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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Competition – Law and legislation – Czechoslovakia »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Competition – Law and legislation – Czechoslovakia"

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Sluijs, Jasper P. « Evidence-Based Legislation in EU Competition Law ». European Journal of Law Reform 24, no 1 (août 2022) : 85–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5553/ejlr/138723702022024001006.

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Radvan, Michal. « Taxation in Democratic Czechoslovakia and the Independent Czech Republic ». Intertax 49, Issue 8/9 (1 août 2021) : 725–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2021071.

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The taxation system in communist Czechoslovakia was based on the redistributive, regulative, and fiscal functions of taxes. After the Velvet Revolution in November 1989, it was crucial for the economy and economic development to change the tax system. To achieve this, new politicians decided for the slower transformation of Czechoslovakian tax law. Most of the tax acts that were valid in socialist Czechoslovakia remained in force after the Velvet Revolution; however, they were amended in 1990 with regard to the aim of the tax reform being prepared for 1993. In August 1992, the decision to split Czechoslovakia was announced. It was more of a historical coincidence that the independent Czech Republic’s foundation in 1993 was connected with complex tax reform. The reform’s primary aims were the link between tax revenues and gross domestic product; tax justice and fair competition; possible foreign investments and general openness to the European and international markets; elasticity and effectiveness of the tax system; and reduction of social criteria in taxation. The tax reform of 1993 in the Czech Republic is one of the most complex tax reforms globally. Most of the acts adopted at the end of 1992 are still effective. This article aims to introduce the developments in terms of taxation in democratic Czechoslovakia and the independent Czech Republic to international readers. Tax system, tax reform, Czechoslovakia, Czech Republic, Velvet Revolution, nullum tributum sine lege, income tax, property tax, VAT.
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Tomoszková, Veronika. « Umweltschutzrecht in Tschechien ». osteuropa recht 67, no 3 (2021) : 298–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0030-6444-2021-3-298.

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After 40 years of a totalitarian regime, the state of the environment in Czechoslovakia was catastrophic. The revolutions that swept through Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) in 1989/1990, including Czechoslovakia, sparked enthusiastic hopes for a better, democratic and perhaps “greener” future for this region. The major strategic goal of all the post-communist CEE countries was to join the European Union. The “eastern” enlargement was to take place under strict conditions in order to ensure that the EU does not suffer the negative consequences of an ill-prepared expansion. In the light of joining the EU, Czechoslovakia managed to adopt the whole series of progressive environmental legislation. However, after the parliamentary elections in June 1992 and the split of Czechoslovakia, environmental protection had to give way to economic growth and the overall transformation of society. This paper describes the development of Czech environmental law from a legal and a political perspective, providing examples illustrating the Czech Republic’s performance in implementing the EU environmental law and policy. After 17 years of membership in the EU, the Czech Republic and the implementation of the EU environmental law is still in conditional mode - the availability of the EU funds is the main leverage and motive to comply with the EU law.
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Olivares-Caminal, Rodrigo. « Competition Law and Financial Crisis ». Business Law Review 34, Issue 1 (1 février 2013) : 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula2013003.

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Competition legislation contemplates certain exceptions to its main aim of promoting and ensuring competition by curtailing anticompetitive behaviour. These exceptions are rare and when allowed are usually for the benefit of consumers. The aim of this article is to provide a legal analysis of the exceptions to competition law and policy, particularly in the context of a financial crisis. An analysis on how legal restrictions can be slackened for greater benefit - which implies setting aside long-standing principles of law - is provided. Of particular interest is the bank merger activity during periods of financial distress, which can be seen as an example of a more lenient approach towards competition policy.
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Serdiuk, O., et I. Petrova. « Antimonopoly Legislation of Ukraine : Problems and Prospects ». Economic Herald of the Donbas, no 4 (66) (2021) : 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/1817-3772-2021-4(66)-5-10.

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The article analyzes the state of development of institutions aimed at curbing destructive competition in Ukraine. Quantitative and qualitative indicators characterizing the level of destructive competition in Ukraine are analyzed. It was found that there is a tendency to reduce the total number of violations of legislation on protection of economic competition for 2014-2020. Among the most common violations of destructive competition are abuse of monopoly, anti-competitive actions, anticompetitive concerted actions and unfair competition. The analysis of the regulation of destructive competition shows that Ukraine's antimonopoly law needs further development, despite the positive feedback from leading EU and USA lawyers. It was revealed that the new stage of development of institutional support to overcome destructive competition requires improvement of antitrust legislation and the practice of its law enforcement. The directions of improvement of institutes of restraint of destructive competition in Ukraine according to the best international experience, and also essential increase of efficiency of activity of antimonopoly bodies at the expense of functional and structural delimitation of powers of Antimonopoly committee of Ukraine with use of cross-control are offered.
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Oleksiuk, Adam. « Alois Rašin – czeski i czechosłowacki ekonomista. Przegląd wybranych koncepcji, poglądów i doświadczeń ». Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 12, no 2 (31 décembre 2021) : 179–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.6872.

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Alois Rašín (1867-1923) was a Czech and Czechoslovak politician, economist, one of the founders of Czechoslovakia and its first finance minister. Alois Rašín is also the author of the first Czechoslovak law and the creator of the national currency, i.e. the Czechoslovak koruna. Rašín was a representative of conservative liberalism. The paper presents a review of Alois Rašín's concepts, views as the Minister of Finance of Czechoslovakia. Particular attention was paid to his efforts to regulate the currency and monetary system of Czechoslovakia, and to fight galloping inflation (hyperinflation). Rašín supported the free competition, believed in an entrepreneurial society, and believed that the state should strive to maintain a balanced budget.
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Lorenz, Moritz. « Guarding the Pass?The Forthcoming Chinese Competition Legislation ». World Competition 30, Issue 1 (1 mars 2007) : 137–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2007007.

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Competition legislation is soon to be enacted in the People’s Republic of China. It will cover the three ’’classic’’ pillars of competition law: prohibition of anti-competitive horizontal or vertical agreements, prohibition of the abuse of a dominant market position and merger control. The new law will considerably alter the legal landscape for the business operations of domestic and foreign undertakings in China. In addition, it is another milestone on the way to the transformation of the structure of the Chinese economy from a planned economy to a market economy. In the following article, the core areas of the new provisions are discussed and comparisons drawn with EU competition law. This article has been shortlisted for the 2nd World Competition Young Writer’s Award.
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Sibanda Sr., Omphemetse S. « Public Interest Considerations In The South African Anti-Dumping And Competition Law, Policy, And Practice ». International Business & ; Economics Research Journal (IBER) 14, no 5 (24 août 2015) : 735. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v14i5.9376.

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The paper addresses the delicate issue of public interest considerations when determining anti-dumping, competition, and investment measures to balance it with the interest of other interested parties in South Africa. It is particularly argued that the South African anti-dumping legislation must be amended as to clearly mandate the consideration of public interest when imposing an anti-dumping (or safeguard measure). Also, it is argued that the foreign direct investment regime must take into account policy considerations such as black economic empowerment in the public interest. The South Africas competition legislation will be used as an example of the level of convergence that may be achieved having regard to the non-competition factors incorporated in the legislation and potential or perceived difficulties in reconciling a competition analysis with a public interest analysis.
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Menabdishvili, Solomon. « Merger Control in Georgia – National Legislation and Case Law Review ». Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies 9, no 14 (2016) : 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7172/1689-9024.yars.2016.9.14.8.

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Georgia has amended its Law on Competition in 2014 in order to fulfil its obligations set out by the Association Agreement with the European Union. Despite further approximations of its laws with those of the EU, some serious flaws remain. Merging parties are obliged to submit a prior notification to the Competition Agency of Georgia if their total turnover exceeds 20 million Georgian lari (GEL) or if the value of their assets exceeds 10 million GEL (7,692,307 EUR). One of the most interesting aspects of the Georgian merger control system rests in what the Competition Agency is authorised to do in case of a failure to fulfil the notification duty. This paper will discuss Georgian rules on concentrations as well as two of its recent merger cases.
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Molchanov, A. V. « Development of legal institute of the auction within the competitive right ». Russian competition law and economy, no 1 (30 mars 2019) : 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32686/2542-0259-2019-1-18-23.

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Regulation of relations connected with the organization and holding of tenders exclu- sively by the norms of civil law and civil legislation is impossible, since the issues of ensuring competition are of a public nature, aimed at ensuring public interest, which is the basis of the constitutional system of our state, and therefore require public legal regulation. Taking into account the importance of tenders for ensuring competition, it is more effective to develop both the legal institution of tenders in the sphere of complex branch of competition law and the legislation on tenders, as its external manifestation, in the sphere of antimonopoly legislation.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Competition – Law and legislation – Czechoslovakia"

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Hsu, Selene M. « Evaluating U.S. and E.U. Competition and Supremacy Legislation ». Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/583.

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How did EU and US legislation go from initially appearing to be the same, if not mirroring each other, to differing significantly in their execution of competition legislation goals? Why did the US take a more authoritative tone in enforcing interstate competition legislation? And if the EU is so inclined to mimic US policies 50 years ago, why didn’t their competition enforcement take the same form today? I hypothesize that the US and EU’s legislative history with regulating governmental supremacy is part of the clue to answering for these differences.
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Borg, Thomas. « The Relationship between EC-Law and Swedish Law regarding Competition and Labour Legislation ». Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-901.

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According to § 2 of the swedish Competition Law it does not apply to agreements between employers and employees regarding salary and other working conditions. In the EC-treaty there is no such exception, but the European Court of Justice has established one. The purpose of this paper is to investigate if there are any differences between the two exceptions and, if so, how those differences effects the possibility to challenge swedish collective agreements from a competition law standpoint.

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Marinov, Marin kandidat na i︠u︡ridicheskite nauki. « Foreign direct investment in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia and Hungary : a comparative study of the current legislation ». Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26212.

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The author's goal is to illuminate the current business legislation in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) through a comparison of three countries from the region, namely, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary.
The present study is divided into four parts. The first part states the thesis itself, the goals, and the structure of the discussion.
The second part provides the basic premises of the analysis, with emphasis on the current data on foreign investment in the three countries.
The third part presents the core of the comparative study and deals with the following issues: basic foreign investment laws, including corporate laws, property rights of foreign persons, currency regimes. Among other important aspects, attention is paid to the following subjects: general treatment of FDI, foreign investment in corporate capital, branches of transnational corporations, forms of FDI, special procedures for banking and insurance, closed sectors for FDI, financing of investment, incentives of FDI, domestic and international guarantees for FDI etc. The set of criteria used to assess the compared legislation focuses primarily on the essential features of that legislation. This narrow approach is expedient in terms of the huge area that relates to foreign investment.
The final part uses the findings of the comparative study of the relevant legislation in order to determine the reasons for the lagging interest of foreign investors in Bulgaria. These reasons are found not to be due to any deep-seated differences in the pertinent legislation, but rather to some other factors, such as historical, socio-cultural, and geopolitical.
The law in the present work is stated as of 1 January 1994. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Scruggs, Larry Glen. « Unrelated Business Enterprise and Unfair Business Competition Issues Facing Nonprofit Organizations ». PDXScholar, 1996. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1361.

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Unrelated business enterprises have been an appropriate way for nonprofit organizations to generate income since the first income tax was enacted into law. The Internal Revenue Act of 1950 clarified this opportunity and enacted the Unrelated Business Income Tax to ensure that fair competition existed between nonprofits and for profit organizations. Nonprofit organizations conducting unrelated business enterprises are faced with a dilemma: it is legal for them to conduct such enterprises but if they do so they face potential litigation from for profit business for unfair competition and/or potential loss of tax-exempt status for operating outside of their exempt function. This dissertation traces the history and theory of tax-exempt status, the history of unrelated business enterprises, and how several states, including Oregon, have addressed the issue. It then explains two major pieces of litigation in Oregon in the 1980's, Southern Oregon State College and YMCA of Columbia-Willamette, then discusses the history of the media attention and legislative/bureaucratic action in the same period. Current litigation and media attention is then discussed. The paper then discusses two theoretical frameworks, Agenda Building and Advocacy Coalition, as a means to analyze the data. Following is a discussion of how the issues of unrelated business enterprises and unfair business competition can be handled by nonprofits and the changing criteria for tax-exempt status in Oregon. The dissertation concludes with the changing criteria for tax-exempt status in Oregon and fundamental philosophical and political issues yet to be decided. Included are recommendations such as a periodic review of tax-exempt status of nonprofits, the need for nonprofits to continually review their mission and exempt purpose, the need for nonprofits to maintain their relationships with the community they serve, and how nonprofits need to develop a self-governing program before government develops one for them.
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Oya, Kazuo. « The relationship between competition law and telecommunications regulation : a comparative assessment ». Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80945.

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This thesis seeks to contribute to solving the debate about the framework of rules and institutions applicable to public utility sectors, by adopting both economic theories, such as natural monopoly, network effects, and public goods, and practical analysis of the telecommunications sectors for both Australia and the United States. Governments must reevaluate the framework regulating public utility sectors whenever rapid technological advancements occur. This thesis argues that the antitrust authority better enforces competition rules, and that the sector-specific authority better enforces technical and universal service rules. The justification of the special competition rule concerning bottleneck facilities access should be limited. As for the universal service scheme, the enforcer should ensure competitive neutrality and adopt pro-competitive instruments. This framework would allow for a more market-oriented and economy-wide regulatory administration, as well as enforcement of the universal service scheme based on a more accurate reflection of the fundamental values of citizens.
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Nikolakakis, Niki. « The international legal ramifications of the OECD's harmful tax competition crusade / ». Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=101823.

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In 1998 the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (the "OECD") commenced a campaign to eliminate harmful tax competition focusing on geographically mobile activities. The OECD targeted 35 jurisdictions and demanded that those nations amend their tax laws to remove the harmful features that provided more favorable tax treatment to geographically mobile capital than was available in some of its Member States. This thesis examines the international responsibility of the OECD and its Member States to determine whether their conduct in waging this campaign is in accordance with the international legal principles of state sovereignty and non-intervention. As an international actor with legal personality, the conduct of the OECD is found to engage its international responsibility for the breach of state sovereignty and non-intervention. The Member States in support of the OECD's actions are found to have primary and secondary responsibility under international law for the OEOD's actions.
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Janka, Sebastian Felix. « Control of mergers between newspaper enterprises under South African and German competition law ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50303.

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Thesis (LLM)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis compares South African and German Competition Law. The focus is the control of mergers between newspaper enterprises. It has to be asked whether special rules should apply to transactions in this field, considering the importance of an unconcentrated, competitive press from an economic and political point of view. It will be shown that South African and German Competition Law are similar in many respects. Both legal systems follow a flexible, primarily economic approach to the consideration of proposed transactions, taking into account a plurality of factors to determine potential detrimental effects of mergers on competition. Moreover, pro-competitive gains and public interest issues are recognised under South African and German law. When it comes to the control of mergers between newspaper enterprises, though, the two legal systems diverge. Only under German Competition Law, are there specific provisions for press mergers. In view of a recently proposed amendment of the German Competition Law, the appropriate form of regulation that is likely to guarantee a free press, will be investigated. It will also be analysed, whether there is a specific need for press regulation in the South African context. Even though there are no special provisions under South African Competition Law, the South African Constitution leaves space for a broader understanding of the freedom of the press. Hence, it will be examined if the South African Constitution obliges the state to enact particular laws to protect press-plurality. Moreover, it will be analysed if the South African Competition Act should be interpreted in a manner that would promote plurality of the press. In the view of the eminent role of the press for a democratic society, it will be argued in this thesis, that there is a particular need for media regulation. Notably the significant levels of concentration in both German and South African press markets raise concerns as regards the protection of a free and pluralistic press. It will be shown that there are different foreign approaches to maintaining and promoting freedom of the press and it will be suggested that South Africa recognises a need for more press-specific regulation in the future.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie verhandeling vergelyk Suid-Afrikaanse en Duitse mededingingsreg. Dit is gefokus op beheer oor persondernemings. Die vraag word gevra of spesiale reëls van toepassing behoort te wees op transaksies in hierdie sektor, indien die politieke en ekonomiese belang van 'n ongekonsentreerde en mededingende pers in ag geneem word. Dit word uitgewys dat Suid-Afrikaanse en Duitse mededingsreg in vele opsigte soortgelyk is, wat die regulering van samesmeltings betref. Beide regsstelsels volg 'n buigsame, hoofsaaklik ekonomiese benadering tot die oorweging van 'n transaksie. Beide neem 'n veelheid van faktore in ag om te bepaal of 'n transaksie moontlik negatiewe gevolge vir mededinging het. Verder word pro-mededingende en publieke belangsaspekte in beide die Suid- Afrikaanse en Duitse reg in ag geneem. In die geval van 'n samesmelting tussen koerantondernemings verskil die twee sisteme egter. Die Duitse reg het spesiale reëls vir samesmelting van sulke ondernemings. In die lig van wysigings wat onlangs aan die Duitse mededingsreg voorgestel is, word geskikte vlakke van regulering van die pers, wat nodig is om 'n vrye pers te waarborg, ondersoek. Aandag word geskenk aan die vraag of daar'n behoefte is aan regulering van die pers in die Suid-Afrikaanse omgewing. Alhoewel die Suid-Afrikaanse Grondwet nie spesiaal daarvoor voorsiening maak nie, laat die Grondwet plek vir 'n wyer begrip van persvryeid. Dus word vasgestelof daar 'n plig op die staat is om wetgewing in te voer wat die staat dwing om perspluralisme te beskerm. Verder, word bepaal of die Suid-Afrikaanse Mededingingswet op so 'n wyse interpreteer kan word dat dit perspluralisme sal bevorder. In die lig van die sentrale rol vir 'n vrye pers in 'n demokratiese samelewing, word geargumenteer dat, daar 'n spesiale behoefte aan reguleringvan die media is. Die hoë vlakke van konsentrasie in beide die Duitse en Suid- Afrikaanse persmarkte skep besorgheid oor die beskerming van 'n vrye en pluralistiese pers in hierdie lande. Dit word aangetoon dat daar verskillende benaderings tot die beskerming en bevordering van 'n vrye pers in ander lande is en daar word voorgestel dat Suid-Afrika 'n behoefte aan meer spesifieke reëls vir regulering van die pers erken.
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Gómez-Pérez, Alfredo. « Mexican telecommunications : a study of privatization of the state monopoly and opening of the market to competition ». Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33356.

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A little over 10 years ago the Mexican government privatized Telefonos de Mexico, S.A. (Telmex), the telecommunications monopoly that had dominated the market since 1948 and had become a government-owned company in 1976. This thesis focuses on the company's privatization and on the regulatory framework that resulted, analyzing the achievement of the objectives set with the purpose of liberalizing the market and opening it to competition and foreign investors.
The main issues addressed are the regulatory framework of Mexican telecommunications, the players involved, interconnection of their networks, foreign investment in Mexican telecommunications, licensing of radio frequencies, rate regulation, universal service obligations, and the international scenario in liberalization of trade in telecommunication services and the relating international instruments, insofar as they relate to the Mexican experience.
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HERNÁNDEZ, GUERRERO Vanesa. « Tax incentives under the initiatives against harmful tax competition, the EC treaty provisions on state aid and the WTO Agreement on subsidies ». Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/25400.

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Defence date: 17 December 2007
Examining Board: Prof. Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann (EUI Supervisor) ; Prof. Adolfo J. Martín Jiménez (Universidad de Cádiz, External Supervisor) ; Prof. Pierre-Marie Dupuy, EUI ; Mr. Richard Lyal, EC Commission
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
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Zwane, Bhangase Patrick Mzabalazo. « "A Critical and comparative analysis of the public interest case law jurisprudence of the competition tribunal of South Africa on large and notifiable mergers, since the enactment of the competition act no.89 of 1998(as amended)" ». Thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/20552.

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Theses
The Competition Act no.89 of 1998 coupled with its amendments ushered in a new era in the competition analysis and merger approval process in South Africa. This research paper's purpose is to intimately explore the emergent doctrine of "public interest" institutionalized in this new dispensation of competition legislation. In particular this report places under the spotlight the treatment of public issues in case law jurisprudence as developed in the consideration and determination of large and notifiable mergers under the auspices of the competition tribunal of the Republic of South Africa since the inception of the said new legislative order. The efficacy of the determination of socio-political issues and pure competitive efficiency issues separately but under and by the same entity are also examined. The contrast between the South African approach to the application of the doctrine of the public interest and that of some other competition jurisdictions abroad is also explored.
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Livres sur le sujet "Competition – Law and legislation – Czechoslovakia"

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Frank, Zumbo, dir. Competition regulators legislation. Sydney : LBC Information Services, 2000.

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Jantien, Findlater, dir. The New competition legislation. Dublin : Irish Centre for European Law, Trinity College, 1991.

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Peter, Kutschera. How to do business in Czechoslovakia. Praha : Scientia Praha, 1990.

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From labour law to social competition law ? Cambridge, United Kingdom : Intersentia, 2014.

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Ireland, dir. Competition authority : A guide to Irish legislation on competition. Dublin : Stationery Office, 1992.

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Donnelly, Warren H. U.S. nuclear cooperation with Hungary and Czechoslovakia. [Washington, D.C.] : Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1991.

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Carlo, Pinto. Tax competition and EU law. The Hague : Kluwer Law International, 2003.

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Dinwoodie, Graeme B., et Mark D. Janis. Trademark and unfair competition law. Cheltenham, UK : Edward Elgar, 2014.

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Goh, Jeffrey. European air transport law and competition. Chichester : J. Wiley, 1997.

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Boukaourēs, Giōrgēs N. Joint ventures in the U.S.S.R., Czechoslovakia, and Poland. Montreal : Institute of Comparative Law, McGill University, 1988.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Competition – Law and legislation – Czechoslovakia"

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Rodger, Barry, et Andreas Stephan. « Legislation, institutions and cooperation ». Dans Brexit and Competition Law, 1–18. London : Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351105446-1.

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Smith, Rhona. « Commission Notice on the Definition of Relevant Market for the Purposes of Community Competition Law [1997] OJ C372/03 ». Dans Core EU Legislation, 165–73. London : Macmillan Education UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-54482-7_14.

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Kapitsa, Yuriy. « Association Agreements and Problems Approximating Intellectual Property Legislation of Third Countries with the EU Acquis : The Case of Ukraine ». Dans Competition and Intellectual Property Law in Ukraine, 281–319. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-66101-7_12.

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Ventura, Livia. « Social Enterprises and Benefit Corporations in Italy ». Dans The International Handbook of Social Enterprise Law, 651–74. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14216-1_31.

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AbstractItaly has been the first country in the world to adopt the US benefit corporation model (so-called società benefit (SB)), which it transplanted into its legal system at the end of 2015. The Italian società benefit statute is a mix between the US Model Benefit Corporation Legislation and the Delaware Public Benefit Corporation Act but is characterized by some peculiar features, such as the scope of the legislation, which is applicable to all for-profit and cooperative organizational forms provided by the law, and the existence of a public enforcement mechanism based on the attribution of supervisory powers to the Italian Competition Authority. A few years after its introduction, società benefit seems to have been widely accepted, and the movement continues to grow. Furthermore, the Italian legal system continues to support the spread of the SB model, e.g., through the 2019 amendment of the “Public Contract Code,” which introduced new reward criteria for tendering companies that publish the annual report required by the società benefit law to assess their social and environmental impacts. From a comparative law perspective, the Italian “for-benefit” model has been the first one adopted by a civil law system and seems to have influenced other civil law countries.
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Mujica Filippi, Juan Diego, et Claudia Ochoa Pérez. « Benefit Corporations in the Peruvian Legal Ecosystem ». Dans The International Handbook of Social Enterprise Law, 729–38. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14216-1_35.

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AbstractIn 2020, Peru became the third country in Latin America to adopt the benefit corporation model into its legal system, following its neighbors, Colombia and Ecuador, in proposing a legal model to identify purpose-driven companies. The Peruvian “sociedad de beneficio e interés colectivo” or a BIC company has not only been influenced by the U.S. Model Benefit Corporation Legislation but also by its legal exports, such as the Italian società benefit, the Colombian BIC law, and the Argentinean BIC draft bill. The Peruvian benefit corporation legal ecosystem consists of several newly approved legal documents, such as the law itself, its regulation, and the related reporting guidelines. The law allows the corporate models regulated by the Corporate Act to include three main features: (i) a specific social and environmental purpose in the bylaws; (ii) higher duties and protection for managers and directors; and (iii) transparency and reporting requirements. Additionally, the law grants supervisory power to the Peruvian Competition Authority and oversight of the legal ecosystem to the Peruvian Ministry of Industry. The regulations and reporting guidelines detail these three main features, particularly regarding the companies’ purpose and the transparency and reporting requirements. Only a year after the introduction of the BIC legal ecosystem in Peru, there is an on-going public-private effort to implement the law widely for corporations to actively contribute to the Sustainable Development Goals.
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« Competition Law ». Dans European Union Legislation 2011-2012, 455–632. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203722893-11.

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« THE 1976 RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES LEGISLATION ». Dans Competition Law, 197–213. Routledge-Cavendish, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781843143062-17.

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Bailey, Patricia M. « Packaging Legislation and Competition Policy ». Dans Packaging Law Europe, 97–107. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429446443-7.

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« King and Scholars in Competition : Legislation ». Dans Islamic Law and Legal System, 309–62. BRILL, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789047400165_012.

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« Table of legislation ». Dans The Roles of Innovation in Competition Law Analysis, xxii—xxvi. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781788972444.00007.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Competition – Law and legislation – Czechoslovakia"

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Lukianets, V. S. « Foreign criminal legislation about violation of the competition order ». Dans LEGAL SCIENCE, LEGISLATION AND LAW ENFORCEMENT : TRADITIONS AND NEW EUROPEAN APPROACHES. Baltija Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-116-9-28.

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Řepa, Tomáš. « Poválečné perzekuce příslušníků armády a přijetí zákona na ochranu lidově demokratické republiky ». Dans Protistátní trestné činy včera a dnes. Brno : Masaryk University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9976-2021-12.

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After the end of the Second World War, Czechoslovakia was a country at a crossroads. The communists tried to take control of key institutions of the state, including the army. In doing so, a number of illegalities were committed. After the coup in February 1948, this was followed by the adoption of legislation by the already totalitarian state. A striking example was Law No. 231/1948 on the Protection of the People’s Democratic Republic, adopted in October 1948. On the basis of this law, many thousands of people were convicted for alleged anti-State acts.
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Plotnic, Olesea. « INTERACTION BETWEEN CONSUMER LAW AND COMPETITION LAW IN PANDEMIC TIMES ». Dans International Jean Monnet Module Conference of EU and Comparative Competition Law Issues "Competition Law (in Pandemic Times) : Challenges and Reforms. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18835.

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If in the case of consumer law, as protected persons are the consumers, then in the case of competition law, the protected entities are the competitors. A combination of actions in competition law presupposes that the same commercial offer satisfies several individual interests of consumers. In the strictest sense, such a combination implies the same legal fact, simultaneously opening up more possibilities for the consumer to choose due to loyal offers from a professional, if he is monopolistic or dominant in the market. More broadly, it can also be accepted that offers can be combined from several competing professionals relating to the same product or service and concerning the same individual interest of a consumer. The possible complementary effects of common law, which would justify the non-limitation of a specific piece of legislation, can never lead to a new monopoly. In some cases this will make competition law more effective and, in other cases, provide marginal and non-exclusive protection to consumers who do not have a direct right guaranteed by competition law. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the interdependent relationship between competition law and consumer law, from the perspective that both have the same common goal, namely to limit abuses by professionals in their economic activity, especially during pandemic times.
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Butorac Malnar, Vlatka, Mihaela Braut Filipović et Antonija Zubović. « RETHINKING UNFAIR TRADING PRACTICES IN AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SUPPLY CHAIN : THE CROATIAN PERSPECTIVE ». Dans International Jean Monnet Module Conference of EU and Comparative Competition Law Issues "Competition Law (in Pandemic Times) : Challenges and Reforms. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18812.

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In recent years, the need for a systematic and harmonised way of preventing unfair trading practices (hereinafter UTPs) in the food supply chain has intensified at the European level due to many diverging national legislative solutions. These efforts resulted in the Directive 2019/633 on unfair trading practices (UTPs) in business-to-business relationships in the agricultural and food supply chain. Croatian UTPs Act, enacted already in 2017, was just amended to conform with the requirements of the named Directive. Generally speaking, the UTPs Act sets out rules and measures to prevent the imposition of UTPs in the food supply chain, establishes the list of such practices and sets up the enforcement structure and sanctions. Comparing the Directive to the UTPs Act, the authors discuss the outcome of the transposition pointing to the incorrect scope of application of the national legislation, its potential consequences and de lege ferenda solutions. Further, the authors anlyse the legal nature of the adopted UTPs system concluding that it does not fit into the traditional systematisation of laws jeopardising the coherency of the intricate and complex relationship between relating legislative frameworks. New rules are diverging and overlapping with both competition and contract law, leading to possible undesirable spill over effects in contract law, and unresolved concurring competence with competition law. Authors suggest precautionary interpretative measures as a means of solving the identified legal conundrum.
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Koevski, Goran, Borka Tushevska Gavrilovikj et Darko Spasevki. « THE CONCEPT OF LENIENCY IN REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA ». Dans International Jean Monnet Module Conference of EU and Comparative Competition Law Issues "Competition Law (in Pandemic Times) : Challenges and Reforms. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18814.

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The concept of "leniency" in competition law, or better known as the "leniency programme", has proven to be an extremely important instrument in fighting unfair competition. In the Republic of Northern Macedonia (hereinafter RNM), this concept of suppressing or reducing unfair competition, more or less, exists solely as a law conception. Nowadays, when the EU discusses the impact of the global crisis and the Coronavirus pandemic on the level of utilization of ”leniency programme", this concept is still unknown or not a well-known concept for business sector in RNM. The main focus of this article is “leniency programme” in RNM. The key questions that we aim to answer here, are: whether and to what extent this instrument is predicted in Macedonian competition law? Is it predicted only as a law category, or it has practical implications too? Although this research refers to RNM, we strongly believe that a thorough study of “leniency” requires exploration of European conception of “leniency” too. For that purpose, we use relevant EU legislation, as well as practice. Thus, our main goal is to consider the position of RNM towards “leniency” and bring into relation to the Macedonian competition law. We base our hypothetical framework on the assumption that the applicability of “leniency programme” in RNM is at the lowest level. Furthermore, that the undertakings are not interested in applying “leniency”. This situation is partly due to the lack of information, the complexity of the application procedure, as well as other factors that are related not only to the attitude of the executive of undertakings, but more to the general economic circumstances, economic development, the market size of goods and services, etc. Using the analytical-descriptive method, the comparative method, and the method of analysis and synthesis, we’ll elaborate the situation in RNM regarding this issue, and we will present our views considering the questions: whether certain measures should be taken regarding „leniency program“, and what should be done to boost the use of this program in the Macedonian business sector.
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Imamović-Čizmić, Kanita, Elma Kovačević-Bajtal et Lejla Ramić. « COMPETITION LAW IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA : HOW READY WE ARE FOR THE CHALLENGES OF THE MODERN AGE ? » Dans International Jean Monnet Module Conference of EU and Comparative Competition Law Issues "Competition Law (in Pandemic Times) : Challenges and Reforms. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18820.

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Bosnia and Herzegovina, having an extremely complex state system and at the same time being a developing country and economy in transition with a commitment to membership in the European Union, faces numerous challenges in adapting national legislation to the acquis communautaire. One of the key segments of the introduction of European standards is the establishment of an effective mechanism for the protection of competition in legislative and institutional terms. With the adoption of the Competition Law in 2005, which brings new solutions and is largely in line with the acquis, Bosnia and Herzegovina has made a significant step forward from the previous state of legal irregularity in this important segment. However, sixteen years of the enforcement of the BiH Competition Law have shown certain shortcomings regarding the particular solutions contained in it. These shortcomings concern the part of the provision of the law that regulates procedural issues, but also the functioning of the authority responsible for the protection of competition in Bosnia and Herzegovina and it can be assumed that these are obstructive elements in response to the challenges of COVID-19 pandemic. In order to follow the international trends, companies in BiH have entered into a process of business digitalization, which, however, being accelerated due to COVID-19 pandemic, has created many challenges before the Council of Competition of BiH as the authority responsible for public enforcement of the competition law. The aim of this paper is to question the extent to which COVID-19 pandemic has affected the work of the Council of Competition BiH, as well as to address some of the particular issues it has faced before the pandemic, including growing market concentration, growing power of digital platforms, protectionism, consumer vulnerability and consequent loss of public confidence. In order to meet the set research goals, the first part of the paper will present an analysis of the legal solutions in the context of the legal and institutional aspect of competition protection and will provide an overview of the situation regarding the digitalization of business operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The second part of the paper will provide an analysis of the work of the Council of Competition of BiH with special reference to the period of declaring the pandemic COVID-19.
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Hučková, Regina, et Martina Semanová. « THE POSITION AND REGULATION OF GATEKEEPERS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE NEW EUROPEAN LEGISLATION ». Dans The recovery of the EU and strengthening the ability to respond to new challenges – legal and economic aspects. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/22441.

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Over the last two decades, a better digital transformation has fundamentally changed the global economy and society. Digital services have become new tools and their importance for our social and economic life will continue to grow. When we adopted the e-commerce directive 20 years ago, many digital services and platforms such as Google, Amazon or Booking were in their initial stage or did not yet exist. The blockades as the consequence of the COVID pandemic have now strengthened the role of online platforms. People have changed their habits towards the online world so that they can do business, shop, work, learn and socialize. COVID-19 has led to an increase in online e-commerce and an increase in fraud, unfair practices, and other illegalities of various formats. The crisis has exposed the system’s existing gaps and weaknesses, which has allowed dishonest services and traders to exploit people’s current insecurity. The Commission has proposed an ambitious reform of the digital space, a comprehensive set of new rules for all digital services, including social media, online marketplaces and other online platforms operating in the European Union: The Digital Services Act and The Digital Markets Act. In this article, we will look at the Commission’s proposal for The Digital Markets Act (DMA), which was published on December 15, 2020. In the last few years, it has been concluded that a small number of large digital platforms act as “gatekeepers” because they are essential gateways between business users and their potential customers. This allows these platforms to take advantage of the enterprise users’ dependence on their services by imposing unfair business conditions. As this issue may not be adequately addressed in competition law, it has led the European Commission to propose a Digital Markets Act (DMA). The DMA should introduce more flexibility and adaptability in terms of imposing the “gatekeeper” obligations. In this article, we will focus on the question of which digital platforms should be subject to ex ante regulation, and thus also the obligations contained in the DMA proposal. The methodology used to identify the “gatekeepers” cannot be separated from the problems that ex ante regulation seeks to address, as otherwise the DMA could end up regulating the wrong set of companies. The DMA proposal describes “gatekeepers” as providers of the core platform service (CPS) that meet three cumulative quality criteria. These criteria are presumed to be met if the relevant CPS provider meets the quantitative size thresholds. DMA includes a mechanism that allows CPS providers who meet these quantitative thresholds to escape labelling. This article reveals the various provisions of the DMA and explains why the Commission has decided to regulate “gatekeepers” and how it can prevent the damage caused by large digital platforms.
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Šokinjov, Stefan. « ODGOVORNOST TREĆIH LICA ZA KRŠENjE KARTELNE ZABRANE U PRAVU KONKURENCIJE EVROPSKE UNIJE ». Dans XV Majsko savetovanje : Sloboda pružanja usluga i pravna sigurnost. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xvmajsko.791s.

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Since decision in Italian cast glass case of 17th December 1980 European Commission considers independent service providers liable for facilitation of cartel implementation. Such legal stance of European Commission was confirmed by the judgment of Court of European Union brought in Heat stabilizers case (C-194/14 P so called Treuhand II). This way the scope of cartel prohibition is noticeable extended. Striving to penalize and to prevent creation of new forms of collusion with assistance of undertakings which are not active on the markets concerned by the restriction of competition the Court extensively interpreted elements of cartel prohibition conception especially the notions of undertaking, agreement between undertakings and distortion of competition by object and concluded that nothing in the Article 81(1) EC (now Art. 101(1) of TFEU) limits the scope of cartel prohibition to “(i) the undertakings operating on the market affected by the restrictions of competition or indeed the markets upstream or downstream of that market or neighbouring markets or (ii) undertakings which restrict their freedom of action on a particular market under an agreement or as a result of a concerted practice” (rec. 34). Providing that an agreement between undertakings is the expression of the concurrence of wills of at least two parties, the form in which the concurrence is expressed not being by itself decisive (rec. 28), it follows that scope of cartel prohibition embraces “all agreements and concerted practices which, in either horizontal or vertical relationships, distort competition on the common market, irrespective of the market on which parties operate, and that only the commercial conduct of one of the parties need be affected by the terms of arrangements in question” (rec. 35). Whereas the liability of independent third person is not explicitly prescribed, such judiciary interpretation can be challenged from several reasons. First, it is generally accepted that (Community) legislation, in particular where there is а possibility of imposition of penalties must be clear and precise. With regard to opponent opinions given by Advocate General Wahl and scholars as well, independent service providers’ responsibility for facilitation of cartel implementation is obviously not laid down clearly and precisely. The second objection concerns the accessorial nature of a service agreement to a cartel agreement. Liability of independent service providers should not be dependent on market behavior of cartel participants. It must be regulated as an autonomous infringement. And third, activity of cartel facilitators cannot cause circumvention of the Anti-trust law. Complication of cartel detectability yes but circumvention of Anti-trust law no because the prohibition of the basic anti-trust conduct remains untouched.
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