Articles de revues : « Concentratori parabolici lineari »

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Pardellas, Alberto, Pedro Fortuny Ayuso, Luis Bayón et Arsenio Barbón. « A New Two-Foci V-Trough Concentrator for Small-Scale Linear Fresnel Reflectors ». Energies 16, n^o 4 (5 février 2023) : 1597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16041597.

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We present the design of an original secondary cavity for use in Small-Scale Fresnel Reflectors in photovoltaic applications. The cavity is similar to the classical V-trough, but the primary reflector system is configured so that there are two focal points on the aperture. The rays coming from each side of the primary system reach the opposite side of the cavity, producing a non-symmetrical distribution of the irradiance. This modifies the acceptance half-angle and allows us to break the maximum limit for the concentration ratio of ideal symmetric concentrators. Our study is analytic, and we provide formulas for any number of reflections. Numerical simulations with a ray-tracing program based on MATLAB are included. We provide a comparison of optical concentration ratio, height and cost parameter between our system and two classical designs with a single focal point: the V-trough and the Compound Parabolic concentrators. This way, we verify that our design yields better concentration ratios while keeping the ray acceptance rate at one. Our solution proves to be better than both the classical one-focus V-trough and the Compound Parabolic concentrator. Specifically, the proposed solution is significantly better than the classical one-focus V-trough in optical concentration ratio, with an increase between 15.02 and 35.95%. As regards the compound parabolic concentrator, the optical concentration ratio is always slightly better (around 4%). The height of the cavity, however, is notably less in this design (around 54.33%).

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Ghodbane, Mokhtar, Djamel Benmenine, Abderrahmane Khechekhouche et Boussad Boumeddane. « Brief on Solar Concentrators : Differences and Applications ». Instrumentation Mesure Métrologie 19, n^o 5 (15 novembre 2020) : 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/i2m.190507.

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In light of the global crises that the world suffers from, the renewable energy exploitation is a viable solution to remedy the various energy crises, knowing that renewable energy is a source of environmental credibility, as it does not cause any pollution or any emissions harmful to the environment. Among the most important renewable energy sources, solar energy is the most important type as it can be exploited thermally by adopting various solar collectors, especially solar concentrators. This paper has been devoted to illustrate the types of solar concentrators, namely point-focus concentrators (Heliostat Field Collectors and Parabolic Dish Collectors) and linear concentrators (Linear Fresnel Reflectors and Parabolic Trough Collectors), in an attempt to clarify its principle and its multiple uses domestically and industrially, especially in areas that are characterized by the abundance of its direct solar radiation. The solar concentrator is a solar thermal energy concentration system, because its use reduces the consumption of fossil fuels harmful to the environment and directly contributes to climate change. Solar thermal concentrators are an effective alternative to fossil generators for thermal energy, as they have many important uses such as the solar electricity production of solar electricity in power plants, industrial and domestic water heating, and have many other industrial uses.

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Kant, Karunesh, Karthik Nithyanandam et Ranga Pitchumani. « Analysis and Optimization of a Novel Hexagonal Waveguide Concentrator for Solar Thermal Applications ». Energies 14, n^o 8 (12 avril 2021) : 2146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082146.

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This paper analyzes a novel, cost-effective planar waveguide solar concentrator design that is inspired by cellular hexagonal structures in nature with the benefits of facile installation and low operation and maintenance cost. A coupled thermal and optical analysis of solar irradiation through an ideal hexagonal waveguide concentrator integrated with a linear receiver is presented, along with a cost analysis methodology, to establish the upper limit of performance. The techno-economic model, coupled with numerical optimization, is used to determine designs that maximized power density and minimized the cost of heat in the temperature range of 100–250 °C, which constitutes more than half of the industrial process heat demand. Depending on the incident solar irradiation and the application temperature, the cost of heat for the optimal design configuration ranged between 0.1–0.27 $/W and 0.075–0.18 $/W for waveguide made of ZK7 glass and polycarbonate, respectively. A techno-economic analysis showed the potential of the technology to achieve cost as low as 80 $/m2 and 61 $/m2 for waveguide made of ZK7 glass and polycarbonate material, respectively, which is less than half the cost of state-of-the-art parabolic trough concentrators. Overall, the hexagonal waveguide solar concentrator technology shows immense potential for decarbonizing the industrial process heat and thermal desalination sectors.

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Feuermann, D., et J. M. Gordon. « Analysis of a Two-Stage Linear Fresnel Reflector Solar Concentrator ». Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 113, n^o 4 (1 novembre 1991) : 272–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2929973.

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The two-stage linear Fresnel reflector solar concentrator is analyzed via an in-depth study of an installed, nominally 220 KWt system. The concentrator includes: (1) a primary linear Fresnel reflector comprised of curved mirrors and (2) a secondary nonimaging CPC-type trough with a tubular receiver. The principal practical design options for the secondary concentrator are evaluated. Via a computer simulation which includes ray-tracing of the primary reflector, we evaluate the sensitivity of energy output to: concentrator optical errors, system geometry, tracking mode, and the option of using flat versus curved primary mirrors. The two-stage Fresnel concentrator can be considerably less expensive than the corresponding parabolic trough collector, but is found to deliver about one-fourth less yearly energy. However, much of this difference could be eliminated through the use of higher-quality CPC reflectors.

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Li, Guihua, Jingjing Tang et Runsheng Tang. « A note on design of linear dielectric compound parabolic concentrators ». Solar Energy 171 (septembre 2018) : 500–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2018.06.065.

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Rönnelid, Mats, et Björn Karlsson. « Optical acceptance function of modified compound parabolic concentrators with linear corrugated reflectors ». Applied Optics 37, n^o 22 (1 août 1998) : 5222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.37.005222.

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Rafiei, Alireza, Reyhaneh Loni, Mohammad Hossein Ahmadi, Gholamhassan Najafi, Evangelos Bellos, Fatemeh Rajaee et Ezzatollah Askari Asli‐Ardeh. « Sensitivity analysis of a parabolic trough concentrator with linear V‐shape cavity ». Energy Science & ; Engineering 8, n^o 10 (17 juin 2020) : 3544–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ese3.763.

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Chen, F., M. Li, P. Zhang et X. Luo. « Thermal performance of a novel linear cavity absorber for parabolic trough solar concentrator ». Energy Conversion and Management 90 (janvier 2015) : 292–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.11.034.

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Ismail, Benlaria, Belhadj Mohammed, Othmane Abdelkhalek et Sabouni Elhadj. « An experimental study of PV/T system using parabolic reflectors and heat exchanger ». Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 24, n^o 3 (1 décembre 2021) : 1297. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v24.i3.pp1297-1306.

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<p>Photovoltaic (PV) systems can be made more efficient by forcing the PV panel to operate at its maximum point power due to the electrical properties of photovoltaic generators, which are substantially non-linear (MPP). This study examines the effectiveness of using a combination of parabolic concentrator Bi-reflector and heat exchanger as a cooling system on the performance of photovoltaic generators to get a photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system, and their effect on the direct current (DCDC) converter using matrix laboratory (MATLAB) simulink. The experimental tests were carried out under various temperature values and sun irradiation. The results demonstrated that the use of parabolic Bi-reflectors, to further illumine te the panels, and the use of the cooling system to absorb excess heat to get heat water, could increase and enhances performances of the photovoltaic generator.</p>

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Jin, Hongguang, Jun Sui, Hui Hong, Zhifeng Wang, Danxing Zheng et Zhi Hou. « Prototype of Middle-Temperature Solar Receiver/Reactor With Parabolic Trough Concentrator ». Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 129, n^o 4 (6 juin 2007) : 378–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2769698.

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This paper manufactured an original middle-temperature solar receiver/reactor prototype, positioned along the focal line of one-axis parabolic trough concentrator, representing the development of a new kind of solar thermochemical technology. A 5kW prototype solar reactor at around 200–300°C, which is combined with a linear receiver, was originally manufactured. A basic principle of the design of the middle-temperature solar reactor is identified and described. A representative experiment of solar-driven methanol decomposition was carried out. Experimental tests were conducted from 200°C to 300°C under mean solar flux of 300–800W∕m2 and at a given methanol feeding rate of 2.1L∕h. The conversion of methanol decomposition yielded up to 50–95%, and the efficiency of solar thermal energy conversion to chemical energy reached 30–60%. The experimental results obtained here prove that the novel solar receiver/reactor prototype introduced in this paper can provide a promising approach to effectively utilize middle-temperature solar thermal energy by means of solar thermochemical processes.

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Yin, Peng, Jiaqi Lv, Xin Wang et Rui Huang. « A spectral splitting planar solar concentrator with a linear compound parabolic lightguide for optical fiber daylighting ». Renewable Energy 179 (décembre 2021) : 778–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.07.100.

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Rafiei, Alireza, Reyhaneh Loni, Gholamhassan Najafi et Talal Yusaf. « Study of PTC System with Rectangular Cavity Receiver with Different Receiver Tube Shapes Using Oil, Water and Air ». Energies 13, n^o 8 (24 avril 2020) : 2114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13082114.

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Today, application of cavity receivers in solar concentrator systems is suggested as an interesting and novelty research subject for increasing thermal performance. In this research, a parabolic trough concentrator (PTC) with a rectangular cavity receiver was energetically investigated. The cavity receiver was studied with smooth and corrugated tubes. Different solar heat transfer fluids were considered, including water, air, and thermal oil. The effect of different operational parameters, as well as structural parameters, was investigated. The results showed that the linear rectangular cavity receiver with corrugated tube showed higher amounts of the absorbed heat and energy performance compared to the smooth tube as the cavity tube. Thermal performance of the rectangular cavity was improved using the application of water as the solar heat transfer fluid, which was followed by thermal oil and, finally, air, as the solar heat transfer fluid. Finally, it could be recommended that the rectangular cavity receiver with smooth tube using air as the solar heat transfer fluid is more appropriate for coupling this system with a Bryton cycle, whereas the rectangular cavity receiver with the corrugated tube using water or oil as the solar heat transfer fluid is recommended for achieving higher outlet temperature of the heat transfer fluid.

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Maiorov, V. A., et S. N. Trushevskii. « Study of thermal characteristics of a heating module with parabolic trough concentrator and linear wedge-like photoelectric receiver ». Applied Solar Energy 52, n^o 4 (octobre 2016) : 290–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0003701x16040125.

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Li, Guihua, Yamei Yu et Runsheng Tang. « Performance and Design Optimization of Two-Mirror Composite Concentrating PV Systems ». Energies 13, n^o 11 (4 juin 2020) : 2875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112875.

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The reflectors of a linear solar concentrator investigated in this work consisted of two plane mirrors (2MCC), and they were designed in such a way that made all radiation within the acceptance angle (θa) arrive on flat-plate absorber, after less than two reflections. To investigate the performance of an east–west aligned 2MCC-based photovoltaic (PV) system (2MCPV), a mathematical procedure was suggested based on the three-dimensional radiation transfer and was validated by the ray-tracing analysis. Analysis indicated that the performance of 2MCPV was dependent on the geometry of 2MCC, the reflectivity of mirrors (ρ), and solar resources in a site, thus, given θa, an optimal geometry of 2MCC for maximizing the annual collectible radiation (ACR) and annual electricity generation (AEG) of 2MCPV in a site could be respectively found through iterative calculations. Calculation results showed that when the ρ was high, the optimal design of 2MCC for maximizing its geometric concentration (Cg) could be utilized for maximizing the ACR and AEG of 2MCPV. As compared to similar compound parabolic concentrator (CPC)-based PV systems, the 2MCPV with the tilt-angle of the aperture yearly fixed (1T-2MCPV), annually generated more electricity when the ρ was high; and the one with the tilt-angle adjusted yearly four times at three tilts (3T-2MCPV), performed better when θa < 25° and ρ > 0.7, even in sites with poor solar resources.

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Arifin, Maulana. « Rotordynamics analysis of solar hybrid microturbine for concentrated solar power ». Journal of Mechatronics, Electrical Power, and Vehicular Technology 11, n^o 1 (30 juillet 2020) : 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/j.mev.2020.v11.38-44.

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Microturbine based on a parabolic dish solar concentrator runs at high speed and has large amplitudes of subsynchronous turbo-shaft motion due to the direct normal irradiance (DNI) fluctuation in daily operation. A detailed rotordynamics model coupled to a full fluid film radial or journal bearing model needs to be addressed for increasing performance and to ensure safe operating conditions. The present paper delivers predictions of rotor tip displacement in the microturbine rotor assembly supported by a journal bearing under non-linear vibrations. The rotor assembly operates at 72 krpm on the design speed and delivers a 40 kW power output with the turbine inlet temperature is about 950 °C. The turbo-shaft oil temperature range is between 50 °C to 90 °C. The vibrations on the tip radial compressor and turbine were presented and evaluated in the commercial software GT-Suite environment. The microturbine rotors assembly model shows good results in predicting maximum tip displacement at the rotors with respect to the frequency and time domain.

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Lai, An-Chow, Ming-Cheng Ho, Kok-Keong Chong, Ming-Hui Tan, Boon-Han Lim et Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan. « Novel Algorithm for Improving Tracking Accuracy of Open-Loop Mobile Sun-Tracking System via Different Timing Control Scheme ». International Journal of Photoenergy 2023 (12 janvier 2023) : 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/9718993.

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This paper proposes a mobile sun-tracking (MST) system to track the sun on the moving vehicle. We have developed a novel MST algorithm using general sun-tracking formulas associated with simple-moving average linear regression (SMALR) to smoothen sun-tracking activity. Furthermore, two different timing control schemes to activate sun tracking are investigated: time lapse (TL) mode and azimuth actuation (AA) mode. For experimental validation, a prototype of MST has been constructed on a small truck moving at constant speed of 30 km/h for field measurements. For the result, AA mode has average pointing error of 110 mrad for the open-loop tracking design (13% better than that of TL mode), which is still far below the half acceptance angle of compound parabolic concentrator at 659 mrad. Since there is no feedback sensor to be implemented in this prototype, optical encoders and CCD camera can be employed in the future work to further reduce the pointing error of MST system.

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González-Mora, Eduardo, et Ma Dolores Durán García. « Methodology for an Opto-Geometric Optimization of a Linear Fresnel Reflector for Direct Steam Generation ». Energies 13, n^o 2 (10 janvier 2020) : 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13020355.

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A methodology for an optical optimization of the intercept factor concerning a linear Fresnel reflector is described to increase the amount of solar irradiation that will be delivered in the absorber for Agua Prieta, Sonora; taking the FRESDEMO’s Fresnel field as the reference design. For the performed optimization, the intercept factor is determined as a function of the receiver’s height, establishing a simple criterion for the optimization. The FRESDEMO’s field description is determined and briefly discussed, next compared with the proposed optimization. The compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) Winston function for a circular absorber is modified to relocate the cusp of the reflector and the absorber. This modified CPC will redirect all the reflected rays that do not hit directly the absorber, as in the FRESDEMO field, so all of them are captured by the absorber. Through ray-tracing, the graphic flux distribution in the receiver aperture is conceived. This flux distribution is compared with the FRESDEMO field and with a PTC with a flat absorber, ensuring an adequate optimization regarding the intercept factor. The result of the opto-geometric optimization is compared between the FRESDEMO and the optimized field for a specified thermal process, addressing a considerable reduction in the length of the loops.

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Filali Baba, Yousra, Ahmed Al Mers, Tauseef -ur-Rehman, Hamid Ajdad, Abdelfattah Bouatem, Abdessamad Faik et Badr Bououlid Idrissi. « No-vacuum Mono-Tube Compound Parabolic Collector Receiver for Linear Fresnel Concentrator : Numerical and Experimental Approach for Dynamic Behavior Assessment ». Energy Conversion and Management 268 (septembre 2022) : 115986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2022.115986.

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Li, Guihua, Jingjing Tang et Runsheng Tang. « A Theoretical Study on Performance and Design Optimization of Linear Dielectric Compound Parabolic Concentrating Photovoltaic Systems ». Energies 11, n^o 9 (15 septembre 2018) : 2454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11092454.

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To investigate solar leakage and effects of the geometry of linear dielectric compound parabolic concentrator with a restricted exit angle (DCPCθa/θe) on the performance of DCPCθa/θe -based photovoltaic systems (DCPVθa/θe), a three-dimensional radiation transfer model based on solar geometry and vector algebra is suggested. Analysis shows that the annual radiation loss due to leakage is sensitive to the geometry of DCPCs and tilt-angle adjustment strategy, and the optimal θe,opt for minimizing annual leakage is the one that makes the incidence angle of solar rays on the plane wall equal to the critical incidence angle for total internal reflection at solar-noon in solstices and days when tilt-angle adjustment from site latitude is made for DCPV with the aperture’s tilt-angle being yearly fixed, and adjusted two and four times, respectively. It is found that annual radiation leakage is considerable small, for DCPVs with θe < θe,opt, almost all leaked radiation comes from sky diffuse radiation, whereas for θe = 90°, most of leakage is attributed to direct sunlight. As compared to similar non-concentrating solar cells, more radiation arrives annually on solar cells of DCPVθa/θe at small angles thanks to refraction of radiation on the aperture, hence, under same operation conditions, the annual average photovoltaic efficiency of solar cells for concentrated radiation is even higher. Analysis also shows that the power increase of DCPVs, being much less than the geometric concentration of DCPCs (Ct), is mainly attributable to optical loss due to absorption of solar rays on the way to the solar cells, and the power loss due to leakage of radiation is not significant. From the point of annual electricity generation, for full DCPVs with a given θa, DCPVθa/90 are favorable, and for truncated DCPVs with given θa and Ct, DCPVs with θe < 90 are favorable; whereas from the point of contribution per unit volume of dielectric to the annual electricity generation, the situation is reversed.

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Danilov, V. I., V. V. Gorbatenko et L. V. Danilova. « Kinetics of Lüders deformation as an autowave process ». Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 65, n^o 4 (5 mai 2022) : 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2022-4-261-267.

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The authors investigated the nature and kinetics of the moving fronts of localized deformation, which are formed at the elastoplastic transition in materials with dislocation and martensitic micromechanisms of plastic deformation under active tension at different velocity. Digital image correlation was used for registration and quantitative specification of front movement. Attained results were discussed under synergistic approach. A deformed subject is considered as open and far-from-equilibrium system (active medium) containing distributed potential energy source stress, which are microconcentrators. In process of external influence these concentrators relax through microslip and cause a form change of the object itself. Each microconcentrator can be considered as an active element, it has two states: metastable elastically stressed and stable relaxed. In external influence, transition is possible only from the first state to the second. Such elements are characterized as trigger elements and active medium is characterized as a bistable medium. In bistable media, switching autowaves propagate. They represent moving boundaries, which separate metastable and stable states. Within this concept considered fronts of localized deformation can be interpreted as switching autowaves. The study showed that shape and kinetic parameters of fronts of localized deformation do not depend on chemical composition, structure and micromechanisms of deformation, it confirms their autowave nature. On the other hand, the kinetics of switching autowaves should be determined by characteristics of the external influence. Genuinely, velocity of localized deformation fronts increases with deformation velocity. It is found that dependence of these fronts on deformation velocity is non-linear parabolic with index less than one and equally for all examining materials.

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Ko, Gaëlle Kafira, Aboubakar Gomna, Quentin Falcoz, Yezouma Coulibaly et Régis Olives. « A Review of Linear Fresnel Collector Receivers used in Solar Thermal Technology ». Physical Science International Journal, 29 décembre 2022, 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/psij/2022/v26i8758.

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Linear Fresnel collectors (LFC) have, among the four technologies of concentrating solar power (CSP), the simpler technology. They have a one axis sun tracking, plane mirrors and a fix receiver. All these elements make them the most suitable for small scales CSP plants adapted to rural area of the Sub-Saharan region. The receiver is an important part of the LFC. There is a wide variety of receivers that differ in the shape of the absorber: mono-tube, multi-tube, plane. The shape of the secondary concentrator or its absence allows to categorize the receivers in a butterfly, compound parabolic concentrator, segmented parabolic secondary concentrator or trapezoidal receiver. Vacuum mono-tube receivers have heat losses between 200 W/m and 270 W/m at an absorber temperature of 350°C. A mono tube receiver at partial vacuum losses more than 350 W/m at 350°C. The lowest heat losses of a multi-tube receiver with a trapezoidal secondary concentrator can reach 500 W/m at an absorber temperature of 350°C. This paper discusses a comparative study of existing receiver designs in order to find the most suitable for rural areas in the sub-Saharan region, i.e. easy to design by hand and low cost. Although they do not have the best thermal performance, trapezoidal receivers with a black-painted copper multi-tube absorber and a glass cover seem to be the most suitable.

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Wadate, Pramod Ram, et H. M. Dharmadhikari. « A review of Thermal Performance of Solar Concentrator – the future needs ». International Journal of Engineering Sciences 12, n^o 3 (octobre 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.36224/ijes.120303.

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Abundant solar energy is freely available almost round the year in India. As per the current scenario of global warming and climatic change, solar energy is the cleanest source in nature. Concentrated solar power (CSP)has hardly contributed to the overall installed solar power capacity in the country. CSP technologies are Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC), Linear Fresnel Reflector (LFR), Paraboloid Dish and Solar Power Tower. This paper presents a review of CSP in solar parabolic dish concentrator to understand thermal aspect like thermal efficiency, optical efficiency, useful heat gain, heat losses, solar irradiation, etc. for various applications and current development. The current scenario of global CSP is discussed to meet the future challenges and need of the society.

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Ullah, Ahmed, Asim Mushtaq, Rizwan Ahmed Qamar et Zaeem Uddin Ali. « Performance analysis and modeling of parabolic trough based concentrated solar facility using different thermal fluid mediums ». Journal of Engineering Research 9, n^o 1 (23 février 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.36909/jer.v9i1.8605.

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The significance of sustainable power source has expanded because of environmental change and worldwide cautioning concerns because of its renewing quality. Solar energy is the focal point of numerous examinations due to modern industrial applications and small scale local applications in emerging nations. Solar energy is being bridled, either specifically utilizing photovoltaic or secondarily utilizing concentrated solar power. This study aims to design and fabricate a small scale concentrated solar power (CSP) plant using linear parabolic trough. Linear parabolic trough collector is used because of high efficiency and exceedingly prescribed kind of CSP. The scope of this study is to develop a CSP plant and also study the properties of various thermal fluids and expect the best transfer medium. The study done in this research is based on carrying out a detailed energy balance scheme for a linear parabolic trough collector while observing twenty-six vital design parameters, including the geometric measurements and material properties of concentrator and receiver pipe, thermal fluids properties, and operating conditions. Modeling of the system is carried out for different thermal fluids that are deemed viable for use. It was found that the results obtained from the fabricated parabolic trough CSP were used to verify the model and compare with the theoretical results. The conclusions deduced from this study will help design both small and large scale applications of linear parabolic troughs.

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Ajdad, H., Y. Filali Baba, A. Al Mers, O. Merroun, A. Bouatem, N. Boutammachte, S. El Alj et S. Benyakhlef. « Thermal and Optical Efficiency Analysis of the Linear Fresnel Concentrator Compound Parabolic Collector Receiver ». Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 140, n^o 5 (29 mai 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4040064.

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A solar heating compound parabolic collector (CPC) using air and palm oil as heat carrier fluid is proposed and analyzed within this study via heat transfer and ray tracing simulations. The system is a linear focusing solar system intended to be used for applications across a broad range of industrial sectors for generating medium temperature heat up to 250 °C. The Monte Carlo ray tracing method was used to predict the optical performances of the receiver. We have developed a simplified thermal model to investigate and analyze the thermal performances of the receiver under different conditions. It has been demonstrated that the investigated receiver satisfactorily matches the heat demand by producing low and medium temperature heat with an annual system efficiency of 45%.

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Gu, Xiaoguang, Robert A. Taylor et Gary Rosengarten. « Analysis of a New Compound Parabolic Concentrator-Based Solar Collector Designed for Methanol Reforming ». Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 136, n^o 4 (11 juin 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4027767.

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Methanol reforming is a well-known method of producing hydrogen for hydrogen-based fuel cells. Since methanol reforming is an endothermic process, requiring an energy input, it is possible to use this reaction as a way to store primary energy. In this paper, we propose that this reaction can be driven with a vacuum packaged, nonimaging solar collector which has high overall efficiency. The linear compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) collector was designed with a half angle of 27.4 deg and a concentration ratio between 1.5 and 1.75 over this entire cone angle. Furthermore, due to its small size (90 mm × 72.6 mm × 80 mm), the design is portable. Selective surfaces, black chrome and TiNOX, are analyzed for the receiver to absorb solar (short wavelength) radiation while minimizing emission of thermal (long wavelength) radiation. Importantly, this design uses a vacuum layer between the receiver and the frame to minimize the convective heat loss. A ray-tracing optical analysis shows an optical efficiency of 75–80% over the entire half incident angle range. Stagnation tests show that under vacuum conditions, temperature up to 338 °C is achievable. Overall, the proposed design can achieve high temperatures (up to 250 °C) without tracking—which reduces overall cost, operational limitations, and enables a portable design.

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