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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Complex Material Handling Systems »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Complex Material Handling Systems"

Li, Feng, and Duan Feng Han. "Study on the Intra-Ship Material Handling System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 397-400 (September 2013): 2618–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.397-400.2618.

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The efficiency of intra-ship material handling system has a significant impact on naval ship operational effectiveness. Previous ship designs did not consider material handling systems very well. This paper focuses on material handling system as a man-machine-environment system, since material handling issues are global and complex. The methods of analysis and simulation are discussed, which are utilized for the operation process of material handling system. The optimization of operation process, transportation route and arrangement are then summarized. On this basis, the evaluation index system of material handling system is set up using Delphi method.

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Shaw, Gareth, Li Hsien Yoong, Partha S. Roop, and Zoran Salcic. "A new tool-kit for designing complex material handling systems using IEC61499 function blocks." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 42, no. 4 (2009): 1412–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20090603-3-ru-2001.0448.

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Valencik, Stefan, Tomas Stejskal, Ján Kmec, Luba Bicejova, and Miroslav Gombar. "Manufacturing Systems Building and Developing." Key Engineering Materials 669 (October 2015): 514–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.669.514.

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The paper presents a complex of information aimed at automated production systems structures and simulation. For production systems intergrated structures formation it uses logistic principles for making the internal material flow among various logistic nodes more precise and effective, including respective information flow, here e. g. with use of integrable and compatibile handling and technological systems, as well.

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Rahman, Humyun Fuad, Mukund Nilakantan Janardhanan, and Peter Nielsen. "An integrated approach for line balancing and AGV scheduling towards smart assembly systems." Assembly Automation 40, no. 2 (2020): 219–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aa-03-2019-0057.

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Purpose Optimizing material handling within the factory is one of the key problems of modern assembly line systems. The purpose of this paper is to focus on simultaneously balancing a robotic assembly line and the scheduling of material handling required for the operation of such a system, a topic that has received limited attention in academia. Manufacturing industries focus on full autonomy because of the rapid advancements in different elements of Industry 4.0 such as the internet of things, big data and cloud computing. In smart assembly systems, this autonomy aims at the integration of automated material handling equipment such as automated guided vehicles (AGVs) to robotic assembly line systems to ensure a reliable and flexible production system. Design/methodology/approach This paper tackles the problem of designing a balanced robotic assembly line and the scheduling of AGVs to feed materials to these lines such that the cycle time and total tardiness of the assembly system are minimized. Because of the combination of two well-known complex problems such as line balancing and material handling and a heuristic- and metaheuristic-based integrated decision approach is proposed. Findings A detailed computational study demonstrates how an integrated decision approach can serve as an efficient managerial tool in designing/redesigning assembly line systems and support automated transportation infrastructure. Originality/value This study is beneficial for production managers in understanding the main decisional steps involved in the designing/redesigning of smart assembly systems and providing guidelines in decision-making. Moreover, this study explores the material distribution scheduling problems in assembly systems, which is not yet comprehensively explored in the literature.

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Irani, S. A., P. H. Cohen, and T. M. Cavalier. "Design of Cellular Manufacturing Systems." Journal of Engineering for Industry 114, no. 3 (1992): 352–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2899803.

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This paper describes a method for layout design of a Cellular Manufacturing System (CMS) that would allow simultaneously, the grouping of machines unique to a part family into cells and those shared by several cells to be located together in functional sections. Using an illustrative example, this integration of the flexibility of a functional layout, the reduced handling gained from cell formation and allowance of limited intercell flows among adjacent cells is described. Thereby, the traditional strategy of simultaneous formation of part families and distribution of machines into independent cells which creates machine distribution and unbalanced utilization problems is avoided. This is justified by an analysis of the complex interactions between the critical subproblems in cell formation—machine grouping, part family formation, distribution and utilization of shared machines, intracell layout, intercell (or shop) layout and material handling. This approach represents a new direction in cell formation where, by allowing the handling function to limit the extent of machine duplication between adjacent cells, a new graph theoretic structure for simultaneous machine grouping and layout design was developed and validated.

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Noble, J. S., C. M. Klein, and A. Midha. "An Integrated Model of the Material Handling System and Unit Load Design Problem." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 120, no. 4 (1998): 802–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2830223.

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Material flow system design problems (i.e. facility layout, material handling equipment selection and specification, flow path design, unit load sizing, cell design, warehousing, routing, etc.) have been predominately modelled independently in the past. Independent consideration of each design problem has reduced the solution complexity, but in the process has caused a loss in problem reality. This paper reviews recent developments in integrated approaches to material flow design and presents a model which integrates material handling equipment selection and specification (including material handling interface equipment) and path/load dependent unit load size. The formulation is solved using the meta-heuristic procedure of tabu search to find good solutions to the more realistic (and more complex) model formulation.

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Kembro, Joakim, and Andreas Norrman. "Exploring trends, implications and challenges for logistics information systems in omni-channels." International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 47, no. 4 (2019): 384–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-07-2017-0141.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the current trends, implications and challenges of information systems (IS) related to omni-channel logistics.Design/methodology/approachAn exploratory survey study is conducted with 23 Swedish retail companies transforming to omni-channel logistics. The study investigates the retailers’ current situations regarding logistics IS as well as their perceptions of the future development.FindingsFrom the perspective of leading Swedish retailers, omni-channel requirements drive the implementation of new IS to support effective and efficient material handling across the network and in the respective nodes. The shifting roles and increase in the number of handlings nodes will require flexible IS platforms that can support multiple flows and integrated inventory. The major increase in the implementation of new, critical functionalities is related to real-time, multi-criteria decision making on order allocation to different handling nodes. More advanced IS functionality is also required in material-handling nodes to support the increased degree of automation and continuous improvements with the aim to shorten order-to-delivery lead times. A number of challenges are identified that must be addressed during the transformation to omni-channel logistics, especially related to the growing complexity and decentralization of networks, tougher lead-time requirements and larger product assortments.Research limitations/implicationsTo support further theory development, 11 propositions related to trends and a schematic framework conceptualizing implications and challenges are submitted for testing in future research.Practical implicationsThe study highlights several aspects related to logistics IS that are important for practitioners to consider as they undergo the transition to omni-channels. It provides insights into IS functionalities that are likely to grow in use and criticality for supporting material handling and inventory management in increasingly complex and decentralized networks. In particular, the authors stress the need to implement functionality that works across previously separated handling nodes and decision areas. Managers can also use the propositions to reflect on what the near future holds and as input for their own scenario analyses.Originality/valuePrevious research has primarily focused on technology that supports the front-end customer experience. This study is original in that it explores the trends, implications and challenges for logistics IS in omni-channels – an area that has not been explored in detail previously. It also studies both perceived and expected changes over time related to the transformation toward omni-channel logistics.

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Bader, Alexander, Finn Meiners, and Kirsten Tracht. "Accelerating High-Throughput Screening for Structural Materials with Production Management Methods." Materials 11, no. 8 (2018): 1330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11081330.

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High-throughput screenings are widely accepted for pharmaceutical developments for new substances and the development of new drugs with required characteristics by evolutionary studies. Current research projects transfer this principle of high-throughput testing to the development of metallic materials. In addition to new generating and testing methods, these types of high-throughput systems need a logistical control and handling method to reduce throughput time to get test results faster. Instead of the direct material flow found in classical high-throughput screenings, these systems have a very complex structure of material flow. The result is a highly dynamic system that includes short-term changes such as rerun stations, partial tests, and temporarily paced sequences between working systems. This paper presents a framework that divides the actions for system acceleration into three main sections. First, methods for special applications in high-throughput systems are designed or adapted to speed up the generation, treatment, and testing processes. Second, methods are needed to process trial plans and to control test orders, which can efficiently reduce waiting times. The third part of the framework describes procedures for handling samples. This reduces non-productive times and reduces order processing in individual lots.

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Wong, M. M., C. H. Tan, J. B. Zhang, L. Q. Zhuang, Y. Z. Zhao, and M. Luo. "On-line reconfiguration to enhance the routing flexibility of complex automated material handling operations." Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing 23, no. 3 (2007): 294–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2006.02.002.

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Marasova, Daniela, Janka Saderova, and Lubomir Ambrisko. "Simulation of the Use of the Material Handling Equipment in the Operation Process." Open Engineering 10, no. 1 (2020): 216–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2020-0015.

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AbstractThe article presents the simulation model and simulation experiments aimed at the rationalisation of bottle necks in operations in terms of the capacity utilisation of the material handling equipment, in particular, six conveyance lines. The models and experiments were designed in the Tecnomatix simulation environment which facilitates the modelling of even more complex systems. The simulation model visualises the material flow within the production process comprising individual technological operations and workplaces. The model was used to perform simulation experiments with adjusted production times and added or removed workplaces. The presented article also contains the graphs of the utilised capacity of the machinery and operators. The obtained experimental results suggesting the partial or complete elimination of the accumulation of unfinished products.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Complex Material Handling Systems"

Del, Grosso Domenico. "Simulation-Based Control of Complex Material Handling Systems." Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/116.

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2008-2009<br>Material Handling (MH) consists in the movement and storage of parts, in a manufacturing or distribution process, from one location to another. Material Handling Systems (MHSs) are everywhere in production plants, assembly lines, product distribution, logistics, intermodal activities (railways, road transportation, container ships, etc..). They usually are distributed, sometimes itinerant and often mixed manned and automated. Although not adding value in the manufacturing process, MH usually influences great part of a company’s operation costs, especially, for example, in the food distribution chain. Due to the increasing demand for a high variety of products, flexibility and efficiency are two important keywords in MHSs. Optimizing MH activities means having shorter response times and an increased throughput of the plant. The importance of this optimization process is very high in today’s companies. Nowadays, the interest in this process is growing rapidly since several new technologies, like the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) are available which finally allow to introduce an automation level to operating MHSs, almost without stopping operations and at a very low cost. In MHSs control iusses involve the problem of the optimal sequencing and scheduling of short-term activities. The so-called problem of "Dispatching” consists in defining a procedure to assign resources to missions. This is often made by using heuristic rules called Dispaching rules. For control purposes, a model of the system is necessary. Due to the complex and heterogeneous nature of MHSs, modeling approaches proposed in the literature are typically very specific and context-dependent. Moreover, the strong combinatorial nature of the control problem, and the presence of a great number of constraints to be considered, usually make the design of a control solution very tough. To devise a closed form analytical control action can require a great computational effort and could result not so convenient. Indeed, turbulence and variations in the input set of the system can suddenly make not more adequate a hardly designed control action. Thus, the choice of Dispatching rules as control actions, despite producing only local optimum solutions, is very usual for MHSs. Dispatching rules, indeed, result in a more reasonable and robust way to control MHSs since they are effective and computationally inexpensive. In the absence of a closed form control solution, Simulation is fundamental to evaluate the effects of a control action which cannot be analytically predicted. The outcome of the application of a rule or another can be easily tested via simulation and this is the reason why having a good model assumes a further major importance. In this thesis a unique arcchitecture for the modeling and the control of complex MHSs has been proposed.<br>VIII n.s.

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Zhao, Ying. "Optimization of cooperative material handling systems." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B37837710.

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Zhao, Ying, and 趙穎. "Optimization of cooperative material handling systems." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B37837710.

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Woo, Siu-on. "Dynamic routing for automated material handling systems." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B35679207.

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Woo, Siu-on, and 胡兆安. "Dynamic routing for automated material handling systems." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B35679207.

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Henriksson, Johannes. "Support systems for material handling in forklifts." Thesis, KTH, Ergonomi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-145878.

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The world is becoming more and more globalized. The transportation and trading of goods across borders are becoming more frequent. All this is putting greater demands on companies dealing with material handling and distribution of supply. Material handling with forklifts is an area which is associated with risk of accidents. Statistics from both the US and Europe shows that damages to material and personnel is frequent. A certain area that is in need of improvement is the handling of material on high storages. These storages can be as high as 15m. When stacking and picking pallets at those heights it is very hard for the driver to get a good view of the pallet and handle the material in a safe way. There are several support systems available on the market today, to aid drivers with handling material on these heights. The question to be answered in this thesis is, how good are these systems and what systems should be recommended to users of forklifts? By the use of a literature study, where both available products on the forklift market as well as support systems from other markets were studied I got a good overview of available technologies. Using this information and methods for product design a number of technical concepts was generated. The concepts were limited to technologies that are available today. Because of that some technologies and concepts were overlooked. Most of the concepts consisted of a camera and a display used in different ways. A first evaluation of the concepts was made. Four concepts were chosen to be further evaluated. These four concepts were: Camera with guide lines Camera without guide lines Fork tip camera with guide lines No Camera. (benchmark) The concepts were then evaluated, tested and graded using the five criteria: Time (productivity), Safety, physical ergonomics, Usability and Preferred concept. The results showed that the concept consisting of the by TMHE used fork camera (2 above) combined with a new display and guide lines was the best support system. The result is fairly reliable because of the many different evaluation techniques used and the fact they all point the same concept. The validity however should be investigated further during a more extensive field test.

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Rocha, André Dionísio Bettencourt da Silva. "An agent based architecture for material handling systems." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/10504.

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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores<br>In the recent past, market requirements and consequently the production lines changed too. With the customization of products and the growing number of products to produce, the dy-namism and flexibility of the lines are now requirements of extreme importance. A traditional approach indicates great difficulty in satisfying those needs and as such has appeared some proposals in order to solve them. The proposed approaches are mostly related to scheduling and production planning. The transportation system is not usually inserted in the control architecture and system reconfiguration, constantly being put aside in order to this issue. This work proposes architecture to support self-organized transportation system, where it performs control functions and management. The architecture was developed for a system com-prising conveyors where the stations operate. The proposed work is a multi-agent architecture that use Dijkstra’s algorithm to improve the routing of products and materials. The main features of architecture are load balancing pre-sent in conveyors and ability to plug and unplug stations in runtime. The architecture was first tested in a virtual environment in order to check the behavior of the same and was subsequently tested in a real industrial cell in order to demonstrate its use in a real system.

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Silva, Rinaldo J. "Information processing in designing manufacturing systems with material handling." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/25110.

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Bartlett, Kelly K. "Congestion-aware dynamic routing in automated material handling systems." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53013.

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In semiconductor manufacturing, automated material handling systems (AMHSs) transport wafers through a complex re-entrant manufacturing process. In some systems, Overhead Hoist Transport (OHT) vehicles move throughout the facility on a ceiling-mounted track system, delivering wafers to machines and storage locations. To improve efficiency in such systems, this thesis proposes an adaptive dynamic routing approach that allows the system to self-regulate, reducing steady-state travel times by 4-6% and avoiding excessive congestion and deadlock. Our approach allows vehicles to be rerouted while in progress in response to changes in the location and severity of congestion as measured by edge traversal time estimates updated via exponential smoothing. Our proposed method is efficient enough to be used in a large system where several routing decisions are made each second. We also consider how the effectiveness of a AMHS layout differs between static and dynamic routing. We demonstrate that dynamic routing significantly reduces sensitivity to shortcut placement and allows an eight-fold increase in the number of shortcuts along the center loop. This reduces travel times by an additional 24%. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed routing approach, we use a high-fidelity simulation of vehicle movement. To test the impact of routing methods on layout effectiveness, we developed an associated Excel-based automated layout generation tool that allows the efficient generation of thousands of candidate layouts. The user selects from among a set of modular templates to create a design and all simulation files are generated with the click of a button.

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Babiceanu, Radu Florin. "Holonic-based control system for automated material handling systems." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28326.

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In real-word manufacturing environments, finding the right job sequences and their associated schedules when resource, precedence, and timing constraints are imposed is a difficult task. For most practical problems classical scheduling easily leads to an exponential growth in the number of possible schedules. Moreover, a decision time period of hours or even minutes is too long. Good solutions are often needed in real-time. The problem becomes even more complicated if changes, such as new orders or resource breakdowns, occur within the manufacturing system. One approach to overcome the challenges of solving classical scheduling problems is the use of distributed schemes such as agent or holonic-based control architectures. This dissertation presents an innovative control architecture that uses the holonic concept, capable of delivering good solutions when applied in dynamic environments. The general holonic control framework presented in this research has specific characteristics not found in others reported so far. Using a modular approach it takes into account all the categories of hardware and software resources of a manufacturing system. Due to its modularity, the holonic control framework can be used for assigning and scheduling different task types, separately or simultaneously. Thus, it can be used not only for assigning and scheduling transport tasks, but also for finding feasible solutions to the job assignment and scheduling of processing tasks, or to better utilize the auxiliary equipment and devices in a manufacturing system. In the holonic system, under real-time constraints, a feasible schedule for the material handling resources emerges from the combination of individual holon's schedules. Internal evaluation algorithms and coordination mechanisms between the entities in the architecture form the basis for the resultant schedules. The experimental results obtained show a percentage difference between the makespan values obtained using the holonic scheduling approach and the optimal values of under seven percent. Since current control systems in use in industry lack the ability to adapt to dynamic manufacturing environments, the holonic architecture designed and the tests performed in this research could be a part in the effort to build the foundations for the control systems of the next generation manufacturing systems.<br>Ph. D.

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Livres sur le sujet "Complex Material Handling Systems"

Hayes, Teresa L., and Theresa D. Byham. Material handling equipment & systems. Freedonia Group, Inc., 1998.

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Hester, Edward, and Michael Murphy. Material handling systems: Advanced & conventional. Freedonia Group, 2002.

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Ergonomic design of material handling systems. Lewis Publishers, 1997.

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Tanchoco, Jose Mario Azaña, 1946-, ed. Material flow systems in manufacturing. Chapman & Hall, 1994.

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Frost & Sullivan., ed. World intelligent material handling markets: Installations of modular designs and integrated systems on the rise. Frost & Sullivan, 1993.

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Sumner, John D. Analysis of material handling equipment for Maritime Prepositioning Ships (MPS) instream offload. Naval Postgraduate School, 1992.

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S, Palekar U., Pandit R, American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Winter Meeting, and American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Material Handling Engineering Division., eds. Planning and control of material handling systems: Presented at the Winter Annual Meeting of the American Society of Mechnical Engineers, Atlanta, Georgia, December 1-6, 1991. ASME, 1991.

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Agency, International Atomic Energy, ed. Design and operation of off-gas cleaning and ventilation systems in facilities handling low and intermediate level radioactive material. International Atomic Energy Agency, 1988.

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Jan, Treur, and Wetter Th, eds. Formal specification of complex reasoning systems: Based on material from the International Workshop onFormal Specification Methods for Complex Reasoning Systems, Vienna, 1992, organized during ECAI'92 by the Artificial Intelligence Group, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. EllisHorwood, 1993.

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AUTOCOM '89 (1989 Dearborn, Mich.). AUTOCOM '89: June 5-8, 1989, Dearborn, Michigan ; Precision Metrology with Coordinate Measurement Systems Clinic, June 6-7, 1989, Schaumburg, Illinois ; Automated Material Handling System Clinic, June 6-7, 1989, Dearborn, Michigan. Society of Manufacturing Engineers, 1989.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Complex Material Handling Systems"

Xiang, Li, Chen Qing-xin, Yu Ai-lin, and Zhang Hui-yu. "Simulation Optimization of Manufacturing System Including Assemble Lines and Material Handling Systems." In Theory, Methodology, Tools and Applications for Modeling and Simulation of Complex Systems. Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2666-9_7.

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Greenwood, Nigel R. "Material Handling." In Implementing Flexible Manufacturing Systems. Macmillan Education UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-07959-9_6.

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Pegden, C. Dennis. "Simulating Material Handling Systems." In Progress in Materials Handling and Logistics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09512-6_13.

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Kumar, Navneet, and Harish Kumar Sharma. "Design of Material Handling Systems." In Agro-Processing and Food Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7289-7_4.

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Huang, Chin-Yin, and Shimon Y. Nof. "Model of Material Handling and Robotics." In Modeling Manufacturing Systems. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03853-6_7.

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Klein, Mark, Richard Metzler, and Yaneer Bar-Yam. "Handling Resource Oscillations Through Selective Misinformation." In Unifying Themes in Complex Systems. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17635-7_24.

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Noble, J. S., and J. M. A. Tanchoco. "Design justification of material handling systems." In Material Flow Systems in Manufacturing. Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2498-4_2.

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Beck, Frans. "Material Handling in Flexible Assembly Systems." In Montage · Handhabung · Industrieroboter. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-30428-0_11.

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Melançon, Guy, Benjamin Renoust, and Haolin Ren. "Handling Complex Multilayer Networks—An Approach Based on Visual Network Analytics." In Understanding Complex Systems. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59302-5_3.

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Choobineh, F. "Justification of Manufacturing Systems." In Progress in Material Handling and Logistics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84356-3_18.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Complex Material Handling Systems"

Driessel, Rene, and Lars Monch. "Simulation framework for complex manufacturing systems with automated material handling." In 2007 Winter Simulation Conference. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wsc.2007.4419794.

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Driessel, R., and L. Monch. "An integrated scheduling and automated material handling approach for complex manufacturing systems." In 2008 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieem.2008.4737985.

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Gareth, Shaw,. "A New Tool-Kit for Designing Complex Material Handling Systems Using IEC61499 Function Blocks." In Information Control Problems in Manufacturing, edited by Bakhtadze, Natalia, chair Dolgui, Alexandre and Bakhtadze, Natalia. Elsevier, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20090603-3-ru-2001.00235.

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Walker, Gavin J., Farbod Zorriassatine, Robert M. Parkin, Mike R. Jackson, and Joanne Coy. "The Smart Parcel Concept for Condition Monitoring of Materials Handling Machinery." In ASME 7th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2004-58287.

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Complex machinery which bears loads over large distances requires a large capital outlay to monitor condition at many points. Hand-held monitoring units necessitate knowledgeable operators and are of limited use when applications involve areas inaccessible during operation. This paper presents the idea of deploying a ‘smart parcel’ to navigate the process, reporting on performance. Equipment was mounted on a receptacle belonging to such a machine, and sound data was recorded for later analysis. Frequencies present were compared with component characteristic frequencies in order to ascertain robustness of method as compared to traditional installations. The presence of common information and also some that are not obtainable by other means has rendered the theory a viable proposal.

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Podshivalov, Lev, Anath Fischer, and Pinhas Z. Bar-Yoseph. "Performance Assessment of Hexahedral Meshing Methods for Design and Mechanical Analysis of Composite Materials." In ASME 2012 11th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2012-82247.

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Composite materials can be designed and modeled as material volumes with inclusions of several materials. These multiple inclusions are randomly distributed in a unit cube volume according to the material parameters (density, dimensions, orientation etc.). Then, the finite element (FE) analysis method is applied on the resulting structure to estimate the equivalent material properties. Therefore, these models should to be meshed prior to mechanical FE analysis. Automatic high quality hexahedral meshing is considered a very complex task. Hence, despite extensive research, currently there are no robust methods that can handle grain-based geometry. Meshing a composite material modeled by multiple inclusions presents a number of challenges: (a) the meshing needs to be robust to dimensions, position and orientation of the inclusions; (b) mesh continuity must be achieved on the boundaries between the volume (also known as the matrix) and the inclusions; (c) the mesh needs to approximate the original geometric model with high accuracy; and (d) high quality mesh elements are required for mechanical analysis. Structured and unstructured meshing methods can be used for handling this task. In this research two meshing methods were developed to generate high quality meshes: (a) structured meshing created by warping the grid according to the model’s geometry, and (b) unstructured meshing created by projecting the nodes onto the boundaries of the inclusions to achieve exact geometric representation. The performance of these methods was then evaluated and compared on composite materials with ellipsoidal inclusions. Among the performance criteria for these methods are mesh element quality, geometry approximation error, stress concentrations near the boundaries, and computational complexity. The results indicate that the proposed methods can be used for design and mechanical analysis of composite materials. Moreover, in homogenization applications the structured warped mesh is compatible in terms of performance and element quality to the unstructured mesh.

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Gonchikar, Ugrasen, Ravindra Holalu Venkatadas, Naveen Prakash Goravi Vijaya Dev, Keshavamurthy Ramaiah, and Giridhara Gudekota. "Comparison of Machining Performances in Wire EDM for HCHCr Material Using Group Method Data Handling Technique and Artificial Neural Network." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-50588.

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Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM) is a specialized thermo electrical machining process capable of accurately machining parts with varying hardness or complex shapes. Present study outlines the comparison of machining performances in the wire electric discharge machining using group method data handling technique and artificial neural network. HCHCr material was selected as a work material. This work material was machined using different process parameters based on Taguchi’s L27 standard orthogonal array. Parameters such as pulse-on time, pulse-off time, current and bed speed were varied. The response variables measured for the analysis are surface roughness, volumetric material removal rate and dimensional error. Machining performances were compared using sophisticated mathematical models viz., Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) technique and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). GMDH is ideal for complex, unstructured systems where the investigator is only interested in obtaining a high-order input-output relationship. Also, the method is heuristic in nature and is not based on a solid foundation as regression analysis. The GMDH algorithm is designed to learn the process by training the algorithm with the experimental data. The experimental observations are divided into two sets viz., the training set and testing set. The training set is used to make the GMDH learn the process and the testing set will check the performance of GMDH. Different models were obtained by varying the percentage of data in the training set and the best model were selected from these, viz., 50%, 62.5% & 75%. The best model was selected from the said percentages of data. Number of variables selected at each layer is usually taken as a fixed number or a constantly increasing number. It is usually given as fractional increase in number of independent variables present in the previous level. Three different criterion functions, viz., Root Mean Square (Regularity) criterion, Unbiased criterion and Combined criterion were considered for estimation. The choice of the criterion for node selection is another important parameter for proper modeling. The Artificial Neural Network is used to study and predict the machining responses. Input data are fed into the neural network and corresponding weights and bias are extracted. Then weights and bias are integrated in the program which is used to calculate and predict the machining responses. Estimation of machining performances was obtained by using ANN for various cutting conditions. ANN estimates were obtained for various percentages of total data in the training set viz., 50%, 60% & 70%. The best model was selected from the said percentages of data. Estimation and comparison of machining performances were carried out using GMDH and ANN. Estimates from GMDH and ANN were compared and it was observed that ANN with 70% of data in training set gives better results than GMDH.

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Gonchikar, Ugrasen, Holalu Venkatdas Ravindra, Rudreshi Addamani, and Prathik Jain Sudhir. "Estimation and Comparison of Machining Performances Using Group Method Data Handling Technique and ANN in Wire EDM of Stavax Material." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23435.

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Abstract Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM) is a specialized thermal machining process capable of accurately machining parts with varying hardness or complex shapes, which have sharp edges that are very difficult to be machined by the main stream machining processes. This study outlines the development of model and its application to estimation of machining performances using Group Method Data Handling Technique (GMDH) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Experimentation was performed as per Taguchi’s L’16 orthogonal array for Stavax (modified AISI 420 steel) material. Each experiment has been performed under different cutting conditions of pulse-on, pulse-off, current and bed speed. Among different process parameters voltage and flush rate were kept constant. Molybdenum wire having diameter of 0.18 mm was used as an electrode. Four responses namely accuracy, surface roughness, Volumetric Material Removal Rate (VMRR) and Electrode Wear (EW) have been considered for each experiment. Estimation and comparison of responses was carried out using GMDH and ANN. Group method data handling technique is ideal for complex, unstructured systems where the investigator is only interested in obtaining a high-order input-output relationship. Also, the method is heuristic in nature and is not based on a solid foundation as in regression analysis. The GMDH algorithm is designed to learn the process by training the algorithm with the experimental data. The experimental observations are divided into two sets viz., the training set and testing set. The training set is used to make the GMDH learn the process and the testing set will check the performance of GMDH. Different models can be obtained by varying the percentage of data in the training set and the best model can be selected from these, viz., 50%, 62.5% & 75%. The best model is selected from the said percentages of data. Number of variables selected at each layer is usually taken as a fixed number or a constantly increasing number. It is usually given as fractional increase in number of independent variables present in the previous level. Three different criterion functions, viz., Root Mean Square (Regularity) criterion, Unbiased criterion and Combined criterion were considered for estimation. The choice of the criterion for node selection is another important parameter for proper modeling. The Artificial Neural Network is used to study and predict the machining responses. Input data are fed into the neural network and corresponding weights and bias are extracted. Then weights and bias are integrated in the program which is used to calculate and predict the machining responses. Estimation of machining performances was obtained by using ANN for various cutting conditions. ANN estimates were obtained for various percentages of total data in the training set viz., 50%, 60% & 70%. The best model is selected from the said percentages of data. Estimation and comparison of machining performances were carried out using GMDH and ANN. Estimates from GMDH and ANN were compared and it was observed that ANN with 70% of data in training set gives better results than GMDH.

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Djokikj, Jelena, Tashko Rizov, and Jovana Jovanova. "Virtual Reality Supported Design of Smart Grasper." In ASME 2021 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2021-68231.

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Abstract Smart material graspers have shown potential for different applications in terms of functionality and actuation, especially in handling arbitrary shapes, fragile objects and complex 3D geometries. However, to take these initial designs further towards real applications, the challenge remains to determine the optimal size, shape, and passive and smart material location. Virtual reality can be beneficial in the early concept generation as it can help visualize and understand the grasping process. The access to suitable hardware and the development of virtual reality (VR) software has resulted in increased use of this technology. The 3D visualization offered by VR especially in the early stages of the design process assists engineers in making appropriate and efficient decisions, and it can also support the interaction with the end user to iterate on potential design improvements. The conceptual phase is often overlooked and rushed by the other departments involved in the design and development process although it is of great importance for successful outcome. It is important to make the most of it in order to assure quality result. In order to ensure short conceptual phase that will not reflect on the products’ quality we propose introduction of the VR in the early stages of the design process. In this paper we show how the use of VR can be beneficial in new product development. In this case we focus on the design of smart material grasper.

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Santochi, Marco, Marcello Porta, and Gualtiero Fantoni. "An Assembly Microfactory for Hybrid Microproducts." In ASME 2008 9th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2008-59058.

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The microfactory seems to be one of the most promising approaches for reducing the assembly cost of hybrid microproducts. The microfactory is a miniaturized assembly system with a reduced consumption of space and energy compared to conventional assembly systems. The assembly microfactory includes the same devices of a traditional assembly system: handling, joining, monitoring devices and also proper strategies to assure a correct assembly. The assembly microfactory here presented consists of various prototypes and commercial handling devices integrated in the same assembly environment. The complete system is able to automatically perform different assembly tasks. As a bench test for evaluating the microfactory performance, a product made of several microcomponents of different materials and shapes has been designed. The operations necessary for its correct assembly are: pick and place of parts with various shapes, peg-in-hole of microcylinders with small clearance, alignment and positioning of microparts. The main goal of the developed microfactory is to demonstrate the reliability and the feasibility of the tested devices in complex microhandling tasks and their capability to be simply integrated in a microassembly environment. Another purpose is to show the feasibility and the flexibility of the adopted assembly strategy in the micro domain. Several different transporting and grasping devices find application in the assembly system. Two innovative electrostatic feeders and an electrostatic sorter are used to sort, transport and position microspheres, microcylinders and microgears with dimension of few hundreds microns. Four different types of grippers (a mechanical, an electrostatic, an adhesive and a pneumatic one) supported by a 3 DOFs commercial micropositioner have been used to execute peg-in-hole of microcylinders with a diameter of 500 μm and pick and place of microspheres with a diameter in the range of 800–1100 μm.

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Bott, Terrence F., and Stephen W. Eisenhawer. "Probabilistic Analysis of Accidents Involving Pyrophoric Particle Accumulation in a Closed System Containing High Explosives." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0029.

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Abstract This paper describes a probabilistic analysis of an unusual safety concern encountered during safety analysis of a closed system containing high explosive (HE). In this application, a pyrophoric material could be generated inside the system by corrosion of system components. This pyrophore may form extremely small particles that could be transported through a complex path to a high explosive component, where they could collect on exposed surfaces as a result of routine handling operations. A potentially serious accident could be initiated if the system is opened for maintenance and oxygen reaches the pyrophoric particles that are resting on the surface of the high explosive. The pyrophoric particles react vigorously in the presence of oxygen and will ignite the high explosive if there is a sufficient concentration of the particles in a localized area. This paper reports on models for estimating the probability of achieving hazardous concentrations of pyrophoric particles on the explosive surface. These probability estimates are based on occupancy likelihood and geometric models. The probability models provide a means for exploring the effects of material behavior, heat transfer, and material transport on the likelihood of achieving unwanted concentrations of pyrophoric particles on the explosive surface.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Complex Material Handling Systems"

Wenger, Carl E. Material Handling Workstation, recommended technical specifications for procurement of systems. National Bureau of Standards, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.ir.88-3786.

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Teese, G. D., and W. J. Randall. Material handling systems for use in glovebox lines: A survey of Department of Energy facility experience. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10161465.

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Wheeler, D., and M. Ulsh. Manufacturing Readiness Assessment for Fuel Cell Stacks and Systems for the Back-up Power and Material Handling Equipment Emerging Markets (Revised). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/952179.

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Hancock, David, W. Air-Cooled Stack Freeze Tolerance Freeze Failure Modes and Freeze Tolerance Strategies for GenDriveTM Material Handling Application Systems and Stacks Final Scientific Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1034766.

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McKenna, Patrick, and Mark Evans. Emergency Relief and complex service delivery: Towards better outcomes. Queensland University of Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.211133.

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Emergency Relief (ER) is a Department of Social Services (DSS) funded program, delivered by 197 community organisations (ER Providers) across Australia, to assist people facing a financial crisis with financial/material aid and referrals to other support programs. ER has been playing this important role in Australian communities since 1979. Without ER, more people living in Australia who experience a financial crisis might face further harm such as crippling debt or homelessness. The Emergency Relief National Coordination Group (NCG) was established in April 2020 at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic to advise the Minister for Families and Social Services on the implementation of ER. To inform its advice to the Minister, the NCG partnered with the Institute for Governance at the University of Canberra to conduct research to understand the issues and challenges faced by ER Providers and Service Users in local contexts across Australia. The research involved a desktop review of the existing literature on ER service provision, a large survey which all Commonwealth ER Providers were invited to participate in (and 122 responses were received), interviews with a purposive sample of 18 ER Providers, and the development of a program logic and theory of change for the Commonwealth ER program to assess progress. The surveys and interviews focussed on ER Provider perceptions of the strengths, weaknesses, future challenges, and areas of improvement for current ER provision. The trend of increasing case complexity, the effectiveness of ER service delivery models in achieving outcomes for Service Users, and the significance of volunteering in the sector were investigated. Separately, an evaluation of the performance of the NCG was conducted and a summary of the evaluation is provided as an appendix to this report. Several themes emerged from the review of the existing literature such as service delivery shortcomings in dealing with case complexity, the effectiveness of case management, and repeat requests for service. Interviews with ER workers and Service Users found that an uplift in workforce capability was required to deal with increasing case complexity, leading to recommendations for more training and service standards. Several service evaluations found that ER delivered with case management led to high Service User satisfaction, played an integral role in transforming the lives of people with complex needs, and lowered repeat requests for service. A large longitudinal quantitative study revealed that more time spent with participants substantially decreased the number of repeat requests for service; and, given that repeat requests for service can be an indicator of entrenched poverty, not accessing further services is likely to suggest improvement. The interviews identified the main strengths of ER to be the rapid response and flexible use of funds to stabilise crisis situations and connect people to other supports through strong local networks. Service Users trusted the system because of these strengths, and ER was often an access point to holistic support. There were three main weaknesses identified. First, funding contracts were too short and did not cover the full costs of the program—in particular, case management for complex cases. Second, many Service Users were dependent on ER which was inconsistent with the definition and intent of the program. Third, there was inconsistency in the level of service received by Service Users in different geographic locations. These weaknesses can be improved upon with a joined-up approach featuring co-design and collaborative governance, leading to the successful commissioning of social services. The survey confirmed that volunteers were significant for ER, making up 92% of all workers and 51% of all hours worked in respondent ER programs. Of the 122 respondents, volunteers amounted to 554 full-time equivalents, a contribution valued at $39.4 million. In total there were 8,316 volunteers working in the 122 respondent ER programs. The sector can support and upskill these volunteers (and employees in addition) by developing scalable training solutions such as online training modules, updating ER service standards, and engaging in collaborative learning arrangements where large and small ER Providers share resources. More engagement with peak bodies such as Volunteering Australia might also assist the sector to improve the focus on volunteer engagement. Integrated services achieve better outcomes for complex ER cases—97% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. The research identified the dimensions of service integration most relevant to ER Providers to be case management, referrals, the breadth of services offered internally, co-location with interrelated service providers, an established network of support, workforce capability, and Service User engagement. Providers can individually focus on increasing the level of service integration for their ER program to improve their ability to deal with complex cases, which are clearly on the rise. At the system level, a more joined-up approach can also improve service integration across Australia. The key dimensions of this finding are discussed next in more detail. Case management is key for achieving Service User outcomes for complex cases—89% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. Interviewees most frequently said they would provide more case management if they could change their service model. Case management allows for more time spent with the Service User, follow up with referral partners, and a higher level of expertise in service delivery to support complex cases. Of course, it is a costly model and not currently funded for all Service Users through ER. Where case management is not available as part of ER, it might be available through a related service that is part of a network of support. Where possible, ER Providers should facilitate access to case management for Service Users who would benefit. At a system level, ER models with a greater component of case management could be implemented as test cases. Referral systems are also key for achieving Service User outcomes, which is reflected in the ER Program Logic presented on page 31. The survey and interview data show that referrals within an integrated service (internal) or in a service hub (co-located) are most effective. Where this is not possible, warm referrals within a trusted network of support are more effective than cold referrals leading to higher take-up and beneficial Service User outcomes. However, cold referrals are most common, pointing to a weakness in ER referral systems. This is because ER Providers do not operate or co-locate with interrelated services in many cases, nor do they have the case management capacity to provide warm referrals in many other cases. For mental illness support, which interviewees identified as one of the most difficult issues to deal with, ER Providers offer an integrated service only 23% of the time, warm referrals 34% of the time, and cold referrals 43% of the time. A focus on referral systems at the individual ER Provider level, and system level through a joined-up approach, might lead to better outcomes for Service Users. The program logic and theory of change for ER have been documented with input from the research findings and included in Section 4.3 on page 31. These show that ER helps people facing a financial crisis to meet their immediate needs, avoid further harm, and access a path to recovery. The research demonstrates that ER is fundamental to supporting vulnerable people in Australia and should therefore continue to be funded by government.

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Korotun, Olha V., Tetiana A. Vakaliuk, and Vladimir N. Soloviev. Model of using cloud-based environment in training databases of future IT specialists. [б. в.], 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3865.

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The authors substantiates and develops the model of using cloud-based environment (CBE) in the training of databases of future information technology (IT) specialists, which consists of interrelated units: target (purpose, task of using CBE), conceptual (pedagogical approaches, didactic principles), organizational and semantic (characteristics of CBE, basic requirements for CBE, subjects of training, CBE of the teacher, CBE of the student, curricula of institution of higher education, educational-methodical complex of discipline “Databases”, installation and configuration of database management system, development of educational material from the database in electronic form, selection of cloud-based systems of distance learning, introduction of cloud-based systems of distance learning in the training of students’ databases, selection of CBE in database training (databases, forms, methods, tools), evaluative (criteria, indicators, levels of professional and practical competence of future IT specialists on the use of CBE in database training), effective (increased formation of the information and communication technologies of future IT specialists on the use of CBE in database training).

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Irudayaraj, Joseph, Ze'ev Schmilovitch, Amos Mizrach, Giora Kritzman, and Chitrita DebRoy. Rapid detection of food borne pathogens and non-pathogens in fresh produce using FT-IRS and raman spectroscopy. United States Department of Agriculture, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7587221.bard.

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Rapid detection of pathogens and hazardous elements in fresh fruits and vegetables after harvest requires the use of advanced sensor technology at each step in the farm-to-consumer or farm-to-processing sequence. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and the complementary Raman spectroscopy, an advanced optical technique based on light scattering will be investigated for rapid and on-site assessment of produce safety. Paving the way toward the development of this innovative methodology, specific original objectives were to (1) identify and distinguish different serotypes of Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, and Bacillus cereus by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, (2) develop spectroscopic fingerprint patterns and detection methodology for fungi such as Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Fusarium, and Penicillium (3) to validate a universal spectroscopic procedure to detect foodborne pathogens and non-pathogens in food systems. The original objectives proposed were very ambitious hence modifications were necessary to fit with the funding. Elaborate experiments were conducted for sensitivity, additionally, testing a wide range of pathogens (more than selected list proposed) was also necessary to demonstrate the robustness of the instruments, most crucially, algorithms for differentiating a specific organism of interest in mixed cultures was conceptualized and validated, and finally neural network and chemometric models were tested on a variety of applications. Food systems tested were apple juice and buffer systems. Pathogens tested include Enterococcus faecium, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus cereus, Yersinia enterocolitis, Shigella boydii, Staphylococus aureus, Serratiamarcescens, Pseudomonas vulgaris, Vibrio cholerae, Hafniaalvei, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, E. coli (O103, O55, O121, O30 and O26), Aspergillus niger (NRRL 326) and Fusarium verticilliodes (NRRL 13586), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC 24859), Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 11443), Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora and Clavibacter michiganense. Sensitivity of the FTIR detection was 103CFU/ml and a clear differentiation was obtained between the different organisms both at the species as well as at the strain level for the tested pathogens. A very crucial step in the direction of analyzing mixed cultures was taken. The vector based algorithm was able to identify a target pathogen of interest in a mixture of up to three organisms. Efforts will be made to extend this to 10-12 key pathogens. The experience gained was very helpful in laying the foundations for extracting the true fingerprint of a specific pathogen irrespective of the background substrate. This is very crucial especially when experimenting with solid samples as well as complex food matrices. Spectroscopic techniques, especially FTIR and Raman methods are being pursued by agencies such as DARPA and Department of Defense to combat homeland security. Through the BARD US-3296-02 feasibility grant, the foundations for detection, sample handling, and the needed algorithms and models were developed. Successive efforts will be made in transferring the methodology to fruit surfaces and to other complex food matrices which can be accomplished with creative sampling methods and experimentation. Even a marginal success in this direction will result in a very significant breakthrough because FTIR and Raman methods, in spite of their limitations are still one of most rapid and nondestructive methods available. Continued interest and efforts in improving the components as well as the refinement of the procedures is bound to result in a significant breakthrough in sensor technology for food safety and biosecurity.

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Short, Samuel, Bernhard Strauss, and Pantea Lotfian. Emerging technologies that will impact on the UK Food System. Food Standards Agency, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.srf852.

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Rapid technological innovation is reshaping the UK food system in many ways. FSA needs to stay abreast of these changes and develop regulatory responses to ensure novel technologies do not compromise food safety and public health. This report presents a rapid evidence assessment of the emerging technologies considered most likely to have a material impact on the UK food system and food safety over the coming decade. Six technology fields were identified and their implications for industry, consumers, food safety and the regulatory framework explored. These fields are: Food Production and Processing (indoor farming, 3D food printing, food side and byproduct use, novel non-thermal processing, and novel pesticides); Novel Sources of Protein, such as insects (for human consumption, and animal feedstock); Synthetic Biology (including lab-grown meat and proteins); Genomics Applications along the value chain (for food safety applications, and personal “nutrigenomics”); Novel Packaging (active, smart, biodegradable, edible, and reusable solutions); and, Digital Technologies in the food sector (supporting analysis, decision making and traceability). The report identifies priority areas for regulatory engagement, and three major areas of emerging technology that are likely to have broad impact across the entire food industry. These areas are synthetic biology, novel food packaging technologies, and digital technologies. FSA will need to take a proactive approach to regulation, based on frequent monitoring and rapid feedback, to manage the challenges these technologies present, and balance increasing technological push and commercial pressures with broader human health and sustainability requirements. It is recommended FSA consider expanding in-house expertise and long-term ties with experts in relevant fields to support policymaking. Recognising the convergence of increasingly sophisticated science and technology applications, alongside wider systemic risks to the environment, human health and society, it is recommended that FSA adopt a complex systems perspective to future food safety regulation, including its wider impact on public health. Finally, the increasing pace of technological

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Hunter, Fraser, and Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age.  Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v  Landscapes and regions:  Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change?  Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial.  Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth.  Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs.  Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully.  Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people.  The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world

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