georgia armed conflict in 2008, it was unable to facilitate a political solution. The research examines what has been the nature of EU foreign policy towards the South Caucasus. The dissertation argues that incoherence in conflict resolution policy has been consequent upon two causal factors: (i) preferences of the EU member states conditioned by their historical experience with Russia, and (ii) institutional framework of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). By contrast, with functional approach, the three dominant factors that have enabled coherence in transport cooperation are (i) legislative alignment, (ii) common transport area, including technical assistance for transit development, and (iii) restrictive measures. Examination of these two areas of EU foreign policy, shows a discrepancy, demonstrating its inconsistent nature. The theoretical framework of realism and liberal intergovernmentalism, is applied to empirically grounded EU foreign policy analysis. Adopting a case study methodology, this work examines the EU's policy towards Armenia and Azerbaijan, with special focus on Georgia between 1992 and 2014. The research combines social science methods of literature review, document analysis and expert interviews.

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Thebaud, Edern. "Les produits-frontière dans la législation alimentaire de l'Union européenne: émergence d'une santé alimentaire entre logique du marché intérieur et exigences de sécurité." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209577.

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Si le droit connaît les médicaments et les denrées alimentaires, il ne reconnaît pas les alicaments. Or, ces dernières années ont vu l’apparition et le développement, sur le marché de l’Union européenne, de « produits-frontière » c'est-à-dire de produits se trouvant à la frontière entre les médicaments et les aliments. Confrontées à un vaste conflit de qualification causé par l’ambivalence conceptuelle des « produits-frontière », les institutions de l’Union ont, au nom de la libre circulation des marchandises ainsi que de la nécessité d’une protection accrue des consommateurs et de la santé publique, entamé, dès le début des années 2000, une large harmonisation des dispositions nationales relatives à ces produits. Considérés comme aliments, leur nature particulière nécessite cependant une approche adaptative de la part du législateur européen. Cette nouvelle approche de l’aliment par le droit, favorable à la reconnaissance d’une santé alimentaire, tant convoitée par la société contemporaine, ne résout toutefois pas l’ambiguïté quant à la place à accorder aux « produits-frontière » dans le corpus juridique de l’Union européenne. Doctorat en Sciences juridiques info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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MARENGHI, CHIARA. "LA LEGGE APPLICABILE AL DANNO DA PRODOTTO NELL'UNIONE EUROPEA." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/771.

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La tesi è dedicata ai profili di diritto internazionale privato del danno da prodotto, con particolare riguardo agli sviluppi normativi che hanno interessato i Paesi membri dell’Unione europea. Nella prima parte della trattazione vengono analizzate le vicende più significative connesse alla nascita della fattispecie sia da un punto di vista sostanziale che internazionalprivatistico. In tale ambito, viene riservata peculiare attenzione all’esperienza degli stati Uniti (Cap. 1), che come noto hanno rappresentato la culla della responsabilità del produttore, e viene esaminata la Convenzione dell’Aja del 2 ottobre 1973 (Cap. 2), prima disciplina speciale della materia sul piano del diritto internazionale privato. La seconda parte dell’elaborato si concentra invece sugli interventi legislativi predisposti a livello comunitario (direttiva 85/374/CEE, come modificata dalla direttiva 1999/34/CE, e regolamento 864/2007/CE) al fine di ricostruire i rapporti intercorrenti tra le diverse fonti (nazionali, comunitarie e internazionali) che oggi concorrono a disciplinare la questione della legge applicabile alla responsabilità da prodotto negli Stati membri dell’Unione europea (Cap. 3). The thesis examines the conflict of laws aspects of product liability, with particular regard to recent developments of EU Member States’ legislation. Product liability law as a distinct body of law – at least partially independent from general tort law – is a relatively new phenomenon. It arose during the 1960s in the Unites States of America. In that period US courts and scholars started to deal with choice-of-law issues in product liability cases. Chapter 1 gives an overview of the most significant events relating to product liability history, from both a domestic and international point of view. The need for a special conflicts rule – pointed out first by the US commentator Albert Ehrenzweig – led to the adoption of the 1973 Hague Convention on the law applicable to product liability, the first regulation of the topic in private international law, which is analysed in Chapter 2. Finally, Chapter 3 examines European Community legislative interventions in the field of product liability (Council Directive 85/374/EEC, amended by Directive 1999/34/EC, and Regulation 864/2007/EC) with the aim of assessing the present state of the law in EU Member States. Different sources are currently competing to regulate the issue of the law applicable to product liability in the EU context and this chapter analyses the relationships between them.

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MARENGHI, CHIARA. "LA LEGGE APPLICABILE AL DANNO DA PRODOTTO NELL'UNIONE EUROPEA." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/771.

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La tesi è dedicata ai profili di diritto internazionale privato del danno da prodotto, con particolare riguardo agli sviluppi normativi che hanno interessato i Paesi membri dell’Unione europea. Nella prima parte della trattazione vengono analizzate le vicende più significative connesse alla nascita della fattispecie sia da un punto di vista sostanziale che internazionalprivatistico. In tale ambito, viene riservata peculiare attenzione all’esperienza degli stati Uniti (Cap. 1), che come noto hanno rappresentato la culla della responsabilità del produttore, e viene esaminata la Convenzione dell’Aja del 2 ottobre 1973 (Cap. 2), prima disciplina speciale della materia sul piano del diritto internazionale privato. La seconda parte dell’elaborato si concentra invece sugli interventi legislativi predisposti a livello comunitario (direttiva 85/374/CEE, come modificata dalla direttiva 1999/34/CE, e regolamento 864/2007/CE) al fine di ricostruire i rapporti intercorrenti tra le diverse fonti (nazionali, comunitarie e internazionali) che oggi concorrono a disciplinare la questione della legge applicabile alla responsabilità da prodotto negli Stati membri dell’Unione europea (Cap. 3). The thesis examines the conflict of laws aspects of product liability, with particular regard to recent developments of EU Member States’ legislation. Product liability law as a distinct body of law – at least partially independent from general tort law – is a relatively new phenomenon. It arose during the 1960s in the Unites States of America. In that period US courts and scholars started to deal with choice-of-law issues in product liability cases. Chapter 1 gives an overview of the most significant events relating to product liability history, from both a domestic and international point of view. The need for a special conflicts rule – pointed out first by the US commentator Albert Ehrenzweig – led to the adoption of the 1973 Hague Convention on the law applicable to product liability, the first regulation of the topic in private international law, which is analysed in Chapter 2. Finally, Chapter 3 examines European Community legislative interventions in the field of product liability (Council Directive 85/374/EEC, amended by Directive 1999/34/EC, and Regulation 864/2007/EC) with the aim of assessing the present state of the law in EU Member States. Different sources are currently competing to regulate the issue of the law applicable to product liability in the EU context and this chapter analyses the relationships between them.

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Mojak, Karolina. "L'avenir du critère de la nationalité en droit international privé." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB191.

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Nous sommes aujourd'hui face à un incontestable déclin du critère de la nationalité en droit international privé. À l'heure de la mobilité croissante des personnes et de l'essor des autres critères de rattachement, il nous faut faire le constat de la marginalisation de la nationalité, pourtant considérée pendant longtemps comme la principale notion en matière de statut personnel, une marginalisation confirmée par les règlements européens et la jurisprudence. Face aux changements dans ce domaine et aux incertitudes qui y sont liées, il est nécessaire d'analyser ces données afin de pouvoir procéder à un bilan et d'énoncer des résolutions pour l'avenir. En effet, l'évolution du droit international privé a conduit à privilégier de nouveaux critères de rattachement, considérés comme plus efficaces et moins discriminatoires que la nationalité, qui sont ainsi plébiscités par le législateur et les juges européens. Il s'agit tout d'abord des critères territorialistes, et particulièrement de la résidence habituelle qui est devenue le rattachement principal, pour la plupart des textes européens, en matière de divorce, de responsabilité parentale ou encore de régime des incapables. L'importance donnée aux individus, reconnus en tant que quasi-sujets de droit international, résultant de l'intervention des droits de l'homme, apparaît comme le principal facteur du déclin de la nationalité. Le principe de non-discrimination et la prise en compte de la volonté des parties, jusqu'à leur désunion et leurs successions, illustrent cet état de fait. Il s'agit alors de savoir, à la lumière des réflexions sur ces nouveaux paradigmes, s'il est encore possible de reconsidérer le rattachement des personnes en revalorisant le critère de la nationalité dans certains domaines, comme cela a été suggéré dernièrement en droit des successions. Nous proposons ainsi une méthodologie permettant aussi bien dans le conflit de lois que dans le conflit de juridictions de déterminer les raisons du déclin de la nationalité. Nous menons également une réflexion sur son irrévocabilité en droit international privé The decline of the nationality in private international law is nowadays an undeniable reality. The impact of an almost unconditional mobility of European citizens and the emergence of other connecting factors in the personal law result in the weakening of the nationality link, despite its historical role in determining the law applied to an individual. The weakening is confirmed by the modern European legislation and case law. This study seems essential to understand the foundations of nationality as the connecting factor and takes into account the important changes of the nationality and its uncertainty. Indeed, the evolution of the European private international law led to the switch of the connecting factor from nationality toward territorial nexuses. Particular significance is put on the nexus of habitual residence, which is considered to be more efficient and less discriminatory, and is retained by the main European regulations and judgments, not only in case of international divorces or parental authority, but also according to such matters as legal capacity. Furthermore, the superiority of human rights appears to be the essential reason for the acknowledgement of individuals as the quasi-subjects of international law, which resulted in the decline of nationality as a connecting factor. Consequently, the principles of non-discrimination and personal autonomy impact the further fields of personal law, e.g. disunion and heritage. In the light of these new paradigms, it should be questioned if it is possible to overcome the decadence of the nationality and authorize its part in some matters of the European private international law, as it was regulated in the new heritage European regulation. For these reasons, this study propose a methodology that determines the reasons of the fall of nationality as the nexus of the private international law, both in the conflict of laws and in the conflict of jurisdictions, and provides some reflections on its irreversibility

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Oprea, Elena-Alina. "Droit de l'Union européenne et lois de police." Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020028.

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L’interaction du droit de l’Union européenne avec le droit international privé se manifeste avec une acuité particulière en matière de lois de police, continuant et renouvelant les discussions suscitées par celles-ci. La promotion des intérêts de l’Union européenne par ce mécanisme de DIP peut être facilement observée. Il reste que des questions peuvent surgir quant à l’aménagement, dans les systèmes juridiques nationaux, de l’articulation des lois de police de source nationale et européenne. Le transfert de certaines compétences des Etats membres vers l’Union, le rapprochement des législations des Etats membres ou le poids plus important accordé aux raisonnements et aux intérêts européens au moment de la qualification mettent en lumière une catégorie « lois de police » avec des contours nouveaux. La mise en oeuvre des lois de police porte, elle aussi, l’empreinte de l’influence du droit de l’Union européenne. L’intégration des données liées à la réalisation du marché intérieur entraîne une perturbation significative du mécanisme traditionnel des lois de police, accompagnée d’une diminution de l’efficacité de ces normes dans les relations entre les Etats membres. L’objectif de création, au sein de l’Union, d’un espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice s’est matérialisé par la mise en place de corps de règles européennes de DIP dans diverses matières. La méthode des lois de police en ressort transformée, suite tant à la prise de position directe du législateur européen sur les conditions de son intervention, qu’en raison des évolutions enregistrées par d’autres méthodes concurrentes de droit international privé The interaction between the European Union law and the private international law is particularly acute in the field of internationally mandatory rules, maintaining and renewing the debate which always accompanied this kind of norms. If the internationally mandatory rules occupy a special place in the European legislation, being an extremely effective tool of European policy, some difficulties arise as to the articulation, in the Member States’ legal systems, of the both national and European different sources of lois de police. The transfer of powers from Member States to the European Union, the harmonization of national legislations and the greater weight given to European reasoning and interests at the time of qualification highlight a new dimension of the internationally mandatory rules concept. Also the implementation of internationally mandatory rules is highly influenced by the European Union Law. The Member States’ obligations concerning the completing of the internal market and the removal of restrictions to changes involve a significant disturbance to this traditional PIL mechanism; a decrease in the effectiveness of internationally mandatory rules in relations between Member States may be observed. The purpose of establishing an area of freedom, security and justice within the European Union was materialized in the establishment of European private international law rules in various fields; the internationally mandatory rules method is transformed as a result of the European legislator direct intervention on his definition and regime, but also as a result of the evolution that affects other concurring private international law methods

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Abdo, Mohamed. "Conflits de valeurs et conflits de lois en droit international privé comparé : le cas du divorce." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AIXM0006.

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Cette étude a pour objet l’analyse critique des règles de conflit de lois relatives au divorce en droit international privé comparé. Elle prend comme exemple le système juridique français et les systèmes des pays arabes pluri-législatifs. Les solutions adoptées dans la résolution des conflits de lois en matière de divorce sont fortement liées au problème du conflit de valeurs juridiques de chacun des systèmes comparés et, au-delà, les conflits de lois et les conflits de valeurs ne cessent d’être dissociés dans la justification des solutions apportées en la matière. Cela exprime non seulement la philosophie juridique du législateur et son affection pour ses valeurs mais aussi les tendances de la jurisprudence dans la pratique. La thèse répond donc à la question de savoir dans quelle mesure les valeurs de chaque système en comparaison influent sur la résolution des conflits de lois en matière de divorce. La réponse à cette question suit l’itinéraire de la règle de conflit. La démarche conflictuelle et fonctionnelle des règles applicables au divorce implique en effet de vérifier la forme et la densité de l’influence des valeurs. Dans ce contexte, la thèse s’articule autour de deux grandes parties. Dans la première sont examinées les spécificités des systèmes comparés en analysant les règles de rattachement. Cette partie démontre l’influence des valeurs sur le choix du rattachement. La deuxième partie vise à examiner le poids donné aux valeurs de la loi du for lors de la mise en œuvre des règles de conflits de lois. Elle démontre ainsi l’influence des valeurs des systèmes en comparaison sur les difficultés rencontrées lors de la mise en œuvre des règles de rattachement This study aims to analyse and criticise the conflict of laws rules in matter of divorce from the viewpoint of comparative private international law. It takes the example of the French legal system and the Arab States multi-legislative legal systems. The adopted solutions in the resolution of conflicts of laws in matter of divorce are closely linked to the problem of value conflicts and even cannot be dissociated. This expresses not only the legal philosophy of the legislator and his affection by his values but also the judicial tendencies in legal practice. For that, the thesis answers the question to what extent the values of each legal system impact on the resolution of conflicts of laws in matter of divorce. To answer to this question, it needs to proceed through the pathway of the conflict rule. The conflictual and functional approach of the rules applicable to divorce suppose and imply effectively the scrutiny of the form and the intensity of the influence of values. Based on this conceptual framework, the thesis proceeds in two main parts. The first part examines the specificities of the compared legal systems while analysing the choice-of-law rules. This part demonstrates the influence of values on the choice-of-law rules. The second part assesses and examines the excessive importance attributed to the values of the forum state while applying the conflict of laws rules. Based on this assessment, this part illustrates the impact of the values of the legal systems by comparison with the challenges and the difficulties faced by judges while applying the choice-of-law rules

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Amaro, Rafael. "Le contentieux privé des pratiques anticoncurrentielles : Étude des contentieux privés autonome et complémentaire devant les juridictions judiciaires." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05D014.

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L’actualisation des données sur le contentieux privé des pratiques anticoncurrentielles fait naître laconviction que l’état de sous-développement souvent pointé est aujourd’hui dépassé. Les statistiquessont nettes : des dizaines d’affaires sont plaidées chaque année. Toutefois, ce contentieux s’esquissesous des traits qui ne sont pas exactement ceux du contentieux indemnitaire de masse faisant suite àla commission d’ententes internationales. C’est un fait majeur qui doit être noté car l’essentiel desprojets de réforme furent bâtis sur cet idéal type. Trois des caractères les plus saillants de la réalitéjudiciaire témoignent de cette fracture entre droit positif et droit prospectif. D’abord, le contentieuxprivé est majoritairement un contentieux contractuel entre professionnels aux forces déséquilibrées. Ensuite, c’estun contentieux national – voire local – plus qu’un contentieux international. Enfin, c’est plutôt uncontentieux autonome se déployant devant les juridictions judiciaires sans procédure préalable oupostérieure des autorités de concurrence (stand alone). Paradoxalement, les actions complémentaires(follow-on), pourtant réputées d’une mise en oeuvre aisée, sont plus rares. Ces observations invitentalors à réviser l’ordre des priorités de toute réflexion prospective. Ainsi, la lutte contre l’asymétried’informations et de moyens entre litigants, l’essor de sanctions contractuelles efficaces, larecomposition du rôle des autorités juridictionnelles et administratives dans le procès civil ou encorele développement des procédures de référé s’imposent avec urgence. Mais s’il paraît légitime desoutenir ce contentieux autonome déjà existant, il n’en reste pas moins utile de participer à laréflexion déjà amorcée pour développer le contentieux indemnitaire de masse tant attendu et dont onne peut négliger les atouts. De lege ferenda, le contentieux privé de demain présenterait donc uncaractère bicéphale ; il serait à la fois autonome et complémentaire. Il faut alors tenter de concevoir unrégime efficace pour ces deux moutures du contentieux privé en tenant compte de leurs exigencesrespectives. Or l’analyse positive et prospective de leurs fonctions révèlent que contentieuxautonome et contentieux complémentaire s’illustrent autant par les fonctions qu’ils partagent que parcelles qui les distinguent. Il serait donc excessif de vouloir en tous points leur faire application derègles particulières ou, à l’inverse, de règles identiques. C’est donc vers l’élaboration d’un régime commun complété par un régime particulier à chacun d’eux que s’orientera la présente recherche.PREMIÈRE PARTIE. Le régime commun aux contentieux privés autonome et complémentaireSECONDE PARTIE. Le régime particulier à chacun des contentieux privés autonome et complémentaire Pas de résumé en anglais

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EVERSON, Michelle. "Laws in conflict : a rationally integrated European insurance market?" Doctoral thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4618.

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ISRAEL, Jona. "European cross-border insolvency regulation : a critical appraisal of Council Regulation 1346 2000 on insolvency proceedings in the light of a paradigm of cooperation and a Comitas Europaea." Doctoral thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4661.

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Defence date: 30 August 2004 Examining board: Prof. Christian Joerges (supervisor), European University Institute ; Prof. Ian F. Fletcher, University College London ; Prof. Marie-Ange Moreau, European University Institute ; Prof. Peter von Wilmowsky, University of Erfurt PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017 This dissertation presents a comprehensive analysis of the regulation of cross-border insolvencies in Europe. Council Regulation 1346/2000 on Insolvency Proceedings forms the natural focal point of such a study. However, while this book explores in detail the background, legal basis as well as the substance of the Regulation, it also contains an examination of the Regulation from two wider perspectives: that of international cross-border insolvency regulation and Community law. The approach adopted by the Regulation to the problems raised by cross-border insolvency forms part of a paradigmatic shift at the global level. The ‘struggle over jurisdiction’ - the natural state of affairs under the old principles of ‘universality & territoriality’ – is increasingly being replaced by co-operation between the jurisdictions involved. The Regulation must be understood against the backdrop of these new cooperative approaches, including the UNCITRAL Model Law and ancillary proceedings. Doing so, this dissertation argues that the co-operative framework of the Regulation is limited and may ultimately not suffice to realise the efficient and effective cross-border proceedings it is aiming for. Although the Regulation is an exponent of this global shift towards cooperation, the legal context in which it operates is nevertheless very different. Community law, as an autonomous legal order, has limited the private international law autonomy of Member States and generated a comitas Europaea. This dissertation argues that Community law and its comitas must be taken seriously. They are an important source of principles to guide courts in the interpretation and application of the Regulation and may reinforce and expand the co-operative mechanisms of the Regulation.

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ROEDL, Florian. "Weltbürliches Kollisionsrecht : über die Form des Kollisionsrechts und seine Gestalt im recht der Europäischen Union." Doctoral thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/13167.

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Defence date: 16 June 2008 Examining Board: Prof. Dr. Christian Joerges, (Europäisches Hochschulinstitut, Supervisor) ; Prof. Dr. Pierre-Marie Dupuy, (Europäisches Hochschulinstitut) ; Prof. Dr. Klaus Günther, Johann Wolfgang-Goethe (Universität Frankfurt a.M.) ; Prof. Dr. Christoph Schmid, (Universität Bremen) No abstract available

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O'CONNOR, Bernard. "European Community law and modern trends in the law of arbitration." Doctoral thesis, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5662.

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LEISS, Johann Ruben. "Article 103 of the UN Charter : strict hierarchy as a last resort." Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/26374.

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Supervisor: Professor Marise Cremona, European University Institute. Award date: 26 November 2012 PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses Due to the growing proliferation and specialisation of international law and its actors, on the one hand, and the rising activities of the UN Security Council, on the other, the risk for possible conflicts of UN law with other law increased strongly. This prompted debates on a hierarchical nature of the Charter and in particular it’s Article 103 which deals with conflicts between UN law and other international law. This thesis—after introducing the theoretical background of the concept of hierarchy and linking Article 103 to the discussion on hierarchy in international law in the light of the broader discourse on pluralism versus constitutionalism—analyzes Article 103 on the basis of a pragmatic interpretative approach. In light of various judgments that dealt with possible conflicts between UN law and other law techniques will be discussed that enable Courts that have different concepts of the international legal order to avoid possible conflicts. This thesis argues that the real value of Article 103 is the one of an interpretative guideline that unfolds supremacy of UN law by dialogue and accommodation rather than by hierarchy in a strict sense. Article 103 should be applied as a hierarchical rule—in the strict sense—only as a ‘last resort’ once all possible venues of harmonious interpretation are exhausted. By such an approach Article 103 is more likely to maintain the coherence and the unity of the international legal system under the umbrella of the UN Charter However, when it comes to the limits of harmonious interpretation, in cases of so-called genuine conflicts, UN law should be granted hierarchical supremacy on the international level; international and domestic Courts should exercise judicial restraint—but only under similar conditions to the ones that were formulated in the Solange approach by the German BVerfG or the Bosphorus approach by the ECtHR.

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MATAIJA, Mislav. "Private regulation, competition and free movement : sport, legal services and standard setting in EU economic law." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/29605.

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Defence date: 18 November 2013 Examining Board: Professor Petros C. Mavroidis, EUI (Supervisor); Professor Giorgio Monti, EUI; Professor Allan Rosas, Court of Justice of the European Union; Professor Stephen Weatherill, University of Oxford. PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses The thesis studies the application of EU free movement law and competition law to private regulation, understood as rule-setting, implementation and/or enforcement by private actors, whether on their own or in partnership with State bodies. Such private or co-regulatory schemes can be a beneficial way of achieving various public interest aims. They may also, however, restrict trade or competition. I argue that free movement (Chapter 2) and competition (Chapter 3) rules have been used as a form of meta-regulation, affecting the way private regulatory schemes are organised and structured. By doing so, however, they were forced to deal with situations that cannot be classified neatly following a public-private distinction. In response, the case law of the Court of Justice and the practice of the Commission have adapted by extending scrutiny over a wider variety of measures of private regulators while also broadening the scope for justification. This, however, increases the likelihood of overlap of the free movement and competition rules, which I analyze in Chapter 4, arguing that the two sets of rules should not be mutually exclusive but that their limits should be defined more clearly on their own terms. Finally, I look at the interaction between free movement and competition, as well as their impact, in three sectors where private regulation is prominent: sports (Chapter 5), legal services (Chapter 6) and standard-setting (Chapter 7). I discuss the justifications for regulation in all three sectors, as well as the legislative and institutional setting in which private regulators operate. In all three case areas, the two sets of rules were used in a partly strategic way to influence reforms of private regulation. The application of the rules was mainly driven by institutional choices rather than the objective‘ requirements of legal doctrine.

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RUTGERS, Jacobien W. "International reservation of title clauses between legal certainty and flexibility : a study of Dutch, French and German Private International Law in the light of European Law." Doctoral thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4772.

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Modubu, Boitumelo Maleshoane. "A novel interpretation of article 5(1) (b) of the Brussels I Regulation in respect of complex contracts." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/14008.

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SCHMIDT-KESSEN, Maria José. "IP competition conflicts in EU law through five judicial lenses." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/55264.

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Defence date: 21 May 2018 Examining Board: Prof. Giorgio Monti, EUI (EUI Supervisor) ; Prof. Urska Šadl, EUI ; Prof. Inge Govaere, College of Europe, Bruges ; Prof. Alison Jones, King's College, London This PhD thesis deals with IP-competition conflicts and how the EU Courts have addressed them over time. It seeks to answer the question of how the reasoning of EU Courts in these cases has been affected by three crucial evolutionary moments in EU law: (1) the Europeanization of IP law (2) the modernization of EU competition law and (3) the elevation of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union to a primary source of EU law. The first two chapters provide the theoretical framework of the thesis. The first chapter provides a detailed overview of the three crucial evolutionary moments in EU law mentioned above. The second chapter provides an overview of theories about the legal reasoning of EU Courts and about the different approaches that the courts have adopted when deciding IP-competition conflicts. Five such approaches, or judicial lenses, are identified: an economics, a conflict of laws, a conflict of competences, a constitutional and a private law approach. It is shown that these five different approaches can be linked to the three evolutionary moments at the IP-competition interface in EU law. Chapters three to five trace the theoretical insights from the first two chapters in three case studies on specific business methods having given rise to IP-competition conflicts before EU Courts: (i) selective distribution systems, (ii) digital platforms and restrictions of access, and (iii) lock-in strategies on aftermarkets, in particular in the online environment. The case studies analyse how these comparable factual situations of IP-competition conflicts have been treated on the one hand under EU competition law and on the other under EU IP law. In each case study, the legal reasoning is identified and compared between EU competition and IP law. The main finding in the case studies is that EU Courts treat the spheres of EU competition law and IP law as wholly separate. This has led to quite diverging approaches in comparable cases of IP-competition conflicts depending on whether the cases are brought under EU competition law or IP law, jeopardizing the systemic coherence of EU law and disturbing the CJEU’s dialogue with national ii courts. This situation is not sustainable. In an economic environment where the EU’s economies are increasingly depending on e-commerce and digital assets often protected by IP, IP-competition conflicts are bound to increase. To ensure a legal environment that provides legal certainty and equal conditions for firms to thrive across EU Member States without hurting consumers, a more coherent and improved methodological guidance on how to address IP-competition conflicts is needed. The aim of this thesis is to provide a first step in this direction.

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WEIMER, Maria. "Democratic legitimacy though European Conflicts-law? : the case of EU administrative governance of GMOs." Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/26447.

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Examining board: Professor Christian Joerges (supervisor) EUI; Professor Loïc Azoulai EUI; Professor Ellen Vos Maastricht University; Professor Maria Lee University College London Defence date: 30 August 2012 PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses This thesis aims at addressing the problem of a potential dis-embedding of the EU administration from democratic institutions. For that purpose it explores the potential of a novel approach to EU constitutionalism, namely of European conflicts-law to ensure the democratic legitimacy of EU administrative governance of GMOs. The term administrative governance is being used as referring to a system of administrative action, in which EU administrative actors implement EU law in cooperation with national administrations, as well as with scientific and private experts. In order to analyse the functioning of this system governance is employed as analytical framework. This thesis shows that the conflicts-law approach constitutes a valuable constitutional framework. It helps to identify and better understand the legitimacy problems of EU administrative governance in the field of GMOs. The existent legal rules in this area can to a certain extent be reconceived as embodying conflicts-law mechanisms and ideas. This is most visible in their aim to procedurally organise cooperation between various actors within horizontal network structures of decision-making. However, the implementation of GMO rules in practice has considerably undermined the functioning of conflicts-law mechanisms. The analysis reveals problematic shifts of authority, which go beyond the system of shared responsibility envisaged by the EU legislator. Instead of administrative cooperation between national and supranational actors, hierarchy in the sense of central decision-making by the Commission dominates the process. Moreover, instead of shared responsibility between public authorities and the biotech industry, the applicant has become a powerful player of GMO regulation. This has to some extent also undermined the application of the precautionary principle in this area. This thesis concludes that attempts of EU law to constitutionalise administrative governance of GMOs in a legitimate way have not proven to be successful so far. Finally, this thesis also reveals certain limitations of the conflicts-law approach. It is suggested that conflicts-law at present should not be considered as a fully-fledged theory of European integration. Its strength lies in the ability to re-direct the discussion on democratic legitimacy of EU law, and to offer constitutional ideas for further elaboration of regulatory solutions. However, further conceptual clarifications seem necessary in order to make it operational in concrete cases of EU regulation.

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HORVATH, Eniko. "Mandating identity : citizenship, kinship laws and plural nationality in the European Union." Doctoral thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/6372.

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Defence date: 23 November 2006 Supervisor: Prof. Bruno De Witte PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017 For over a century it has been the case that a person exists, at least for legal purposes, only after she has been recognized by the state. As a unique element of this acknowledgement, nationality has also been an essential component of individual identity. Now, under pressure from a variety of directions, the nature of the link between state and individual is changing, with as yet unclear implications and long-term effects. In this original and insightful analysis, Enikő Horváth focuses on three processes of legal evolution in Europe that affect the meaning of membership and individual identity: the increasing salience of supranational ‘culture’ and rights; ‘kinship’ legislation privileging non-nationals with linguistic, cultural, and ethnic ties to a given state; and the emergence of plural nationality as an acceptable (and even welcome) phenomenon. The author’s treatment is notable for its informed appreciation of both the content of relevant European and national laws and the ways in which these laws are embedded in particular social and political frameworks. In addition to extending the legal theory on citizenship and nationality, the analysis draws on sociology, social psychology, and political theory to anchor its insights and recommendations. After two in-depth chapters introducing the complexities of the subject matter, three distinct but interwoven chapters show how each of the three processes has unfolded in a given context, offer detailed explanations and suggestions as to why each development has occurred in the manner that it has, and discuss the legal, political, and sociological issues raised by the particular development. A comprehensive reference section with extensive lists of laws, cases, and scholarship concludes the volume. It is likely that this dissertation will come to be recognized as a foundational work in the legal analysis of the concept of ‘cultural identity’, and especially its role in setting norms of membership, as that way of seeing the world becomes ever more clearly defined in coming decades. It is sure to be not only studied and cited by academics and legal theorists, but of special value also to policymakers in the areas of nationality and citizenship.

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EMANUELSON, Anna. "Article 81 and state measures : a study of the remaining conflicts between national economic regulations and Article 81, using the example of environmental agreements and collective agreements." Doctoral thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5565.

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NANNERY, Aoife. "The 'conscience of Europe' in the European sovereign debt crisis : an analysis of the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights and the European Committee of Social Rights on austerity measures." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/39046.

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Award date: 30 November 2015 Supervisor: Professor Claire Kilpatrick, European University Institute This thesis is an analysis of judgments of the European Court of Human Rights and the European Committee of Social Rights arising from austerity measures in the European sovereign debt crisis. The thesis considers the protection afforded to socio-economic interests under the two systems, and how this protection has been tested by the challenges arising from the economic crisis. The first chapter is an analysis of the social Euro-crisis cases. Brought under Article 1 of Protocol 1 to the ECHR the measures enacted to reduce government spending were an alleged violation of the right to property. Almost all of the social Euro-crisis cases were held to be inadmissible by the Court, which cited the gravity of the economic crisis in the respondent states and the executive’s margin of appreciation in matters of social and economic policy. The second chapter places the social Euro-crisis cases in context temporally and thematically, in considering two previous lines of case law developed by Strasbourg: financial and economic stability, and emergency and exceptional circumstances. The ECtHR decisions focus on the severity of the crisis, determining that the margin of appreciation is broader in such circumstances. The ECtHR section concludes that it does not appear that the European sovereign debt crisis has seen Strasbourg develop any definitive crisis approach to ensure that Convention rights are protected in times of economic instability. The third chapter examines the case law generated by the European Committee of Social Rights during the same period. This section serves to act as a counterpart to the ECtHR section. The Committee emphasised that times of crisis require socio-economic rights to be protected, and finds many of the challenged austerity measures incompatible with the European Social Charter.

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MAKARA, Kamila. "The development of patients' rights in cross-border health care and its impact on the member states of the European Union." Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/25201.

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Examining Board: Professor Marie-Ange Moreau, Lumière University Lyon 2, (EUI Supervisor); Professor Loïc Azoulai, European University Institute; Professor Achim Seifert, University of Jena; Professor Łukasz Pisarczyk, University of Warsaw. Defence date: 17 November 2012 PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses The impact of the EU law on patients' rights in cross-border health care on national health care systems was subject to many fervent debates among European academics. For all the rhetoric of that debate, beneath it lies an attempt to delimit the boundaries of EU competences. These were determined by the Court’s interpretation of the Treaties. However, the recent development of patients' rights has escaped the boundaries of this interpretation and broadened the influence of patients' free movement rights into social fields. The primary concern is to answer the question about the cause which brought the Member States to give up their sovereignty for the sake of the internal market and about the effects of these sacrifices for the EU, the States and European citizens respectively. The detailed analysis of the development of EU law on cross-border health care proves that this system was an inescapable result of the decisions taken decades ago. Furthermore, by examining the different definitions and meanings of the European Social Model, the argument is explored that EU law on patients' rights, in its present form, can be considered to be not only a factor enriching the European Social Model but also an actual part of it. A new type of solidarity among the Member States and the citizens of the European Union exists, namely functional solidarity. The subject of cross-border health care has been analysed by academics in all possible ways. However, the points of view of the countries that only recently joined the Union are different to the points of view of the states that participated in the creation of the cross-border health care system. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the debate by placing focus on the fact that there is a very important difference between the effects caused by the development of the cross-border health care systems in "Old” and "New” Member States. The thesis will describe the impact of EU law on cross-border health care in the national systems and the opposition raised against it. The objective of this work is specific. It aims to underline the difference in the impact of cross-border health care on "Old” and "New” Member States, as well as the different interests of these two groups of states in relation to EU health care policy. The intention is not only to give an empirical impression of the impact of European integration on the set-up of healthcare states, but also to explore the different tensions caused by the cross-border health care system and the different expectations of it. An attempt will be made to prove that the relation between the EU law and the national health care systems was built on two-way influence. Not only did the Member States alter their health care systems to accommodate the rules of the internal market, but that the system of co-ordination of social security also had to be adapted in order to fit the multiple national systems.

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KOLEHMAINEN, Eeva. "The posted workers directive : European reinforcement of national labour protection." Doctoral thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4678.

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PAVLOU, Vera. "Migrant domestic workers in the European Union : the role of law in constructing vulnerability." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/41765.

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Defence date: 10 June 2016 Examining Board: Professor Claire Kilpatrick (EUI Supervisor); Professor Bruno de Witte, EUI; Professor Judy Fudge, University of Kent; Professor Mark Bell, Trinity College Dublin. Awarded the Mauro Cappelletti Prize for the 'Best Thesis in Comparative Law' at the European University Institute conferring ceremony on 9 June 2017 Due to the interplay of factors such as population ageing, women's entry into paid employment and the decline of the welfare state, EU Member State face increasing needs for domestic work services – primarily care but also cleaning and other housekeeping services. The majority of domestic workers in Europe today are migrants, both EU and third-country nationals. They tend to work under precarious conditions that make them vulnerable to day-to-day exploitation. Migrant domestic workers face low wages, long and unregulated working hours, workplace harassment, lack of protection if they become pregnant, and unlawful dismissals. Such vulnerabilities are to some extent attributed to intersections of race, class and gender-based prejudices. Yet law, in particular migration and labour law, has an important role in constructing and sustaining vulnerabilities. My aim in this thesis is twofold: to examine the role of law in structuring vulnerability and to identify legal sources that can challenge and reduce certain aspects of this vulnerability. In the first part of the thesis I identify the key dimensions of migration law that make domestic workers vulnerable to then build a typology of the different migration law regimes of EU Member States. To examine the role of labour law, I compare the labour law regulation of domestic work in four Member States: Spain, Sweden, Cyprus and the UK. The analysis sheds light to labour law's very different ways in structuring and, in certain instances, reducing vulnerability. In the second part of the thesis I examine the treatment of migrant domestic workers under EU law. I first give an overview of EU migration law sources to locate and evaluate norms relevant to domestic workers. Then I revisit a debate on the personal scope of EU employment law and challenge the flawed assumption that it does not apply to domestic work. I finally argue that EU employment law is a useful but largely misunderstood resource for domestic workers.

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MURRAY, Philomena. "Conflict, consensus and representation : the party groups in the European Parliament." Doctoral thesis, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5332.

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Defence date: 7 July 1989 Examining Board: Prof. Rudolf Wildenmann, Universität Mannheim (supervisor) ; Prof. David Coombes, National Institute of Higher Education, Limerick (external supervisor) ; Dr. Roland Bieber, European Parliament, Luxembourg ; Prof. Birgitta Nedelmann, Universität Mainz ; Prof. Roger Morgan, European University Institute First made available online on 8 February 2019 The thesis presents an analysis of the transnational political groups of the European Parliament, relating this to theories of political parties, parliaments and representation, while emphasising that existing comparative studies applied, to Europe are of limited value in explaining the nature of political organisation at the European level. The thesis postulates that it is essential that the political groups be analysed in terms of the nature of the European Community itself as a fluid polity and illustrates the problems of understanding European Integration as a political process. An analysis of the functions and role of the political groups is carried out and the study concludes that the groups function effectively as organisers of the European Parliament, with integrative and representational functions, but that at this stage of their development they cannot be seen as European parties. The study is based on research and analysis carried out through interviews conducted by the author as an active member of the European University Institute Survey team for the Study of MEPs, and supplemented by interviews with EP and political group officials.

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LUBOW, Alexis. "Taming regulatory competition : interest groups v. joint decision trap : four EU policy cases on workers mobility." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/46447.

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Defence date: 18 May 2017 Examining Board: Professor Adrienne Héritier, EUI (Supervisor); Professor László Bruszt, EUI; Professor Pieter Bouwen, University of Leuven; Professor Susanne K. Schmidt, University of Bremen Worker migration across EU member states’ borders constitutes an increasingly salient issue. Unlike the liberalization of trade in goods, it has spilled into other policy areas in many unexpected ways. It contributed to turning the so called Bolkestein Directive on services into a highly politicized policymaking episode. Subsequent decisions adopted by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) have only aggravated looming conflicts between high and low standard countries, new and old member states, competing social partners and political parties within the European Parliament. Policy issues that are resolutely foreign to EU competences, like the right to strike, have been affected as well. Simply put, recent policy developments about worker migration illustrate the increasingly contested nature of European integration. In that context, decision makers are trapped into a prisoner’s dilemma that is a real or perceived risk arising from regulatory competition. Hence, member states’ preference heterogeneity translates into an amplified risk of policymaking deadlock. Therefore, the question that this dissertation aims to answer is: under which conditions can EU institutions collectively negotiate positive policy solutions in the context of regulatory competition? Taken in isolation, a change in member state’s bargaining attitudes is unlikely and puzzling. Instead, I argue that when there is a high risk of deadlock in the Council the successful negotiation of policy instruments depends significantly on the relative homogeneity of preferences of competing social partners and their ability to defend pan‐European interests next to national immediate interests. The empirical analysis examines four cases of policy negotiations in relation to worker mobility within the EU. Negotiations over the 2006 Services Directive are sliced into two distinct strategic interactions. In addition, I examine the failed negotiations over the 2012 Monti II Proposal on the right to take collective action and the successful negotiations over the 2014 Directive on the enforcement of the 1996 Posted Worker Directive. The selection of cases aims to carry out a conceptual experiment in which the strategic setting is maintained relatively constant while variations in actors’ preferences and strategies may affect policy outputs.

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MESTRE, Bruno. "Corporate governance and collective bargaining : a comparative study of the evolution of corporate governance and collective bargaining in France, Germany, UK and Portugal." Doctoral thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/13303.

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Defense date: 11/12/2009 Examining Board: Simon Deakin (University of Cambridge), Julio Gomes (Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto), Marie-Ange Moreau (EUI, Supervisor), Heike Schweitzer (EUI) First made available online 13 September 2018 The object of this thesis concerns the institutional complementarities between the national systems of corporate governance and employee representation (including collective bargaining) in an evolutionary comparative and European perspective. This thesis defends that there appears to be currently a phenomenon of hybridisation of the patterns of corporate governance in Europe that is introducing market elements in relational/governmental systems and relational elements in market systems. The systems of employee representation appear to be also converging towards a phenomenon of controlled decentralisation that consists in the diversification of the powers of the actors at the level of the company and in the development of new types of agreements. The underlying intention appears to be the recognition of employees as stakeholders of the company. This thesis concludes that the new types of collective agreements may not be effective as a means of counterbalancing the pressure of shareholders and employees are left in a delicate position.

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SZREDER, Katarzyna Marita. "The European approach to the antitrust-patent intersection through the prism of innovation : in search of more balanced results." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/47204.

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Defence date: 7 July 2017 Examining Board: Professor Giorgio Monti, EUI (EUI Supervisor); Professor Hans-W. Micklitz, EUI; Dr Albertina Albors-Llorens, St John's College, University of Cambridge; Prof. Dr. Rupprecht Podszun, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition This thesis addresses a topical issue of management of the antitrust-patent intersection, looking at the problem from an innovation perspective. It contributes to the field, first, by showing that from the innovation perspective the problem of biases present in both antitrust and patent decision-making might be a matter of concern in managing the antitrust-patent intersection. The question of pro-competition bias is explored through an analysis of novel issues recently considered by antitrust authorities. The analysed case studies concern reverse payment settlements, abuse of the patent system, availability of injunctions in the standard essential patent context and the treatment of the antitrust-patent intersection in the pharmaceutical sector inquiry Report prepared by the Commission. The corresponding risk of a pro-patent bias, already visible in the case studies, is examined in detail through an analysis of the design of the forthcoming Unitary Patent Court. Second, this thesis offers an examination of a signalling mechanism as a way of addressing the problem of biases. While observing that antitrust cases picked up by the Commission might serve as a signalling device for the patent system intended to prompt an alternative solution to the problem at hand, ways of developing further a communication by signalling outside the realm of enforcement are explored in an attempt to combat the risk of biases and to ensure an effective division of tasks. By adapting a signalling approach this thesis advocates an interdisciplinary approach to antitrust-patent intersection. It also seeks to combine the economic and a regulatory aspect of the treatment of the antitrust-patent intersection, thus giving it an EU-specific angle. The signalling justification for antitrust involvement in patent matters is based on the perception of the inadequacies of the alternative solutions as offered by the patent system, making an antitrust response grounded in the underlying regulatory system.

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ORLANDINI, Giovanni. "Il conflitto sindacale nei servizi pubblici essenziali : modelli regolativi a confronto nel processo d'integrazione europea." Doctoral thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4736.

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Defence date: 24 November 2001; Examining Board: Prof. Emeritus, Lord Wedderburn, (London School of Economics); Prof. Roberto Romei, (University of Florence); Prof. Bruno de Witte (EUI); Prof. Silvana Sciarra (EUI, supervisor) PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017 [From the introduction:] La domanda circa il futuro del conflitto sindacale, che si è detto sottendere all’intero lavoro qui introdotto, resterà aperta. Ciò che però si vuol far emergere con forza dall’analisi comparata e comunitaria è come la sopravvivenza del diritto di sciopero presuppone che si compia quel processo di costituzionalizzazione dei diritti sociali fondamentali, che a Nizza è solo timidamente iniziato. La scelta di fondo da compiere è tra un diritto del lavoro che riconosca ancora una funzione “autonoma” ai diritti collettivi, ed uno che li riduca a variabili dipendenti degli obiettivi di politica economica e dei vincoli di competitività del mercato. Resta ovviamente la consapevolezza che molto dipenderà dalla capacità dei lavoratori organizzati di trovare forme e modi d’azione incisivi anche sul piano sovranazionale, dal momento che sono le lotte dei lavoratori a dar vita ai diritti sindacali e non viceversa.

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PETROVA, Teodora. "Children and European citizenship : their autonomy and entitlement to care under free movement law." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/32133.

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Award date: 28 November 2013 Supervisor: Professor Loïc Azoulai, European University Institute. PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses The conundrum on the constitution of Union citizenship is progressively coming to the fore with the development of the case law of the European Court of Justice. This thesis delves into the thematic of what the status of EU citizenship and the associated rights to freedom of movement yield for children in the Union. The topic has received little attention and even if discussed, children's issues are frequently tied to the rights of their parents. The dissertation adopts an alternative approach by examining children's independent position in relation to both the status of EU citizenship and the rights to freedom of movement. The method has been inspired by Article 24 of the Charter of the Fundamental Rights of the European Union, which recognizes the need to care as fundamental in the protection of children's well-being. The research demonstrates that the evolution of the influence of the concept of European citizenship and the related freedoms has strengthened children's autonomous status and secured their specific interests. This development is found in three EU law branches, used as prisms for reflection on children's interests. First, the research examines the types of dependency used by the EU legal domain in relation to child's EU citizenship status. Second, the simultaneous attachment of children to various Member States, exemplified by the formation of novel types of surnames, raises challenges for the effective protection of children's entitlement to care under the different national legislations. Third, by safeguarding children's right to access to education, the ECJ managed to build a specific EU law hierarchy, beneficial to children's well-being and integration rights in the Union. The progress in the protection of children's rights on EU level has mainly been a result of acts of the judiciary. It is therefore a time for the EU legislator to establish a comprehensive and effective EU children-rights protection framework.

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SCOTT, David L. "Adjudication and enforcement of fundamental social and economic rights at European level." Doctoral thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5623.

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WOLF, Katharina. "Europe's military responses to humanitarian crises." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/53504.

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Defence date: 13 April 2018 Examining Board: Prof Ulrich Krotz, EUI (Supervisor); Dr. Antonio Missiroli, NATO; Prof James Sperling, University of Akron; Prof Jennifer Welsh, EUI Why do European Union (EU) member states sometimes respond collectively to prevent or address large-scale humanitarian crises while, at other moments, they use different institutional channels? More than once, EU states have pondered, hesitated, disagreed and let others interfere when widespread and systematic killing of civilians were looming. Instead of using the EU’s military crisis management capacities, member states have acted through different institutional channels such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), ad-hoc coalitions of states or single state-led operations to interfere in humanitarian crises. At times, they have decided not to intervene at all. Why does Europeans’ involvement in humanitarian intervention vary so strikingly? To examine this striking variation in European states’ responses to large-scale humanitarian crises, the thesis draws on in-depth case study evidence from the conflict in Libya during 2011, the post-electoral crisis in Côte d’Ivoire during 2010/2011, the sectarian war in the Central African Republic during 2013 and 2014 and the fight against Boko Haram in Nigeria and the Lake Chad region. The cases capture the entire range of variation on the dependent variable covering EU operations, NATO operations, ad-hoc operations, and non-intervention. The thesis develops a three-step model to explain why, when, and how European states use military force for humanitarian purposes. The model is situated at the intersection of domestic preferences and the international opportunities and constraints under which European states seek to realize their foreign policy goals. The findings show that, in combination, these factors condition European states’ readiness to intervene. Hence, a preference for non-intervention is easier to maintain if others are willing to intervene, but more difficult to pursue if the resort to force is urgent and the non-European actors are unable or unwilling to offer an appropriate response. At the regional European level, states’ power resources and preferences influence the institutional channel through which European states ultimately decide to intervene militarily. The findings show that the deployment of EU and NATO operations is likely when member states’ preferences are at least weakly congruent and backed by the interests and preferences of the organizations’ most powerful states. Diverging preferences among member states severely hinder common military operations and compel states to resort to ad-hoc arrangements. The dissertation concludes that European states’ preferences, the political contexts in which they operate and their ability to pursue their goals at the international and the regional level considerably influence why, when, and in which format European states intervene in humanitarian crises.

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