Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Compressor-pipeline interaction »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Compressor-pipeline interaction"
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Kurz, Rainer, Matt Lubomirsky et Klaus Brun. « Gas Compressor Station Economic Optimization ». International Journal of Rotating Machinery 2012 (2012) : 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/715017.
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When considering gas compressor stations for pipeline projects, the economic success of the entire operation depends to a significant extent on the operation of the compressors involved. In this paper, the basic factors contributing to the economics are outlined, with particular emphasis on the interaction between the pipeline and the compressor station. Typical scenarios are described, highlighting the fact that pipeline operation has to take into account variations in load.
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Wu, Jia, Chunjie Li, Shuiying Zheng et Jingheng Gao. « Study on Fluid-Structure Coupling Vibration of Compressor Pipeline ». Shock and Vibration 2019 (7 août 2019) : 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8624324.
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In practical engineering, pipeline vibration is often not caused by a single factor but by a combination of many factors. A fluid-structure coupling method is proposed in this paper and used to study the vibration of the compressor pipeline under the interaction of pipeline structure and airflow in it. The method is based on structured grids, so that the displacements of grid nodes can be calculated accurately at each time step. The results of transient calculation show that when the given inlet mass flow rate is constant and there is no other disturbance, the pressure fluctuation and the vibration of pipeline structure will occur by using fluid-structure coupling, and the vibration frequencies are consistent with the third- and fifth-order structural natural frequencies. Moreover, the higher the pressure in the pipe, the greater the fluid-structure coupling vibration. In addition, the fluid-structure coupling vibration not only occurs in the studied pipeline but also propagates to distant downstream pipeline. Comparing the above results with experimental results, it is found that the results of fluid-structure coupling calculation are in agreement with the actual situation, which shows that the method is reasonable and reliable and can be applied to engineering.
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Liu, Zhan, Wenguang Jia, Longhui Liang et Zhenya Duan. « Analysis of Pressure Pulsation Influence on Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Compressor Performance for Ideal and Real Gas Models ». Applied Sciences 9, no 5 (6 mars 2019) : 946. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9050946.
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This work investigates the effects of pressure pulsations on reciprocating natural gas compressor performance thermodynamically. A nonlinear hybrid numerical model is thus developed to consider the interaction between the compressor and the pipeline system. The suction chamber, compressor cylinder and discharge chamber are modelled integrally based on the first law of thermodynamics and mass balance, and the pipeline flow is described by using the gas dynamic model. Methane is considered as the working fluid and its properties are computed based on ideal and real gas assumptions. For the real gas model, the methane properties are obtained by means of calling the NIST REFPROP database. The validity of numerical results is confirmed by previous experimental values. Results from the examinations of pressure pulsation influence demonstrate that discharge resonance requires more specific work than suction resonance in the same harmonic; in the suction system, the first harmonic response reduces the mass flow rate but significantly increases specific work, and the second harmonic response has a strong supercharging effect but the specific work is increased slightly; in the discharge system, the mass flow rate is changed little by pressure pulsations, but the indicated power and specific work are increased significantly; for the real gas model, the in-cylinder temperature during the compression and discharge phases, mass flow rate and indicated power are higher than those for the ideal gas model, whereas the specific work is less for the real gas model than for the ideal gas model.
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Ju, Yaping, Hui Liu, Ziyun Yao, Peng Xing et Chuhua Zhang. « Fluid-structure interaction analysis and lifetime estimation of a natural gas pipeline centrifugal compressor under near-choke and near-surge conditions ». Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 28, no 6 (29 octobre 2015) : 1261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/cjme.2015.0924.115.
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Ganopolsky, M. G., et L. M. Markova. « SETTLEMENT STRUCTURE OF THE TYUMEN REGION IN THE AREA OF THE MAIN OIL AND GAS PIPELINES : SPATIAL LAYOUT AND SOCIOCULTURAL DYNAMICS ». VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no 4(47) (30 décembre 2019) : 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2019-47-4-15.
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The article analyses the settlement of the Tyumen Region from the perspective of the interaction between the traditional settlement scheme that has developed over the last four centuries, and a group of settlements, where oil pumping and/or gas compressor stations of main oil and gas pipelines are located and maintained. The genesis of this interaction revealed two main directions: eastern and northern. In the first case, the junction points of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which served as administrative outposts, initiated the process of forming agricul-tural, commercial and then industrial zones (and, accordingly, new settlements); the north direction reflects the main stages of Russia's advancement to the North, including the massive industrial development of a unique West-Siberian oil-and-gas province. The homogeneity of the considered settlements in terms the production, terri-torial and social aspects allows us to interpret them as a territorial and production cluster. The organising role of the pipeline transport network in the further development of this cluster is shown. Firstly, it contributed to the emergence of new settlements, and secondly, former small settlements turned into the nodal points of the trans-formed settlement scheme. The result of the cluster formation is correlated with the dynamics of the urbanisation process and is presented in the form of a framework for the development and settlement of the Tyumen Region and its scheme. The consideration of the subject matter is multidisciplinary in nature due to its complex and multi-aspect character. In this study, elements of various methods and approaches were employed: historical-geographical and economic-geographical when studying the genesis of the settlement structure; ethno-demographic when considering the processes of natural and forced migration; socio-cultural and economic-organisational when trying to create a sociocultural scheme of a territorial community.
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Zhao, Bin, Shuangmei Zhou, Xiaohan Jia, Mingfeng Wang et Zenghui Ma. « Investigation of interaction between thermodynamic processes and pressure pulsation based on transient CFD model of a reciprocating compressor ». Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E : Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering, 29 mars 2021, 095440892110047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09544089211004724.
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This paper presents a transient computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of a reciprocating compressor to study the interaction of the thermodynamic process and pressure pulsation. To realize the interaction between the thermodynamics and the pressure pulsation, the most difficult procedure lies in dealing with the valve motion and flow through the valve channel both precisely and effectively. Therefore, a discretization method for the flow channel of the ring valve to generate structured grids is proposed. Then, the subsequent model is embedded in the flow channel of the compressor model. User-defined functions are employed to calculate the independent velocity of each valve plate based on the real-time pressure differences across the valve plates. After verified, the influences of the discharge pipeline configuration, pressure ratio, and rotational speed were examined. The results of the numerical model agreed well with the experiment. The maximal deviation between predictions and experiments at the pressure ratio of 3 was 6.14% of indicated power. The maximum deviation increased to 7.42% at the rotational speed of 480 rpm. The results for the discharge pipeline configuration verified that the buffer tank directly following the nozzle of the compressor contributed greatly to attenuating the pressure pulsation. A fast Fourier transform analysis of pressure pulsation showed that at all speeds, the amplitudes were almost the same below the eighth harmonic, and then gradually increased for the higher harmonics.
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Brun, Klaus, Sarah Simons et Rainer Kurz. « The Impact of Reciprocating Compressor Pulsations on the Surge Margin of Centrifugal Compressors ». Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 139, no 8 (21 mars 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4035822.
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Pressure pulsations into a centrifugal compressor can move its operating point into surge. This is concerning in pipeline stations where centrifugal compressors operate in series/parallel with reciprocating compressors. Sparks (1983, “On the Transient Interaction of Centrifugal Compressors and Their Piping Systems,” ASME Paper No. 83-GT-236); Kurz et al. (2006, “Pulsations in Centrifugal Compressor Installations,” ASME Paper No. GT2006-90700); and Brun et al. (2014, “Impact of the Piping Impedance and Acoustic Characteristics on Centrifugal Compressor Surge and Operating Range,” ASME J. Eng. Turbines Power, 137(3), p. 032603) provided predictions on the impact of periodic pressure pulsation on the behavior of a centrifugal compressor. This interaction is known as the “compressor dynamic response” (CDR) theory. Although the CDR describes the impact of the nearby piping system on the compressor surge and pulsation amplification, it has limited usefulness as a quantitative analysis tool, due to the lack of prediction tools and test data for comparison. Testing of compressor mixed operation was performed in an air loop to quantify the impact of periodic pressure pulsation from a reciprocating compressor on the surge margin (SM) of a centrifugal compressor. This data was utilized to validate predictions from Sparks’ CDR theory and Brun’s numerical approach. A 50 hp single-stage, double-acting reciprocating compressor provided inlet pulsations into a two-stage 700 hp centrifugal compressor. Tests were performed over a range of pulsation excitation amplitudes, frequencies, and pipe geometry variations to determine the impact of piping impedance and resonance responses. Results provided clear evidence that pulsations can reduce the surge margin of centrifugal compressors and that geometry of the piping system immediately upstream and downstream of a centrifugal compressor will have an impact on the surge margin reduction. Surge margin reductions of over 30% were observed for high centrifugal compressor inlet suction pulsation.
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Brun, Klaus, Rainer Kurz et Sarah Simons. « The Impact of Reciprocating Compressor Pulsations on the Surge Margin of Centrifugal Compressors ». Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 27 juillet 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4034314.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Pressure pulsations into a centrifugal compressor can move its operating point into surge. This is concerning in pipeline stations where centrifugal compressors operate in series/parallel with reciprocating compressors. Sparks (1983), Kurz et al., (2006), and Brun et al., (2014) provided predictions on the impact of periodic pressure pulsation on the behavior of a centrifugal compressor. This interaction is known as the “Compressor Dynamic Response” (CDR) theory. Although the CDR describes the impact of the nearby piping system on the compressor surge and pulsation amplification, it has limited usefulness as a quantitative analysis tool, due to the lack of prediction tools and test data for comparison. Testing of compressor mixed operation was performed in an air loop to quantify the impact of periodic pressure pulsation from a reciprocating compressor on the surge margin of a centrifugal compressor. This data was utilized to validate predictions from Sparks' CDR theory and Brun's numerical approach. A 50 hp single-stage, double-acting reciprocating compressor provided inlet pulsations into a two-stage 700 hp centrifugal compressor. Tests were performed over a range of pulsation excitation amplitudes, frequencies, and pipe geometry variations to determine the impact of piping impedance and resonance responses. Results provided clear evidence that pulsations can reduce the surge margin of centrifugal compressors and that geometry of the piping system immediately upstream and downstream of a centrifugal compressor will have an impact on the surge margin reduction. Surge margin reductions of <30% were observed for high centrifugal compressor inlet suction pulsation.
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Dayarathne, Rajith Sudilan, Bipul C. Hawlader et Ryan Phillips. « Centrifuge modelling of gas pipelines undergoing freeze–thaw cycles ». Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 11 juin 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2020-0482.
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Frost heave and thaw settlement are two critical factors that need to be considered in the design of chilled gas pipelines in cold regions. Due to the variation in seasonal temperature and operating conditions (e.g., pressure and temperature at the compressor stations), the pipeline temperature in some segments might vary from subzero to above-zero during winter and summer. This study examines the freezing and thawing for cyclic and constant temperatures at the pipeline and ground surfaces based on the response of fourteen model pipes tested in a geotechnical centrifuge. The cyclic (temperature) operation reduces the frost heave rate per year and causes net settlement in some cases. When the thaw bulb resulting from an above-zero operating temperature is less than the previously developed frost bulb, upward water flow occurs through the thawed soil, which could alter the pipeline–soil interaction behaviour. Five types of freeze-thaw-induced vertical displacement of the pipe have been identified from the centrifuge test results.
Thèses sur le sujet "Compressor-pipeline interaction"
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ROMANI, LUCA. « Advanced methodology for the characterization of reciprocating compressors ». Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/860096.
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Metodologia avanzata per lo studio dell'interazione tra il compressore alternativo e la pipeline. Strumento per la stima delle prestazioni del compressore durante la fase iniziale di progettazione della macchina.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Compressor-pipeline interaction"
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Vyas, Sandeep H. « EWPL CP System : A Case Study ». Dans ASME 2013 India Oil and Gas Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/iogpc2013-9808.
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Reliance Gas Transportation Infrastructure Limited (RGTIL) is operating its prestigious East-West Gas pipeline (EWPL), since 2008–2009; project comprising of 48” dia. 1375 km long trunk pipeline, with 11 nos of compressor stations and several spur lines of different diameters varying from 10” to 30”. Cathodic Protection (CP) system for buried pipeline, piping and structures is critical for ensuring protection against external corrosion due to environmental interaction. For successful implementation of CP system from day one of pipeline laying; planning and considerations starts at conceptual stage of project itself, then proper planning, design and implementation to follow. Other than considerable length and diameter of pipeline; uniqueness for EWPL CP requirements are in form of 3 nos. Micro-tunnel crossings, 11 nos of Compressor stations (CS) with underground piping, more than 100 cased crossings, several HDD, third-party pipelines, AC & DC Railway traction crossings and pipeline passing through different geography from East to West. Paper discusses the implementation of CP system for EWPL; highlighting critical points for execution of the job in each phase from Engineering till commissioning and O&M, CS CP system, CP for pipe within Micro-tunnelling, several interference and mitigation actions, post-commissioning surveys etc.
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Thomassy, Fernand A. « Cranktrain Simulation of a Natural Gas Engine/Compressor ». Dans ASME 2002 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2002-512.
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Advancing simulation technologies are making it possible for engineers to construct models of increasing complexity and fidelity. Southwest Research Institute (SwRI®) has investigated integrated analysis techniques that account for the dynamic interaction of cylinder load, hydrodynamic bearing orbits and flexible structural components in a time-based multi-body structural simulation. Misalignment of the main bearing bore is also simulated to investigate a condition that affects this type of mechanical system. This paper describes general modeling techniques implemented in ADAMS/Engine and how the component models influence the prediction of crankshaft stress through simulation of an HBA-6 engine/compressor. The HBA-6 is one of a class of reciprocating compressors used in the gas pipeline and process industries. It has a unique layout of power and compressor cylinders that helps to highlight the robustness of the simulation technique.
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Niazi, Hamid, Hao Zhang, Kaitlyn Korol et Weixing Chen. « High pH Crack Growth Sensitivity to Underload-Type of Pressure Fluctuations ». Dans 2018 12th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2018-78394.
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High pH Stress Corrosion Cracking (HpHSCC) is a significant threat to the buried pipelines, which are protected through simultaneous coating and cathodic protection strategies. In the past decades, extensive research has been devoted to assessing the influence of environmental and metallurgical factors on the susceptibility to HpHSCC. With reference to mechanical factors, previous studies employed either slow strain rate or constant amplitude testing methods. However, the pressure fluctuation data extracted from pipeline operations has indicated that pipelines experience highly variable amplitude loading conditions during their service. Accordingly, an important consideration in managing HpHSCC is load interaction. Statistics show a higher probability of HpHSCC failures within the 30 km downstream from pump/compressor stations where the pipeline steels experience elevated service temperatures, with incipient higher susceptibility to HpHSCC. However, the pipeline sections within the 30 km downstream from pump/compressor stations also experience the underload-type of pressure fluctuations that feature a maximum pressure close to the design limit, frequent and large amplitudes of depressurization, resulting in low stress ratio, R (minimum stress/maximum stress), and many smaller pressure fluctuations (minor cycles) with R ratio closer to +1.0. It has been well characterized that the underload-minor-cycle-type of pressure fluctuations has the significant acceleration effect on crack growth rates in near-neutral pH (NNpH) environments. However, the effect of the underload-type of pressure schemes on HpHSCC crack growth has not been well developed. In this research work, a cathodically protected X65 steel specimen in the developed high pH solution, composed of 1N Na2CO3 and 1N NaHCO3, was subjected to different loading conditions. These loading waveforms simulate underload cycles (R = 0.5), minor cycles (R = 0.9) and variable amplitudes consisting of both underload and minor cycles, respectively. The HpHSCC test results showed that the highest and lowest crack growth rates were obtained in high and low R ratio constant amplitude loading conditions, respectively. Furthermore, an intermediate crack growth rate was obtained under variable amplitude loading condition. These results indicate that the underload cycles retard crack growth rate in high pH environments.
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Yu, Mengshan, Weixing Chen, Karina Chevil, Greg Van Boven et Jenny Been. « Retarding Crack Growth by Static Pressure Hold for Pipeline Steel Exposed to a Near-Neutral pH Environment ». Dans 2016 11th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2016-64627.
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From extensive investigations for over 30 years since the discovery of near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking (NNpHSCC), the physical processes of crack initiation and growth have been determined, despite that some details in various aspects of crack initiation and growth are still to be understood. The growth curve is a function of crack growth by direct dissolution of steels at localized areas on pipe surface during initiation or at the tip of a crack during early stage of crack growth (the dissolution growth curve), and by a process involving the interaction of fatigue and hydrogen embrittlement (corrosion fatigue, the hydrogen enhanced fatigue growth curve) in Stage II after crack initiation and early stage of crack growth. For the latter case, recent research shows that crack growth rate can be substantially enhanced by variable amplitude cyclic loading. One of the most severe scenarios of cyclic loading in terms of crack growth rate is the underload type of pressure fluctuations that is often found within 30 km downstream of a compressor station. This investigation is aimed to evaluate pressure scenarios that could reduce or retard crack growth during pipeline operation. Specifically, the effect of pressure holds was investigated. Different periods of static hold were performed to an X65 pipeline steel exposed to a near-neutral pH solution. It was found that a static hold at the maximum load for one hour immediately after a large depressurization-repressurization cycle (underload cycle) yielded the lowest crack growth rate, which was about one third of that of constant amplitude fatigue without the static hold. Static holds for a period shorter or longer than one hour have yielded higher crack growth rates. This observation can be applied to field pipelines during operations to retard crack propagation.
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Carlomagno, M., S. Rossin, M. Delvecchio et A. Anichini. « Experimental and Numerical Validation of Conical Strainer Fluid/Structural Performance Model ». Dans ASME Turbo Expo 2012 : Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-69751.
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Temporary conical strainers are widely employed in the Oil & Gas industry as filtering devices in the Centrifugal Compressors suction line. They protect compressor stages from the ingestion of foreign objects whether coming from dirty process gas or left in the pipeline after its construction. Very few literature and research papers are available on the fluid dynamic and structural performance of conical strainers. The purpose of this work is to plug this gap by the definition of a theoretical-experimental model for the characterization of the pressure drop and mechanical resistance of these devices. Starting from the definition of the main fluid dynamics and geometric variables which influence the performances, an experimental campaign has been performed in order to derive the relationship governing the pressure drop behavior. The model efficacy has been confirmed by a CFD analysis, which also allowed a qualitative insight review into the dynamics of velocity and turbulence intensity fields. Further tests have been performed in order to validate the model at off-design points. As far as the structural analysis is concerned, several FEM models and DOE techniques have been implemented in order to define relationships for bust pressure computation and feasible design improvements with respect to the current state of the art. Besides fluid dynamic and structural correlations, the notable achievements of this work are the definition of best pressure static probes positioning and the maximum clogging level that a strainer can withstand before collapse. Furthermore, some guidelines are given in order to prevent pipeline resonance and acoustic fatigue caused by the interaction between strainer turbulence and compressor inlet flow.
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Brun, Klaus, Sarah Simons et Rainer Kurz. « The Impact of Reciprocating Compressor Pulsations on the Surge Margin of Centrifugal Compressors ». Dans ASME Turbo Expo 2016 : Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-56025.
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Strong pressure pulsations into the suction or discharge of a centrifugal compressor can move its operating point into operational instability regions such as surge, rotating stall, or choke. This is of special operational and safety concern in mixed pipeline compressor stations where many centrifugal compressors operate in series or parallel with reciprocating compressors. Over the last 30 years, several authors have discussed the impact of piping flow pulsations on centrifugal compressor stability and specifically, on the impact on surge margin and performance. For example, Sparks (1983), Kurz et al., (2006), and Brun et al. (2014) provided analysis and numerical predictions on the impact of discrete and periodic pressure pulsation on the behavior of a centrifugal compressor. This interaction came to be known as the “Compressor Dynamic Response (CDR) theory.” CDR theory explains how pulsations are amplified or attenuated by a compression system’s acoustic response characteristic superimposed on the compressor head-flow map. Although the CDR Theory describes the impact of the nearby piping system on the compressor surge and pulsation amplification, it provides only limited usefulness as a quantitative analysis tool, primarily due to the lack of numerical prediction tools and test data for comparison. Recently, Brun et al. (2014) utilized an efficient 1-D transient Navier-Stokes flow solver to predict CDR in real life compression systems. Numerical results showed that acoustic resonances in the piping system can have a profound impact on a centrifugal compressor’s surge margin. However, although interesting, the fundamental problem with both Spark’s and Brun’s approach was that no experimental data was available to validate the analytical and numerical predictions. In 2014, laboratory testing of reciprocating and centrifugal compressor mixed operation was performed in an air loop at Southwest Research Institute’s (SwRI®) compressor laboratory. The specific goal was to quantify the impact of periodic pressure and flow pulsation originating from a reciprocating compressor on the surge margin and performance of a centrifugal compressor in a series arrangement. This data was to be utilized to validate predictions from Sparks’ CDR theory and Brun’s numerical approach. For this testing, a 50 hp single-stage, double-acting reciprocating compressor provided inlet pulsations into a two-stage 700 hp centrifugal compressor operating inside a semi-open recycle loop which uses near atmospheric air as the process gas. Tests were performed over a range of pulsation excitation amplitudes, frequencies, and pipe geometry variations to determine the impact of piping impedance and resonance response. Detailed transient velocity and pressure measurements were taken by a hot wire anemometer and dynamic pressure transducers installed near the compressor’s suction and discharge flanges. Steady-state flow, pressure, and temperature data were also recorded with ASME PTC-10 compliant instrumentation. This paper describes the test facility and procedure, reports the reduced test results, and discusses comparisons to predictions. Results provided clear evidence that suction pulsations can significantly reduce the surge margin of a centrifugal compressors and that the geometry of the piping system immediately upstream and downstream of a centrifugal compressor will have an impact on the surge margin reduction. In severe cases, surge margin reductions of over 30% were observed for high centrifugal compressor inlet suction pulsation. Pulsation impact results are presented as both flow versus surge margin and operating map ellipses. Some basic design rules were developed from the test results to relate predicted flow pulsation amplitudes to corresponding reductions in surge margin.
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Greenfield, Shelley D., Brian C. Howes, Alasdair Robinson et William Eckert. « Designing Compressor Installations for Reliability ». Dans 2000 3rd International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2000-277.
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This paper discusses and illustrates how the application of analytical tools, if properly applied, during the design process ensures a design that is both reliable and economic. Emphasis is on the dynamic behavior of centrifugal and reciprocating compressors. Illustrations deal with both types of compressors. The key requirement is that pulsations, vibration levels and dynamic stresses must be low enough, that there is minimal impact on performance or reliability, while maintaining an economical design. To achieve this result, it is necessary to understand and control forcing functions, natural frequencies, mode shapes and dynamic stiffnesses. These considerations apply to rotor dynamics, piping vibration, torsional vibration, skid and foundation vibration. In addition, similar considerations apply to gas pulsations, where the interaction of the piping geometry with pressure pulsations, (arising from the uneven flow of gas through the suction and discharge nozzles), can produce significant forces and stresses for both reciprocating and centrifugal compressors, as well as degradation of performance. Computer modeling can be used to avoid problems that reduce reliability, degrade performance and increase maintenance. Considerations for determining the appropriate level of analysis are outlined. The probability and cost of events in the absence of suitable design are discussed. The cost of these events is compared to relevant design costs. The practical implications are illustrated with three cases where adequate design modeling and optimization was not done. One case involves a lateral critical and a structural resonance in a centrifugal compressor installation. The second involves a piping failure in a reciprocating compressor installation. The third involves a torsional failure in a reciprocating compressor installation.
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Heinrich, Christoph Rocky, Arnold Kühhorn, Klaus Steff et Nico Petry. « Generalized Model for the Approximation of Coupled Acousto-Mechanical Natural Frequencies in High-Pressure Centrifugal Compressors ». Dans ASME Turbo Expo 2020 : Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-15281.
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Abstract The oil and gas, chemical, and process industries employ centrifugal compressors for a wide range of applications. Due to this, the conditions under which centrifugal compressors have to operate, vary significantly from case to case. Gas pipeline compressors, for example, may feature discharge pressures well over 100 bar. In other fields of application, like gas injection, which is used to enhance oil recovery, this quantity can reach considerably higher values. Here, discharge pressures over 600 bar and gas densities over 300 kg/m3 are not uncommon. During the last several decades, comprehensive research was conducted on the impact of high pressure operating conditions on the vibrational behavior of centrifugal compressor wheels. Nowadays, it is well-known that an increase in gas pressure levels leads to a more pronounced interaction between the side cavities and the impeller, which results in a frequency shift of the acoustic and structural modes. For the safe operation of compressors, it is necessary to predict these coupled natural frequencies accurately. The state-of-the-art approach to achieve this objective is the finite element method. While this technique provides high-quality results, the simulation of acousto-mechanical systems is still a time-consuming process that incurs high computational costs. Therefore, finite element models are, in this case, not suitable for probabilistic studies, sensitivity analyses, and comprehensive simulations of the full operating range of the compressor. In 2013, Magara proposed a simplified model based on an annular plate between two cylindrical cavities to solve this problem. While this method reduces the required computational effort significantly, its use is limited to platelike impellers. The authors of the current paper propose a more generalized method to overcome the challenges mentioned above. It uses the uncoupled structural and acoustic modes of the actual impeller and side cavities in a modal superposition to approximate the natural frequencies of the coupled acousto-mechanical system. In this way, the intended design geometries of the impeller and side cavities are considered while maintaining the advantages of Magara’s model regarding the computational effort. In a numerical study, Magara’s method and the generalized model are applied to different systems of increasing complexity. The investigation starts with a simple annular plate in a cylindrical cavity and ends with an actual compressor impeller. At every complexity level, the results of both approaches are compared to a finite element analysis. Moreover, measurement data of a simplified rotor in a cylindrical cavity is used to validate the numerical models. Finally, the paper concludes with a discussion of the limitations and benefits of all employed numerical methods.
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Zhang, S., S. Kariyawasam, R. Sutherby et J. Upadhyaya. « System-Wide Response to Incidents : Case Study ». Dans 2016 11th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2016-64385.
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This paper presents a systematic and comprehensive procedure for the system-wide response to incidents (SWRI). This SWRI process has been used for identifying emerging threats and incorporating the learnings from major incidents into a pipeline integrity management program (IMP). This process also complements the IMP for threat identification and system wide risk assessment, thus giving consideration to all known threats and their interactions. A recent major incident due to thermal expansion on a TransCanada pipeline system was used to demonstrate the process of SWRI and the use of SWRI to identify the contributing factors of thermal expansion. An example was used to illustrate the engineering assessment for thermal expansion driven by the construction of two new compressor stations on an existing pipeline. The process documented in this case study has the potential to augment the integrity management programs and systemic corrective actions for pipeline systems in the energy industry.
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Tehinse, Olayinka, Weixing Chen, Jenny Been, Karina Chevil, Sean Keane et Greg Van Boven. « Application of Load Sequence to Control Crack Growth in Steel Pipelines Under Near Neutral pH SCC ». Dans 2016 11th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2016-64662.
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Pipelines are designed to operate below a maximum operating pressure in service. However, there are pressure fluctuations during operation. The presence of pressure fluctuations creates a drive for crack growth in steel pipes. In order to prevent catastrophic failure of pipelines, there is need for better understanding of the contribution of pressure fluctuations to crack growth rate in steel pipelines. Analysis of pressure fluctuation data in oil and gas pipelines shows that there are different types of fluctuations in a pipe due to friction loss with distance from the pump or compressor station. All these fluctuation types show a form of variable amplitude loading classified in this research as underload, mean load and overload. Studies of some structural systems shows that underload can cause acceleration of crack growth while retardation of crack growth is observed after an overload. This research aims to apply pressure fluctuations to manage integrity of steel pipelines through a novel approach of load sequence involving underload and overload in near neutral pH environment. Clear knowledge of the effect of load interaction involving load sequence of underload and overload is vital to control crack growth in steel pipelines under near neutral pH environment. The result of crack growth rate under different load sequence on X65 steel indicate that increase in overload ratio of 2, 3 and 4 caused an increase in crack growth rate of 1.68E−3, 1.89E−3 and 2.31E−3 mm/block respectively. These results are compared with results from other tests under variable amplitude without load sequence. Analyses were carried out on the morphology of the crack tip and the fracture surface after the test.