Articles de revues : « Competition, International – Public opinion »

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BLAYDES, LISA, et DREW A. LINZER. « Elite Competition, Religiosity, and Anti-Americanism in the Islamic World ». American Political Science Review 106, n^o 2 (mai 2012) : 225–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055412000135.

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The battle for public opinion in the Islamic world is an ongoing priority for U.S. diplomacy. The current debate over why many Muslims hold anti-American views revolves around whether they dislike fundamental aspects of American culture and government, or what Americans do in international affairs. We argue, instead, that Muslim anti-Americanism is predominantly a domestic, elite-led phenomenon that intensifies when there is greater competition between Islamist and secular-nationalist political factions within a country. Although more observant Muslims tend to be more anti-American, paradoxically the most anti-American countries are those in which Muslim populations are less religious overall, and thus more divided on the religious–secular issue dimension. We provide case study evidence consistent with this explanation, as well as a multilevel statistical analysis of public opinion data from nearly 13,000 Muslim respondents in 21 countries.

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Kennedy, Gregory C. « Britain's Policy-Making Elite, the Naval Disarmament Puzzle, and Public Opinion, 1927–1932 ». Albion 26, n^o 4 (1994) : 623–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4052249.

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Between 1927 and 1932, the policy-making elite of the British Government was presented with a difficult problem. Postwar attempts to explain the origins of the First World War had resulted in the belief that arms production and competition had largely been responsible for instigating the conflict. Such a view became accepted by the general public in Britain. Specifically, the pre-1914 naval competition between Germany and Great Britain was thought to be one of the key events that had contributed directly to the outbreak of the war. Such fears concerning naval armaments were touted by peace activists as having been instrumental in assuring the success of the Washington Naval Conference of 1921–22. Yet, this simple explanation does not adequately illustrate the intricate and complex connections that were made between naval armaments and other issues related to Britain's international affairs. Rather than the simple possession of naval arms, British leaders feared that other pressing issues would lead to a re-occurrence of hostilities. Questions concerning world oil supplies, reparations, war debts, tariffs, the value of the pound and the gold standard, and, particularly, belligerent rights and freedom of the seas, were all viewed as having the potential to generate another international conflict. Thus, the existence of armaments themselves was not Britain's primary security problem from the perspective of the policy-making elite. Rather, their common cause was how to protect Britain's position as the center of a world economic system. Safeguarding Britain's own stable position as a focus that provided leadership for the rest of the world was seen as the logical step to ensuring global stability. In order to create an atmosphere of goodwill and security that was necessary to prevent volatile issues from exploding, the British governing elite treated naval arms talks and naval armaments as a form of currency in the realm of international relations.

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Fang, Songying, et Xiaojun Li. « Southeast Asia under Great-Power Competition : Public Opinion About Hedging in the Philippines ». Journal of East Asian Studies 22, n^o 3 (novembre 2022) : 481–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jea.2022.35.

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AbstractUnder pressure to choose between the U.S. and China, Southeast Asian countries have adopted a hedging strategy: deepening economic relations with China while strengthening security cooperation with the U.S. How does the region's public view this strategy? With tensions rising in South China Sea territorial disputes, are more nationalistic individuals more likely to oppose hedging? Using an original public opinion survey conducted in the Philippines, we find that while an overwhelming majority of respondents were concerned about the territorial disputes, more nationalistic Filipinos were no more concerned than less nationalistic ones. Further, more nationalistic Filipinos were more likely to view economic relations with China as important for the Philippines and to approve of Duterte's China policy, which follows the logic of hedging. These surprising findings suggest that under the shadow of great-power competition, the link between domestic politics and foreign policy is nuanced in the Philippines, and Southeast Asia in general.

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F, Nistor. « Port reform – key aspect of globalization ». Scientific Bulletin of Naval Academy XIX, n^o 1 (15 juillet 2018) : 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21279/1454-864x-18-i1-026.

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Globalization and increased free trade between continents have led to the need to adapt port management to changes and opportunities that occurred. Ports under public administration have had to identify strategies to deal with more aggressive regional or international competition. The opinion of governments of developing countries about improving port performance is more involvement of the private sector. Therefore, countries have understood the need to change over ports administration system from the "public interest" into "public/private interest" category. This paper attempts to highlight the importance of structural reform in the ports due to national markets open up to international trade and the need to integrate the port into the local or regional logistic chain.

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Marx, Paul, et Peter Starke. « Dualization as Destiny ? The Political Economy of the German Minimum Wage Reform ». Politics & ; Society 45, n^o 4 (14 septembre 2017) : 559–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032329217726793.

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Germany is widely seen as a “dualized” economy driven by a powerful and stable “insider” coalition in the manufacturing sectors. In this article, that picture is challenged. An examination of the political economy of the outsider-friendly 2014 Minimum Wage Act, using public opinion data, document analysis, and qualitative interviews, shows how earlier dualizing reforms led to unintended negative feedback effects: First, public opinion reacted negatively to increasing inequality in the years preceding the introduction of the minimum wage. Second, a remarkable shift is found among trade unions toward support of a minimum wage, even in manufacturing. Although the threat of low-wage competition and flexibilization did play a role, trade union solidarity was at least as important. Those endogenous dynamics came together in a self-undermining process unfolding over a relatively short period of time. Potential alternative explanations are explored, including classical partisan politics, party competition, and employer preferences.

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Li, Huiting. « Cultural Changes in the Global Information Age ». Proceedings 47, n^o 1 (25 mai 2020) : 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020047048.

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Cultural changes run through the historical development of human society. Only by having an insight into the cultural changes in the global information age can we grasp the development and future of contemporary culture. Contemporary culture has two major trends of globalization and informatization. This paper focuses on the background of informatization of contemporary culture. Currently, informatization associated with globalization has strengthened the interdependence of national economies, changed the international environment for their development, and enriched their ways of interaction. Under the unprecedented open international environment, the development of any country can no longer be carried out in a closed state. The influence of international public opinion on national development is becoming increasingly important. As a big developing country, China has to communicate with other countries in an all-round and multi-channel way so that the world can better understand China and China can create a good international public opinion environment for its own development. This paper will spread out expositions for three aspects: the informatization tide promoted the rise of the information culture industry; the informatization tide intensifies the cultural interaction and competition among countries; the informatization tide enriches cultural communication among countries.

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Li, Huiting. « Cultural Changes in the Global Information Age ». Proceedings 47, n^o 1 (25 mai 2020) : 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings47010048.

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Cultural changes run through the historical development of human society. Only by having an insight into the cultural changes in the global information age can we grasp the development and future of contemporary culture. Contemporary culture has two major trends of globalization and informatization. This paper focuses on the background of informatization of contemporary culture. Currently, informatization associated with globalization has strengthened the interdependence of national economies, changed the international environment for their development, and enriched their ways of interaction. Under the unprecedented open international environment, the development of any country can no longer be carried out in a closed state. The influence of international public opinion on national development is becoming increasingly important. As a big developing country, China has to communicate with other countries in an all-round and multi-channel way so that the world can better understand China and China can create a good international public opinion environment for its own development. This paper will spread out expositions for three aspects: the informatization tide promoted the rise of the information culture industry; the informatization tide intensifies the cultural interaction and competition among countries; the informatization tide enriches cultural communication among countries.

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Johnson, Martin. « The Impact of Social Diversity and Racial Attitudes on Social Welfare Policy ». State Politics & ; Policy Quarterly 1, n^o 1 (mars 2001) : 27–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153244000100100103.

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Students of race and politics in the U.S. have long asserted a relationship between the racial composition and public policies of states. A related but distinct line of research demonstrates a strong connection between white attitudes about the perceived recipients of social welfare spending—blacks and members of other minority groups—and support for these programs. This article bridges these lines of scholarship by asking how racial diversity shapes aggregate attitudes about minorities in the American states and how these opinions in turn influence welfare spending. Using public opinion data from the General Social Survey ( 1974–96), I find that diversity has a direct influence on welfare policy in the states, as well as an indirect influence through shaping majority-group racial attitudes. Diversity and racial attitudes are found to have these effects even when controlling for factors traditionally used to explain variation in state spending levels, such as party competition, lower class mobilization, ideology, and state capacity.

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Damayanti, Trie, Susanne Dida, Dadang Rahmat Hidayat et Sung Kyum Cho. « Malaysian medical tourism communication in shaping Indonesian public opinion ». Jurnal Kajian Komunikasi 9, n^o 2 (29 décembre 2021) : 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/jkk.v9i2.35852.

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Malaysia is developing medical tourism as a tourism industry aimed at foreign tourists. For this tourism industry, Malaysia makes Indonesia as one of the tourist targets that are expected to bring foreign exchange for the country. Data shows that Indonesians are the largest contributor of tourists visiting Malaysia for treatment. This shows the trust of Indonesian citizens in the health services of the neighboring country. The concept of tourism communication mentions that to achieve the success of medical tourism at least several things are needed that can be fulfilled, namely: competitive prices, available human resources for medical services, the existence of research and development of medical capabilities, infrastructure development, state institutions that support medical tourism, a supportive market economy, the ability to bring together present-day medical technology with traditional, and tourist attractions. Things that are built through tourism communication itself are expected to produce a public opinion about tourist destinations, where this public opinion is the first step in the formation of a country’s brand. This study uses a survey method, which involves about 96 respondents who are on the islands of Sumatra and Java. Use descriptive analysis techniques to explore results. The results obtained by not all components in tourism communication for medical tourism are seen as influencing Indonesian opinion on Malaysian medical tourism. The strangest thing that comes to the view of the Indonesian people is Malaysia’s credibility on health services, the credibility of doctors, the equipment used, the ability to convey information, adequate infrastructure, and the beauty of tourist destinations. Most opinions state that Malaysia can show as a country that successfully develops tourist confidence in the health services offered. The implication of this research is that the opinion of foreign nationals in a country greatly affects the image of that country in the international world.

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Yang, Jin. « The Connotation, Features, and Mechanism of Computational Propaganda ». Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne, n^o 2 (15 juin 2021) : 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ssp.2021.2.4.

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The purpose of the work is to identify the connotation, features of computational propaganda and reveal how computational propaganda uses new technologies to manipulate public opinion. The study’s hypothesis is the assumption that computational propaganda, as a new type of propaganda and manipulation of public opinion spawned in the era of artificial intelligence, stealthily and massively steers public opinion using new technologies to influence political and social processes. With the scientific methods such as event analysis and case-study, the work concludes that more and more governments, political parties, and strategic communication companies use social media as the digital platform, Internet bots as the automated executors, and algorithms as the computational technical guarantee, by participating in, guiding and creating controversial topics and events, to manipulate public opinion and win international competitions, policy debates, elections, etc.

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POPKIN, SAMUEL, et IKUO KABASHIMA. « Introduction : Changing Media, Changing Politics ». Japanese Journal of Political Science 8, n^o 1 (14 mars 2007) : 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109907002538.

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In 2003 Ikuo Kabashima and Samuel Popkin invited Professors Masaki Taniguchi, Gill Steel, Susan Shirk, Jay Hamilton and Matthew Baum to join with them in charting a new path for research on the ways changing media are changing politics. In the last two decades, media studies have moved beyond claims of minimal effects by demonstrating how various characteristics of news stories–point of view (framing), connection to political offices (priming), emotional content, or causal implications– affect public opinion and voting. (Iyengar and Kinder 1987; Iyengar 1991; Sniderman, Brody and Tetlock 1991) Here we examine the ways in which changing communications technologies change the issue content of news consumed by the public and political competition within and between parties.

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Tlepina, Sholpan, Bakizhan Seidesh, Askar Kudaibergenov, Aigerim Zhunusbekova, Galym Bulatov et Yerdos Murzagaliyev. « Current State and Evolution of the Concept of International Tax Law in the Context of Environmental Challenges : An Example of a Carbon Tax ». European Energy and Environmental Law Review 30, Issue 3 (1 juin 2021) : 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2021009.

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The existence of international tax law as a branch of law and a scientific discipline often causes controversy, since there is no international tax. There is a regulatory area that defines the laws that apply to taxation, activities carried out in two or more countries, tax relations with a foreign element. Current international environmental initiatives seem to be a powerful argument in favour of the development and expansion of international tax law. The work considers the issue of introducing a carbon tax as an actual component and evolutionary stage of such a concept. At the same time, the study leads to the opinion that modern international legal relations in the field of taxation today have formed an integral branch of law that requires supranational regulation using codified sources of law. Considering the issue of tax competition in conjunction with the issue of the introduction of a carbon tax, the study speaks of the need to develop a regulatory framework aimed at regulating public relations in the area under study. These issues are considered from the point of view of applicability and in the context of the regulatory framework of the Republic of Kazakhstan. international economic agreements, international tax law, law of treaties, sources of law, international normative actsAskar Kudaibergenov

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Sin, Cristina, Orlanda Tavares et Sónia Cardoso. « Portuguese Institutions’ Strategies and Challenges to Attract International Students ». Journal of International Students 9, n^o 4 (15 novembre 2019) : 1095–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.32674/jis.v9i4.185.

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Public institutions in Portugal have not invested in strategies to attract international students until recently, when the adoption of new legislation and a national strategy for internationalization created more appealing conditions for it. This article aims to study the strategies institutions employ to recruit international students in a country less attractive than the major receiving countries and the main challenges they encounter. The study draws on interviews with top and middle managers in two public universities. The findings identify three types of strategies: institutional branding, revision of admission procedures, and curricular adjustments. The main challenges are the creation of institutional structures with an exclusive remit for international students and the choice of teaching language, despite a prevailing opinion that the Portuguese language should be maintained as a competitive advantage.

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Podolchak, Nazar, et Veronika Karkovska. « Cluster approach to increasing the prestige of public service ». Public Administration and Regional Development, n^o 8 (30 juin 2020) : 496–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.34132/pard2020.08.07.

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Updating the prestige of the public service is a prerequisite for successful European integration and good and efficient public administration that meets the requirements of modern times and European standards and principles of good governance. The aim of the article is to study the prestige of public service through cluster analysis. The article considers the directions of increasing the prestige of public service and highlights the main advantages. The research is based on the analysis of indicators that directly affect the formation of the prestige of the public service of Ukraine and leading countries. Also, to take into account the prestige, international indices were selected, which are the result of the effectiveness of public administration and the macroeconomic environment, as they reflect the opportunities and freedom of activity. With the help of cluster analysis, the classification of indicators that characterize the level of prestige of the civil service in different countries is carried out. As a result, the formation of clusters of prestige of the civil service in different countries of the world is considered and practical recommendations for its increase are presented. It is established that the prestige of the public service is of paramount functional importance, as it is civil servants who are the real leaders of publicity ideas in practice. The article concludes that the prestige of public service largely depends not only on the availability of highly qualified staff, but also on efficiency, but also on the trust, respect of the population, on how the laws and regulations of public authorities will be perceived in public opinion. The prestige of public service is a key indicator of the efficiency and strength of the state in the international environment. It also directly affects the state's ability to provide services to the population, promote competition and growth.

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Shin, Doh Chull. « Democratic Consolidation in Korea : A Trend Analysis of Public Opinion Surveys, 1997–2001 ». Japanese Journal of Political Science 2, n^o 2 (novembre 2001) : 177–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109901000226.

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The Republic of Korea (Korea hereinafter) has been widely regarded as one of the most vigorous and analytically interesting third-wave democracies (Diamond and Shin, 2000: 1). During the first decade of democratic rule, Korea has successfully carried out a large number of electoral and other reforms to transform the institutions and procedures of military-authoritarian rule into those of a representative democracy. Unlike many of its counterparts in Latin America and elsewhere, Korea has fully restored civilian rule by extricating the military from power. As is the case in established democracies of North America and Western Europe, free and competitive elections have been regularly held at all the different levels of the government. In the most recent presidential election, held in December 1997, Korea also established itself as a mature electoral democracy by elevating an opposition party to political power. In Korea today, there is general agreement that electoral politics has become the only possible political game in town.

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Materna, Grzegorz. « PRAWNOKARNE ŹRÓDŁA INSPIRACJI W PRAWIE OCHRONY KONKURENCJI I KONSUMENTÓW ». Studia Iuridica, n^o 93 (23 janvier 2023) : 189–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-93.12.

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The article deals with the issue of referrals to the study of criminal law as sources of inspiration for the enforcement of public law rules of competition and consumer protection (Act of February 16, 2007, on Competition and Consumer Protection (Journal of Laws of 2021, item 275) (oukk)). It is now widely accepted in antitrust jurisprudence that although the liability of the parties to the proceedings before the President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (UOKiK) is not of criminal nature, and fines imposed by the President of UOKiK are not penalties within the meaning of the Criminal Code, the rules of judicial verification of the correctness of UOKiK’s decisions imposing these sanctions should meet the requirements analogous to those applicable by a court adjudicating in a criminal case. However, while there is little doubt that antitrust authorities should be required to apply standards of protection of fundamental rights as derived from the study of criminal law and international sources (European Convention on Human Rights, Charter of Fundamental Rights), the issue of transferring to competition and consumer law other standards recognized in criminal law remains open. The current jurisprudence contains divergent positions on this issue. The Supreme Court emphasized that „there are no justified grounds for applying the provisions of the general part of the Penal Code under the regime of administrative liability” (case I NSK 4/18). On the other hand, it approved references by analogy to the solutions taken from the Criminal Code in the absence of similar provisions in the uokk (case I NSK 8/19) or in cases where competition law uses concepts taken from criminal law (case I NSK 62/18). The article presents both of the jurisprudence lines mentioned above. In addition, the article point outs issues of competition and consumer protection law in the case of which, in the author’s opinion, the use of concepts derived from the study of criminal law would be justified.

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Vasilopoulou, Sofia. « The party politics of Euroscepticism in times of crisis : The case of Greece ». Politics 38, n^o 3 (21 mai 2018) : 311–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263395718770599.

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This article traces the trajectory of party Euroscepticism in Greece drawing upon theories of issue competition. It demonstrates that the economic dimension of the multiple crises facing the European Union (EU) contributed to a Eurosceptic shift in public opinion, the electoral success of Eurosceptic parties, new parties populating the Europhile end of the spectrum, and the formation of a coalition government united not by ideological affinity but by a common Eurosceptic and anti-austerity agenda. Mainstream parties maintained their pro-EU agendas and challenger parties offered both pro- and anti-EU policy options to the electorate. The prospect of power resulted in the progressive softening of Euroscepticism among challenger parties. EU issue salience was relatively high across the party system and remained so during the crisis. Although Greek parties justified their pro- and anti-EU attitudes using a number of frames, economic arguments were prevalent at the height of the crisis and challenger parties of the left intensified their claims of the EU interfering in national politics. The findings have implications for our understanding of the evolving nature of Euroscepticism and the ways in which it may feature in domestic party politics.

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Bu, Qingxiu. « Danone v Wahaha : Who Laughs Last ? » Business Law Review 32, Issue 6 (1 juin 2011) : 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula2011036.

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Multinational companies may experience culture clashes, incompatibility of Western corporate governance and legal resolution strategy problems. As one of the most successful joint venture models, the high-profile Danone v Wahaha dispute has accelerated into a two-year legal feud across jurisdictions against infringement of the famous Wahaha brand. The case represents a significant watershed, which reflects the status quo of controversy over cooperation and competition in China. Under the current legal framework, Danone's withdrawal serves as a wake-up call for both foreign investors and Chinese companies in the dramatically increasing cross-border merger & acquisitions situation. The seminal case perfectly illustrates unwritten issues about public opinion, nationalism and the rule of law. Danone v Wahaha has also been commonly conceived as a landmark case through the Chinese may judge the fairness of the Western judicial system, while Europeans may regard it as a touchstone for China's investment environment as well as the specific sphere of contracts. It also offers many lessons, including the need for watertight contracts, IP rights, and international arbitration.

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Amsury, Fachri, Nanang Ruhyana et Tati Mardiana. « COMPARISON OF CLASSIFICATION ALGORITHMS FOR ANALYSIS SENTIMENT OF FORMULA E IMPLEMENTATION IN INDONESIA ». Jurnal Riset Informatika 4, n^o 3 (20 juin 2022) : 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.34288/jri.v4i3.400.

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The Formula E racing series has become one of the world's most prestigious competitions. In 2022, Indonesia hosted the famous Formula E race. The event possesses the potential for economic benefits for Indonesia worth 78 million euros through the arrival of 35,000 spectators. Indonesians are enthusiastic about Formula E since it allows their nation to encourage tourists and gain international prominence. However, some people do not support this event. Since they regard that amid the COVID-19 pandemic, it is preferable for the government to focus on people affected by the pandemic rather than support a Formula E event. This study compares the Support Vector Machine and Naive Bayes algorithms in classifying public opinion in the Formula E race. This study gets its information from user comments on social media platforms, especially Twitter. The stages start with text preprocessing and include cleaning, case folding, tokenization, filtering, and stemming. Proceed with weighting using the TF-IDF approach. Data testing uses a confusion matrix to evaluate the classification results by testing accuracy, precision, and recall. Categorizing public opinion using the SVM algorithm has an accuracy of 82 percent, a precision of 97.86 percent, and a recall of 77.90 percent. On the other hand, the accuracy of the Naive Bayes technique is more limited, at 87.54 percent. Society's opinion on Twitter shows positive sentiment towards implementing Formula E.

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Kontek, Krzysztof, et Honorata Sosnowska. « Specific Tastes or Cliques of Jurors ? How to Reduce the Level of Manipulation in Group Decisions ? » Group Decision and Negotiation 29, n^o 6 (30 juillet 2020) : 1057–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10726-020-09694-y.

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Abstract We propose a modification of the standard Borda count which significantly reduces the level of manipulation demonstrated in experiments and observed in actual voting. The method may be applied in voting systems in which the Borda count is usually adopted, e.g. musical competitions, elections in educational institutions and professional and technical societies, sports awards, and even some political elections. We first analyze the actual voting results in the 2016 Henryk Wieniawski International Violin Competition. We show that some jurors are suspected of having exploited a weakness in the standard Borda count method to manipulate the final results. We then consider modifications of the Borda count with a view to designing a method more resistant to manipulation. We show that discarding all the scores of the 20% of jurors who deviate most from the jury average gives a ranking that agrees with public opinion and general expert consensus. Modifications of the Borda count were then experimentally tested against their resistance to manipulability. The results clearly show that excluding jurors has very good statistical properties to recover the objective order of the contestants. Most importantly, however, it dramatically reduces the level of manipulation demonstrated by subjects playing the role of jurors. Finally, we present the mathematical properties of the method proposed. We show that the new method is a compromise between the Majority Criterion and the standard Borda count in that it offers more “consensus-based” rankings than the former while being less vulnerable to manipulation than the latter.

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Prentkovskis, Olegas, Romualdas Kliukas, Aidas Vasilis Vasiliauskas, Alfonsas Daniūnas, Valerija Marina, Kristina Ledauskaitė et Vaida Zemlickienė. « TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT : THE POPULARITY OF STUDY PROGRAMMES AMONG THE APPLICANTS TO LITHUANIAN UNIVERSITIES EVALUATING THE QUALIFICATIONS OF GRADUATES IN THE LABOUR‐MARKET ». TRANSPORT 24, n^o 2 (30 juin 2009) : 154–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648-4142.2009.24.154-169.

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The accession of Lithuania to the European Union made transport one of the most important branches of national economy. Presently, economic development is hardly possible without an efficient transport system (providing both local and international transportation). The operation of industrial, construction and agricultural enterprises as well as work efficiency and a public opinion largely depend on the reliability and effective performance of transport systems which is not possible without qualified transport managers. The paper presents requirements raised for controlling the abilities and level of educating specialists in Transport Management and introduces employee assesment at student skills. Specialists in Transport Management are trained at vocational and higher schools of Lithuania. Experts in the field of Transport Management are trained at two university‐level higher schools in Lithuania (Bachelors, Masters and Doctors) including Vilnius Gediminas Technical University and The General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania (the introduced higher schools are located in Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania). Although both study programmes taught at the above mentioned higher schools cover the area of Transport Management, they have some differences discussed in the paper. A brief survey of admission to Lithuanian higher schools is analyzed in the article. Some statistical data on the popularity of study programmes chosen by the applicants participating in the joint admission programme to Lithuanian higher schools is presented in the article. Also the popularity of the study programmes of Transport Management (competition, competitiveness indices and average competitive marks and motivation indices) available at two higher schools of Lithuania is described.

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Fell, Dafydd. « Measuring and Explaining Party Change in Taiwan : 1991–2004 ». Journal of East Asian Studies 5, n^o 1 (avril 2005) : 105–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1598240800006275.

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This article examines party platform change in a third wave democratic country, Taiwan, during its first fourteen years of full multiparty elections. A variety of datasets show that Taiwan's parties have moved from polarized positions toward a moderate center on all core electoral issues. However, the parties have not converged into indistinguishable catchall parties; instead they have instituted a state of moderate differentiation. The degree to which Taiwan's parties have moderated and been electorally successful has been intimately tied to the internal balance of power between election-oriented and ideologically conservative factions or leaders. In response to public opinion and electoral competition, Taiwan's election-oriented leaders attempted to drag their parties toward centrist positions. The key variable constraining convergent party movement and maintaining differentiation has been the strength of ideologically conservative party factions. When these ideologically oriented factions have held the upper hand in parties, they have promoted ideologically orthodox but often unpopular policies. Even when the election-oriented faction is in control at the party center, secondary factions have been able to constrain movement away from party ideals.

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Kostenko, Yulia. « Civil War Memory Policy in the Documents of Contemporary Spanish Parties (2007–2021) ». Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, n^o 4 (septembre 2022) : 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2022.4.21.

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Introduction. The topic of the article is relevant, since the memory of the Civil War of 1936–1939 is an important factor of political processes in modern Spain, including the positioning and discourse of political parties. Methods and materials. The purpose of the article is to determine the semantic dominants of the construction of the memory policy by the political parties of Spain in 2007–2021. The research is carried out on the basis of social constructivism, the concepts of historical memory of P. Nora and A. Assman, and discourse analysis. A secondary analysis of the results of sociological surveys was conducted. Analysis and results. The article reveals the political orientation of the “Act on Historical Memory” of 2007 and the proposals of political parties on its reform. It is proved that the ruling Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party is interested in reviewing the policy of memory, deepening its anti-Francoist content. The left-wing parties – “Unidas Podemos” and “Mas Pais”, as well as the Catalan parties, most radically advocate the adoption of a new law on historical memory, honoring the victims of the war. The centerright forces-the People’s Party and “Ciudadanos” (“Citizens”) to limit the effect of the 2007 Act, portraying the parties to the conflict – Republicans and nationalists – as equally responsible for the violence. The right-wing radical party “Vox” openly considers itself the successor of Francoism and its unitarian program, placing all the blame on the Republicans. The activity of parties of Catalonia and the Basque Country in the field of constructing historical memory is evaluated, the trends of contrasting the memory of the Civil War in public opinion throughout Spain, as well as Catalonia and the Basque Country are shown. Conclusion. In general, the policy of remembering the Civil War for 2018–2021 has become much more important for public opinion, which is explained by the current political competition.

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Korsun, Ksenia Ivanovna, et Mariia Andreevna Zadorina. « On the Question of Ways to Replace the Position of the Head of a Municipality : Using a Competition or on the Recommendation of the Governor ». Право и политика, n^o 10 (octobre 2022) : 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0706.2022.10.39094.

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The article is devoted to the issue of the election and appointment of the head of the municipality, which occupies a central place in the institute of municipal people's representation, representing the municipality in the domestic and international arenas, the interests of residents of the territories. The subject of the study: the norms of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Federal Law of 06.10.2003 No. 131-FZ "On the general principles of the organization of local self-government in the Russian Federation", the provisions of Draft Law No. 40361-8, scientific doctrine on the issue under study. The purpose of the study is to analyze the ways of electing the heads of municipalities "by competition" and "on the proposal of the governor". The methodological basis of the study: general scientific and private scientific methods, a special place in the study is given to the methods of content analysis and right-theoretic modeling. It is established that the "competitive model" (introduced by the legislator in 2014 for the election of heads of municipalities) deprived the local community of the opportunity to directly choose their mayors - through indirect democracy (through deputies of representative bodies). Special attention is paid to the analysis of the draft law of the new Federal Law "On the general principles of the organization of local self-government in the system of unified public authority", which proposes to replace the "competitive" model with the "governor's" one. The advantages and disadvantages of both methods of electing heads of municipalities are revealed. The novelty of the work is due to the fact that the author's approaches to the interpretation of "competitive and "gubernatorial" methods of electing heads of municipalities have been introduced into scientific circulation. Proposals are formulated to improve legislation in terms of the proposal of the author's design of a "competitive model" for the election of heads of municipalities, taking into account the opinion of the population of the relevant territory. It is concluded that the strengthening of control over local authorities by the state authorities of the regions, which began in 2014, in the event of the adoption of the analyzed Bill, will finally put local self-government in a position dependent on the region and marks a return to local government.

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Susanto, Tri, Wahyu Utamidewi, Reka Prakarsa Nur Muhamad et Satria Ali Syamsuri. « IMPLEMENTASI CYBER PUBLIC RELATIONS UNIVERSITAS SINGAPERBANGSA KARAWANG PADA PERSAINGAN ERA DIGITAL ». Jurnal Muara Ilmu Sosial, Humaniora, dan Seni 3, n^o 1 (7 avril 2019) : 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/jmishumsen.v3i1.3454.

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Penggunaan teknologi dalam kegiatan public relations sangat dibutuhkan dalam membangun network kepada baik konsumen ataupun relations yang dibutuhkan dalam sebuah institusi/perusahaan, dalam hal ini dikenal dengan istilah cyber Public Relations, yaitu suatu usaha seorang public relations yang menggunakan media internet sebagai sarana publikasinya dalam meningkatkan reputasi baik tingkat nasional maupun internasional. Persaingan yang ketat pada era digital menuntut perguruan tinggi terus bersaing dalam pemenuhan informasi pada khalayak, dalam proses ini Humas Unsika merupakan bagian terpenting dalam kegiatan cyber public relations. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan sifat deskriptif. Dengan tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis serta mengevaluasi kegiatan cyber public relations yang telah dilakukan oleh Universitas Singaperbangsa Karawang selama ini semenjak beralih status dari swasta menjadi Negeri. Dalam hal ini kegiatan cyber public relations terkait dengan publikasi online berupa press release, kerjasama, jurnal online, siakad, video maupun penyedia informasi pada situs resmi Universitas Singaperbangsa Karawang. Selain itu faktor pendukung lainnya adalah penggunaan media sosial karena kekuatan media sosial dalam menggalang opini di dunia maya mulai diperhitungkan banyak pihak, tidak mengherankan jika suatu merek institusi dapat dicitrakan secara baik tetapi juga dihancurkan melalui penggalangan opini melalui media sosial. Tetapi, kurang maksimalnya aktifitas cyber PR Unsika membuat Institusi ini cukup sulit bersaing di media internet. Peneliti berharap dengan adanya penelitian ini menjadi tinjauan serta masukan agar humas dapat meningkatkan aktivitas cyber public relations di Universitas Singaperbangsa Karawang dengan baik ke depannya sehingga dapat bersaing dalam tingkat nasional maupun internasional. The use of technology in public relations is needed for building networks toward consumers or important relations in an institution / company, in this case known as cyber Public Relations, an effort by public relations to utilize internet media as a mean of publicity in improving good reputation both nationally and internationally. Intense competition in the digital era requires universities to compete in sharing information to the public. In this process the Unsika Public Relations is the most important part in cyber public relations. This research was conducted using qualitative research method with descriptive nature. The aim of this research is to find out, analyze, and evaluate cyber public relations activities carried out by the University of Singaperbangsa Karawang so far after having its status changed from a private university to public university. In this case, cyber public relations activities related to online publications are in the form of press releases, cooperation, online journals, news, videos, and information provision on the official site of the University of Singaperbangsa Karawang. Meanwhile, another supporting factor is the use of social media for its capability to rally a certain opinion has begun to be taken into account by many parties. It is not surprising that an institutional brand can either be well-perceived, or ill-perceived through the gathering of opinions on social media. However, the lack of Unsika cyber PR activities hinders this university from competing on the internet media. The researchers hope that this research serves as a review and a suggestion for public relations to increase cyber public relations activities at the University of Singaperbangsa Karawang in the future to allow it to compete on national and international levels.

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Krämer, Ludwig. « Access to Letters of Formal Notice and Reasoned Opinions in Environmental Law Matters ». European Energy and Environmental Law Review 12, Issue 7 (1 juillet 2003) : 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2003032.

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Summary: Environmental letters of formal notice and reasoned opinions take at present about 40 per cent of all letters and reasoned opinions which the Commission issues. In 1985 Rehbinder and Stewart wrote in their book on EC environmental policy that access to information held by the EC institutions was easier to obtain for strong, powerful vested interest groups; this has not changed in the meantime. Where insurance, competition, state aid or industrial interests are at stake, the letters of formal notice or reasoned opinions are normally abundantly quoted in the press, the media and elsewhere, and no problem exists in obtaining copies. This is very different in the environmental field, where the preservation of habitats, rules against the hunting of species or groundwater or river pollution hardly ever are discussed in public. There is an international convention on access to information (the Aarhus Convention), which gives rights to the public in relation to environmental matters, but there is no such convention on access to information in industrial or other matters: that information is already available to the interested groups. This article examines whether individual persons have a right of access to these letters of formal notice and to the reasoned opinions which are issued by the Commission.

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STEGNII, OLEKSANDR. « Biopolitics during the COVID-19 pandemic : dilemmas of public safety and freedom ». Sociology : Theory, Methods, Marketing, Stmm. 2021 (2) (12 juillet 2021) : 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/sociology2021.02.181.

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The article considers the problem of maintaining a balance between the need for public safety and protection of civil liberties in a coronavirus pandemic. The theoretical works of Michel Foucault on biopower and biopolitics, the feasibility of using a biological model of government to organize modern government measures to combat the spread of the pandemic are analyzed. The global scale of the spread of the coronavirus brings biopower to a fundamentally higher level of subordination. Modern biopolitics should be understood as political rationality, which assumes the management of life and population as a subject. Modern biopolitics should be seen as a strategic coordination of national governments and the global community, to determine the potential ability of government agencies to regulate and regulate biological hazards, including the spread of infectious diseases. Effective international cooperation in overcoming the pandemic is hampered by "vaccine nationalism", the use of vaccine production as a tool of geopolitical competition. Biopower determines the individual well-being and self-awareness of people, significantly affects social ties, promising adequate protection against pathogenic influences, epidemiological threats to health. The introduction of strict restrictions on movement, quarantine measures is proclaimed by the authorities as the need to break the chain of epidemiological infection. The unconditional importance of biosafety as a component of public security determines the consent of citizens to the restriction of their freedoms, to which they did not previously agree. From this point of view, there is a fundamental possibility of implementing a democratic biopolitics in a pandemic. n Ukraine, the attitude of public opinion to the restrictive measures of the government is determined by the effectiveness of compensatory proposals for small businesses, primarily the ability to save jobs and minimize fiscal pressure. The danger of the COVID-19 pandemic for modern Ukrainian society lies not only in the large-scale epidemiological crisis, but also in the danger of provoking foreign government decisions. In this socio-political context, the weight of arguments in favor of the spread of preventive measures without suspension of economic activity, namely the conduct of a permanent information campaign among the population on the rules of conduct in a pandemic.

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Tomkiewicz, Jacek, et Postuła Marta. « State Autonomy in Shaping Tax Policies : Facts and Myths Based on the Situation in OECD Countries ». Central European Management Journal 28, n^o 2 (15 juin 2020) : 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7206/cemj.2658-0845.23.

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Purpose: Capital flows, tax competition, multinational companies and tax havens weakens governments’ ability to lead independent tax policy. This race to the bottom, especially in the case of CIT rate, seems to work. Aim of the text is to show that the governments are not as powerless as it is often claimed. Despite common opinion, nation-states retain a relatively significant autonomy in creating their own fiscal policies, including tax instruments. Size of funds kept in tax havens have not been growing for few years and international cooperation of tax authorities is more and more efficient in dealing with the tax fraud. Methodology: The study uses desk research method for theoretical reasoning to verify the research hypothesis. Moreover, the study seeks answering if the application of EU tax policies determines national tax policy. To that end, the authors utilize time series and cause-effect analysis, as well as quantitative research for the systematization of statistical information and regression analysis for the examination of statistical dependencies. Tax competition or the functioning of tax havens naturally limits the realization of the fundamental functions of fiscal policies, although the taxation remains one of the most crucial instruments of macroeconomic and income policy of national authorities. Findings: The most important data on public revenues structure in different OECD countries indicate that taxation remains one of the most crucial instruments of macroeconomic and income policy of national authorities. We also show that impact of FDI on hosting economy is not as positive as it is said to be. There is no relation between FDI and R&D spending and level of wages in hosting country is even affected in the negative way by the FDI inflow. Irrespective of the regulatory details introduced at the EU level – the basic factor affecting jets coordination in the field of cooperation between tax services brings effects both in terms of the current collection of tax liabilities and the creation of regulations that hinder tax avoidance and under statement assessment. Originality/value: The study focuses on an analysis of tax policy. The view that taxation of international corporations is fraught with difficulties finds support in the undeniable reality of tax competition.Moreover, a large and growing share of profits is transferred to low-tax places. The prospects for taxing international companies with positive rates seem unoptimistic. Therefore, it is essential to check how the national economy is affected by the FDI inflow in OECD countries.

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Getmanchuk, Mykola, et Olena Straikher. « Peculiarities of the Concepts of International and World Order Interpretation in Modern International Relations ». Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, n^o 44 (15 décembre 2021) : 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2021.44.9-16.

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The article is dedicated to the important scientific problem – the interpretation of the concepts of international and world order. Particular attention is paid to the conceptual approaches in the studying of the concepts of world and international order and legitimacy, as main condition for their formation. It is emphasized that international order is viable only if it is accepted voluntarily if not by all, but at least by the majority of international actors. It is studied that the concept of “world order” reflects the growing awareness of the common responsibility of people and nations for the state of our planet. Approaches to the world order formation and development in the XXI century are analyzed, the ideological sphere of the new world order, which is seen in globalization processes in the world, the concentration of world capital, the formation of special public opinion through the media. The authors consider the issue of a just and democratic world order, in this context, a special resolution of the UN General Assembly “Promoting Democracy and a Fair International Order” is mentioned. The article considers the concept of the famous American political scientist S. Hoffman, who proposes to distinguish between an international order that can exist without a world order and a world order that cannot be established without an international order. The types of international order are studied, in particular: competitive order, coordination order, subordination order, hegemonic order, imperial order, condominium order. The authors note the position of the American researcher and politician H. Kissinger, who argues that every world order is an expression of the desire for permanence, stability, foreign policy balance. However, all the elements that make it up are constantly changing, and this has the effect of reducing the duration of international systems. The article also considers the ideas of the collective world order of the American political scientist Z. Brzezinski. The authors highlight the views of the Club of Rome on the formation of international and world order.

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Sushyi, Olena Vladimirovna. « SOCIAL ARCHETYPIC IN THE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION PROBLEM FIELD : CONTEMPORARY STATE AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMEN ». UKRAINIAN ASSEMBLY OF DOCTORS OF SCIENCES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 1, n^o 14 (16 juin 2018) : 325–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/vadnd.v1i14.123.

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This article surveys the development process of social archetypes as a new direction for interdisciplinary research in the public administration problem field, that implemented in the framework of scholarly sessions of Ukrainian School of Archetypes (USArch), namely: International Theoretical and Methodological Seminars and International Competitions for Young Scholars “Archetypes and Public Administration” (2010–2018), International Lectures Cycle “Patterns and Characteristics of Ukrainian Social Transformation” (2016), Internet discussions and skype conferences. Program sessions themes of the listed scholary forms are summarized as well as prospects for further movement of USArch and development of social archetypes as a new direction for interdisciplinary research are defined.Attention is drawn to the fact that the post-soviet scholarly community doesn’t have a sufficiently developed opinion on social archetypes as an interdisciplinary field of research and its methodological foundations. The basis for criticism is an ambiguous attitude both to the teachings of K. Jung about the archetypes of the collective unconscious, and to the psychoanalytic trend as a whole. It is suggested that reducing the degree of critical attitude to social archetypes as an interdisciplinary field of research in the subject field of public administration depends on a number of conditions. Firstly, using the common formulation and interpretation of the ideas that influenced its formation and development. Secondly, from an adequate understanding of both the possibilities of social archetypes which are determined by its original methods of explanation and methods of analysis of subtle social phenomena which can serve as a key point for further theoretical and empirical research, and the theoretical and practical limitations of the archetypal approach. That is why social archetypes is positioned as an interdisciplinary research area. I argued that the social archetypes is not a universal scholarly apparatus and not an orthodox inheritance of the ideas of Jungianism. Finally, it is a methods that allows us to establish patterns and features of modern social development, the practical application of which expands the possibilities of public-management’s activity. At the same time, it is a metaphor through which the researcher is invited to plunge into the wider psychosocial and sociocultural context of social phenomenas and processes.

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Elmakki Mohamed, Dr Bakri. « The Role of the Specialized Press in Influencing Public Opinion Towards the Issues of Intolerance and Stadium Riots ». علوم الاتصال 7, n^o 3 (5 octobre 2022) : 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.52981/cs.v7i3.2696.

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This study deals with the role of the specialized press in influencing public opinion towards the issues of intolerance and stadium riots applied to the Sports newspapers Goon and Al-Sada during the period from 2013 to 2015 AD. The importance of this research paper comes in view of the great role that sports play towards members of society and its great contribution to the global economic market after the tremendous development and great transformation witnessed by local, continental and international competitions and championships, and its negative and positive impact on the public especially the youth category, whose interests varied and were distributed among different activities. Important sports issues such as intolerance and stadium riots have become increasingly interested in the media, especially the specialized press, which deals with them from all angles and contribute to developing solutions and treatments for them with the relevant authorities. The researcher tries through This study to identify the impact of the sports press in Sudan on public opinion towards important sports issues, which increased in frequency during the period between 2013-2015.Through scientific methods and research methods, The researcher used the descriptive analytical approach to describe the state of sports journalism and to know the extent of its impact on readers, and he also employed data collection tools in order to accomplish the message, where he chose the observation, the interview, and the questionnaire.The study includes four chapters and a set of investigations, where the first chapter is devoted to the methodological framework, while the second chapter entitled: specialized journalism and includes three sections, while the fourth chapter is devoted to public opinion and sports issues, and the fourth chapter includes the applied field study. The research community dealt with a randomly selected sample of the readers of Goon and Al-Sada newspapers - and the study concluded with a set of results, the most important of which are: The sports press has dealt negatively with issues of violence, fanaticism and riots that have occurred in Sudanese stadiums in recent years. Some journalists take advantage of their relations with club administrations and work for their own interests. It came out with a number of recommendations, the most important of which are: The sports press should review its performance as regards sports issues, address defects and shortcomings and to implement professionalism and adhere to the side of impartiality. 2- The sports press should pay attention to sports activities other than football and to allocate a sufficient space for it.

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Rana, Paras SJB. « Revitalizing the cultural heritage sites of the medieval town of Tansen for the sustainable tourism development ». Nepalese Culture 13 (2 décembre 2019) : 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nc.v13i0.27507.

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Tansen is renowned for its natural settings, historic buildings and a living cultural heritage that have remained, from medieval period until now. By UNWTO statistics,internationally, cultural tourism comprises 39% of the total tourism arrivals. This reaffirms that offering greater access to the cultural and heritage assets would give Tansen a competitive edge over the other tourist destinations and increase its attractiveness as a top tourist destination in Nepal. This article is related to study of how the heritage sites could be revived to make the cultural heritage tourism sustainable and regain Tansen’s economic vibrancy that has been depleting in the recent times. The purpose of the study is to examine the current state of the cultural heritage management in Tansen, to examine the prospect of revitalizing the cultural heritage assets and; to examine the role of the local communities in these aspects. The methods used in the study were site observations, a key informant interview of experts including the city Mayor, tourism entrepreneurs, site mangers and opinion survey of tourists and the local community resident. The study shows that local population has a positive opinion and initial enthusiasm on the emerging tourist arrivals after the restoration of Rani Mahal, but their role is marginalized in the process. This is the key proposition to start an initiative for the local communities to actively participate in tourism development projects. ‘Revitalizing the Rani Mahal heritage’ launched through the Public Private Partnership with support from UNESCO could build the trust amongst the high end international as well as domestic tourist and attract more investments to conserve, protect and promote the heritage capital stocks for the Tansen tourism development.

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Rana, Paras SJB. « Revitalizing the cultural heritage sites of the medieval town of Tansen for the sustainable tourism development ». Nepalese Culture 8 (2 décembre 2019) : 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nc.v8i0.27507.

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Tansen is renowned for its natural settings, historic buildings and a living cultural heritage that have remained, from medieval period until now. By UNWTO statistics,internationally, cultural tourism comprises 39% of the total tourism arrivals. This reaffirms that offering greater access to the cultural and heritage assets would give Tansen a competitive edge over the other tourist destinations and increase its attractiveness as a top tourist destination in Nepal. This article is related to study of how the heritage sites could be revived to make the cultural heritage tourism sustainable and regain Tansen’s economic vibrancy that has been depleting in the recent times. The purpose of the study is to examine the current state of the cultural heritage management in Tansen, to examine the prospect of revitalizing the cultural heritage assets and; to examine the role of the local communities in these aspects. The methods used in the study were site observations, a key informant interview of experts including the city Mayor, tourism entrepreneurs, site mangers and opinion survey of tourists and the local community resident. The study shows that local population has a positive opinion and initial enthusiasm on the emerging tourist arrivals after the restoration of Rani Mahal, but their role is marginalized in the process. This is the key proposition to start an initiative for the local communities to actively participate in tourism development projects. ‘Revitalizing the Rani Mahal heritage’ launched through the Public Private Partnership with support from UNESCO could build the trust amongst the high end international as well as domestic tourist and attract more investments to conserve, protect and promote the heritage capital stocks for the Tansen tourism development.

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Patráš, Vladimír. « K Dynamike Štylistiky Slovnej Zásoby V Súčasnej Online Mediálnej Produkcii Názorového Typu ». Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 69, n^o 3 (1 décembre 2018) : 446–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2019-0022.

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Abstract The paper is aimed at nature, manifestation and mutual relation of two contradictory trends in alternative online periodicals with opinionbased articles (i.e. articles expressing authors’ opinions). On the one hand, the persuasive function of articles, aimed at shaping readers’ opinions, changes to pretend, change or cover the substance of a topic, usually on the edge of manipulation. This effect is reached by: a) gradation of emotions and usage of stylistically marked lexemes, b) shifts in meaning behind a common or presupposed context, c) preferring occasionalisms, d) deliberate desemantization of lexemes, e) revitalisation of semantics and stylistics of lexemes moving between the centre and the periphery of the lexicon. On the other hand there are also articles containing notional, unmarked and neutral words as basic words. Their function is to strengthen informative basis of articles. In order to reach a persuasive effect, both contradictory trends support an activity of competitive and cooperative relations. Lexicon of analysed articles becomes a vehicle for collision of persuasive and informative functions – the source of genre syncretism in media communication sphere. Research corpus consists of articles belonging to the rational type of journalism, appearing in internet alternative periodicals aimed at major geopolitical conflicts and related to crisis situation or crisis communication sphere. They cover especially public events, heated events and confrontation in the context of international political communication usually with the evidence or manifestation of geopolitical power. The corpus for stylistic analysis, interpretation and generalisation includes selected Slovak alternative online and opinion based periodicals.

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Manin, Bernard. « Political Deliberation & ; the Adversarial Principle ». Daedalus 146, n^o 3 (juillet 2017) : 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00445.

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Retrieving an insight dating back to antiquity, this essay argues that the confrontation of opposing views and arguments is desirable in political deliberation. But freedom of speech and diversity among deliberators do not suffice to secure that outcome. Therefore we should actively facilitate and encourage the presentation of contrary opinions during deliberation. Such confrontation is our best means of improving the quality of collective decisions. It also counteracts the pernicious fragmentation of the public sphere. It facilitates the comprehension of choices. Lastly, arguing for and against a given decision treats the minority with respect. This essay proposes practical ways of promoting adversarial deliberation, in particular the organization of debates disconnected from electoral competition.

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Pulkowski, Dirk. « Coalition Procurement for the Reconstruction of Iraq in the Crosshairs of WTO Law : The Obligations of the United States under the WTO Government Procurement Agreement ». German Law Journal 5, n^o 3 (1 mars 2004) : 257–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200012426.

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Investigating the legality? Ha ha ha! That cracks me up. There is no international law that would prohibit this action by the Defense Department, nor is there any international court that France may appeal to. I of course think that this is the correct decision. Those countries who did not help win the war – who did not pay the price in blood – have no claim to the postwar profits. – Mike, Why I'm Right, Internet ForumDuring the Reagan administration, I helped negotiate … the “GATT Government Procurement Code”, later incorporated into the World Trade Organization's legal framework. The U.S. was the primary force behind this legal agreement. It was not motivated by altruism, but out of a belief that all signatory governments … and their respective tax payers would benefit from basing practices on economic factors rather than national favoritism. - Gene Tuttle, in responseInfrastructure in Iraq lies in tatters. Unscrupulous exploitation by Saddam Hussein's dictatorial regime, burdensome economic sanctions and massive destruction during the U.S.-led military operation ‘Iraqi Freedom’ have turned Iraq into one of the world's most destitute countries. On the UN Human Poverty Index for 2003, Iraq ranks seventy-first out of ninety-six developing nations. The reconstruction of basic infrastructure is but one first step towards development and economic growth. Rebuilding Iraq's infrastructure, however, involves substantial economic interests. After all, the cake to be distributed for rebuilding Iraq is expected to exceed $100 billion. Some companies see on the horizon one of the most rewarding business opportunities “undertaken in over 50 years” At the same time, there is a growing suspicion that political or even personal biases of the United States' administration have a bigger role to play than economic reason when it comes to sharing the cake. In December 2003, Deputy Secretary of Defense, Paul Wolfowitz, announced that some of America's trading partners, among them Canada, France, Germany and Russia, would be altogether excluded from competition for major reconstruction projects in Iraq. Public opinion in Europe was quick to brand the United States an international law-breaker. Can one State simply reserve to itself the final word on the Iraqi reconstruction money?

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Huang, Weidong, Qian Wang, Xinkai Yao et Junyan Tian. « CONSTRUCTION OF INDIVIDUAL COGNITIVE MODEL IN THE CONTEXT OF EMOTION AND AFFECTIVE DISORDER ». International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 25, Supplement_1 (1 juillet 2022) : A40—A41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyac032.056.

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Abstract Background With the development of various information technologies and the popularization of the Internet, great changes have taken place in human life. In particular, social media has become an important channel for people to obtain information and generate event awareness, attitude and emotional tendency. Personal real-time comments on social media have a potential role in guiding public opinion and guiding network public opinion. As one of the most representative online social media, microblog contains a lot of public emotional information. The heterogeneity of microblog users' personal characteristics such as age, work and education leads to their different views, attitudes and values, making their views more representative and universal. Emotional analysis of these information is of great significance for us to understand the spread of public opinion events. By constructing a personal cognitive emotion classification model based on the optimized distributed gradient enhancement library, the emotion classification of microblog short text is realized. The model mainly includes text data collection and preprocessing, text feature extraction based on word embedding model word2vec, high fitting emotion classification model established through training corpus, and emotional tendency judgment according to the emotional tendency results obtained from the model. This paper takes 5 million microblog data and the data set released by CCF international natural language processing and Chinese Computing Conference as the word vector training corpus of word2vec to train the emotion classification model. Research Objects and Methods In order to investigate the semantic analysis of emotion, we formed an open-ended questionnaire by consulting relevant literature, sorted out the recovered effective scales, and conducted data semantic analysis. On this basis, combined with the previous theoretical concepts, the preliminary measurement table of emotional information is compiled; Secondly, the preliminary test is carried out according to the items of the scale, and the data are analyzed through item analysis, exploratory factor analysis and reliability test of the scale; Finally, the formal scale is compiled, tested and recovered, and verified by confirmatory factor analysis and reliability and validity test. In order to test the relationship between emotional information and emotional regulation, the cognitive bias questionnaire (CBQ) was used to measure the negative cognitive bias assumed to be related to depression. The scale measures two dimensions: (1) depression and (2) cognitive distortion. “Depression” expressed by CBQ refers to depressive emotion, or bad mood, rather than a depressive syndrome containing all relevant symptoms. Cognitive distortion is defined as reasoning that is clearly incorrect in terms of known facts. CBQ attempts to evaluate the specific cognitive distortions proposed by Beck (19671970), such as over generalization, out of context, arbitrary and speculative reasoning and judgment, ignoring advantages or good results and exaggerating disadvantages or bad outcomes. The scale describes six situations common to college students or psychiatric patients, three for interpersonal relationships and three for self-achievement. After each situation, three or four questions are put forward. These questions represent four possible combinations of the two dimensions of depression and distortion: depression non distortion, depression distortion, non depression non distortion and non depression distortion. Subjects were asked to answer how they experienced when they were in this situation. The score is to compare the scores of the four combinations of depression and distortion respectively, and the score range is 0-23 points. At the same time, independent sample t-test and analysis of variance were carried out with college students' gender, grade, family location, major, one-child situation, student cadres, family status and parental education as independent variables. Whether it is a student cadre or not has a certain impact on the emotional regulation and self-efficacy of college students. Results The improved model overcomes the shortcomings that the general methods can not explain the context and capture the semantic relationship of the context, and improves the efficiency and accuracy of emotion based classification. The effectiveness of different models can be evaluated according to confusion matrix or ROC curve. In this paper, the classification effect of xgboost emotion classification model is obviously better than that of SVM classification model. Conclusion Our empirical results show that most netizens hold a negative attitude towards yumengyao wrestling competition. Due to its limitations, this paper only uses xgboost model to study the text emotion classification. In the future, deep neural network can more accurately understand the characteristics of microblog short text, realize higher precision emotion analysis, and help practitioners and decision makers comprehensively and effectively identify the public's views and attitudes towards national policies and current events. This paper is of great significance to the real-time public opinion analysis in the network social media environment, and emphasizes the necessity of promoting the establishment of network public opinion early warning mechanism. Acknowledgements Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 71671093. The authors would like to thank other researchers at Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications. Supported by the Jiangsu Provincial Department of education, the key research base of philosophy and social sciences.

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Svinous, I., O. Slobodeniuk, N. Prysiazhniuk, O. Gavryk et N. Svinous. « Organization of agricultural enterprise environmental accounting under transition to international fnancial reporting standards ». Ekonomìka ta upravlìnnâ APK, n^o 1(172) (24 juin 2022) : 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9262-2022-172-1-120-130.

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The article considers environmental accounting under its transition to international fnancial reporting. Professional organizations such as the International Federation of Accountants (IFA), the Association of Chartered Certifed Accountants (ACCA), and the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) are involved in the implementation of environmental accounting basics in practice. To become competitive on the world market, Ukrainian enterprises need to create environmental accounting and management systems. Legislation amendment is among the external causes and incentives for this process, which can signifcantly reduce the negative impact on the environment. Amending involves correspondinf to the institutional structure and consumer preferences in foreign countries, ecological labeling, the public opinion inﬂuence, environmental initiative within the business community, environmental audit and environmental standards, the practice dissemination of «supplier audit» and «ethical» investments. The study elaborates on the reasons for pointing out the peculiarities of emissions accounting and reporting concerning greenhouse gases in the enterprises. Environmental accounting can be organized for both the total amount of emissions and for separate diﬀerent processes of greenhouse gases. The emission calculation method is generally applied the national inventory though there are no precise limits as well as assortment of sources and the preset base yea in the national inventory. International fnancial reporting standards do not consider the complex issue of accounting for greenhouse gas emission reduction certifcates. The value of these certifcates can be signifcant. International companies of countries with developed economies own and sell carbon dioxide emissions reduction certifcates obtained in accordance with the mechanism of clean development of the Kyoto Protocol. Accounting for the main areas of agricultural production greening can be carried out within the developed concept of accounting which focuses on the environment. It uses the theory, methodology and organization of environmental accounting of quota trade within the Kyoto Protocol in the context of modern methods in terms of globalization and integration of existing accounting models into a united international system. Key words: ecology, agricultural enterprise, ecological accounting, international fnancial reporting standards, accounting.

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Rahimnia, Fariborz, et Naghmeh Kargozar. « Objectives priority in university strategy map for resource allocation ». Benchmarking : An International Journal 23, n^o 2 (7 mars 2016) : 371–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bij-09-2013-0094.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a model for Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM) to prioritize its objectives. This will be achieved by providing strategy map using balanced score card (BSC) method. Design/methodology/approach – This research result is based on 21 managers’ opinion about relation among university objectives, gathered by questionnaire. DEMATHEL method which is a structural decision-making model is used to process data in questionnaires and discover casual relationship between university objectives. Findings – According to this research result “Having productive competent human resource that are committed to Islamic values and professional ethic” has the highest priority among FUM objectives while “Achieving educating excellence especially in graduate programs and research” has the lowest. Practical implications – FUM managers need to focus on their human resources and enhance their competency in order to achieve academic excellence. Originality/value – Achieving superiority in university competitive position based on its education and research activities is FUM vision. As a non-profit organization due to resource restriction and environmental circumstances it has to fulfill this goal with higher productivity. BSC as a performance management system will help it to achieve this goal by translating vision into objectives and defining casual relationship between them. This method is rarely studied in the context of universities especially in Iranian universities. This research applied strategy map, one of BSC implementation stages, in a public university in Iran to illustrate series of objectives that leads to mission accomplishment.

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Klishin, A. A. « Evolution of the activities of states as reflected in legal and political Teachings ». Moscow Journal of International Law, n^o 4 (31 décembre 2020) : 38–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2020-4-38-63.

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INTRODUCTION. A specific feature of the current state of international relations is the existence of elements that reflect the growing antagonism between the leading countries that make up the world order, as well as between such countries and those international associations that are supposed to regulate and sometimes directly manage the cooperation among the subjects of international relations. The totality, the acuteness and the complexity of these antagonisms determine the phenomenon which is defined as a “crisis” by the experts who analyze the nature and the development of international relations. The article below analyzes different opinions of legal experts in relation to the objective needs of legal regulation of international affairs expressed from the view point of prospects and new forms of such regulation, as well as the legal instruments used by the countries when faced with encroachment on them on the part of other players, i.e. states and their associations. The author mentions the fact that the political, economic and legal development of the system of international relations in the last few decades has become sustainably dependent on the integration processes taking place within the framework of the world order in whole, i.e. on something commonly defined as the “globalization”, while the objective prerequisites for the harmonious integration with interests of all countries taken into account are often absent in the designated processes and the main drivers of globalization efforts are those subjects of international relations that get most of the benefits from these processes, such as states, public organizations, specific public figures. As a result, the customary and efficient forms and contractual relations in international law are being re- placed with the ideas of “global law” or “supranational law” based on the intent to implement the “denationalization” of law by way of submitting the legal systems of some sovereign states to the will of international institutions. The activities of such institutions established numerously in the post-war period are of increasingly administrative nature in cases when such organizations are vested with authoritative, supervisory or other similar powers whilst the specific features of national legal order are ignored. A separate issue in the development of international law, both at the doctrinal level and in terms of practices of international administrative and judicial bodies, is the trend towards the stimulating of the loss of the so-called “national legal identity” in favor of various network-based, surrogate and culturally unspecific forms of regulating relationships, first and foremost economic ones. The dilution of legal norms, standards and rules that are customary for the population of the developed countries makes a notable impact on the public con-science, creating the objective preconditions for a boom in “legal nihilism” and the public negation of the necessity to abide with the rules of law, all this going in parallel with such inadequately working principles as the “supremacy of law”, “observance of civil rights”, “democratic basis of social structure” etc. In the opinion of the author, the fact that the Western countries and their closest allies have lost the perception of the necessity to preserve the distinction and the independence of the legal concepts and institutions created during the centuries of the world development and have made their choice in favor of the expansion of the functions of international organizations and associations is the historical phenomenon that characterizes a certain stage in the development of the world order. The creation of economic and political forms at this stage is followed by the development of law that is cyclical, uneven and not always logical from the viewpoint of historical process. The return of the law to its traditional, system-level basics that are clear to everyone taking part in the social relations is often facilitated by crises, such as the one in place today when the existing challenges and problems are complemented by the objective force majeure events like the virus attack in 2020 which the amorphous “network-based” instruments or not entirely just and efficient elements of the “international legal order” cannot cope with, as opposed to the active governmental and legal mechanisms of sovereign states capable of ensuring the balance of legal instruments and administrative levers of management in crisis situations.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The methodology of the analysis is comprised of the system-based and formally jurisprudential methods that analyze not only the theoretical works of the leading Russian and foreign scientists, but also a considerable bulk of legal standards, judicial acts and sources pertaining to the activities of international organizations. This allows to look upon the general trends in the development of Russian domestic law and international law institutions, statutory acts and relevant legal doctrines, as well as to demonstrate their interdependence and the similarity in some of the lines of their development. The issue of conflict interaction of national (in particular, Russian) legal systems and the activities of international judicial bodies is discussed separately in the article. The obvious dependence of the activities of international judicial bodies based on the relevant international agreements and conventions on the political situation in the world is also shown in the article. A conclusion is drawn as to the advisability of revision of the key provisions of international acts adopted in different times and regulating the procedure for the formation and operation of international judicial bodies, such revision required so as to provide for the supremacy of the Russian Constitution in cases of conflicts between the court orders and the provisions of the fundamental law of Russia.RESEARCH RESULTS. The articles outlines the results of the analysis of the issue of state sovereignty and national jurisdiction from the viewpoint of the efforts taken by the leading Western countries with a view to ensure the advantages of their legal and judicial systems in the process of international, first and foremost, economic cooperation. Conclusions are drawn in the article as to the ways and forms of competition in the sphere of law whereby the separate groups of countries, seeking to constrain its economic rivals, impose such ways of regulating the economic activities that give advantages to specific economies to the detriment of the others. One of the aspects of such competitive practice, as the author believes, is the set of anti-offshore measures extensively implemented at the initiative of the US tax agencies and the international tax agencies marching in their lockstep in order to undermine the reputation of major Russian companies and create the conditions for the worldwide persecution of Russian businessmen and government officials.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. Based on the examination of new phenomena in the international law practice, the author concludes that the efficiency of legal instruments aimed at the protection of Russian national interests, including those of the Russian private business, against various abuses and discriminatory acts on the part of foreign laws enforcement agencies and judicial bodies, must be enhanced. The application of the principle of “extraterritorial jurisdiction” intensively applied in the US courts is demonstrated by the examples of UD doctrines, such as “arm’s length” and Alien Tоrt Statute that are actively used in the American judicial system contrary to the principles and rules of application of the decisions of national courts enshrined in the relevant international covenants. A conclusion is drawn in respect of the growing influence of the social and political processes on the development of international law institutions and mechanisms for the regulation of public processes. As noted by the author, it is necessary to integrate the efforts of legal experts from different law schools and traditions in order to preserve the role of the main public regulator played by both national and international law.

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Zakharova, L. I. « Structural and Functional Interaction between International Law and lex sportiva and Technical Methods of Transforming their Norms ». Moscow Journal of International Law, n^o 3 (5 octobre 2022) : 100–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2022-3-100-118.

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INTRODUCTION. The purpose of the article was to examine how two different regulatory entities - international sports law and lex sportiva - interact with each other in structural and functional terms. When characterizing the structural interaction, the author set herself the task of identifying the place of each of these normative complexes in the system of a larger whole. When analyzing functional interaction, the author viewed her task as considering the process in two aspects: static (delineation of the limits of regulatory influence) and dynamic (interference of regulatory efforts). As a result of studying the dynamic aspect of functional interaction, the techniques of incorporation, legitimation, and reference were characterized; the author gave the examples of the incorporation of the norms of the International standards adopted in addition to the World Anti-Doping Code into an international legal act - the 2005 UNESCO Convention against Doping in Sport, legitimation of the norms of the 2014 Council of Europe Convention against Manipulation of Sports Competitions through the adoption of the 2015 Code of the Olympic Movement on the Prevention of Manipulation of Competitions, and two types of reference: references to the World Anti-Doping Code in an international treaty - the 2005 UNESCO Convention against Doping in Sport of 2005 and references to international legal acts in the field of human rights in the FIFA Statutes (starting from 2016) and inthe FIFA Human Rights Policy of 2017. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The author listed the applicable international legal acts and acts of lex sportiva, studied the scientific works of leading representatives of domestic and foreign doctrine on such issues as the criteria for recognizing a specific branch of international law, the subject of regulation and the nature of transnational law, the interplay between international law and lex sportiva. Among the general scientific methods the author utilized substrate (substantive), structural and systemic approaches; comparative and hermeneutic approaches should be mentioned as the specific scientific methods used. RESEARCH RESULTS. As a result of the analysis of the structural interaction of the two regulatory orders, the author identified the place of international sports law in the system of international law and the place of lex sportiva in global law. When considering the static aspect of functional interaction based on the analysis of the content of the principle of autonomy of sport, a number of exclusive subjects of regulation by lex sportiva were identified. In the course of studying the dynamic aspect, the author characterized three types of transformation - the transfiguration of norms and their transition from one normative order to another - from the point of view of legal technique (incorporation, legitimation, reference). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. In the author’s opinion, international sports law is a branch of public international law at the stage of its formation, and lex sportiva is an institution of transnational global law formed as a result of the activities of non-governmental actors. The study of the static aspect of the functional interaction between international sports law and lex sportiva indicates that the issues regulated by sports organizations in an autonomous manner include the establishment of rules for sports competitions, as well as issues of the internal life of sports organizations. The dynamics of transnational processes significantly expands the interaction between international sports law and lex sportiva and the transition (transformation) of norms from one regulatory complex to another in such areas as the fight against doping, countering the manipulation of sports competitions, introducing international legal standards in the field of human rights protection.

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Sarsembayev, Daniyar. « Monetary Theory of the Genesis of the State, Prospects for Electronic Money and Transnational Law ». International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10 (30 avril 2021) : 636–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.74.

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This article is an attempt to explain a new way of the cause of the emergence of the state with simultaneous consideration of previously known theories in legal science. Several arguments are presented in favor of the new theory, which, in the author's opinion, are sufficiently valid. The author analyzes the dynamics of the development of the causes of the emergence of state and law and its influence on the transformation of the latest civilizations, which took place in history. Based on the historical chronology of the emergence and functioning of money, the author conventionally differs three stages in its development: 1) the period of the gold standard or a chronic shortage of monetary liquidity; 2) the period of paper money and inflationary pressure; 3) the digital money period. The author upholds a new position regarding the essence of international law, believing that international law is not a separate system of law, but only the result of the evolution of law from national to international, which became possible thanks to the development of the institution of money. The author shares his thoughts on the true reason for justifying the state's right to war in international law a while back, expressed in a persistent shortage of monetary liquidity, which took place from the moment the first civilizations appeared until the 20th century. This article establishes a projection for the further development of state and law, including international law, alongside the inevitable transition of the world community to the digital money supply. The article reveals not only the vision of the new monetary system, its absolute transparency, and clarity but also the various opportunities we face in such a transition. In this regard, the states and the world community will come to clear and effective outcomes in management, to the practical abolition of corruption and economic crime, to legal methods of conducting all competitions and public procurement, to fair and effective justice, and the establishment of highly moral relations in society.

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Imas, Yevhen, Olha Borysova et Iryna Kohut. « The Role of Motor Activity in the Social Integration of Disabled Individuals ». Physical education, sports and health culture in modern society, n^o 1(37) (31 mars 2017) : 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/2220-7481-2017-01-18-23.

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The current relevance of the research. Over a significant period of human development disabled people were considered to be dependent and were regarded as weak, incapable, etc. Frequently, dependence, a result of disability, was exaggerated by teachers, family members and society. Adaptive physical culture and sportscan reduce dependence and social isolation, helping disabled people to become full members of society. Methods of the reseacrh: analysis and generalization of special, scientific and methodical literature, the Internet; standardized documents; comparative method, abstracting, logical and theoretical analysis. The results of the study. The main goal of lessons of adaptive physical culture and sports is to increase the level of social integration, welfare, reduction of the isolation of disabled people by changing public opinion about disability and their psychological attitude to themselves. To achieve this goal, first of all, it is necessary to reduce the level of discrimination which is associated with disability. Secondly, to encourage and stimulate disabled people to realize their own potential and, thirdly, to implement changes in society that promote the full social implementation of this category of people.At the same time, the competitions in adaptive sports, first was regarded as local, have turned into the widespread international sports events for athletes with different forms of disability. The success of the modern Deaflympics, Paralympic Games and World Games of Special Olympics is both a testimony and a factor in changing the attitude of society towards disability. Disabled people are not a burden or an issue of social expenditure, but they are assets of a society that can make a significant contribution to its development and prosperity. It is necessary to create appropriate conditions, eliminating physical and social barriers. Training sessions and competitions contribute to it in terms of creating a barrier-free environment, and changing public attitudes. Conclusions. Motor activity training of disabled people, their participation in competitions, can not only improve their physical, mental, leadership and other qualities, promote the development of communicative abilities, self-confidence, confidence in their own abilities, but also provide the preconditions for maximum full-fledged social integration of disabled people, as well as the humanization of public relations in general.

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Ester, Peter, Solange Simões et Henk Vinken. « Cultural change and environmentalism : a cross-national approach of mass publics and decision makers ». Ambiente & ; Sociedade 7, n^o 2 (décembre 2004) : 45–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1414-753x2004000200004.

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The main focus of this study - the Global Environmental Survey (GOES) - is the impact of cultural influences on environmental attitudes. GOES examines the cultural impact from a basic cross-national perspective, investigating the impact of cultural change and value shifts on environmental concern, attitudes, and behavior in both Western and non-Western societies. This study provides cross-national insights in how mass publics and decision makers in both developed and developing countries frame environmental problems and solutions. In addition, the project has shown how leading environmental decision makers and opinion leaders assess the environmental beliefs and attitudes of the public. Apparently, citizens are not yet ready to translate pro-environmental concerns into acceptance of far-reaching environmental policy measures. Citizens in both developed and developing countries seem to prefer voluntary lifestyle changes. Moving from environmental concern via policy support to actual (reported) environmental behavior, we can conclude that persistent pro-environmental behavior does not describe citizens' environmental involvement and commitment. Our data indicate that environmentally relevant behaviors (e.g., transportation, energy use, recycling, household purchases, political activism) do not form a consistent and coherent pattern. Practice of one type of ecologically conscious behavior does not predict engagement in another. It is not that people reserve a distinctive spot in their mental software for judging the environmental impact of habitual behaviors. Their mental mapping probably consists of manifold decisional heuristics, including comfort, health, safety, price, efficiency, effectiveness, and social responsibility, which are likely to be hierarchically ordered and in competition with environmental heuristics. A focus on specific behaviors, though, reveals that citizens may be deeply involved in "green" behavior. This is related in part to differences in opportunity structures, social situation and, arguably, cultural differences in exposure to green ideas. The policy lesson from this is not to prompt "general" environmentally friendly consumer behavior, but to promote single citizen actions having positive environmental impacts and, certainly, to create appropriate opportunity structures. In addition to the general national sample GOES study, an additional decision makers' module addressed the following questions, among others: Is there a systematic bias in environmental decision makers' estimates of environmental attitudes and environmental policy preferences of the general public? How do decision makers value a number of policies that are direct implementations of international environmental treaties, and how do they judge their own national performance in this respect? The new module enabled us to study differences between environmental decision makers and general public attitudes and policy preferences in the environmental policy arena, and we did find some remarkable and systematic cross-national biases in decision makers' competence of estimating the general public's environmental beliefs and policy support. These biases, interestingly, are related to issues at the core of the sustainability debate.

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HAHN, MICHAEL, et KIRTIKUMAR MEHTA. « It's a Bird, It's a Plane : Some Remarks on the Airbus Appellate Body Report (EC and Certain Member States – Large Civil Aircraft, WT/DS316/AB/R) ». World Trade Review 12, n^o 2 (avril 2013) : 139–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745612000468.

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AbstractThe emergence of Airbus transformed the market structure of the LCA industry into a duopoly of similar-sized full-range manufacturers. The financing of Airbus's upfront investment expenditures came in a significant proportion from public funds, which violated, in the US's opinion the SCM Agreement. While the Appellate Body follows this view of things to a large extent, it does so in a measured way: the category of per se illegal export subsidies is interpreted with a view to the manipulation of normal market conditions; the distortion on competitive conditions matters, not the increase of exports as such. Other aspects of subsidies law clarified are the relationship between effect and subsidy. They are closely related but not identical; rightly, the report operates from the premise that the SCM Agreement's regime focuses on the effect, and not on the subsidy as such, which is a manifestation of a political choice by a sovereign Member state. The Appellate Body affirms that a subsidy has a ‘life’, a shorthand for a beginning and an end: it follows that the effect of a subsidy is not bound to be permanent but is bound to terminate. It is to be regretted that the Appellate Body avoided clarifying to what extent partial privatization, hence sale of assets at market prices to private investors, ‘extinguish’ subsidies.

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Mwaura, Stephen, Esther Kiruja et Evans Sagwa. « Influence of Strategic Human Resource Management Practices on Performance of Public Universities in Kenya ». Journal of Human Resource and Leadership 7, n^o 2 (29 octobre 2022) : 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/jhrl.1679.

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Purpose: The objective of the study was to determine the effect of Strategic Human Resource Management Practices (SHRMPs) on performance of public universities. Methodology: This study was essentially guided by the Resource Based Theory, as exemplified by the philosophical inclination of the study was positivist ontology. The research used a descriptive research design, in a census approach. The target population of the study were all public universities in Kenya. Data was collected from 31 public universities in Kenya with the aid of a self-administered questionnaire. Out of the 117 questionnaires that were distributed, 110 were returned and were found to be usable providing a 71% response rate. Descriptive statistics and linear regression analyses were used to analyze the data. Findings: The main finding of the study indicated that there was a statistically significant relationship between the bundle of SHRMPs (rigorous recruitment, staff training, reward management and performance management), and performance of public universities in Kenya. The hypothesis of the study was that SHRMPs do not have an effect on the performance of public universities in Kenya. This finding was determined to be in tandem with the Resource Based Theory (Barney, 2001), which, among other points of emphasis, stresses the centrality of leveraging on people as key resources of an enterprise. The finding also resonated with empirical literature, including Al-Khaled & Chung (2020), who found that that entities which adopted strategic human resource management practices were able to sustainably improve their performance, and Mathushan & Kengatharan (2022), who found that the bundle of strategic human resource management practices, consisting of training, rewarding and performance management practices did positively impact on organizational performance. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The finding of this study, that SHRM practices positively and significantly influence the performance of public universities, are arguably expansionary to the Resource Based Theory (RBT), as proponed by Barney (2001). Although the Resource Based Theory does not directly address strategic human resource management practices as elements of performance, it postulated that business entities needed to focus internally to activate resources, the most important one of which is the people resource. It is the people resource which enables such entities to achieve competitive advantage in their operations, given that it is the human resource which mobilizes, and creates value from the other resources within the enterprise. In this respect, therefore, it follows that every intervention made towards creating and enhancing the human resource capacity, including, as conceptualized in this study; rigorous recruitment, staff training, rewarding them and strategically managing their performance, does count, towards enhancing the contribution of the human resources, as exemplified by the Resource Based Theory, and consequently, activating the essential asset, towards competitive organizational performance. More directly, this empirical finding, regarding the positive influence of strategic human resource management practices on performance of public universities in Kenya has implications with respect to the public universities in Kenya. The main one is that, the public universities ought to take deliberate measures in determining and selecting appropriate SHRMPs. Such practices, according to the Resource Based Theory (Barney, 2001), are expected to be valuable, inimitable, and rare and may not be substitutable, in ensuring that public universities, like any other organizations, are able to sustainably achieve competitive advantage in their markets. This is further corroborated by the findings of Sagwa, K’Obonyo and Ogutu (2014), who averred that investing in human resources was crucial in promoting organizational performance. It is also the considered opinion of this study that, the finding that SHRMPs positively influenced the performance of public universities in Kenya, constituted new knowledge, at least, in extending the Resource Based Theory, as well as adding to the empirical literature with regard to strategic human resource management practices. Furthermore, the implications of the finding made, are more than likely to be relevant beyond the public universities sub-sector, and probably to include the entire public sector and, indeed, all organizations in general. To this end, therefore; human resource managers, HR departments, and units within public universities and other public and private entities, other human resource management practitioners, policy makers in HR-oriented public and private sector, as well as the community of researchers in human resource management and the related other disciplines, are likely to find the finding of this study useful. This is particularly considering the study’s recommendation that organizations have to identify and adopt appropriate bundles of SHRMPs that would reliably enable them to attain and sustain their competitive levels of performance.

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MUTZ, DIANA C., et AMBER HYE-YON LEE. « How Much is One American Worth ? How Competition Affects Trade Preferences ». American Political Science Review 114, n^o 4 (11 août 2020) : 1179–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055420000623.

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AbstractWhen forming opinions, mass publics may implicitly or explicitly value some people’s well-being more than others. Here we examine how two forms of this phenomenon—ethnocentric valuation and moral exclusion—affect attitudes toward international trade. We hypothesize that attitudes toward competition and believing that trade is a competition moderate the extent of ethnocentric valuation and moral exclusion; although all citizens value their co-nationals’ livelihoods systematically more than those of people in trading partner countries, greater ethnocentric valuation and moral exclusion occur when trade is seen as a competition and when individuals hold more positive attitudes toward competition.Using two survey experiments conducted on representative samples of both Americans and Canadians, we examine how differential valuation of in-country and out-country job gains and losses influences trade policy preferences. We test a series of hypotheses using multiple variables tied to competitive attitudes across two countries that differ in their attitudes toward competition.

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Zenkov, A. R. « RANKINGS AS A TOOL FOR ADAPTING VOCATIONAL EDUCATION TO THE CHALLENGES OF POST-INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYMENT ». Social & ; labor researches 46, n^o 1 (2022) : 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.34022/2658-3712-2022-46-1-117-127.

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Organizational and technological changes taking place against the background of a change in the technological structure have a profoundly transformative effect on the entire spectrum of economic relations, including their socio-labor component; accelerate the processes of restructuring the labor market; set the need to adapt existing public institutions to work in new conditions. Analyzing the dynamics and directions of the development of higher education as a key subject of the system of vocational training, the author turns to the study of the phenomenon of international university rankings, which act as the subject of this study. The relevance of the chosen research perspective is explained by a number of reasons: in just a few decades since its inception, the ratings have successfully integrated into the educational systems of various countries and have found their own niche in this field. The expert community has confirmed the opinion that the entry of universities into international rankings provides countries with opportunities for the formation of world-class labor resources. All this, on the one hand, allows us to consider rankings as a fullfledged subject of the modern system of vocational education. On the other hand, the attitude to rankings as a socio-economic and, partly, cultural phenomenon, both in the public and in the expert environment remains ambiguous. Researchers pay attention to serious flaws in ranking projects, imbalances introduced by participation in rating "competitions" for individual countries and economic systems. The aim of the paper is to study the impact of international university rankings on the state and prospects for the development of university education as the basis of the current system of professional training. The article analyzes the reasons and prerequisites for the emergence of higher education rating practices. The strengths and weak- nesses of the most popular rating projects are evaluated. Particular attention is paid to the study of the practices of participation of the national system of vocational education in rating projects. In this context, the author identifies two areas of development: the creation and promotion of their own rating projects in the global market of educational services, as well as initiatives related to the inclusion of rating projects in national development programs. The author comes to the conclusions about a certain reassessment of priorities in the development of modern university rankings, outlines the further development of the rating movement in the field of education. The methodological basis of the study was institutional, systemic approaches and methods, means of content and comparative theoretical analysis. The results of the study expand the understanding of the phenomenon of international university rankings, which can be used when forming the social policy of the state, programs for the development of higher professional education, as well as for the purposes of harmonizing relations between the labor market and the educational services market.

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Sauvage, Eva, et Siv Olsen. « Debatt om røvertidsskrift ». Nordic Journal of Information Literacy in Higher Education 12, n^o 2 (27 novembre 2020) : 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15845/noril.v12i2.3063.

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Predatory journals –a debate Introduction: The Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten revealed extensive problems with predatory publishing in an article that led to headlines in Norwegian news media in August 2018. Many were concerned about how the rise of open access journals had led to the growth of publishers with uncertain peer review processes, and worried about the consequences this may have for the public trust in science. A few weeks later, the Norwegian government joined the European Coalition S, which aims to mandate researchers who receive grants from the Research Council to publish in gold open access journals. Method: Qualitative content analysis Results: Researchers are deeply concerned about public trust in science. The debate displayed a clearly either pro and con opinions towards open access publishing, and researchers are especially concerned about the peer review process. Some actors believe there is a strong connection between open access and predatory journals. Other actors blame the international competition and pressure to publish as a cause for the rise of predatory publishing. Some actors applaud the radical transformation of scientific publishing and of the peer review process, while others fear this development. Discussion: We discuss how this may affect research support at university libraries. Coalition S faced great opposition among the majority of Norwegian researchers, while the librarians who participated in the debate were in unison positive. The challenges of predatory publishers may intensify in the years to come with the introduction of Coalition S and a radical reorganization of scientific publishing. Conclusion: The debate shows that there is a clear need for a "white list" of peer-reviewed and quality-assured publishing channels, where the Nordic list is a good start. Librarians have special expertise on metadata formats and knowledge about information literacy that can help researchers with quality assessment.

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Palitsyna Vladimirovna, Daria. « The main factors affecting the competitiveness of the oil processing complex ». Ekonomika 67, n^o 2 (2021) : 69–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ekonomika2102070v.

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The development of the economic situation in Russia in recent years is characterized by the achievement of stabilization at the macro level, the strengthening of investment activity, the expansion of the scope of activities of the processing industry, the strengthening of public confidence in domestic goods and finished products. The research urgency is caused by the fact that in Russia economic competition becomes more acute in oil and fat processing sector, also has a problem of lack of training organizations to consider the impact of external factors and competitive advantages of the industry to ensure financial stability. The purpose of the study is to study the features of factors affecting the competitiveness of the oil processing complex. On the basis of sources of economic literature, the authors studied the competitiveness of vegetable oil production by comparison and identified the problems of insufficient methodological support for studying the impact of factors that determine the current state of the vegetable oil market, methods and approaches for assessing the competitiveness of organizations. The leading direction is a comprehensive approach presented by the authors in the article, including the study of domestic and international experience in determining the factors of internal and external environment that affect the development of the industry. The study of the traditional system of assessing the competitiveness of vegetable oils is given, proposed by Russian and foreign scientists. As a result of the conducted research it is established that modern domestic and foreign methods of the analysis of the competitiveness of vegetable oils do not differ in high quality and have shortcomings. The authors noted that the analysis of the concept of competitiveness of vegetable oils does not take into account the quality indicators are not always fully represented the composition and structure of the concept, not justified organizational and methodological approaches to the analysis of the concept of competitiveness applicable to vegetable oils. The researchers note the need for an objective assessment of the analysis of the concept of competitiveness of vegetable oils to supplement it with a more detailed study of improving the level of competitiveness. In their opinion, the lack of a single definition of the term "competitiveness of products" is one of the most difficult in the formation of an adequate approach to the assessment of the phenomenon. This leads to the fact that the most common assessment is a comparative assessment of similar vegetable oils with ethanol. The study conducted by the authors has scientific and practical significance and will allow to develop a methodological apparatus (parameters and criteria for assessing the level of competitiveness of vegetable oils) in accordance with the requirements of the industry in the world economy, as well as to form a set of strategic and tactical management decisions to improve the competitiveness of vegetable oils and mechanisms of interaction in creating competitive advantages and strengthening the market position of vegetable oils.

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Articles de revues sur le sujet « Competition, International – Public opinion »

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