Articles de revues : « Community development, Urban – France »

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Nicholls, Walter J. « Between Growth and Exclusion in Technopolis : Managing Inequalities in Toulouse, France ». City & ; Community 5, n^o 3 (septembre 2006) : 319–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2006.00183.x.

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As high technology development has created important resources and opportunities for some residents of cities, it has also introduced a new set of barriers and constraints for others. The new inequalities resulting from this pathway of economic development present local public officials with important challenges for managing their cities. This article argues that local strategies to confront inequalities in high technology cities are dependent on how individual states have undertaken restructuring reforms over the last 30 years. In France, the state has ceded some control over the allocation of economic resources to markets while retaining some control over the allocation of welfare resources. The rising importance of markets and the continued centrality of a redistributive state in French cities have resulted in the formation of distinct types of policy communities in the areas of economic development and welfare. The former community operates according to an entrepreneurial logic and the latter community continues to operate according to a political/statist logic. These local policy communities are like two ships passing in the night, embedded in and responding to distinct institutional constraints that lead them in very different directions.

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Waskitaningsih, Novida. « Teritorialisasi Pengembangan Ekonomi di Wilayah Val De Saone, Lyon, Perancis Sebagai Implikasi Diciptakannya Undang-Undang Chevenement ». JURNAL PEMBANGUNAN WILAYAH & ; KOTA 8, n^o 2 (15 juin 2012) : 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/pwk.v8i2.11572.

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Cooperation between regions in France (intercommunalité) has been known since 1890. Laws bringing abig influence on the development of cooperation between regions is The Chevènement Act 1999. This lawpermits the implementation of territorialisation of economic development by Urban Community(Communauté Urbaine) of Grand Lyon in Val de Saône, Lyon. We examine how the territorialisationprocess of economic development in Val de Saône as the implication of the creation of The ChevènementAct. As a result, we found that the territorialisation is a kind of adaptation to the Chevènement Actenforcement related to the authority of Urban Community of Grand Lyon and Association betweenregions of Saône Mont d’Or (Syndicat de Communes Saône Mont d’Or) in economic development in Valde Saône. Territorialisation is characterized by the consensus and the signing of the developmentcontract concerning the role division between Urban Community of Grand Lyon, which has a newauthority in intervening the economic development in local and metropolitan level, and AssociationBetween Regions of Saône Mont d’Or, which has the same authority in intervening the economicdevelopment in local level of Val de Saône.Keywords : Urban Community of Grand Lyon, Association Between Regions Saône Mont d’Or,Chevènement Act 1999, economic development, teritorialisation

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Cysek-Pawlak, Monika Maria, et Sylwia Krzysztofik. « The New Urbanism Principle of Quality Architecture and Urban Design Versus Place Identity. A Case Study of Val D’Europe and the Manufaktura Complex ». European Spatial Research and Policy 25, n^o 2 (31 décembre 2018) : 99–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1231-1952.25.2.06.

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This article contributes to the New Urbanism debate by considering the relationship between the identity of a place and quality in architecture and urban design. It combines a general theoretical discussion and an operational analysis with a comparative study of two commercial centres: Manufaktura in Łódź (Poland) and Val d’Europe in Marne-la-Vallée (France). It concludes that while the guidelines of New Urbanism can help both private investors and public stakeholders make better strategic decisions, according to the concept of quality architecture and urban design, its framework should be applied with care for community needs and the historical character of the city.

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Forlot, Gilles. « Thierry Bulot (ed.), Langue urbaine et identité (Langue et urbanisation linguistique à Rouen, Venise, Berlin, Athènes et Mons). Paris & ; Montreal : L'Harmattan, 1999. Pp. 235. Pb Euros 19.85. » Language in Society 31, n^o 3 (juillet 2002) : 466–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404502260297.

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This book proposes to examine how the development of the city is intrinsically connected with language interactions and social norms. How can one account for social behaviors in urban settings without explaining why such behaviors are specifically urban? The studies collected here aim at expounding how five cities – Rouen (France), Venice (Italy), Berlin (Germany), Athens (Greece), and Mons (Belgium) – are places of tension, conflict, and community sharing through the use of dialectal or sociolectal language varieties.

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Su, Cong Cong. « Countermeasures and Suggestions for Planning and Construction of New Rural Communities ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 651-653 (septembre 2014) : 1139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.651-653.1139.

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The construction of new rural community is to satisfy these demands by rural residents to gradually break the urban-rural dual structure, thereby allowing them to share the physical and spiritual civilization achievements caused by economic development and social progress. In this paper, on the basis of summarizing the practical experiences of foreign such as Germany, England, USA, France, Japan and South Korea, and some cities of China rural construction, it explores the deep-seated problems of planning and construction of new rural community, in order to smoothly promote the planning and construction progress of the new rural community in our country.

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Гундлах, В., Violetta Gundlah, А. Вайтенс et Andrey Vaytens. « MODERN FOREIGN EXPERIENCE OF LOCAL URBAN REGULATION OF THE RIVERINE TERRITORIES ». Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 4, n^o 4 (25 avril 2019) : 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/article_5cb1e65a475b16.88067977.

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At present, the problems of local urban regulation of the riverine territories are becoming increasingly relevant for Russian Federation. The article describes the main issues of organization the local self-government in Russia. The modern foreign experience of local urban regulation of the riverine territories in Sweden, Denmark, Germany, France, Belgium (Walloon region, Flemish region and Brussels-Capital Region), the Netherlands and Poland are studied. Possible options for such regulation are described: governmental organizations, community projects, local development strategies. Strategies are carried out through the formulation and development of ideas at the local level and the filing an application in search of cooperation with the municipality and private business. Options for local participation in the development of riverine areas are considered. An example is given of the “Leader” method based on cooperation of the state, public, private and non-profit sectors, which form a local development group, a local action group for the development of territories along the river Göta älv in Sweden. Municipal strategy of landscape interests in the city and around the city of Aalborg (Denmark) is analyzed. A brief description is given to the Weser River Basin Community (The Flussgebietsgemeinschaft Weser (FGG Weser)) in Germany. Examples of existing inter-municipal non-governmental projects in Poland and activities aimed at unlocking the tourist and cultural potential of riverine areas of Vistula river are studied. Conclusions on the possibility of forming a single inter-municipal authority that will coordinate the development of the riverine territories are drawn.

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Saberi, Parastou. « Toronto and the ‘Paris problem’ : community policing in ‘immigrant neighbourhoods’ ». Race & ; Class 59, n^o 2 (14 juillet 2017) : 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306396817717892.

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Since 2005, references to the ‘Paris problem’ have become increasingly frequent among media pundits, urban policy-makers and police agencies to warn about the malaise of Toronto’s low-income, majority non-White neighbourhoods (referred to as ‘immigrant neighbourhoods’). A reference to the rebellion of the French banlieues against state power in France, the ‘Paris problem’ is code for the spectre of ‘race riots’ in Toronto. Here the author looks at the birth of the ‘Paris problem’ and examines the community policing strategies that were rolled out in its aftermath in Toronto. The article demonstrates how these were intertwined with urban policies of social development to which policing was integral. In this, policing needs to be understood holistically as not just coercive in function, but also as ‘productive’; that is, aimed at the manufacture of consent and ultimately of pacification of unruly populations. Underpinning these processes, and also engendered by them, is a racialised and territorialised security ideology crystallised around the figure of ‘the immigrant’ and the conception of ‘immigrant neighbourhoods’. At the heart of such policy-making is a corralling and containing of poor, working-class, ethnically defined communities – youth in particular – that serves to entrench division while maintaining heavy-handed state control.

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CORBER, ERIN. « The kids on Oberlin Street : place, space and Jewish community in late interwar Strasbourg ». Urban History 43, n^o 4 (16 octobre 2015) : 581–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926815000826.

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ABSTRACT:In the spring of 1938, Strasbourg's Jewish youth organizations inaugurated the Merkaz Ha’Noar, the community's first Jewish youth centre, which aimed to provide a safe, healthy and controlled environment for the development of young Jews in a rapidly transforming city on the border between France and Germany. The centre offered a unique location from which to reimagine Jewish and French history on the eve of World War II, and illustrates the power of the built environment of the city and its physical structures to forge new kinds of communities, identities and politics.

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SCOTT-WEAVER, MEREDITH L. « Republicanism on the borders : Jewish activism and the refugee crisis in Strasbourg and Nice ». Urban History 43, n^o 4 (8 octobre 2015) : 599–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926815000838.

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ABSTRACT:This case-study of Jewish activism in Strasbourg and Nice, interwar urban locales situated along the frontiers with National Socialist Germany and fascist Italy, respectively, examines critical facets of Jewish advocacy during the refugee crisis of the 1930s. It focuses on how urban spaces engendered dense thickets of community activism unlike that which took place in Paris. Whereas friction and ineffectiveness characterized aid efforts in Paris, these cities offer alternative views on the nature of the refugee crisis in France and the ways that Jews overcame obstacles to help asylum-seekers. It advances much-needed discourse on the complexity of French Jewish experiences during the interwar years and highlights the city as both location and a conduit for diverse activist strategies. Although circumstances varied in Strasbourg and Nice, Jews in these two borderland cities followed similar patterns of engaging urban civil society to build flexible networks that addressed the plight of refugees from multiple angles.

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Putnik-Prica, Vladana. « From academicism to architectural realizations : The work of Franja Urban in Belgrade (1924-1937) ». Nasledje, n^o 22 (2021) : 115–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/nasledje2122115p.

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The architect Franja Urban belongs to the group of foreign architects who arrived in Belgrade in the wake of the First World War, leaving as a legacy a lasting contribution to its urban development and architectural design. Franja Urban arrived from Czechoslovakia as a result of links to the Ashkenazi Jewish community, and, from 1926 until his untimely death in 1937, he worked as a private architect specializing in the field of residential and industrial architecture. Although Urban left behind a rich architectural opus, so far no monographic article has been published that would shed light on and further valorize his work in Belgrade and beyond. This article stems from many years of research into Urban's life and work, and represents the first attempt to frame his work within the context of modern Serbian architecture.

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Douet, Alec. « Some Aspects of Sugar Beet Production in England, 1945–1985 ». Rural History 7, n^o 2 (octobre 1996) : 221–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793300000169.

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Sugar beet occupies only a minor proportion of the total area of agricultural land in Britain, but it is of major importance to mixed cropping farms in the Eastern Counties of England, where soil and climate combine to give ideal growing conditions. This region produces more than half the annual United Kingdom output, and forms part of the major beet producing area in the European Community, which stretches from the Ile de France and Champagne-Ardenne in France, through southern Belgium to the western regions of the Netherlands. This paper is based on an extensive series of studies of beet production and reports on farming in the Eastern Counties of England, prepared since the mid-1920s by the Farm Economics Branch, and later by the Agricultural Economics Unit, of the Department of Land Economy at the University of Cambridge. After sketching the historical background, it discusses some of the more significant developments – in crop husbandry, structural change, in the substitution of labour for capital and specialisation, and accession to the European Community – which took place in the four decades of unprecedented progress up to 1985.

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Jack, Brian. « Tackling Eutrophication : The Implications of a Precautionary Approach ». European Energy and Environmental Law Review 15, Issue 12 (1 décembre 2006) : 354–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2006036.

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Eutrophication is a major water pollution problem which affects inland and coastal waters throughout the European Community. This article examines the Community’s response to this issue. The Community appeared to have established a comprehensive framework of measures when, in the 1991, it adopted the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive and the Nitrates Directive. However, as this article points out, it soon became apparent that there were several important gaps within this framework. With the adoption of the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive, in 1996, and of the Water Framework Directive in 2000 the Community put in place even more extensive provisions that would plug these gaps. However, one important question has remained. When exactly should individual water bodies be considered to be eutrophic? Both the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive and the Nitrates Directive contain very similar definitions of eutrophication. However, Member States have been left to their own devices in interpreting and applying these definitions. This has led some Member States to adopt a restrictive approach with the result that some eutrophic waters have been left unprotected. The European Court of Justice has now turned its attention to this matter. In two enforcement actions, against France, the Court has provided its interpretation of the definitions set out in these Directives. This article examines these cases and points out that the Court adopted a highly precautionary and purposive approach. The article also analyses the wider implications of this case law. It points out that the Court’s judgments in these cases have potentially far reaching consequences not just in relation to the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive and the Nitrates Directive, but also with regard to the steps that must be taken under the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive and also the Water Framework Directive.

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Pesch, Udo, Anne-Lorène Vernay, Ellen van Bueren et Sofie Pandis Iverot. « Niche entrepreneurs in urban systems integration : On the role of individuals in niche formation ». Environment and Planning A : Economy and Space 49, n^o 8 (19 avril 2017) : 1922–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x17705383.

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In many sustainable urban innovation projects, the efforts, endurance and enthusiasm of individuals at key positions are considered a crucial factor for success. This article studies the role of individual agency in sociotechnical niches by using Kingdon’s agenda-setting model. Although strategic niche management is commonly used to study processes of urban innovation, the process of niche formation and the role of individual agency has been understudied. We will introduce the notion of the ‘niche entrepreneur’ as an actor who, analogous to Kingdon’s policy entrepreneur, connects the elements that are needed to develop a successful niche that allows learning for sustainability transitions. We will study the process of niche formation and the role of individual entrepreneurship therein, and identify the strategies that have been used by individuals to create a successful niche. This will be done for three cases in urban systems integration: the development of Eva Lanxmeer, a residential district in a drinking water retention area in Culemborg, the Netherlands; the transformation of the waste management practices of Lille Métropole Urban Community, France; and the development of the urban district Hammarby Sjöstad, Sweden. Our findings show that for the successful formation of niches, it is necessary to create ambitious, but clear goals and matching concrete operational plans; niche entrepreneurs may play the role of project champions that contribute significantly to the operationalization, monitoring and the effectuation of the original goals of the project; the strategies of niche entrepreneurs emphasize the building of coalitions and the securing of space for learning.

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Norton, John, et Guillaume Chantry. « Vaccinate Your Home Against the Storm - Reducing Vulnerability in Vietnam ». Open House International 33, n^o 2 (1 juin 2008) : 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-02-2008-b0004.

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Vietnam's economic reforms have helped many poor families to replace fragile shelters with houses built using materials regarded as "solid". This substantial family investment remains at risk of damage or destruction by annual disaster events - storms, floods and typhoons - because basic principles of safe building are not applied, nor is preventive action taken by communities and individual families to safeguard the home and public buildings against unnecessary damage. Failure to do so puts people at much greater risk of loss and injury. Over two decades, Development Workshop France (DWF) has worked in Viet Nam to promote a culture of preventive action to reduce risk of damage. Based on ten key principles of storm-resistant construction, some of which have been drawn from traditional techniques, DWF trains local builders and technicians and undertakes a wide range of awareness raising actions in and with communities to promote hands on preventive safety in poor villages. Once sceptical, local governments now actively support the programme, which also strengthens local organizational and financial capacity. This paper reviews the approach and the lessons that can be learnt from the DWF Viet Nam experience and that of similar DWF preventive actions in other disaster contexts. It considers the opportunities and constraints to enable family and community preventive action to become a core and ongoing feature of disaster management practice at community and national level.

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Bellino, Alessandro, Daniela Baldantoni, Vittoria Milano, Lucia Santorufo, Jérôme Cortet et Giulia Maisto. « Spatial Patterns and Scales of Collembola Taxonomic and Functional Diversity in Urban Parks ». Sustainability 13, n^o 23 (25 novembre 2021) : 13029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132313029.

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Anthropogenic pressures can affect the distribution of species and elicit the appearance of spatial patterns that provide insights into the species’ responses to environmental filtering, mediated by their functional traits. Due to the functional redundancy in ecological communities, the spatial variations of species and functional traits can occur at different scales, but little is known on this topic, especially for soil arthropods with limited dispersion capabilities and highly dependent on environmental characteristics. The present research aims at shedding light on the spatial ecology of both the taxonomic and functional biodiversity of collembolan communities colonizing urban parks, adopted as model taxa for their functional traits, diversity and sensitivity to environmental drivers. To this end, the spatial patterns and scales of collembolan communities from 8 parks in Naples (Italy) and 14 in Montpellier (France) were investigated through an approach based on Moran eigenvector maps, modified to allow for evaluating the community spatial connectivity and the scales underpinning the spatial variation of each species and functional trait. The obtained findings demonstrate a limited spatial connectivity of collembolan communities in terms of both taxonomic and functional diversity, with mostly species-specific micro-scale variations that may be shaped by environmental constraints.

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Savitch, H. V. « A Strategy for Neighborhood Decline and Regrowth ». Urban Affairs Review 47, n^o 6 (16 septembre 2011) : 800–837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078087411416443.

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This paper examines neighborhood decline and takes up the larger issue of formulating a strategy for regrowth. A case study of Marseille France highlights this strategy along with possible criteria for policy transfer to American cities. The strategy is designated by the author as High-Intensity Concentrated Area Development (HICAD). The HICAD strategy differs from those used in the United States and employs five basic ideas—selection, pressure, magnification (connectivity), leverage and a holistic perspective. HICAD proved to be transformative in Marseille. Over the course of 15 years it brought back densities, increased employment, rebuilt infrastructure and renewed a community. HICAD is also portable and may be used in conjunction with other strategies currently applied in American cities. Notwithstanding these benefits the strategy gives rise to issues of social equity. The French experience also enables us to understand that urban decline may differ in cause and consequence. Accordingly the strategic responses will also vary.

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Duch-Zebrowska, Paulina, et Katarzyna Zielonko-Jung. « Integrating Digital Twin Technology Into Large Panel System Estates Retrofit Projects ». Urban Planning 6, n^o 4 (17 novembre 2021) : 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v6i4.4464.

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As sustainability is now a standard for the proposed developments, the focus ought to be shifted towards the existing buildings and, among them, the worldwide stock of large panel system (LPS) buildings. Major upgrades and retrofits were done to some of the LPS estates in Germany and France, but a leading sustainable way must still be developed for LPS buildings in Eastern European countries, where apartments in those half-a-century-old estates are privately owned. Both sustainability and ownership issues make the demolition option redundant, and therefore the method for deep thermal retrofit and urban intervention is being developed with the use of BIM simulation tools. Digital twin (DT) technology allows for calibration to intertwine with the Internet of Things applications that reward the inhabitants for sustainable behaviour while feeding the relevant data back to the DT. Thanks to this, smart technology can be used to raise the level of social participation in the projects and thus help educate the end-users, which is paramount in establishing and maintaining good ecological habits, and as such, also for the efficacy and viability of the final endeavour. This article proposes a procedure of creating a 3D model typology repository for facilitating DT technology to provide a good analytical tool for community consultation and enable virtual testing of technical and urban solutions before implementation. It aims to determine the method for virtual technology to give deteriorating estates a new lease of life and improve their perception in the wider community while being a conduit for the adaptation of CEE to the digital revolution.

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Lioubimtseva, Elena, et Charlotte da Cunha. « The Role of Non-Climate Data in Equitable Climate Adaptation Planning : Lessons from Small French and American Cities ». Sustainability 15, n^o 2 (13 janvier 2023) : 1556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021556.

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There is a growing consensus that to effectively adapt to climate change, cities need user-friendly tools and reliable high-resolution biophysical and socio-economic data for analysis, mapping, modeling, and visualization. This study examines the availability of various types of information used in climate adaptation plans of 40 municipalities with a population of less than 300,000 people in the United States and France, probing into the choice and usage of relevant information by small municipalities. We argue that non-climatic spatial data, such as population demographic and socio-economic patterns, urban infrastructure, and environmental data must be integrated with climate tools and datasets to inform effective vulnerability assessment and equitable adaptation planning goals. Most climate adaptation plans examined in this study fail to address the existing structural inequalities and environmental injustices in urban infrastructure and land use. Their challenges include methodological and ideological barriers, data quality issues, and a lack of meaningful community connections. Adaptation methodological approaches should be reassessed in the context of much-needed societal transformation. Lessons learned from our studies offer valuable insights for the potential development of national and state-level climate adaptation information services for cities.

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Graziuso, Gabriella, Simona Mancini, Antonella Bianca Francavilla, Michele Grimaldi et Claudio Guarnaccia. « Geo-Crowdsourced Sound Level Data in Support of the Community Facilities Planning. A Methodological Proposal ». Sustainability 13, n^o 10 (14 mai 2021) : 5486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105486.

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To reduce environmental noise pollution and to safeguard people’s well-being, it is urgently necessary to move towards sustainable urban development and reconcile demographic and economic growth with the protection and restoration of the environment and the improvement of the quality of human lives. This challenge should be a concern to policymakers, who must issue regulations and define the appropriate actions for noise monitoring and management, and citizens, who must be sensitive to the problem and act accordingly. Starting from an analysis of several crowdsourcing noise data collection tools, this paper focuses on the definition of a methodology for data analysis and mapping. The sound sensing system, indeed, enables mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets, to become a low-cost data collection for monitoring environmental noise. For this study, the “NoiseCapture” application developed in France by CNRS and IFSTTAR has been utilized. The measurements acquired in 2018 and 2019 at the Fisciano Campus at the University of Salerno were integrated with the kernel density estimation. This is a spatial analysis technique that allows for the elaboration of sound level density maps, defined spatially and temporally. These maps, overlaid on a campus facilities map, can become tools to support the appropriate mitigation actions.

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Fatmawati, Safrida, et Joesron Alie Syahbana. « Penerapan Kebijakan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan di Lingkungan Kampus (Studi Perbandingan Antara Kampus Tembalang Universitas Diponegoro dan Kampus Tertre Universitas Nantes) ». JURNAL PEMBANGUNAN WILAYAH & ; KOTA 11, n^o 4 (10 décembre 2015) : 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/pwk.v11i4.17599.

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City is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change because of the large population, the intensive usage of infrastructure and a lot of economic activities. In addition, lifestyle and activity of urban communities, which neglect the impact of energy consumption, tend to increase the concentration of greenhouse gas involved in global warming. Improving the environment and the quality of life become the responsibility of all stakeholders, including the higher education institutions. They are the ones who have the contribution to conserve the environment. Sustainable Campus is a concept that began to develop in the world as a response to the environmental degradation which is integrated into the campus policy. This study proposes to compare the sustainable development policy within the Tertre campus, University of Nantes-France and Tembalang campus, Diponegoro University-Semarang, Indonesia. The material of this study was constituted through the interviews with the main stakeholders, as the key personnel in the field of sustainable development. In summary, we can conclude that the best sustainable development policy in the campus must be integrated into the environmental management, the improvement of the quality of life of the university community, and the strengthening of the economy, as well as engage in partnerships with all the stakeholders.

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BARDATI, FLAMINIA. « Between the king and the pope : French cardinals in Rome (1495–1560) ». Urban History 37, n^o 3 (15 novembre 2010) : 419–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926810000544.

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ABSTRACT:On account of their dual function as princes of the church and agents for the king of France, the French cardinals in Rome constitute a well-defined and self-contained community. They were governed by complex internal dynamics as well as by the need to present a unified front to the pope, in addition to the College of Cardinals and the citizenry of Rome. French cardinals present in Rome between 1490 and 1560 were mobile, as their physical presence in the city was not continuous: a number of them were stable residents in Rome, charged with diplomatic missions, while others only attended the conclaves. A special case is that of Jean du Bellay, who became fully integrated into the life of the city, established a literary salon open to artists and poets, and was involved in the study of Antiquities and the construction of a villa-garden complex, the Horti Bellayani.

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Bailly, Guillaume. « A PERILOUS DEMOCRATIC EXERCISE WITHIN AN EXCEPTIONAL HEALTH CONTEXT ». Mercator 21, n^o 2 (15 décembre 2022) : 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4215/rm2022.e21030.

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This article questions the organization of the French municipal elections within the context of a global pandemic (COVID-19). In a little-explored scientific field in the cities of Le Mans, Allonnes, Coulaines and Arnage, we examine the practice of abstention on the part of voters in Le Mans Métropole. In this regard, principal component analysis followed by hierarchical cluster analysis was performed. We used the data of both the French National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE) and the French Ministry of the Interior. Our main goal consisted in highlighting the electoral geography of Le Mans Métropole at the municipal and sub-municipal levels, using maps. We thus report that abstention rates soared. This fact corroborates the initial hypothesis of low turnout by the population at the end of this first round of the municipal elections and benefiting certain candidates on the local electoral scene. This was particularly the case for the left-wing party, the victory of which was also analysed within a national context of the Socialist Party’s decline. Keywords: municipal election, abstention, covid-19, France, urban community of Le Mans, spatial analysis.

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Pastorel, Jean-Paul. « Cités et Reterritorialisation : La France à l'Heure des Frandes Métropoles ». Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 38, n^o 1 (1 mars 2007) : 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v38i1.5656.

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The structure of local authority power in France, which is heir to a system of fractionalised communities and also to a tradition of downgrading of cities, is a matter of current interest today. This is largely because of the federalisation movement in Europe and the globalisation of economies within the European market. The federalisation movement has been beneficial - integrated inter-communal structures open the way to large metropolises. Metropolises in turn, are connected with more less vast regional areas thereby redrawing the contours of the new directions of development. In this paper on the evolution of the French territorial entities, the author makes clear the consistent way in which the French legislator has moved since the signing of the Treaty of Rome in 1957, to transform the way in which territorial institutions are organised. The re-organisation of the increasingly urban communities and regions will benefit from a "plan of re-territorialisation". The declared goal is to organise these areas by arranging a network of towns both small and medium sized around metropolises in order to create true competitive areas employment which have the capacity to stimulate economic activity. From being communities of citizens, these contiguous territorial entities, subject both to the rules of free competition and to Community norms, are progressively transformed into economic players. By confirming the role of territorial entities to take all the decisions which can best be exercised at the local level (the principle of subsidiarity), the French constitutional reform of 27 March 2003 paved the way for a degree of flexibility of territorial organisation which can lead to a type of decentralisation to suit each different situation, including by the state towards the territorial entities or between territorial entities. The break with traditional uniformity of the territorial groupings in France is part of the re-territorialisation of local government areas and thus is consonant with rapid metropolisation and market liberalisation.

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Đorđević, Snežana. « Gated communities in Europe : Fashionability or a social challenge ? » Socioloski pregled 56, n^o 3 (2022) : 978–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/socpreg56-38850.

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This paper deals with the poorly researched concept of fenced settlements (housing policy), which was developed in the USA in the middle of the 20th century, but has recently been particularly affirmed in NEO-liberal society, all over the world. Walled settlements also exist in social-democratic Europe, and the article studies the consequences of applying this concept, i.e. the influence of fenced settlements on the democratic spirit of the city and the democratic and development potential of the city, on the example of cities in Europe (France, Britain and Ireland) with lessons learned. Gated settlements have a number of negative effects on the community. For the needs of fenced communities, authorities often privatize roads, public spaces, and access to remaining public areas, to the detriment of the majority of residents, for whom entire complexes in the city remain inaccessible. This creates numerous social and spatial injustices, which actively undermines the democratic capacity of the city. These processes are in conflict with the democratic concept of the open city and the model of mixed housing, cultivated during the welfare state. The article relies on the analyses of existing research and studies of fenced settlements in the world through indicative examples and case studies (content analysis, synthesis, generalization, comparison). Statistical methods, analysis of regulatory changes, interviews and surveys of tenants, development managers, politicians and officials were often used in these studies. The comparative method in this paper compares the similarities and differences of fenced settlements in various countries, which is the basis for conclusions and recommendations for optimal housing policy and urban development (synthesis). The article introduces this challenging topic into the debate space of political and social sciences (field of urban studies), presents the existing consequences, and through comparison allows us to synthetically arrive at recommendations for choosing the optimal housing policy (learning from experience).

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Urban, Eva. « Reification and Modern Drama : an Analysis, a Critique, and a Manifesto ». New Theatre Quarterly 32, n^o 3 (30 juin 2016) : 256–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x16000233.

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Drawing on a close reading of Theodor Adorno's essay, ‘Education after Auschwitz’, in this article Eva Urban develops the argument that an analysis of the reification that reduces human relationships to mere business interactions has been a central concern of modern drama. The article offers an analysis of some of the ways in which this theme continues to be represented, interrogated, and challenged internationally in contemporary political plays and theatre performances across a range of genres and grounded in a variety of dramaturgical principles. It asks how drama, theatre-making, theatre-spectating, and theatre-participating can create dynamics necessary to enable a move from reified consciousness towards the development of critical autonomy and solidarity. A negotiation of the principles of critical consciousness and solidarity is problematic within economic structures that cause social, ethnic, and religious atomization and divisions. Her argument concludes with an outline for a manifesto for political drama and theatre practice to work against reification. Eva Urban is a lecturer and researcher in the English Department and an Associate of the Irish Studies Research Centre, CEI/CRBC, at the University of Rennes 2, France. She recently completed a British Academy Postdoctoral Fellowship at the University of Cambridge and is a Life Member of Clare Hall, Cambridge. The author of Community Politics and the Peace Process in Contemporary Northern Irish Drama (Peter Lang, 2011), she has also published articles in New Theatre Quarterly, Etudes Irlandaises, Caleidoscopio, and edited book collections.

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Tirado, Rafaela, Adélaïde Aublet, Sylvain Laurenceau et Guillaume Habert. « Challenges and Opportunities for Circular Economy Promotion in the Building Sector ». Sustainability 14, n^o 3 (28 janvier 2022) : 1569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031569.

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The accelerated development of cities involves important inflows and outflows of resources. The construction sector is one of the main consumers of raw materials and producers of waste. Due to its quantity and potential for recovery, waste from the construction sector constitutes significant deposits and requires major action by bringing together different stakeholders to achieve the objectives of a circular economy. Consequently, it is crucial to understand the current knowledge of urban metabolism, deposits, and recovery practices. This article aims to investigate the role of local authorities in the planning of strategies to facilitate a circular economy; in particular, this article aims to answer how local authorities facilitate circular economy initiatives in the building sector and what opportunities and obstacles they encounter in the process. The strategy used for the study was to conduct semistructured interviews with those responsible for circular economy projects within local authorities that were pioneering circular economy projects in metropolitan France. The results highlight the importance of community involvement in the implementation of circular economy principles in the building sector. Thus, it is essential to identify the different stakeholders and their respective challenges to build an operational framework.

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Lim, Yura, Dong-uk Im et Jongoh Lee. « Promoting the Sustainability of City Communities through ‘Voluntary Arts Activities’ at Regenerated Cultural Arts Spaces : A Focus on the Combination of the ‘Democratization of Culture’ and ‘Cultural Democracy’ Perspectives ». Sustainability 11, n^o 16 (14 août 2019) : 4400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11164400.

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Abandoned industrial facilities have become a nuisance in cities because the needs of society members are continuously changing. Idle industrial facilities might be considered to be merely abandoned and empty spaces, but they are in reality historic sites that illustrate the period of industrialization in the region. They are valuable because they serve to accumulate memories from the past. Recently, with the need for urban regeneration, there have been various discussions on converting the abandoned industrial facilities into cultural art spaces. They are intended to promote the sustainability of communities and cities by vitalizing the area. Considering the social dimensions of urban regeneration, it is necessary to render such a creative space as a ‘Third Place’ to promote the city’s sustainability. Converted industrial facilities, through the medium of ‘Voluntary Arts Activities,’ have many elements that are suitable for the needs of a creative space, and even for a ‘Third Place’. As opposed to the private sector, it is seen that when the public sector regenerates these facilities, they approach this issue in order to lower the cultural arts barrier. The public sector, which is a government-centered first sector, conducts regeneration projects based on the ‘Democratization of Culture’ perspective. However, in order to promote participation in the third sector, which is a community-based, non-profit sector that actually uses the space, it is important to approach the issue from the ‘Cultural Democracy’ perspective. Focusing on this aspect, this study aims to examine cases of public sector-led converted cultural arts spaces by ‘Voluntary Arts Activities’ in France and South Korea, namely ‘Le Centquatre-Paris,’ the ‘Oil Tank Culture Park,’ and the ‘West Seoul Arts Center for Learning’. This will allow us to contemplate the possibility of sustainable spaces, individuals, communities and cities.

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Cannan, Crescy. « Urban Social Development in France ». Community Development Journal 30, n^o 3 (1995) : 238–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdj/30.3.238.

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Ting, Liu. « Aesthetic principles of interpretation of early arias in the vocalist’s concert repertoire : air de cour ». Aspects of Historical Musicology 27, n^o 27 (27 décembre 2022) : 73–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.34064/khnum2-27.05.

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Statement of the problem. Nowadays, there has been a high demand for historically informed performance, including in the educational process. However, a young performer often faces not only technical problems, but also a lack of understanding of the performance style. So, the relevance of the topic of the article is caused by urgent needs of modern concert and stage practice related to historically oriented performance as well as by the task of modern music education to introduce the Baroque styles into the educational process of vocal performers. The article offers the experience of musicological reception of the early aria genre using the example of the French “air de cour” as the personification of European Baroque aesthetics. The genre, which is little known to both Ukrainian and Chinese vocalists, is considered from the standpoint of a cognitive approach, which involves a combination of practical singing technology with the understanding of the aesthetic guidelines of the baroque vocal style as an original phenomenon. One of the manifestations of it is the “sung dance” (singing in ballet) as the embodiment of artistic synthesis rooted in the musical and theatrical practice of France during the time of Louis XIV with its luxurious court performances, a bright component of which were “airs de cour”. To reveal the chosen topic it was necessary to study scientific literature in such areas as the issues of performing early vocal music (Boiarenko, 2015), the history and modernity of vocal art (Shuliar, 2014; Hnyd, 1997; Landru-Chandès, 2017); peculiarities of the air de cour genre, which are highlighted with varying degrees of detailing in different perspectives in the works of European and American scholars: 1) in publications on the synthetic opera and ballet genres in the time and at the court of Louis XIV, in particular ballet-de-cour (Needham, 1997; Christout, 1998; Verchaly, 1957; Harris-Warwick, 1992; Cowart, 2008); 2) special studies (Durosoir, 1991; Khattabi, 2013; Brooks, 2001); 3) monographs on Baroque music (Bukofzer, 1947); 4) reference articles by authoritative musicologists (Baron, 2001, the editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica and others). A study that would focus on the aesthetic principles of the modern vocal interpretation of air de cour as a sample of the early aria genre has not been found. Research results. Air de cour, the origins of which are connected with the secular urban song (voix-de-ville) in arrangements for voice and lute and lute transcriptions of polyphonic vocal works of the Renaissance, was popular in France, and later, in Europe at the end of the 16th and 17th centuries. As part of the popular synthetic theatrical spectacle – ballet-de-cour, which combined dance, music, poetry, visual and acting arts and flourished at the court of Louis XIV as an active means of sacralizing the king’s person, “air de cour” even in its name (which gradually replaced “voix-de-villes”) alludes to the social transformations of the French Baroque era with its courtly preferences. With the transition to an aristocratic environment, the link of the genre with its folk roots (squareness, metricity, melodic unpretentiousness) weakens, giving way to the refined declamation style of musique mesurée; the strophic repetitions of the melody with a new text are decorated by the singers with unique ornamentation (broderies), which is significantly different from the Italian. The poetic word and music complement the art of dance since air de cour has also adapted to ballet numbers, providing great opportunities for various forms of interaction between singing and dancing and interpretation on the basis of versioning – the variable technique of combinations, which were constantly updated. Vocal numbers in ballets were used to create various musical imagery characteristics. When choosing singers, the author of the music had to rely on such criteria as the range and timbre of the voice. As leaders, the creators of airs de cour used high voices. This is explained by the secular direction of the genre, its gradual separation from the polyphonic traditions of the past era: the highest voice in the polyphony, superius, is clearly distinguished as the leading one in order to convey the meaning of the poetic declamation, to clearly hear the words, turning the polyphonic texture into a predominantly chordal one with the soprano as the leading voice. Hence, the modern performing reproduction of air de cour, as well as the early aria in general, requires a certain orientation in the characteristics of the expressive possibilities of this particular singing voice; for this purpose, the article provides a corresponding classification of sopranos. So, despite the small vocal range and the external simplicity of the air de cour form, the vocalist faces difficult tasks, from deep penetration into the content of the poetic text and reproduction of the free declamatory performance style to virtuoso mastery of the technique of ornamental singing and a special “instrumental” singing manner inherited from Renaissance polyphonic “equality” of vocal and instrumental voices. Conclusions. What are the aesthetic principles of vocal music of the European Baroque period that a vocalist should take into account when performing it? First of all, it is an organic synthesis of music, poetry and choreography. The connection of singing with dance plasticity is inherent in many early vocal works. Hence the requirement not only to pay attention to the culture ofrecitation, pronunciation of a poetic text, understanding of key words-images, which precedes any performance interpretation of a vocal work, but also to study the aesthetic influences of various arts inherent in this or that work of Baroque culture. Air de cour differs from the German church or Italian opera aria as other national manifestations of the psychotype of a European person precisely in its dance and movement plasticity. Therefore, the genre of the early aria requires the modern interpreter to understand the socio-historical and aesthetic conditions of its origin and existence and to rely on the systemic unity (polymodality) of vocal stylistics. The prospect of research. There are plenty of types of vocal and dance plasticity in early arias; among them, rhythmic formulas and dance patterns of sicilianas, pavanes, and tarantellas prevail; movement rhythm (passacaglia). And they received further rapid development in the romantic opera of the 19th century. This material constitutes a separate “niche” and is an artistic phenomenon that is practically unstudied in terms of historical and stylistic integrity, continuity in various national cultures, and relevance for modern music and theatre art.

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Ferguson, Ronald F., et William T. Dickens. « Urban problems and community development ». Social Science Journal 37, n^o 2 (1 juin 2000) : 317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0362-3319(00)00069-0.

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Murdoch, Stewart. « Community development and urban regeneration ». Community Development Journal 40, n^o 4 (17 août 2005) : 439–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsi089.

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Terrolle, Daniel. « Urban Anthropology in France ». City Society 3, n^o 1 (juin 1989) : 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/city.1989.3.1.91.

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Biarez, Sylvie. « Urban policies and development strategies in France ». Local Government Studies 19, n^o 2 (juin 1993) : 190–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03003939308433675.

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Lévy-Vroelant, Claire. « URBAN RENEWAL IN FRANCE ». Innovation : The European Journal of Social Science Research 20, n^o 2 (juin 2007) : 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13511610701502222.

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Vaa, Mariken. « Community Participation in Urban Development Planning ». Forum for Development Studies 20, n^o 2 (janvier 1993) : 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08039410.1993.9665948.

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Anttiroiko, Ari Veikko. « Urban u-community : a new dimension of urban development ». International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development 1, n^o 4 (2009) : 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijird.2009.022733.

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Capraro, James F. « Community Organizing + Community Development = Community Transformation ». Journal of Urban Affairs 26, n^o 2 (juin 2004) : 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0735-2166.2004.00193.x.

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Semenza, Jan C., Tanya L. March et Brian D. Bontempo. « Community-Initiated Urban Development : An Ecological Intervention ». Journal of Urban Health 84, n^o 1 (23 novembre 2006) : 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11524-006-9124-8.

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Agbola, Tunde. « NGOs and community development in urban areas ». Cities 11, n^o 1 (février 1994) : 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-2751(94)90049-3.

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Phannan, Pasrin. « Community Empowerment and the Urban Poor’s Community Agricultural Garden Development ». IOP Conference Series : Earth and Environmental Science 576 (12 novembre 2020) : 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/576/1/012024.

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Lewin, Susan Spencer. « REGENERATIVE URBAN COMMUNITY DESIGN ». Journal of Green Building 8, n^o 2 (avril 2013) : 27–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.8.2.27.

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Henig, Jeffrey R., et Paul R. Dommel. « Decentralizing Urban Policy : Case Studies in Community Development ». Public Administration Review 46, n^o 6 (novembre 1986) : 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/976239.

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Jackson, Jeffrey H. « Artistic Community and Urban Development in 1920s Montmartre ». French Politics, Culture & ; Society 24, n^o 2 (1 janvier 2006) : 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/153763706780682092.

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Tricarico, Luca, et Carolina Pacchi. « Community entrepreneurship and co-production in urban development ». TERRITORIO, n^o 87 (juin 2019) : 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/tr2018-087011.

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Gozzoli, Pattarachit Choompol, Theerada Rongrat et Roberto Bruno Gozzoli. « Design Thinking and Urban Community Development : East Bangkok ». Sustainability 14, n^o 7 (30 mars 2022) : 4117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074117.

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This research focuses on community development and ways in which community members can express their opinions and maintain well-being. However, in many contexts, these voices have been enfeebled through top-down approaches, lack of a concrete scenario, and attention to community problems, all of which are frequently associated with prejudices based on social status, education, or gender. For the first time within an urban context, the Ban Bu/Wat Suwannaram community in Bangkok, Thailand, has been given the opportunity to voice their opinions about the community, the direction it should take, and the overall improvement to be made, without the constriction of external authorities. This study applies design thinking, which despite being one of the major trends in business over the last couple of decades, is not generally used to address social issues. Since design thinking requires data collection and the creation of a model/prototype, two complementary procedures are employed. Firstly, the community is studied through observation and interviews, which helped creating a SWOT analysis to identify its potential and facilitate an informal discussion with members of the local community on the situation before urbanisation loosened community ties. After this initial stage, a prototype for various areas of community development is discussed in a community workshop to enable participants to offer their opinions on how the community could develop further. The results reveal the aspirations of the local community towards improving social and environmental issues.

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Green, Terrance L. « Leading for Urban School Reform and Community Development ». Educational Administration Quarterly 51, n^o 5 (20 mars 2015) : 679–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013161x15577694.

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Jakupi, Arta. « DIRECT INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT AND KOSOVO'S URBAN DEVELOPMENT ». Regions Magazine 274, sup1 (janvier 2009) : 17–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13673882.2009.1057.

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Saefullah, K. « Sustainable Community Development in Rural and Urban Areas ». IOP Conference Series : Earth and Environmental Science 145 (avril 2018) : 012106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/145/1/012106.

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McKay, David. « Urban Development and Civic Community : A Comparative Analysis ». British Journal of Political Science 26, n^o 1 (janvier 1996) : 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123400007390.

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This article attempts to explain why it is that in spite of being exposed to similar economic and social forces, cities in Europe and the United States have followed distinctive patterns of development. In continental Europe core urban areas have remained relatively resilient compared with equivalent areas in Britain and the United States. While economic and demographic factors are important explanatory factors, they cannot account for all of the important differences characteristic of the three urban systems, whether measured in quantitative or qualitative terms. It is argued that Continental cities are better protected because of a long-established elite commitment to specific urban areas which has its roots in the development of the modern state. This commitment is labelled ‘civic community’ which finds political expression through complex representational networks at the local, regional and national levels. In Britain no equivalent networks exist and civic community is low. As a result, elites have little commitment to core urban areas. In the United States, complex representational networks do exist, but they are not linked to a historically established elite commitment to core city areas. Instead, the economic market place determines the fortunes of central cities. It is concluded that these contrasting paths of development place considerable constraints on public policies designed to regenerate central city areas.

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Wang, Jian, Yingnan Ma, Yun Zheng et Ziyang Lyu. « Research on safety culture development in urban community ». IOP Conference Series : Earth and Environmental Science 608 (10 décembre 2020) : 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/608/1/012012.

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