Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Compound headedne »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Compound headedne"
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Nóbrega, Vitor A., et Phoevos Panagiotidis. « Headedness and exocentric compounding ». Word Structure 13, no 2 (juillet 2020) : 211–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2020.0168.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Semantic headedness typically serves as the primary criterion for compound endocentricity, i.e. whether a compound has a head. The semantic head is often defined as the hyperonym from which the denotation of the compound is derived, with exocentric compounds being those whose denotation is not a subclass of that of their head element. Headedness, so defined, leads us to analyze every non-compositional compound as exocentric. We explore the boundaries between semantic exocentricity and non-compositionality using established diagnostics in order to decide whether a semantic characterization of headedness is valid, and to determine whether exocentricity and non-compositionality coincide. Assuming a syntactic model of morphological combinatorics we show that exocentricity must be defined configurationally, occurring when the structure of a compound modifies an external entity, frequently instantiated by an empty noun. Hence exocentricity is not the absence of a head, but the realization of the compound's head outside its internal structure. Non-compositionality, in turn, derives from how the root of each constituent member of a compound is compositionally or idiosyncratically interpreted. Finally, we put forth a new typological distribution of exocentric compounds, discriminating real exocentric compounds (bahuvrihi and dvandva) from compounds that are commonly, but wrongly, defined as exocentric (e.g. deverbal and de-prepositional compounds).
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Rio-Torto, Graça, et Sílvia Ribeiro. « Portuguese compounds ». Probus 24, no 1 (26 juin 2012) : 119–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/probus-2012-0006.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract This article presents an overview of compounding in contemporary Portuguese. Conceived as a plurilexematic unit used as a holistic denomination, a compound is characterized by lexical atomicity. The continuum of compound classes that we propose is based on the morpho-lexical nature of the internal units (root, word) and on the (non)conformity of compound constructions with Portuguese syntactic templates. Since Portuguese compounds constitute a heterogeneous and borderline class, this analysis also focuses on the boundaries of compoundhood, namely those existing between compounds and noun phrases. This article also concentrates on the internal grammatical (coordinative, subordinative, attributive) and thematic relations and analyses Portuguese compounds with respect to headedness in its morphological, semantic and categorial dimensions. Finally, we stress the existence of a narrow relationship between internal constituency, headedness and inflectional patterns of Portuguese compounds.
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Ntelitheos, Dimitrios, et Katya Pertsova. « Root and semi-phrasal compounds : A syntactic approach ». Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 4, no 1 (15 mars 2019) : 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v4i1.4530.
Texte intégralRésumé :
We present a syntactic account of the derivation of two types of attributivenominal compounds in Spanish, Russian and Greek. These include right-headed “root” compounds, which exhibit more “word”-like properties and single stress domains, and left-headed “semi-phrasal” compounds with more phrasal properties and independent stress domains for the two compound members. We propose that both compound structures are formed on a small clause predicate phrase, with their different properties derived from the merger of the predicate member of the small clause as a root or as a larger nominal unit with additional functional projections. The proposed structures provide an explanation of observed lexical integrity effects, as well as specific predictions of patterns of compound formation crosslinguistically.
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Levin, Beth, Lelia Glass et Dan Jurafsky. « Systematicity in the semantics of noun compounds : The role of artifacts vs. natural kinds ». Linguistics 57, no 3 (27 mai 2019) : 429–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2019-0013.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract The nature of the relationship between the head and modifier in English noun compounds has long posed a challenge to semantic theories. We argue that the type of head-modifier relation in an English endocentric noun-headed compound depends on how its referent is categorized: specifically, on whether the referent is conceptualized as an artifact, made by humans for a purpose; or as a natural kind, existing independently of humans. We propose the Events vs. Essences Hypothesis: the modifier in an artifact-headed compound typically refers to an event of use or creation associated with that artifact, while the modifier in a natural kind-headed compound typically makes reference to inherent properties reflective of an abstract essence associated with the kind, such as its perceptual properties or native habitat. We present three studies substantiating this hypothesis. First, in a corpus of almost 1,700 attested compounds in two conceptual domains (food/cooking and precious minerals/jewelry), we find that as predicted, compound names referring to artifacts tend to evoke events, whereas compound names referring to natural kinds tend to evoke essential properties. Next, in a production experiment involving compound creation and a comprehension experiment involving compound interpretation, we find that the same tendencies also extend to novel compounds.
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Nicoladis, Elena. « “Where is my brush-teeth?” Acquisition of compound nouns in a French–English bilingual child ». Bilingualism : Language and Cognition 2, no 3 (décembre 1999) : 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728999000346.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This study had two purposes: (i) to see if bilingual children can differentiate their languages with respect to the ability to form compound nouns and (ii) to test the validity of previous explanations of the acquisition of compounds. Compound nouns are right-headed in English and left-headed in French. If the French–English bilingual child in this study could differentiate between the two compounding rules, his compounds should show differential order based on the language of the semantic head. The analysis was based on the child's spontaneous compound productions from 2;9 to 3;3. The results showed that the language choice of the semantic head noun predicted the order of his compounds, suggesting that he had two distinct compounding rules. The pattern of errors made by the child cannot be accounted for by any previous explanation alone. It is suggested that children use various cues to learn compound structure.
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FOROODI-NEJAD, FARZANEH, et JOHANNE PARADIS. « Crosslinguistic transfer in the acquisition of compound words in Persian–English bilinguals ». Bilingualism : Language and Cognition 12, no 4 (16 septembre 2009) : 411–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728909990241.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Crosslinguistic transfer in bilingual language acquisition has been widely reported in various linguistic domains (e.g., Döpke, 1998; Nicoladis, 1999; Paradis, 2001). In this study we examined structural overlap (Döpke, 2000; Müller and Hulk, 2001) and dominance (Yip and Matthews, 2000) as explanatory factors for crosslinguistic transfer in Persian–English bilingual children's production of novel compound words. Nineteen Persian monolinguals, sixteen Persian–English bilinguals, and seventeen English monolinguals participated in a novel compound production task. Our results showed crosslinguistic influence of Persian on English and of English on Persian. Bilingual children produced more right-headed compounds in Persian, compared with Persian monolinguals, and in their English task, they produced more left-headed compounds than English monolinguals. Furthermore, Persian-dominant bilinguals tended more towards left-headed compounds in Persian than the English-dominant group. These findings point to both structural overlap and language dominance as factors underlying crosslinguistic transfer.
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Altakhaineh, Abdel Rahman Mitib. « Headedness in Arabic Compounds within the Synthetic Genitive Construction ». SAGE Open 6, no 4 (octobre 2016) : 215824401667451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244016674514.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This study aims to pinpoint the position of head in Arabic compounds within the Synthetic Genitive Construction (SGC). It also examines the headedness of these compounds morphologically, syntactically, and semantically. The analysis confirms that compounding in Arabic is predominantly left-headed. The semantic, syntactic, and morphological heads always coincide in Arabic compounds within the SGC. With regard to Adj + N compounds in Arabic, I argue that a silent noun is responsible for determining the syntactic category of the whole construct, resulting in a noun rather than an adjective. The study concludes with recommendations for further research.
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Marelli, Marco, Davide Crepaldi et Claudio Luzzatti. « Head position and the mental representation of nominal compounds ». Mental Lexicon 4, no 3 (15 décembre 2009) : 430–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.4.3.05mar.
Texte intégralRésumé :
There is a significant body of psycholinguistic evidence that supports the hypothesis of an access to constituent representation during the mental processing of compound words. However it is not clear whether the internal hierarchy of the constituents (i.e., headedness) plays a role in their mental lexical processing and it is not possible to disentangle the effect of headedness from that of constituent position in languages that admit only head-final compounds, like English or Dutch. The present study addresses this issue in two constituent priming experiments (SOA 300ms) with a lexical decision task. Italian endocentric (head-initial and head-final) and exocentric nominal compounds were employed as stimuli and the position of the primed constituent was manipulated. A first-level priming effect was found, confirming the automatic access to constituent representation. Moreover, in head-final compounds data reveal a larger priming effect for the head than for the modifying constituent. These results suggest that different kinds of compounds have a different representation at mental level: while head-final compounds are represented with an internal head-modifier hierarchy, head-initial and exocentric compounds have a lexicalised, internally flat representation.
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ALEXIADOU, ARTEMIS. « Proper name compounds : a comparative perspective ». English Language and Linguistics 23, no 4 (15 octobre 2019) : 855–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674319000236.
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The article discusses compound formation involving proper names from a comparative perspective. While proper names can appear within compounds in English, this is not possible in Greek. The article argues that this follows from a basic difference between English and Greek: English, but not Greek, allows phrases as non-heads of right-headed compounds. As proper names in English are referential in the absence of a determiner, due to the process of D-N merger, they can still be recognized as such within compounds. This is not possible in Greek, where proper names require the presence of a determiner to establish reference.
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Diyanati, Masoumeh, Hadaegh Rezaei et Adel Rafiei. « Conceptual blending in entrenched Persian noun-noun nominal compounds ». Cognitive Linguistic Studies 9, no 2 (15 décembre 2022) : 297–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.20001.diy.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract The current paper offers an analysis of a set of 27 entrenched endocentric, exocentric, and copulative āb (water)-noun nominal compounds in Persian with both right- and left-headed compounds, based on the network model of conceptual blending theory. Given that an emergent meaning is involved in endocentric and copulative compounds, the same as in exocentric compounds, the paper argues that all types of compounds can be insightfully defined as conceptual blends. However, the conceptual blending network model fails to show the distinct role of head and modifier in the overall meaning of compounds, on the one hand, and the qualifying difference in the extent of emergent meaning among various types of compound words, on the other hand. Our study also lends support to a correspondence between the continuum of integration networks and the continuum of figurativity in compounds.
Thèses sur le sujet "Compound headedne"
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MARELLI, MARCO. « The mental representation of compound nouns : evidendence from neuro and psycholinguistic studies ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/28072.
Texte intégralRésumé :
There is a general debate as to whether constituent representations are accessed in compound processing, and which compound properties (e.g., headedness, semantic transparency) would influence this parsing procedure. This thesis investigates the mental representation of compound nouns in a series of six studies exploiting the properties of the Italian language, in the fields of both psycholinguistics and cognitive neuropsychology.
First, effects related to the compound structure were investigated in the context of neglect dyslexia (Chapter 1). Second, converging evidence in favor of the headedness effect was sought in a constituent-priming experiment on normal participants (Chapter 2) and through the assessment of compound naming errors in patients suffering from aphasia (Chapter 3). Third, the access to grammatical properties of the constituents was studied in a single case study on deep dyslexia (Chapter 4). Fourth, the role of compound semantic transparency was investigated by assessing constituent frequency effects in both lexical decision latencies (Chapter 5) and fixation durations during compound-word reading (Chapter 6).
The results indicate that the variables related to the whole compound (i.e., compound headedness, whole-word frequency and semantic transparency) play a crucial role in word processing, but also that constituent representations are accessed. To explain the observed effects a model will be proposed, positing both a multiple-lemma representation of compound words and a parallel procedure dedicated to the conceptual combination of compound constituents.
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Arcara, Giorgio. « NEURAL CORRELATES OF MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSING : THE CASE OF ITALIAN NOUN-NOUN COMPOUNDS ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3426958.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Noun-Noun compounding is a particular case in Italian morphology. Its peculiarity resides mostly on the ambiguity of head position. Generally, in a given language, the head of a compound (the word of the compound that determines semantic, syntactic and lexical feature of the whole compounds) is always in the same position. However Italian compounds can be both right and left headed.
How the cognitive system faces this ambiguity? How words with different headedness are represented in the lexicon? When information about head position is accessed? How the information about headedness is encoded?
Two psychophysiological studies and two neuropsychological studies have been carried out in order to answer to these questions.
Results from all Experiments suggest that Headedness is indeed a feature that plays an important role in compound processing. Head can be seen as property that in the lexicon emerges from complex interaction of lexical, morpho-semantic and morpho-syntactic features. Through the activation of this information, the cognitive system is able to accomplish the task of dealing with compound with different head position.I composti Nome-Nome rappresentano un caso particolare nella morfologia Italiana. La loro peculiarità risiede soprattutto nell'ambiguità associata alla posizione della testa. In genere in una lingua, la testa di un composto (la parola del composto che determina principalmente le caratteristiche semantiche, sitattiche e lessicale del composto intero) è sempre in una determinata posizione. I composti Italiani possono avere la testa sia a destra che a sinistra. Come viene affrontata questa ambiguità? Come le parole con testa in differenti posizioni sono rappresentate nel lessico. Quanto avviene l’accesso alle informazioni sulla testa? Come è codificata l’informazione sulla testa? Due esperimenti di neuropsicologia e due esperimenti di psicofisiologia sono stati condotti con l’obiettivo di rispondere a queste domande. I risultati degli esperimenti suggeriscono che la testa è una caratteristica con un ruolo fondamentale nell’elaborazione lessicale. La testa può essere considerata come una proprietà che emerge dall’interazione di aspetti lessicali, morfo-sintattici e morfo-semantici. Grazie all’attivazione di queste informazioni il sistema cognitivo è in grado di elaborare stimoli con testa in posizioni differenti.
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Wu, Yu Hsien, et 吳郁賢. « Headedness and argument realization in mandarin resultative compounds ». Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/19607964210442919191.
Texte intégralRésumé :
碩士國立政治大學
語言學研究所
98
Two issues regarding Mandarin resultative compounds, headedness and argument realization, present a complex phenomenon. For one thing, extensive studies (Cheng & Huang, 1994; Gu, 1992; Huang & Lin, 1992; Y. Li, 1990, 1993, 1995, 1999; C. Li, 2008, 2009; Shen, 1992; Tai, 2003) concerning headedness fail to critically determine the head of a Mandarin resultative compound. For another, despite previous research (Her, 2004, 2007; Li, 1990, 1995), the interaction between arguments and grammatical functions of Mandarin resultative compounds remains inconclusive. To settle the foregoing matters, the purpose of this thesis is to probe into argument realization and headedness from a lexicalist approach, aiming to provide a full account of both issues. In the first part of this thesis, following Her’s (2004, 2007) analysis, the thesis focuses on formulating systematic feasible argument structures for Mandarin resultative compounds, then examining the argument structures of a resultative compound to explain its possible readings and syntactic representations. Based on the available argument structures proposed in the first half, the second part of the thesis investigates the headedness of Mandarin resultative compounds, suggesting that the head can be determined when arguments are overt. The criterion for headedness that is adopted in this thesis involves assumptions proposed by Zwicky (1984), Y. Li (1990, 1995), Chung (2006), and C. Li (2008, 2009). Finally, the thesis demonstrates that both issues of argument realization and headedness are well governed by Lexical Mapping Theory and that Lexical Mapping Theory further clarifies constructions with locative inversion of Mandarin resultative compounds.
Livres sur le sujet "Compound headedne"
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Schofield, Philip, et Tim Causer, dir. Panopticon versus New South Wales and other writings on Australia. UCL Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14324/111.9781787359369.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The present edition of Panopticon versus New South Wales and other writings on Australia consists of fragmentary comments headed ‘New Wales’, dating from 1791; a compilation of material sent to William Wilberforce in August 1802; three ‘Letters to Lord Pelham’ and ‘A Plea for the Constitution’, written in 1802–3; and ‘Colonization Company Proposal’, written in August 1831, the majority of which is published here for the first time. These writings, with the exception of ‘Colonization Company Proposal’, are intimately linked with Bentham’s panopticon penitentiary scheme, which he regarded as an immeasurably superior alternative to criminal transportation, the prison hulks, and English gaols in terms of its effectiveness in achieving the ends of punishment. He argued, moreover, that there was no adequate legal basis for the authority exercised by the Governor of New South Wales. In contrast to his opposition to New South Wales, Bentham later composed ‘Colonization Company Proposal’ in support of a scheme proposed by the National Colonization Society to establish a colony of free settlers in southern Australia. He advocated the ‘vicinity-maximizing principle’, whereby plots of land would be sold in an orderly fashion radiating from the main settlement, and suggested that, within a few years, the government of the colony should be transformed into a representative democracy.
Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Compound headedne"
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Nishihara, Tetsuo, Jeroen van de Weijer et Kensuke Nanjo. « Against Headedness in Compound Truncation : English Compounds in Japanese ». Dans Issues in Japanese Phonology and Morphology, sous la direction de Jeroen Weijer et Tetsuo Nishihara, 299–324. Berlin, Boston : DE GRUYTER, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110885989.299.
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Udosen, Escor, et Emmanuel A. Okon. « Complementation and Headedness in Ibibio Nominal Compounds ». Dans Current Issues in Descriptive Linguistics and Digital Humanities, 87–102. Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2932-8_7.
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Martí Solano, Ramón. « Semantic headedness and categorization of -cum- compounds ». Dans Morphology and Meaning, 239–48. Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.327.16sol.
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Cetnarowska, Bozena. « Headedness of coordinate compounds in Polish and English ». Dans Human Cognitive Processing, 243–60. Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hcp.54.13cet.
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Cacchiani, Silvia. « (Pseudo-)Anglicisms as Nominal Compounds in Italian ». Dans The Interaction of Borrowing and Word Formation, 86–110. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474448208.003.0006.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The frequency of (pseudo-)Anglicisms in Italian has steadily increased in the past decades. In Italian, N+N compounds are rare and generally left-headed. Taking a broadly functional-cognitive perspective on the outcomes of contact with English right-headed word formation, the analysis discusses Italian classifying and identifying compounds primarily mediated through the press or coined for use as names and trademarks. The data suggest that English foreign compounding only ever has a reinforcing effect on word formation patterns that are already available to Italian. For example, favouring the spread from learned to non-learned word formation in second-generation neoclassical compounds. Additionally, while the pressure to adapt borrowed compounds from English leads to reductions to simplexes or loan translations, other compounds retain the English order of components. Thus we also find right-headed hybrid analogues and constructs with cognate bases that are formed in Italian by analogy with Anglicisms.
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Parker, Charles H. « Identity and Otherness in the Republic and the Missions ». Dans Global Calvinism, 197–235. Yale University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300236057.003.0006.
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This chapter investigates metahistorical religious narratives composed to understand Calvinism and its place in a newly expanded world. As predikanten and ziekentroosteren embarked on ships headed to distant outposts in the Indian and Atlantic oceans, Dutch Reformed Protestants sought to make sense of the world the evangelists were encountering and their place in it. The chapter refers to Protestants who had been writing histories ever since the Magdeburg Centuries was first published between 1559 and 1572 to demonstrate that they were the true descendants of apostolic Christianity and to point out where the Roman church had diverged from it. The chapter discusses how humans resorted to historical study to recapture the classical past and to trace the evolution of law, language, and custom. Writings by Dutch authors describing many new lands and peoples proliferated through the Golden Age.
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Iordanou, Ioanna. « Renaissance Venice’s Intelligence Organization ». Dans Venice's Secret Service, 82–128. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791317.003.0003.
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This chapter analyses the organizational structure of Renaissance Venice’s intelligence service as it was headed by the Council of Ten and composed of geographically dispersed state representatives and their state officials, military and naval men, in-house and expatriate white-collar state functionaries, and casually salaried spies and informants. The chapter reviews the organizational layout of Venice’s state intelligence apparatus, which included formally appointed diplomats and state officials and a large part of the Venetian state bureaucracy, including the secret chancery. There is a particular focus on correspondence as a vital tool of managing human action and performance at a distance, enabling the administration of large-scale, geographically dispersed organization of work. The chapter also shows how Venice’s intelligence organization was sanctioned through regulations that not only determined uniform professional operations and relationships but, importantly, legitimized the Ten’s power of command as Venice’s spy chiefs.
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McCabe, Susan. « Questing America & ; Marianne Moore ». Dans H. D. & ; Bryher, 101–13. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190621223.003.0008.
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H.D. headed with Bryher and infant to America to introduce them to her recently widowed mother. They visited Marianne Moore and her mother. The chapter focuses on the dual relationships Bryher developed with Moore, her boyish double, the other with bisexual Robert McAlmon, then a male model working on a low-budget journal, Contact, with William Carlos Williams. McAlmon fell for Bryher. While traveling to California and back through Chicago, Bryher composed West, an autobiographical travelogue and portrait of her crush on Moore. In Carmel, H.D. and Bryher posed nude. In New York again, Bryher announced at tea with the Moores and Scofield Thayer, editor of the Dial, that she had married McAlmon at a registry office. She did it to shield H.D. and Perdita, and in exchange, McAlmon could pursue his great wish to write and explore Europe. The marriage wounded Moore, who thought him unsuitable for the fencing, adventurous Bryher.
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Peiris, Eshantha. « Gäwula : The Invention of a Hybrid Drum in Sri Lanka ». Dans Wie wir leben wollen. Kompendium zu Technikfolgen von Digitalisierung, Vernetzung und Künstlicher Intelligenz, 137–46. Logos Verlag Berlin, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30819/5319.10.
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In the late 1990s, the Sri Lankan drummer Piyasara Shilpadhipathi invented a new drum that he named ‘gäwula’ The gäwula was conceived of as a hybrid between two traditional Sri Lankan drums, namely the double-conical-shaped gäṭa beraya and the barrel-shaped dawula, which are associated with two different regional ritual traditions. A double-headed drum that is tied around the drummer’s waist, the gäwula features the timbres of the gäṭa beraya on one drumhead and those of the dawula on the other drumhead. As prescribed by the drum’s inventor, the gäwula can be played either with two bare heads or with one bare hand and a stick in the other hand, similar to the dawula. Shilpadhipathi also composed a vocabulary of drum-patterns that can be played on the gäwula and created a systematic method for learning to play it. This article discusses the production of the gäwula, the ideologies behind its invention, and the contexts within which it has been practised and performed. Using the history of the gäwula as a case study, this paper explores how cultural discourses and individual agency can influence the invention of new musical instruments.
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Ershova, Olga I. « The Problem of the Language of Education during the Reforming of Primary Schools in Vilno Educational District in the 1860s ». Dans The “native word” : The Belarusian and Ukrainian languages at School (Essays on the history of mass education from the mid-nineteenth century to the middle of the twentieth), 119–34. Nestor-Istoriia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/4469-2043-3.05.
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In the second half of the nineteenth century, the Vilno educational district was composed of six Russian provinces: Vilno, Grodno, Minsk, Kovno, Mogilev, and Vitebsk. The population of these provinces included representatives of several different ethnos and religious confessions. The use of one language or another (Polish, Russian, Jewish, Lithuanian, or Belarusian) depended on the confessional and social status of each person. In five of these provinces (all but Kovno), the majority of the population was Belarusian. The main conflict on the language front was opposition between the Russian and Polish languages, which influenced the position of language in native ethnos in Belarusian and other ethnic communities. The language problem during primary school education in the nineteenth century was solved in the context of difficult and contradictory economic, social, political, and cultural terms of the development of the Belarusian ethnos. As a result of the “Polonization” of politics of the Belarusian-Lithuanian provinces in the middle of the XIX century conducted by Poland, Polish held strong positions in public life and the educational sphere, which preserved the Polish language in this region. After joining the Russian Empire, the process of “Russification” began to be conducted by the government. According to the official doctrine, Belarusians were considered to be a part of the Russian people, and the Belarusian language a dialect of the Russian language. School became the main political instrument in the fight between the Russian and Polish cultures, and the choice of language in education was determined by the aims of educational politics of the government in Vilno educational district. The Russian government headed by Alexander II conducted a reform in March 1863, making governmental schools, which were isolated from influence of local well-educated society, use the Russian language.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Compound headedne"
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Hitado Hernández, Eva, Juan Gonzalez Jiménez et Carolina Sanz Pecharromán. « PLANNING THE PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN MUCAT (OMAN) ». Dans CIT2016. Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte. Valencia : Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/cit2016.2016.3457.
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In Muscat, the capital of Oman with over one million inhabitants, urban public transport practically does not exist and the use of private cars is dramatically increasing. As a result, accident rates and traffic congestion, two particularly pressing concerns in the urban area of the capital, have both risen. This situation has focused the concern of public administrations and has led to the urgent need of developing a Public Transport System in the city In order to develop this system in an integrated manner, the plan proposes to unify and organize regulation and management of public transport by creating a public transport authority, headed by the Ministry of Transport and with a very strong involvement of Muscat Municipality. By 2015 only two urban bus lines operate in Muscat, covering a small area of the city–Wadi Adei, Wadi Kabir and Ruwi. Therefore, the plan adopts a conservative approach by proposing the implementation of a comprehensive urban bus network –composed by trunk and feeder lines adapted to the low density of the city- before establishing other high capacity solutions, such as BRT or LRT. A key element of the system is the number of 13,400 taxis and microbuses that represent the only alternative to the 317,000 cars of Muscat. The plan suggests the reorganization and further regulation of the sector to achieve the professionalization of the taxi services and the migration of existing users, part of them to the professionalised taxi services and the other part to the implemented public transport services.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3457