Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Communication of technical information – Case studies »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Communication of technical information – Case studies"
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Koskosas, Ioannis. « Communicating information systems goals : A case in internet banking security ». Computer Science and Information Systems 6, no 1 (2009) : 71–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis0901071k.
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A large part of information systems (IS) security approaches is technical in nature with less consideration on people and organizational issues. The research presented in this paper adopts a broader perspective and presents an understanding of IS security in terms of a social and organizational perspective. In doing so, it uses the communication of risk messages among the members of IT groups in setting Internet banking goals in order to identify any weaknesses in security management procedures. The novel approach of this investigation is that explores and presents the issues of risk communication and goal setting in Internet banking security through indepth interviews within three case studies. That said, it promotes an interdisciplinary and inter-organizational theory which fosters a new dialog that transcends security industry specific contexts as opposed to other studies. Interview results suggest how an effective setting of Internet banking security goals can be achieved through specific considerations for improving the communication of security messages. The research contributes to interpretive information systems with the study of risk communication and goal setting in an Internet banking security context.
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Browning, Ella R., et Lauren E. Cagle. « Teaching a “Critical Accessibility Case Study” ». Journal of Technical Writing and Communication 47, no 4 (12 mai 2016) : 440–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047281616646750.
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As technical communication (TC) instructors, it is vital that we continue reimagining our curricula as the field itself is continually reimagined in light of new technologies, genres, workplace practices, and theories—theories such as those from disability studies scholarship. Here, the authors offer an approach to including disability studies in TC curricula through the inclusion of a “critical accessibility case study” (CACS). In explicating the theoretical and practical foundations that support teaching a CACS in TC courses, the authors provide an overview of how TC scholars have productively engaged with disability studies and case studies to question both our curricular content and classroom practices. They offer as an example their “New York City Evacuation CACS,” developed for and taught in TC for Health Sciences courses, which demonstrates that critical disability theory can help us better teach distribution and design of technical information and user-based approaches to TC. The conceptual framework of the CACS functions as a strategy for TC instructors to integrate disability studies and attention to disability and accessibility into TC curricula, meeting both ethical calls to do so as well as practical pedagogical goals.
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Dymkova, Svetlana, et Oleg Varlamov. « INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE “ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT OF COMMUNICATION AND TECHNOLOGY” (EMCTECH). FINAL INFORMATION AND STATISTICS ». SYNCHROINFO JOURNAL 7, no 6 (2021) : 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.36724/2664-066x-2021-7-6-36-39.
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International conference “ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT OF COMMUNICATION AND TECHNOLOGY” (EMCTECH) was held on October 20-22, 2021 in Vienna (Austria). On EMCTECH-2021 was invited researchers, educators, managers, and students, which research activity, case studies or best practices, shedding light on the theory or practice of engineering, technology, innovation management, or development of personal skills, business and entrepreneurship. On EMCTECH-2021 IEEE in cooperation with Institute of Radio and Information Systems (IRIS) provide various opportunities for publishing results of research, based on international scientific and technical cooperation of researchers, PhD students and students in the field of radio and information systems.
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Makarenko, S. I. « INFORMATION CONFLICT BETWEEN A COMMUNICATION SYSTEM AND A SYSTEM OF DESTABILIZING INFLUENCES Part III CONTROLLING OF A COMMUNICATION SYSTEM IN CONFLICT SITUATION ». RADIO COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY, no 48 (16 juin 2021) : 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33286/2075-8693-2021-48-103-116.
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In the paper is presented formalization of the controlling and connecting processes for in the conflict condition with the system of destabilizing influences. The quality of control in the organizational and technical system is matched to the stability of its communication system. It is showed match to reduce of the relevance and com-pleteness of the transmitted information in the control system with decrease of the reliability, timeliness and volume of information transmitted through the communi-cation system in condition a information conflict. A new indicator "information damage" is proposed in paper and it is shown that this indicator can estimate of the reduction of the quality of information support for controlling processes. Brief analysis of other studies that are aimed at developing generalized models of infor-mation conflict is carried out. Directions for further research are outlined.
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Loboda, Svitlana M., et Svitlana M. Denisenko. « ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНО-КОМУНІКАЦІЙНИХ ІНТЕРАКТИВНИХ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ У ПРОФЕСІЙНІЙ ПІДГОТОВЦІ ФАХІВЦІВ ВИДАВНИЦТВА І ПОЛІГРАФІЇ ». Information Technologies and Learning Tools 62, no 6 (30 décembre 2017) : 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33407/itlt.v62i6.1939.
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In the article it is substantiated the importance of using modern information and communication, in particular interactive technologies, in the process of professional training in higher education, as well as described in detail the specifics of such interactive educational technology as case-study. The authors have determined the educational objectives of case technology, outlined skills, the development of which it contributes, presented the types of cases and their features; described the structure and foundations of case creation. The peculiarities of case-study realization in the basis of information and communication technologies and using in the process of professional training of future specialists of publishing and polygraphy at a higher educational institution during the teaching of the discipline «Fundamentals of technical aesthetics and design» are determined, as well as described the author's electronic resource with methodical instructions on the use of case-situations. Also, the authors describe the peculiarities of the training of case studies, based on the specifics of the discipline.
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Mirel, Barbara. « Designing Field Research in Technical Communication : Usability Testing for In-House User Documentation ». Journal of Technical Writing and Communication 17, no 4 (octobre 1987) : 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/3g4g-c1n7-75yk-7a6n.
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A current assumption is that “one best system” can be devised to develop and test user documentation. In-house documentation, however, demands approaches that do not fit into a generic system. Specifically, an in-house manual needs a special type of usability testing, one that measures if and how a manual is used to meet the goals of its organization. Along with quality testing, in-house writers must also run studies on how their manuals actually function in the workplace. This article describes a three-pronged design for actual use testing: user logs; observations; and surveys. In my case study, this testing revealed that users did not use their manuals for reasons other than quality — for instance, reliance on social interactions for acquiring information. My findings show that writing an effective manual requires more than composing skills; it demands writers' involvement in the organizational dynamics that motivate workers to use or not use their manuals.
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Roy, Debopriyo. « An Assembly Line Approach to Technical Communication Pedagogy with Intelligent Content Design and Delivery ». International Journal of Information and Education Technology 12, no 9 (2022) : 934–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijiet.2022.12.9.1703.
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Topic-based intelligent content design with a better understanding of semantic web schemas could be the new focus for technical communication (TC) pedagogy in academia - a major shift away from designing standalone static documents. A new such TC course focused on the basics of how XML, RDFS, and OWL schema contribute to the semantic web for CCMS and CDP, including the basics of how faceted search works and ontology creation happens for simple e-commerce based, tourism, healthcare, and consumer product information design. The course also attempted to expose students to a basic understanding of iiRDS – the standard that enables dynamic information request and delivery in the era of the Internet of Things and Industry 4.0; and how Microsoft HoloLens - a mixed reality platform caters to intelligent information processing in Toyota and smart city contexts, as case studies. This was an introductory course with conceptual development being the focus, and not programming skills. With this course, we wanted to introduce students to the new industry documentation standards and initiate a process in pedagogy that will ultimately lead to bridging the extreme shortage of qualified job applicants in the industry coming from content strategy as a new field of practice. This paper focused on a pilot study initiating an exercise to explore the extent to which such a course helps teach information management in an English as Foreign Language (EFL) context for computer science majors, within the scope of content language integrated learning (CLIL) and project-based language learning (PBLL).
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Jonnergård, Karin, Lena Petersson et Gudbjörg Erlingsdóttir. « Communicating the Implementation of Open Notes to Health Care Professionals : Mixed Methods Study ». JMIR Medical Informatics 9, no 8 (16 août 2021) : e22391. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/22391.
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Background The literature on how to communicate reform in organizations has mainly focused on levels of hierarchy and has largely ignored the variety of professions that may be found within an organization. In this study, we focus on the relationship between media type and professional responses. Objective The objective of this study was to investigate whether and how belonging to a profession influences the choice of communication media and the perception of information when a technical innovation is implemented in a health care setting. Methods This study followed a mixed methods design based on observations and participant studies, as well as a survey of professionals in psychiatric health care in Sweden. The χ2 test was used to detect differences in perceptions between professional groups. Results The use of available communication media differed among professions. These differences seem to be related to the status attached to each profession. The sense-making of the information appears to be similar among the professions, but is based on their traditional professional norms rather than on reflection on the reform at hand. Conclusions When communicating about the implementation of a new technology, the choice of media and the message need to be attuned to the employees in both hierarchical and professional terms. This also applies to situations where professional employees are only indirectly affected by the implementation. A differentiated communication strategy is preferred over a downward cascade of information.
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Bhanu Prakash, Kolla. « Information extraction in current Indian web documents ». International Journal of Engineering & ; Technology 7, no 2.8 (19 mars 2018) : 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.8.10332.
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Communication and Internet are two major resources in today’s technical, social and scientific disciplines offering a wide range of possibilities in bringing in new approaches and variations in current ones. Web documents are increasingly growing in size, volume and time, bringing in the need to access and process them off and online over the Internet with a PC or a smart phone. When viewed in Indian context, web documents pose different kinds of challenge and the present study addresses some of them taking into account the vagaries in the Indian languages. This has become very relevant in Indian education scenario, where bilingual and multi-lingual communication and web documents through on-line courses, are being generated. When regional native dialect comes into picture, another dimension of complexity is added. After presenting the different kinds of web pages in the Indian perspective, the case for the development of a generic approach id highlighted so that it can blend with current tools of data mining and at the same time cater to vagaries in Indian texts. The approach based on a pixel level addressing of data-which is of large size-, is later modified and reduced to numerical equivalents using matrix manipulations so that they form inputs to some classification approaches, like statistical, pattern matching and neural models. Some typical case studies on text letters and words are presented to highlight the generality of approach and its flexibility to fit into different tools.
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Wang, Ye, Srichakradhar Reddy Nagireddy, Charan Tej Thota, Duy H. Ho et Yugyung Lee. « Community-in-the-loop : Creating Artificial Process Intelligence for Co-production of City Service ». Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 6, CSCW2 (7 novembre 2022) : 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3555176.
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Communities have first-hand knowledge about community issues. This study aims to improve the efficiency of social-technical problem-solving by proposing the concept of "artificial process intelligence," based on the theories of socio-technical decision-making. The technical challenges addressed were channeling the communication between the internal-facing and external-facing 311 categorizations. Accordingly, deep learning models were trained on data from Kansas City's 311 system: (1) Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) based classification models that can predict the internal-facing 311 service categories and the city departments that handle the issue; (2) the Balanced Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) and BERT clustering (BLBC) model that inductively summarizes residents' complaints and maps the main themes to the internal-facing 311 service categories; (3) a regression time series model that can predict response and completion time. Our case study demonstrated that these models could provide the information needed for reciprocal communication, city service planning, and community envisioning. Future studies should explore interface design like a chatbot and conduct more research on the acceptance and diffusion of AI-assisted 311 systems.
Thèses sur le sujet "Communication of technical information – Case studies"
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O'Mera, Megan Colleen. « Implementing Successful Intranets : The Case Study of a Virtual MNC Team ». University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1429106812.
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Van, der Linden Cornelis Albert. « Cloning in the news : an analysis of how the science and ethics of cloning are reported in three daily newspapers of Cape Town ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49885.
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Thesis (MPhil) -- Stellenbosch University, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background: Cloning is a topic that has long fascinated people. It has imbedded itself into popular culture, but studies show that the general public has, at best, only a vague understanding of what cloning entails. Alternatively, their perception has been skewed by that very same popular culture. However, cloning is a complex scientific subject that has considerable ethical implications. It is the kind of topic that people in a deliberate democracy should know about. The media play an important role in the education of the public with regards to science and technology. However, the media have the potential to do more than provide the basic facts. In fact, the media can play an important role in influencing the actions and opinions of the public. It is therefore a responsibility of the media to provide accurate information on scientific developments, such as cloning. Objective: An analysis of three daily newspapers in the Western Cape was carried out to determine how cloning is reported. The broad topics addressed were whether the coverage focused on the ethical or scientific aspects of cloning, if the subject was reported in a positive or negative tone, and whether the science of cloning was adequately explained. Methodology: A quantitative content analysis was completed of a sample of 69 articles. These articles were all those relating to cloning that appeared in three daily newspapers (Cape Argus, Cape Times and Die Burger) over a period of one year from 10 November 2002 to 10 November 2003. Findings: Of all the articles analysed 34% focused on the scientific aspects, 21% focused on the ethical aspects, 6% focused on both ethics and science, while 39% focused on neither. Fifty two percent of articles dealing specifically with animal cloning focused on the science, while only 4% focused on the ethics. However, in articles dealing specifically with human cloning, more (30%) emphasised ethical aspects than scientific aspects (20%). With regards to tone of coverage, 32% of all the articles analysed were positive, 28% negative, and 40% neutral. Sixty percent of articles dealing specifically with animal cloning featured a positive tone, while only 13% of articles exclusively about human cloning had a positive tone. This 13% was comprised of articles on therapeutic rather than reproductive cloning. In terms of explaining the science associated with cloning, only 30% of articles provided an explicit explanation. Potential threats to the accuracy of explaining science were found to exist. Conclusions: While the overall findings were somewhat indistinct it seemed that when the media of the Western Cape reported on the cloning of animals it was done with a positive tone and emphasised the scientific aspects. Reporting on human cloning tended to feature a negative tone and emphasised the ethical aspects. The large number of ‘neutral’ results for both the ‘tone’ and 'science or ethics’ variables could indicate that the media were wishing to remain neutral. However, the large number of neutral articles relating to the ‘science or ethics’ variable could have a negative impact on public understanding. The small number of articles explaining cloning and an emphasis on ‘breakthrough’ news stories could also have a negative impact on public understanding.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond: Kloning is ‘n onderwerp wat die mensdom lank interesseer. Maar selfs al vorm kloning ‘n deel van ons populere kultuur, wys navorsing dat die groot publiek maar vaagweg verstaan wat die onderwerp behels. Dit is ook moontlik dat hul persepsie negatief bemvloed is deur dieselfde populere kultuur. Maar kloning is ‘n komplekse wetenskaplike onderwerp met aansienlike etiese gevolgtrekkings. Dit is ‘n onderwerp waarvan mense in ‘n demokratiese samelewing moet weet. Die media speel ‘n belangrike rol in die groot publiek se opleiding in wetenskap. Maar die media het die potensiaal om meer te doen as net die basiese feite deur te gee. Die media het die potensiaal om die gedrag en menings van die publiek te beTnvloed. Daarom is dit die verantwoordelikheid van die media om akkurate inligting oor wetenskaplike ontwikkelings, soos kloning, te voorsien. Dolewit: Drie daaglikse koerante in die Weskaap is geanaliseer om te bepaal hoe kloning gedek word. Daar is bepaal of die artikels op die etiese of wetenskaplike aspekte van kloning fokus, of die onderwerp in ‘n positiewe of negatiewe toon gedek is, en of die wetenskaplike aspekte doeltreffend verduidelik is. Metode: ‘n Kwantitatiewe inhoudsanalise van 69 artikels is voltooi. Die geanaliseerde artikels is al die oor kloning wat in drie daaglikse koerante (Cape Argus, Cape Times en Die Burger) tussen 10 November 2002 en 10 November 2003 verskyn het. Bevindinge: Van die artikels het 34% net op die wetenskaplike aspekte van kloning gefokus, 21% net op die etiese aspekte, en 6% op beide etiek en wetenskap. Geen van die twee aspekte is in 39% van artikels beklemtoon nie. Van die artikels wat spesifiek oor dierkloning geskryf is, het 52% op die wetenskaplike aspekte gefokus. Net 4% het op die etiese aspekte gefokus. In die geval van artikels oor die kloning van mense, het meer (30%) die etiese aspekte as die wetenskaplike aspekte (20%) beklemtoon. Met betrekking tot die toon, was 32% van al die artikels positief, 28% negatief, en 40% neutraal. In die geval van artikels uitsluitlik oor dierkloning het 60% ‘n positiewe toon gedui, terwyl net 13% van artikels oor menslike kloning in ‘n positiewe toon geskryf was. Die 13% het bestaan uit artikels oor terapeutiese kloning. Geen artikels oor reproduktiewe kloning was met ‘n positiewe toon geskryf nie. Net 30% van artikels het ‘n uitdruklike verduideliking van die geassosieerde wetenskap gegee. Daar is moontlike bedreigings tot die akkuraatheid van wetenskaplike verduidelikings gevind. Gevolgtrekkings: Die algemene bevindinge is ietwat onduidelik maar dit blyk dat die daaglikse koerante van die Weskaap ‘n positiewe toon in hul dekking van dierkloning gebruik het. Die wetenskaplike aspekte van dierkloning was in die artikels beklemtoon. Berigte oor menskloning was in ‘n negatiewe toon geskryf en het die etiese aspekte daarvan beklemtoon. Die groot hoeveelheid ‘neutraal’ resultate vir die ‘toon’ en ‘wetenskap of etiek’ veranderlikes dui moontlik dat die media probeer het om neutraal te bly in hul dekking. Die groot hoeveelheid ‘neutraal’ artikels vir die ‘wetenskap of etiek’ veranderlike kan dalk ‘n negatiewe invloed op publieke begrip van kloning he. Die klein hoeveelheid artikels wat kloning verduidelik, en ‘n klem op ‘deurbraak’ nuusstories kan ook dalk ‘n negatiewe invloed op publieke begrip he.
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Beale, Jeremy Dick Chiverall. « Technical innovation, European integration, and the case of information and communication technologies ». Thesis, University of Sussex, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240533.
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McGowan, Cynthia. « Information Technology Outsourcing and Successful Knowledge Transfer| An Exploratory Case Study ». Thesis, University of Phoenix, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10837056.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The purpose of this qualitative exploratory case study was to uncover the perceptions of Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO) project leaders and project teams regarding knowledge transfer between client and vendor partners during the opening and closing transition phases of the ITO projects. Purposeful sampling was used to identify ITO knowledge assets, including project team members as well as documents and artifacts, within the participating organizations that may provide information regarding the knowledge transfer processes during the transition phases of the ITO project. The sample criteria were ITO project team members from one US-based client organization and the US company’s international vendor partners. The study population included project managers, analyst, developers, subject matter experts (SMEs) and other ITO knowledge workers involved in ITO project from one US-based organization. Interview and document analysis was done with the aid of NVivo Pro 11® research software. Four themes emerged from the study participants' responses including (a) KT approaches to plans and processes relative to opening and closing phases of ITO projects; (b) KT dependencies relative to IT project team members reliance on project tools, processes, and artifacts; (c) Determinants of KT success or failure relative to project team member's perceptions; and (d) The role of documentation relative to communication and distribution of KT outcomes. This qualitative exploratory case study may provide insights into additional aspects of knowledge transfer during ITO transition phases, which may be used by IT leaders and project teams to plan for successful knowledge transfer during the transition phases of ITO projects.
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Juntunen, K. (Kaisu). « Tieto- ja viestintätekniikan soveltamiseen perustuvat toimintaprosessien uudistukset terveydenhuollossa:sosio-teknis-taloudellinen näkökulma ». Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2012. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526200095.
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Abstract The subject of the present study is the changes to the operation processes of organisations in the field of health care that are based on the application of information and communication technology (ICT). The purpose of this dissertation is to supplement the present discussion in information system study’ research forums with regard to the role of ICT as an enabler of change in the health care work processes. The starting point for the study was to inquire about the qualitative and, to some extent, financial impact of operational changes by means of a socio-technical-economic process study. Using qualitative as well as statistical indicators, changes were mainly investigated from the perspective of health care professionals, but in part from that of customers. The cases described were used as a basis for discovering a new operational model for performing organisational tasks. By comparing the cases, the intention was to synthesise those similarities and differences that can be used when constructing a new framework. The present study makes a contribution by broadening, deepening and synthesising the understanding of health care processes in the process of a reflective description of individual cases. Services are produced through interactions between the service production process and end user process, and in this, the end user plays an important role. The purpose of process descriptions and analyses in coordination with health service professionals is to proactively develop services and support rational decision-making. The models and methods created as a result of this process can be seen to have a potential financial impact by lowering health service costs as well as an enhancing the effect of on-the-job satisfaction among health care professionals as they are enabled to plan their own work processes. Due to the rapid changes in the infrastructure, societal structures and the age of the population in Finland, the future holds great challenges for decision-makers in the field of health care. From the perspective of securing the resources for adequate, balanced and high-quality health services, investments in information technology seem lucrative. However, in order to avoid a productivity paradox, it must be noted that, in addition to new information technology, a gradual change in working habits, attitudes and sometimes even organisational culture is needed. In addition, it must be remembered that new technology does not erase these aspects of health care work – unless we want it to do so – but rather provides new forms and toolsTiivistelmä Tutkimukseni aiheena oli tieto- ja viestintätekniikan (ICT) soveltamiseen perustuvat organisaatioiden toimintaprosessien uudistukset terveydenhuollossa. Väitöskirjassani halusin osaltani täydentää keskustelua, jota tietojärjestelmätieteiden tutkimusfoorumeilla on käyty ICT:n roolista terveydenhuollon työprosessien muutosten mahdollistajana. Tutkimukseni lähtökohtana oli sosioteknisen prosessitutkimuksen keinoin selvittää toimintauudistusten laadullista ja osin taloudellistakin vaikuttavuutta. Muutoksia arvioitiin pääasiassa henkilöstön, mutta myös osin asiakkaiden lähtökohdista, lähinnä laadullisten, mutta myös tilastollisten mittareiden avulla. Kuvaamieni tapausten lähtökohtana on ollut löytää uusi toimintamalli organisaation tehtävien suorittamiseksi. Vertaamalla tutkittavia tapauksia keskenään olen pyrkinyt syntetisoimaan ne yhteneväisyydet ja eroavaisuudet, joiden avulla on mahdollista rakentaa uusi viitekehys. Tutkimukseni kontribuoi sen ymmärryksen kautta, joka tapauskohtaisesti, reflektiivisesti muutoksia kuvaillen, tutkimuksen kuluessa avautuu, syventyy ja syntetisoituu. Palvelut tuotetaan palveluntuotantoprosessin ja käyttäjän prosessin vuorovaikutuksessa, ja siinä käyttäjän roolilla on merkittävä osuus. Prosessien kuvaamisella ja analysoinnilla yhdessä henkilökunnan kanssa on ollut tarkoituksena pyrkiä palveluiden proaktiiviseen kehittämiseen ja rationaalisten päätösten tukemiseen. Syntyneillä malleilla ja menetelmillä voidaankin katsoa olevan paitsi potentiaalinen taloudellinen merkitys terveydenhuollon palveluiden kustannusten alentamiseksi, myös vaikutusta henkilöstön työtyytyväisyyteen sen osallistuessaan oman työnsä suunniteluun. Infrastruktuurin, yhteiskuntarakenteiden samoin kuin väestömme ikärakenteen nopea muutos ja samalla kroonisten sairauksien lisääntyminen asettavat terveydenhuollon päättäjille tulevaisuudessa suuria haasteita. Riittävän, tasapuolisen ja laadukkaan hoidon resurssien turvaamiseksi investoinnit tietotekniikkaan kuulostavat houkuttelevilta. Jotta tuottavuusparadoksilta vältyttäisiin, on kuitenkin huomioitava, että uuden tietotekniikan lisäksi tarvitaan myös työtapojen, asenteiden, joskus jopa organisaatiokulttuurinkin asteittaista muutosta. On myös syytä muistaa, että uusi tekniikka antaessaan edellä mainituille ilmiöille uusia ilmenemismuotoja ja välineitä, ei kuitenkaan hävitä niitä, ellemme itse sitä halua
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Wolven, Winifred Ann Reed. « A Qualitative Case Study of Social Technology's Influence on Student Writing ». Thesis, Grand Canyon University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3687115.
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The purpose of this qualitative case study research was to explore in-depth the research question, "How do texting and Textese influence students' learning of writing in Standard English in composition classes?" Yin's Five-Phase Cycle guided the research and aided in the determination of a qualitative case study research. The literature review identified that no single theory covered the phenomenon, so research was guided by five key theories: Technology Acceptance Model, Transactional Distance Theory, Media Richness Theory, Uses and Gratification Approach, and Threaded Cognition Theory. Participants included college English faculty from Illinois, 25 students enrolled in Composition I classes, and three consecutive semesters of former composition students' e-mails. Semi-structured, one-on-one interviews were held with faculty and member checked. A pilot study was conducted prior to inclusion of the 25 student volunteers completing the student questionnaires, and three consecutive semesters' e-mails from former students were analyzed for frequency data. All qualitative data were coded using MAXQDA+ software and analyzed. Results from data analysis revealed an evolving perception and usage of texting and mobile communication devices among faculty and students, a disconnect between faculty and students concerning use of texting and Textese, and frequency data revealing the influence did not permeate writing as much as previous studies implied. Results indicated most faculty and students had mixed attitudes, leading to implications that faculty needed to incorporate lessons involving texting, code switching, and detail richness into the course pedagogy.
Keywords: Texting, Textese, composition, social media, short message systems, formal/informal writing, Technology Acceptance Model, Media Richness Theory
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Qiu, Bin. « Next Generation Information Communication Infrastructure and Case Studies for Future Power Systems ». Diss., Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27308.
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As the power industry enters the new century, powerful driving forces, uncertainties and new services and functions are compelling electric utilities to make dramatic changes in the way they communicate. Expanding network services such as real time monitoring are also driving the need for more increasing bandwidth in the communication network backbone. These needs will grow further as new remote real-time protection and control applications become more feasible and pervasive. This dissertation addresses two main issues for the future power system information infrastructure: communication network infrastructure and associated power system applications.
Optical network no doubt will become the predominate network for the next generation power system communication. The rapid development of fiber optic network technology poses new challenges in the areas of topology design, network management and real time applications. Based on advanced fiber optic technologies, an all-fiber network was investigated and proposed. The study will cover the system architecture and data exchange protocol aspects.
High bandwidth, robust optical network could provide great opportunities to the power system for better service and efficient operation. In the dissertation, different applications were investigated. One of the typical applications is the SCADA information accessing system. An Internet-based application for the substation automation system will be presented. VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) technology is also used for one-line diagrams auto-generation. High transition rate and low latency optical network is especially suitable for power system real time control. In the dissertation, a new local area network based Load Shedding Controller (LSC) for isolated power system will be presented. By using PMU and fiber optic network, an AGE (Area Generation Error) based accurate wide area load shedding scheme will also be proposed. The objective is to shed the load in the limited area with minimum disturbance.Ph. D.
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Loberg, Johan. « OK generations, interact ! : A quantitative case study on motivations, employer engagement, perceptive and technical affordances on internal social media from a generational perspective ». Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för geografi, medier och kommunikation (from 2013), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-78237.
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Successful internal social media motivates and engages employees in the emerging digital world. It provides them sufficient tools to exchange skills and collaborate through these platforms. For instance, they are able to build relationships with their colleagues and employer (relatedness), learn and share their skills and expertise (competence). In times of remote working, internal social media can help to facilitate these values that help all parts of the organisation to stay connected with each other. These platforms are also enriched with technical functions that enable the users to interact with each other in different ways. It also provides opportunities for visual storytelling to enhance and strengthen the communication that takes place on internal social media. The platforms are challenging since it is hard to engage and motivate age generations, where they all have different technological experience and somewhat cultural differences. This thesis is a quantitative survey case study conducted for a larger cooperation, based on theories such as self determination theory, employer engagement and affordances. This research contributes to existing literature by understanding generations’ motivation and engagement on internal social media, in contrast to existing research on private social media. It also analyses how professional and private social media use is related to employer engagement. Lastly, what interactions and formats are most valuable to each generation based of affordances. The study analyzes a sample of 330 respondents collected through the company's internal social media (Workplace). The generations that will be examined are from the oldest Baby Boomers, Generation X, Millennials and youngest Generation Z. The final result concluded low participant frequency on Generation Z, which led to them being combined with Millennials in the analysis. Findings indicated that, Generation X are most motivated to exchange skills and expertise on Workplace (Competence), Baby Boomers and Millennials and Generation Z were less motivated to use it in general. However Baby Boomers were slightly more motivated by relatedness. The result also shows that there is a strong relationship between social media usage and employer engagement. The most valuable functions for all generations were the comment function and they all agree the video is the best way to communicate on internal social media.Framgångsrika fall av implementering av interna sociala medier motiverar och engagerar anställda i den växande digitala världen. Det ger dem tillräckliga verktyg för att utbyta färdigheter och samarbeta på dessa plattformar. Till exempel kan de bygga relationer med sina kollegor och arbetsgivare (relatedness), lära sig och dela sina färdigheter och expertis (competence). I tider med allt mer fjärrarbete kan interna sociala medier underlätta för alla delar inom organisationen att hålla kontakten och samarbeta med varandra. Dessa plattformar är också berikade med tekniska funktioner som gör det möjligt för användare att interagera med varandra på olika sätt. Det ger också möjligheter för visual storytelling att förbättra och stärka kommunikationen som sker på interna sociala medier. Plattformarna är utmanande eftersom det är svårt att engagera och motivera de olika åldersgenerationer som finns, där de alla har olika teknisk erfarenhet och det finns kulturella skillnader. Detta är en kvantitativ fallundersökning genomförd för ett större företag, baserad på teorier som self determination theory, employer engagement och affordances. Studien bidrar till med forskning till befintlig litteratur genom att förstå generationernas motivation och engagemang på interna sociala medier, i kontrast till befintlig forskning på privata sociala medier. Den analyserar också hur professionell och privat användning är relaterad till employer engagement. Slutligen, studeras vilka interaktioner och format som är mest värdefulla för varje generation baserat på konceptet affordances. Studien analyserar ett urval av 330 respondenter som har samlats in via företagets interna sociala medier (Workplace). Generationerna som kommer att undersökas kommer från de äldsta Baby Boomers, Generation X, Millennials och yngsta Generation Z. Det slutliga resultatet visade låg deltagarfrekvens av Generation Z, vilket ledde till att dessa deltagare kombinerades med Millennials i analysen. Resultaten visade att Generation X är mest motiverade att utbyta färdigheter och kompetens på Workplace (Competence), Baby Boomers and Millennials och Generation Z var mindre motiverade att använda det i allmänhet. Men Baby Boomers var lite mer motiverade av relatedness. Resultatet visar också att det finns en stark koppling mellan användning av sociala medier och employer engagement. De mest värdefulla funktionerna för alla generationer var kommentarsfunktionen och de är alla överens om att videon är det bästa sättet att kommunicera på interna sociala medier.
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Afzal, Samra. « Big data analysis of Customers’ information : A case study of Swedish Energy Company’s strategic communication ». Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Medier och kommunikation, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-388552.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Big data analysis and inbound marketing are interlinked and can play a significant role in the identification of target audience and in the production of communication content as per the needs of target audience for strategic communication campaigns. By introducing and bringing the marketing concepts of big data analysis and inbound marketing into the field of strategic communication this quantitative study attempts to fill the gap in the limited body of knowledge of strategic communication research and practice. This study has used marketing campaigns as case studies to introduce a new strategic communication model by introducing the big data analysis and inbound marketing strategy into the three staged model of strategic communication presented by Gulbrandsen, I. T., & Just, S. N. in 2016. Big data driven campaigns are used to explain the procedure of target audience selection, key concepts of big data analysis, future opportunities, practical applications of big data for strategic communication practitioners and researchers by identifying the need for more academic research and practical use of big data analysis and inbound marketing in the strategic communication area. The study shows that big data analysis has potential to contribute in the field of strategic and target oriented communication. Inbound marketing and big data analysis has been used and considered as marketing strategy but this study is an attempt to shift the attention towards its role in strategic communication so there is a need to study big data analysis and inbound marketing with an open mind without confining it with some particular fields.
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Gustavsson, Fredrik, et Christian Scott. « Structure of information in a multinational corporation : A case study at Volvo Construction Equipment ». Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hållbar samhälls- och teknikutveckling, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-11470.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Problem: Volvo CE is on a global level responsible to issue the warranty user manual with terms & conditions (from here on referred to as T&C) for the Volvo CE group. There are regional deviations to the global T&C in order to fulfil legal or commercial requirements in respective region. Volvo CE on the global level are authorised to manage that decided processes and T&C are followed and if not drive actions to close the gap between global and regional deviations. Volvo CE would like to examine the possibility to have one source of document describing the T&C, all regional documents should direct back to this source which means that the global document must cover regional deviations to the global T&C. Today there is no control on the information available in the different regions. Purpose: Examine the coherence between Volvo CE T&C documentation on global level and the regional level. By this study we aim to contribute to the research on international MNCs by elucidating the efficiency by which such a firm can handle knowledge flows between the headquarter its subsidiaries and dealers. Method: The report is based on secondary data research and empirical studies conducted via qualitative interviews with key persons in the Volvo group and mapping current document situation both on global and regional level. The starting point for this paper is an interview with Volvo CE and Manager Global Warranty Common Lynn Edberg. Conclusion: We have found that Volvo CE utilizes a lot of modern technique to spread explicit knowledge within the organization and out to dealers. The Achilles heel is that there is no consolidated information base including both global and regional T&C for easy internal access. To also increase efficiency on ontological knowledge sharing, regions and global need to meet in committees just as being done for global T&C updates.
Livres sur le sujet "Communication of technical information – Case studies"
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Frantz, Andrea Breemer. Cases in technical communication. Belmont, CA : Wadsworth Pub., 1998.
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Munger, Roger. Document-based cases for technical communication. 2e éd. Boston : Bedford/St. Martin's, 2013.
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Doheny-Farina, Stephen. Rhetoric, innovation, technology : Case studies of technical communication in technology transfers. Cambridge, Mass : MIT Press, 1992.
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Rymer, Goldstein Jone, dir. Cases for technical and professional writing. Boston : Little, Brown and Co., 1985.
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Science and the media : Alternative routes in scientific communication. London : Routledge, 1998.
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Dan, Voss, dir. Ethics in technical communication : Shades of gray. New York : Wiley Computer Pub., 1997.
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Office, General Accounting. Information management : Dissemination of technical reports : report to Congressional requesters. Washington, D.C : U.S. General Accounting Office, 2001.
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Heiko, Grunenberg, dir. Klimawandel und Gesellschaft : Perspektive Adaptionskommunikation. Wiesbaden : VS Verlag fu r Sozialwissenschaften, 2009.
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Great Britain. Energy Efficiency Office., dir. Technical review of office case studies and related information. London : Energy Efficiency Office, 1994.
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Steve, Dembner, et Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Information Division., dir. Information note on the technical cooperation programme. Rome : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1985.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Communication of technical information – Case studies"
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Adlin, Nillo, Minna Lanz et Mika Lohtander. « The Circular Economy Competence of the Manufacturing Sector — A Case Study ». Dans Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 351–60. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18326-3_34.
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AbstractCircular economy refers to the intention to overcome the problems in the current production and consumption model. The current model is based on continuous growth and an increasing efficient resource utilization among the industry. Within the circular economy, an organizations are expected to minimize material and energy use, and by design and action reduce the environmental deterioration without restricting economic growth or social and technical progress. This development has been undertaken in many industries, especially in consumer-related businesses, many examples are well documented. However, there are only few studies available concerning the current circular economy activities in the manufacturing industry or their potential. The main goal of this paper is to identify and validate the circular economy readiness between communication and actual action in the circular economy business in manufacturing companies in a regional context. The results of this study will show the capabilities of the manufacturing industry to do business in regional circular economy activities. Two conclusions can be made. Firstly, the results of regional circular economy activities bring valuable information for academics, policymakers, and manufacturing companies. Secondly, the regional baseline of the circular economy can help highlight the current situation and identify the business areas which the next actions should be targeted at.
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Searing, Donald R., et Elizabeth A. M. Searing. « Three Case Studies ». Dans Emerging Pervasive Information and Communication Technologies (PICT), 13–38. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6833-8_2.
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Power, Robert, Bella Robinson, Lachlan Rudd et Andrew Reeson. « Scenario Planning Case Studies Using Open Government Data ». Dans IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 207–16. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15994-2_20.
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Bishop, J. M. « Java as a systems programming language : three case studies ». Dans IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 72–85. Boston, MA : Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35350-0_6.
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Whitehouse, Diane, et Norberto Patrignani. « Computers, Time and Speed : Five Slow Tech Case Studies ». Dans IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 122–35. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44208-1_11.
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Morales-Trujillo, Miguel, Hanna Oktaba et Mario Piattini. « Validating a Software Engineering Framework Through Technical-Action-Research in Union with Case Studies ». Dans Enterprise Information Systems, 303–27. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29133-8_15.
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Ming, Yue, Raymond Houé et Bernard Grabot. « Coordination in Supply Chains : From Case Studies to Reference Models ». Dans IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 203–10. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16358-6_26.
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Tulika Mithal, Kshitij Shah et Dushyant Kumar Singh. « Case Studies on Intelligent Approaches for Static Malware Analysis ». Dans Emerging Research in Computing, Information, Communication and Applications, 555–67. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0287-8_52.
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Kumar, Niranjan. « Software Architecture Validation Methods, Tools Support and Case Studies ». Dans Emerging Research in Computing, Information, Communication and Applications, 335–45. New Delhi : Springer India, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2553-9_32.
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Sharma, Pramod, et Dean Carson. « Promoting SMTE Migration to the Online Economy : Case Studies from Australia ». Dans Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2002, 136–44. Vienna : Springer Vienna, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6132-6_14.
Texte intégralActes de conférences sur le sujet "Communication of technical information – Case studies"
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Serbanescu, Laura. « ABILITY TO USE TECHNICAL AUDIO-VISUAL MEANS AND INFORMATION SND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOY (ICT) - A FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENT IN TEACHERS DIDACTIC TRAINING ». Dans eLSE 2013. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-13-135.
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This article presents several findings of a quantitative research conducted during 2011-2012 related to the degree of acquiring competences in using technical audio-visual means and ICT by the graduates of psycho-pedagogical university studies during the training for a teaching career. These competences are included in this specific case under the competences required by the subject ?Didactics of speciality?. The questionnaires designed and applied in this research particularly aimed to identify the main information about the current training system in universities. As concerns the topic of this article, the questionnaires also included items related to the competences in using technical audio-visual means and ICT. Out of the total number of respondents, 1,200 are students, 1,200 debutant teachers and 200 university teaching professionals. The sample groups comprised respondents selected from all areas of the country. Starting from the general competences needed for a teaching career, respondents were requested to assess in what weight the graduates of the psycho-pedagogical university studies have acquired competences during the training for a teaching career in the framework of the subject ?Didactics of speciality?. The ability to use technical audio-visual means and ICT has been included within the instrumental and application of knowledge in practice competences. From the data presented and analyzed, there are at least two elements to bear in mind. On one hand, it is noticed that in case of instrumental and application of knowledge in practice competences, which include ability to use technical audio-visual means and ICT, the acquiring degree is at an average level, with slight differences in case of the three types of respondents. On the other hand, the intensity of the efforts made to acquire instrumental and application of knowledge in practice competences is low, which may be an advantage in developing teachers? abilities to use technical means in didactic field.
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Grujic, Tamara, et Ljiljana Krneta. « ENGLISH LANGUAGE AS EDUCATION BARRIER IN USING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ». Dans eLSE 2018. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-18-136.
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Education barriers in communication based on information technology (IT) could be caused by differences in students’ previous knowledge, teaching communication quality and personality of teachers, quality of textbooks and foreign literature, students’ interest for specific curriculum content, demographic potential of educational institution, as well as a quality of family support for a student. Teaching communication can be studied in terms of pedagogical and psychological theory, and on the other side in terms of informational and communicational theory. New forms of education barriers, caused by information technology and internet as a source of knowledge, are detected in all models of classical teaching communication. Based on analysis of numerous studies, education barriers could be classified as media, linguistic, psychological, sociological, technological, demographical, economic and other barriers. In our research we define education barriers as communicational obstacles in IT based learning which cause students’ poor achievement in all educational levels. The sample includes students from: higher grades of elementary schools, gymnasiums and vocational schools and higher educational institutions. All examinees are from the Republic of Serbia. Additional to teaching, psychological and IT experts, examinees’ parents also made a contribution to the research process. The focus of this paper is on language barriers of lower intensity which are present in all other educational barriers. Language barriers refer to foreign words and phrases, technical terms, abbreviations, and English as general language in communication within information technology users. Obtained data were course to statistical methods. For determining the relation between variables we applied the multiple-regression factor analysis according to Guttman-Kaiser criterion.
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Saurbayev, Ilyas, Peyman Nurafza, Simon Price, Christian Tueckmantel, Arman Jamankulov, Gadilbek Uxukbayev, Liviu Ionescu, Byron Haynes, Dachang Li et Raif Saifutdinov. « Uncertainty Analysis Using Multi-Scenario Modeling Approach : Kashagan Field Case Study ». Dans SPE Annual Caspian Technical Conference. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/212060-ms.
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Abstract This paper will present a case study of an Uncertainty Analysis recently performed for the Kashagan Field. This is the first full scale uncertainty work performed on the field since it came online in September 2016. The paper will describe unique challenges given Kashagan peculiarities and describe methods and approaches taken to address those. A multi-scenario modeling workflow has been utilized to fully explore subsurface uncertainties in the decision space. First, uncertainties that were believed to have an impact on field performance based on the available data and learnings from previous studies were identified and ranked. Then, so-called categorical parameters were combined by grouping geologically relatable parameters into several scenarios with differentiating behaviors which were checked by performing screening simulation runs. This was followed by Design of Experiment (DoE) runs (Placket-Burman and Latin Hypercube), proxy modeling and Monte-Carlo analysis to aid selection of high, mid, and low models. More than 400 simulation runs were generated resulting in a wide range of outcomes for key performance indicators, enabling the selection of high, mid, and low model realizations to evaluate future field development decisions. The approach of combining categorical parameters into multiple scenarios followed by DoE runs offered several advantages including full sampling of the uncertainty space and clearer link between geologic input and dynamic output. It also allowed to get maximum information using the lowest number of simulation runs. Communication techniques such as plumbing diagrams representing geologic scenarios were effective in discussion of study results amongst experts.
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Alvarez Cabrera, Andre´s A., Maarten J. Foeken, Krijn Woestenenk, Guy Stoot et Tetsuo Tomiyama. « Modeling and Using Product Architectures in Industrial Mechatronic Product Development : Experiments and Observations ». Dans ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-47148.
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The goal of this work is to practically determine the role of product architecture models to support communication for improving development practices of complex mechatronic products. This paper contains descriptions, observations, and lessons learned from case studies in which the authors tested a language to represent product architectures during product development in a company, as well as the reasons leading to the use of the specific language/model. The tests include construction of architecture models, direct use of the architecture information, model generation from the architecture model, reuse of architecture model information, clarification of existing documentation, and transition towards model-based product development. The work points out desired characteristics of product architecture models as well as characteristics of the necessary implementation tools and framework.
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Edholm, P., A. Wahl, H. Johannesson et R. So¨derberg. « Knowledge-Based Configuration of Integrated Product and Process Platforms ». Dans ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-86540.
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The definition of the content of a product platform highly affects the possibility to engineer and produce unique and optimized products to suit customer needs. In this paper, generic configurable autonomous subsystems, Configurable Components (CCs), are used to define platforms that can be used to configure and instantiate product as well as process structures and to optimize instantiated part solutions. To simulate a realistic industrial environment, a configuration demonstrator has been developed and used to perform case studies in order to test the CC concept. The test cases are focused on geometrical interfaces between components. Communication functionality between the demonstrator and a CAT (Computer Aided Tolerancing) tool has been developed to enable automatic optimization of interface concepts during configuration. In summary, the paper shows that, given variant-specific input data, a knowledge-based platform definition with high design bandwidth can be used to configure, engineer and manufacture an instanced product variant.
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Camba, Jorge, Manuel Contero, Jeffrey Otey et Pedro Company. « Explicit Communication of Geometric Design Intent in CAD : Evaluating Annotated Models in the Context of Reusability ». Dans ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-34527.
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CAD model reusability is largely determined by a proper communication of design intent, which is usually expressed implicitly within the model. Recent studies have suggested the use of 3D annotations as a method to embed design information in the model’s geometry and make part of the design knowledge explicitly available. In this paper, we evaluate the effectiveness of this method and analyze its impact in model alteration tasks. Our goal is to determine whether annotated models provide significant benefits when performing activities that require a direct manipulation of the geometry. We present the results of a study that measured user performance in two scenarios. First, we tested whether annotations are helpful when inadequate modeling assumptions can be made by designers. Second, we evaluated annotations as tools to communicate design decisions to select the most appropriate solution to a challenge when multiple options are available. In both cases, results show statistically significant benefits of annotated models, suggesting the use of this technique as a valuable approach to improve design intent communication.
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M. Abu-Samaha, Ala, et Rima Shishakly. « Assessment of School Information System Utilization in the UAE Primary Schools ». Dans InSITE 2008 : Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3260.
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This paper presents an assessment of School Information Systems (SIS) Utilization in the United Arab Emirates’ (UAE) primary schools through a holistic descriptive approach that involves explaining, studying and analyzing the current technical status of the schools’ SIS. To do so, the researchers used a series of case studies (documents analysis, questionnaires and interviews) of a number of primary schools representing the educational zones of the UAE to acquire an understanding of SIS level of utilization. According to the research results, the majority of primary schools have computerized their administrative activities at different levels via the Ministry of Education’s suggested system or individually procured systems. Though, the use of Information and Communication Technologies, including SIS, is in its initial stage despite the adopted strategy by the UAE government to accelerate the effective utilization of educational management and automation technologies in the educational institutions and the Ministry of Education itself.
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Germani, Michele, Maura Mengoni et Margherita Peruzzini. « Metrics-Based Approach for VR Technology Evaluation in Styling Product Design ». Dans ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-86228.
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In recent years, the interest of small and medium sized enterprises towards Virtual Reality (VR) systems is strongly increased thanks both to the improvement of VR tools effectiveness and to the cost reduction of technologies implementation. Due to the growing number of installed systems, many SMEs (Small Manufacturing Enterprises) companies require robust methods for evaluating technology performance. In this context, the present paper presents a metrics-based approach in order to analyze the VR system performance. It is specifically dedicated to the design review process during styling product design. The evaluation parameters are related to the effective communication and preservation of design intent. Metrics are classified in two main classes. The first one is related to the product, the process and the characteristics of VR technology. The second one is related to the design intent meanings preservation along the design process. Two experimental case studies are reported in order to test the approach in different operative fields.
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Senters, Chad, Swathika Jayakumar, Mark Warren, Mike Wells, Rachel Harper, Richard Leonard et Robert Woodroof. « Practical Applications of Diagnostic Data Science in Drilling and Completions ». Dans SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206234-ms.
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Abstract The application of data science remains relatively new to the oil and gas industry but continues to gain traction on many projects due to its potential to assist in solving complex problems. The amount and quality of the right type of data can be as much of a limitation as the complex algorithms and programing required. The scope of any data science project should look for easy wins early on and not attempt an all-encompassing solution with the click of a button (although that would be amazing). This paper focuses on several specific applications of data applied to a sizable database to extract useful solutions and provide an approach for data science on future projects. The first step when applying data analytics is to build a suitable database. This might appear rudimentary at first glance, but historical data is seldom catalogued optimally for future projects. This is especially true if specific portions of the recorded data were not known to be of use in solving future problems. The approach to improving the quality of the database for this paper is to establish requirements for the data science objectives and apply this to past, present and future data. Once the data are in the right "format", the extensive process of quality control can begin. Although this part of the paper is not the most exciting, it might be the most important, as most programing yields the same "garbage in = garbage out" equation. After the data have found a home and are quality checked, the data science can be applied. Case studies are presented based on the application of diagnostic data from an extensive project/well database. To leverage historical data in new projects, metrics are created as a benchmarking tool. The case studies in this paper include metrics such as the Known Lateral Contribution (KLC), Heel-to-Toe Ratio (HTR), Communication Intensity (CI), Proppant Efficiency (PE) and stage level performance. These results are compared to additional stimulation and geological information. This paper includes case studies that apply data science to diagnostics on a large scale to deliver actionable results. The results discussed will allow for the utilization of this approach in future projects and provide a roadmap to better understand diagnostic results as they relate to drilling and completion activity.
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Gurnani, Ashwin P., et Kemper Lewis. « An Approach to Improved Decentralized Design : The Modified Approximation-Based Decentralized Design (MADD) Framework ». Dans ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-35534.
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The design of large scale complex engineering systems requires interaction and communication between multiple disciplines and decentralized subsystems. One common fundamental assumption in decentralized design is that the individual subsystems only exchange design variable information and do not share objective functions or gradients. This is because the decentralized subsystems can either not share this information due to geographical constraints or choose not to share it due to corporate secrecy issues. Game theory has been used to model the interactions between distributed design subsystems and predict convergence and equilibrium solutions. These game theoretic models assume that designers make perfectly rational decisions by selecting solutions from their Rational Reaction Set (RRS), resulting in a Nash Equilibrium solution. However, empirical studies reject the claim that decision makers always make rational choices and the concept of Bounded Rationality is used to explain such behavior. In this paper, a framework is proposed that uses the idea of bounded rationality in conjunction with set-based design, metamodeling and multiobjective optimization techniques to improve solutions for convergent decentralized design problems. Through the use of this framework, entitled Modified Approximation-based Decentralized Design (MADD) framework, convergent decentralized design problems converge to solutions that are superior to the Nash equilibrium. A two subsystem mathematical problem is used as case study and simulation techniques are used to study the impact of the framework parameters on the final solution. The discipline specific objective functions within the case study problem are unconstrained and continuous — however, the implementation of the MADD framework is not restricted to such problems.
Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Communication of technical information – Case studies"
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Perera, Duminda, Ousmane Seidou, Jetal Agnihotri, Mohamed Rasmy, Vladimir Smakhtin, Paulin Coulibaly et Hamid Mehmood. Flood Early Warning Systems : A Review Of Benefits, Challenges And Prospects. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, août 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/mjfq3791.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Floods are major water-related disasters that affect millions of people resulting in thousands of mortalities and billiondollar losses globally every year. Flood Early Warning Systems (FEWS) - one of the floods risk management measures - are currently operational in many countries. The UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction recognises their importance and strongly advocates for an increase in their availability under the targets of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, despite widespread recognition of the importance of FEWS for disaster risk reduction (DRR), there’s a lack of information on their availability and status around the world, their benefits and costs, challenges and trends associated with their development. This report contributes to bridging these gaps by analyzing the responses to a comprehensive online survey with over 80 questions on various components of FEWS (risk knowledge, monitoring and forecasting, warning dissemination and communication, and response capabilities), investments into FEWS, their operational effectiveness, benefits, and challenges. FEWS were classified as technologically “basic”, “intermediate” and “advanced” depending on the existence and sophistication of FEWS` components such as hydrological data = collection systems, data transfer systems, flood forecasting methods, and early warning communication methods. The survey questionnaire was distributed to flood forecasting and warning centers around the globe; the primary focus was developing and least-developed countries (LDCs). The questionnaire is available here: https://inweh.unu.edu/questionnaireevaluation-of-flood-early-warning-systems/ and can be useful in its own right for similar studies at national or regional scales, in its current form or with case-specific modifications. Survey responses were received from 47 developing (including LDCs) and six developed countries. Additional information for some countries was extracted from available literature. Analysis of these data suggests the existence of an equal number of “intermediate” and “advanced” FEWS in surveyed river basins. While developing countries overall appear to progress well in FEWS implementation, LDCs are still lagging behind since most of them have “basic” FEWS. The difference between types of operational systems in developing and developed countries appear to be insignificant; presence of basic, intermediate or advanced FEWS depends on available investments for system developments and continuous financing for their operations, and there is evidence of more financial support — on the order of USD 100 million — to FEWS in developing countries thanks to international aid. However, training the staff and maintaining the FEWS for long-term operations are challenging. About 75% of responses indicate that river basins have inadequate hydrological network coverage and back-up equipment. Almost half of the responders indicated that their models are not advanced and accurate enough to produce reliable forecasts. Lack of technical expertise and limited skilled manpower to perform forecasts was cited by 50% of respondents. The primary reason for establishing FEWS, based on the survey, is to avoid property damage; minimizing causalities and agricultural losses appear to be secondary reasons. The range of the community benefited by FEWS varies, but 55% of FEWS operate in the range between 100,000 to 1 million of population. The number of flood disasters and their causalities has declined since the year 2000, while 50% of currently operating FEWS were established over the same period. This decline may be attributed to the combined DRR efforts, of which FEWS are an integral part. In lower-middle-income and low-income countries, economic losses due to flood disasters may be smaller in absolute terms, but they represent a higher percentage of such countries’ GDP. In high-income countries, higher flood-related losses accounted for a small percentage of their GDP. To improve global knowledge on FEWS status and implementation in the context of Sendai Framework and SDGs, the report’s recommendations include: i) coordinate global investments in FEWS development and standardise investment reporting; ii) establish an international hub to monitor the status of FEWS in collaboration with the national responsible agencies. This will support the sharing of FEWS-related information for accelerated global progress in DRR; iii) develop a comprehensive, index-based ranking system for FEWS according to their effectiveness in flood disaster mitigation. This will provide clear standards and a roadmap for improving FEWS’ effectiveness, and iv) improve coordination between institutions responsible for flood forecasting and those responsible for communicating warnings and community preparedness and awareness.
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Boettcher, Seth J., Courtney Gately, Alexandra L. Lizano, Alexis Long et Alexis Yelvington. Part 3 : Case Study Appendices to the Technical Reports. Sous la direction de Gabriel Eckstein. Texas A&M University School of Law Program in Natural Resources Systems, mai 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/eenrs.brackishgroundwater.p3.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This Case Study Appendix to the Technical Reports expands on regulations in San Antonio and El Paso where these water alternatives are in place. The goal of this report is to provide insight into the legal and regulatory barriers, challenges, and opportunities for these technologies to go online. Each desalination and water recycling faciality implementation site must comply with various laws and regulations. The information in these Case Studies comes from the study of brackish groundwater desalination and water recycling facilities currently operating in Texas. While there is no updated “one-stop-shop” resource where a municipal leader can find a list of all the necessary permits to build, operate, and maintain such facilities, this Technical Report aims to compile the existing, available information in an organized and accessible fashion. The Desalination Technical report is the third in a series of three reports which make up the Project. These reports examine regulations surrounding desalination and water recycling. The companion reports generally highlight building, operating, and monitoring requirements for water recycling facilities in Texas.
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Coulson, Saskia, Melanie Woods, Drew Hemment et Michelle Scott. Report and Assessment of Impact and Policy Outcomes Using Community Level Indicators : H2020 Making Sense Report. University of Dundee, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/100001192.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Making Sense is a European Commission H2020 funded project which aims at supporting participatory sensing initiatives that address environmental challenges in areas such as noise and air pollution. The development of Making Sense was informed by previous research on a crowdfunded open source platform for environmental sensing, SmartCitizen.me, developed at the Fab Lab Barcelona. Insights from this research identified several deterrents for a wider uptake of participatory sensing initiatives due to social and technical matters. For example, the participants struggled with the lack of social interactions, a lack of consensus and shared purpose amongst the group, and a limited understanding of the relevance the data had in their daily lives (Balestrini et al., 2014; Balestrini et al., 2015). As such, Making Sense seeks to explore if open source hardware, open source software and and open design can be used to enhance data literacy and maker practices in participatory sensing. Further to this, Making Sense tests methodologies aimed at empowering individuals and communities through developing a greater understanding of their environments and by supporting a culture of grassroot initiatives for action and change. To do this, Making Sense identified a need to underpin sensing with community building activities and develop strategies to inform and enable those participating in data collection with appropriate tools and skills. As Fetterman, Kaftarian and Wanderman (1996) state, citizens are empowered when they understand evaluation and connect it in a way that it has relevance to their lives. Therefore, this report examines the role that these activities have in participatory sensing. Specifically, we discuss the opportunities and challenges in using the concept of Community Level Indicators (CLIs), which are measurable and objective sources of information gathered to complement sensor data. We describe how CLIs are used to develop a more indepth understanding of the environmental problem at hand, and to record, monitor and evaluate the progress of change during initiatives. We propose that CLIs provide one way to move participatory sensing beyond a primarily technological practice and towards a social and environmental practice. This is achieved through an increased focus in the participants’ interests and concerns, and with an emphasis on collective problem solving and action. We position our claims against the following four challenge areas in participatory sensing: 1) generating and communicating information and understanding (c.f. Loreto, 2017), 2) analysing and finding relevance in data (c.f. Becker et al., 2013), 3) building community around participatory sensing (c.f. Fraser et al., 2005), and 4) achieving or monitoring change and impact (c.f. Cheadle et al., 2000). We discuss how the use of CLIs can tend to these challenges. Furthermore, we report and assess six ways in which CLIs can address these challenges and thereby support participatory sensing initiatives: i. Accountability ii. Community assessment iii. Short-term evaluation iv. Long-term evaluation v. Policy change vi. Capability The report then returns to the challenge areas and reflects on the learnings and recommendations that are gleaned from three Making Sense case studies. Afterwhich, there is an exposition of approaches and tools developed by Making Sense for the purposes of advancing participatory sensing in this way. Lastly, the authors speak to some of the policy outcomes that have been realised as a result of this research.
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Mazzoni, Silvia, Nicholas Gregor, Linda Al Atik, Yousef Bozorgnia, David Welch et Gregory Deierlein. Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis and Selecting and Scaling of Ground-Motion Records (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, novembre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/zjdn7385.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 3 (WG3), Task 3.1: Selecting and Scaling Ground-motion records. The objective of Task 3.1 is to provide suites of ground motions to be used by other working groups (WGs), especially Working Group 5: Analytical Modeling (WG5) for Simulation Studies. The ground motions used in the numerical simulations are intended to represent seismic hazard at the building site. The seismic hazard is dependent on the location of the site relative to seismic sources, the characteristics of the seismic sources in the region and the local soil conditions at the site. To achieve a proper representation of hazard across the State of California, ten sites were selected, and a site-specific probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) was performed at each of these sites for both a soft soil (Vs30 = 270 m/sec) and a stiff soil (Vs30=760 m/sec). The PSHA used the UCERF3 seismic source model, which represents the latest seismic source model adopted by the USGS [2013] and NGA-West2 ground-motion models. The PSHA was carried out for structural periods ranging from 0.01 to 10 sec. At each site and soil class, the results from the PSHA—hazard curves, hazard deaggregation, and uniform-hazard spectra (UHS)—were extracted for a series of ten return periods, prescribed by WG5 and WG6, ranging from 15.5–2500 years. For each case (site, soil class, and return period), the UHS was used as the target spectrum for selection and modification of a suite of ground motions. Additionally, another set of target spectra based on “Conditional Spectra” (CS), which are more realistic than UHS, was developed [Baker and Lee 2018]. The Conditional Spectra are defined by the median (Conditional Mean Spectrum) and a period-dependent variance. A suite of at least 40 record pairs (horizontal) were selected and modified for each return period and target-spectrum type. Thus, for each ground-motion suite, 40 or more record pairs were selected using the deaggregation of the hazard, resulting in more than 200 record pairs per target-spectrum type at each site. The suites contained more than 40 records in case some were rejected by the modelers due to secondary characteristics; however, none were rejected, and the complete set was used. For the case of UHS as the target spectrum, the selected motions were modified (scaled) such that the average of the median spectrum (RotD50) [Boore 2010] of the ground-motion pairs follow the target spectrum closely within the period range of interest to the analysts. In communications with WG5 researchers, for ground-motion (time histories, or time series) selection and modification, a period range between 0.01–2.0 sec was selected for this specific application for the project. The duration metrics and pulse characteristics of the records were also used in the final selection of ground motions. The damping ratio for the PSHA and ground-motion target spectra was set to 5%, which is standard practice in engineering applications. For the cases where the CS was used as the target spectrum, the ground-motion suites were selected and scaled using a modified version of the conditional spectrum ground-motion selection tool (CS-GMS tool) developed by Baker and Lee [2018]. This tool selects and scales a suite of ground motions to meet both the median and the user-defined variability. This variability is defined by the relationship developed by Baker and Jayaram [2008]. The computation of CS requires a structural period for the conditional model. In collaboration with WG5 researchers, a conditioning period of 0.25 sec was selected as a representative of the fundamental mode of vibration of the buildings of interest in this study. Working Group 5 carried out a sensitivity analysis of using other conditioning periods, and the results and discussion of selection of conditioning period are reported in Section 4 of the WG5 PEER report entitled Technical Background Report for Structural Analysis and Performance Assessment. The WG3.1 report presents a summary of the selected sites, the seismic-source characterization model, and the ground-motion characterization model used in the PSHA, followed by selection and modification of suites of ground motions. The Record Sequence Number (RSN) and the associated scale factors are tabulated in the Appendices of this report, and the actual time-series files can be downloaded from the PEER Ground-motion database Portal (https://ngawest2.berkeley.edu/)(link is external).
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Edwards, Frannie, Kaikai Liu, Amanda Lee Hughes, Jerry Zeyu Gao, Dan Goodrich, Alan Barner et Robert Herrera. Best Practices in Disaster Public Communications : Evacuation Alerting and Social Media. Mineta Transportation Institute, décembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2254.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This research project examines the current state of the practice for disaster public communication, the distrust of government, the training available to public information officers, and the literature available to guide the design of effective public outreach messaging, especially for rapid on-set events. Growing distrust in government had led to lack of public confidence in public agency messaging during emergencies, yet public agency public information officers are using multiple pathways, including both traditional and social media resources, to try to reach impacted communities effectively. The introduction explains the development of wildfire events in the West and their context. A literature review displays the sociological and political research that guides the development of public outreach, warning and evacuation. The findings display the SCU Complex Fire and CZU Complex Fire of 2020 as case studies of outreach efforts during rapid onset wildfire events and explains techniques of data scraping that could enhance public messaging. The analysis categorizes a variety of best practices in disaster communications. The project concludes with a white paper outlining a pathway toward creating a cell phone app that would provide event, time and location specific information about a disaster event, using official sources and social media.
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Mai Phuong, Nguyen, Hanna North, Duong Minh Tuan et Nguyen Manh Cuong. Assessment of women’s benefits and constraints in participating in agroforestry exemplar landscapes. World Agroforestry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp21015.pdf.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Participating in the exemplar landscapes of the Developing and Promoting Market-Based Agroforestry and Forest Rehabilitation Options for Northwest Vietnam project has had positive impacts on ethnic women, such as increasing their networks and decision-making and public speaking skills. However, the rate of female farmers accessing and using project extension material or participating in project nurseries and applying agroforestry techniques was limited. This requires understanding of the real needs and interests grounded in the socio-cultural contexts of the ethnic groups living in the Northern Mountain Region in Viet Nam, who have unique social and cultural norms and values. The case studies show that agricultural activities are highly gendered: men and women play specific roles and have different, particular constraints and interests. Women are highly constrained by gender norms, access to resources, decision-making power and a prevailing positive-feedback loop of time poverty, especially in the Hmong community. A holistic, timesaving approach to addressing women’s daily activities could reduce the effects of time poverty and increase project participation. As women were highly willing to share project information, the project’s impacts would be more successful with increased participation by women through utilizing informal channels of communication and knowledge dissemination. Extension material designed for ethnic women should have less text and more visuals. Access to information is a critical constraint that perpetuates the norm that men are decision-makers, thereby, enhancing their perceived ownership, whereas women have limited access to information and so leave final decisions to men, especially in Hmong families. Older Hmong women have a Vietnamese (Kinh) language barrier, which further prevents them from accessing the project’s material. Further research into an adaptive framework that can be applied in a variety of contexts is recommended. This framework should prioritize time-saving activities for women and include material highlighting key considerations to maintain accountability among the project’s support staff.
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van den Boogaard, Vanessa, Wilson Prichard, Rachel Beach et Fariya Mohiuddin. Strengthening Tax-Accountability Links : Fiscal Transparency and Taxpayer Engagement in Ghana and Sierra Leone. Institute of Development Studies, novembre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2020.002.
Texte intégralRésumé :
There is increasingly strong evidence that taxation can contribute to expanded government responsiveness and accountability. However, such positive connections are not guaranteed. Rather, they are shaped by the political and economic context and specific policies adopted by governments and civil society actors. Without an environment that enables tax bargaining, there is a risk that taxation will amount to little more than forceful extraction. We consider how such enabling environments may be fostered through two mixed methods case studies of tax transparency and taxpayer engagement in Sierra Leone and Ghana. We highlight two key sets of findings. First, tax transparency is only meaningful if it is accessible and easily understood by taxpayers and relates to their everyday experiences and priorities. In particular, we find that taxpayers do not just want basic information about tax obligations or aggregate revenue collected, but information about how much revenue should have been collected and how revenues were spent. At the same time, taxpayers do not want information to be shared with them through a one-way form of communication, but rather want to have spaces for dialogue and interaction with tax and government officials, including through public meetings and radio call-in programmes. Second, strategies to encourage taxpayer engagement are more likely to be effective where forums for engagement are perceived by taxpayers to be safe, secure, and sincere means through which to engage with government officials. This has been most successful where governments have visibly demonstrated responsiveness to citizen concerns, even on a small scale, while partnering with civil society to foster trust, dialogue and expanded knowledge. These findings have significant implications for how governments design taxpayer education and engagement programmes and how civil society actors and development partners can support more equitable and accountable tax systems. Our findings provide concrete lessons for how governments can ensure that information shared with taxpayers is meaningful and accessible. Moreover, we show that civil society actors can play important roles as translators of tax information, enablers of public forums and dialogues around tax issues, and trainers of taxpayers, supporting greater tax literacy and sustained citizen engagement.
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Occhiali, Giovanni, Doris Akol et Philip M. Kargbo. ICT and Tax Administration in Sub-Saharan Africa : Adopting ITAS in Uganda and Sierra Leone. Institute of Development Studies, octobre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2022.014.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The adoption of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in the public sector, including for tax administration, has been hailed as potentially transformational over the last few decades. Its impact has been less far-reaching than imagined. A literature examining the determinants of – and obstacles to – ICT adoption arose as a result, almost exclusively focusing on the experience of high-income countries. However, understanding the experience of adoption in low-income countries is equally important, especially given the potential role that ICTs can play in tackling various development issues, including increasing mobilisation of domestic revenue. To help fill this gap, we present two in-depth case studies of the process of adopting an integrated tax administration system (ITAS) in Uganda and Sierra Leone, based on a series of semi-structured interviews with members of the respective revenue authorities and ministries of finance. Our analysis shows that many of the factors that facilitate and impede the adoption process are the same as those identified in high-income countries. However, we also identify some factors that are more likely to be relevant for low-income countries. These include the impact of the timeline for disbursing donor funding, the processes donors require to be used for procurement, and the quality of legacy data to be migrated into the new system. The need to embark on change management and re-engineering business processes was also recognised more fully than might have been expected in countries with relatively little prior experience in e-government services.
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SOLOVEVA, N., et V. TARAKANOVA. TECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO TRAINING IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2658-4034-2021-12-4-2-27-39.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article discusses technological approaches to training in Higher Education Institution. The essence of technological approach to training consists in the transformation of educational processes into process with the guaranteed result. It supplements scientific approaches of pedagogy, psychology, sociology and other directions of science and practice. Purpose. To reveal how technological approaches to training in higher education institution influence on knowledge got by students. Scientific novelty. The article reveals development of the personality, creative abilities and it is necessary to use technological approaches of training, various creative tasks, research projects at the lectures. On the first and second years of education the pedagogical technology which is based on motivation of educational cognitive activity through communication and cooperation influences on the intellectual and behavioral status of students. Training is more effective, than the better methodology and technology of educational process will be coordinated with technology of assimilation the knowledge. It is important that all students in a higher educational institution could acquire material and began to use it in practice in the work. The signs of technology, a model of pedagogical technology, the scheme of technological creation of educational process and the results of expense of time in digestion of material by students are described in the article. Technological approach modernizes training on a basis of activity of students. Thanks to it, students achieve goals in the form of assimilation the knowledge in easier and productive way. When using technological approach there is an involvement of each student in educational process, knowledge is put into practice, there is always an access to necessary information (including the Internet), there is a communication and cooperation not only with the lecturer, but also with fellow students and what is more important is a constant test of the forces for overcoming the arising problems. Features of pedagogical technologies consist in activity of the lecturers and students. The activity of the lecturers is in that he knows well psychological and personal features of students and can introduce amendments on the training process course. The lecturer, as directly, and by means of technical means carries out the organizing, operating, motivating and controlling functions in the course of training. Practical significance. The practical importance consists in the use in practice of technological approaches to training in Higher Education Institution that promotes the guaranteed achievement of the set educational objects, the organization of all course of training in compliance to the purposes and tasks, assessment of the current results and their correction in case of need and also final assessment of results.
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Rankin, Nicole, Deborah McGregor, Candice Donnelly, Bethany Van Dort, Richard De Abreu Lourenco, Anne Cust et Emily Stone. Lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography for high risk populations : Investigating effectiveness and screening program implementation considerations : An Evidence Check rapid review brokered by the Sax Institute (www.saxinstitute.org.au) for the Cancer Institute NSW. The Sax Institute, octobre 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/clzt5093.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Background Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer death worldwide.(1) It is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia (12,741 cases diagnosed in 2018) and the leading cause of cancer death.(2) The number of years of potential life lost to lung cancer in Australia is estimated to be 58,450, similar to that of colorectal and breast cancer combined.(3) While tobacco control strategies are most effective for disease prevention in the general population, early detection via low dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening in high-risk populations is a viable option for detecting asymptomatic disease in current (13%) and former (24%) Australian smokers.(4) The purpose of this Evidence Check review is to identify and analyse existing and emerging evidence for LDCT lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals to guide future program and policy planning. Evidence Check questions This review aimed to address the following questions: 1. What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 2. What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 3. What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? 4. What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Summary of methods The authors searched the peer-reviewed literature across three databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase) for existing systematic reviews and original studies published between 1 January 2009 and 8 August 2019. Fifteen systematic reviews (of which 8 were contemporary) and 64 original publications met the inclusion criteria set across the four questions. Key findings Question 1: What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? There is sufficient evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of combined (pooled) data from screening trials (of high-risk individuals) to indicate that LDCT examination is clinically effective in reducing lung cancer mortality. In 2011, the landmark National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST, a large-scale randomised controlled trial [RCT] conducted in the US) reported a 20% (95% CI 6.8% – 26.7%; P=0.004) relative reduction in mortality among long-term heavy smokers over three rounds of annual screening. High-risk eligibility criteria was defined as people aged 55–74 years with a smoking history of ≥30 pack-years (years in which a smoker has consumed 20-plus cigarettes each day) and, for former smokers, ≥30 pack-years and have quit within the past 15 years.(5) All-cause mortality was reduced by 6.7% (95% CI, 1.2% – 13.6%; P=0.02). Initial data from the second landmark RCT, the NEderlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings ONderzoek (known as the NELSON trial), have found an even greater reduction of 26% (95% CI, 9% – 41%) in lung cancer mortality, with full trial results yet to be published.(6, 7) Pooled analyses, including several smaller-scale European LDCT screening trials insufficiently powered in their own right, collectively demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in lung cancer mortality (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.91).(8) Despite the reduction in all-cause mortality found in the NLST, pooled analyses of seven trials found no statistically significant difference in all-cause mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–1.00).(8) However, cancer-specific mortality is currently the most relevant outcome in cancer screening trials. These seven trials demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of early stage cancers in LDCT groups compared with controls (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.43–3.03). Thus, when considering results across mortality outcomes and early stage cancers diagnosed, LDCT screening is considered to be clinically effective. Question 2: What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? The harms of LDCT lung cancer screening include false positive tests and the consequences of unnecessary invasive follow-up procedures for conditions that are eventually diagnosed as benign. While LDCT screening leads to an increased frequency of invasive procedures, it does not result in greater mortality soon after an invasive procedure (in trial settings when compared with the control arm).(8) Overdiagnosis, exposure to radiation, psychological distress and an impact on quality of life are other known harms. Systematic review evidence indicates the benefits of LDCT screening are likely to outweigh the harms. The potential harms are likely to be reduced as refinements are made to LDCT screening protocols through: i) the application of risk predication models (e.g. the PLCOm2012), which enable a more accurate selection of the high-risk population through the use of specific criteria (beyond age and smoking history); ii) the use of nodule management algorithms (e.g. Lung-RADS, PanCan), which assist in the diagnostic evaluation of screen-detected nodules and cancers (e.g. more precise volumetric assessment of nodules); and, iii) more judicious selection of patients for invasive procedures. Recent evidence suggests a positive LDCT result may transiently increase psychological distress but does not have long-term adverse effects on psychological distress or health-related quality of life (HRQoL). With regards to smoking cessation, there is no evidence to suggest screening participation invokes a false sense of assurance in smokers, nor a reduction in motivation to quit. The NELSON and Danish trials found no difference in smoking cessation rates between LDCT screening and control groups. Higher net cessation rates, compared with general population, suggest those who participate in screening trials may already be motivated to quit. Question 3: What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? There are no systematic reviews that capture the main components of recent major lung cancer screening trials and programs. We extracted evidence from original studies and clinical guidance documents and organised this into key groups to form a concise set of components for potential implementation of a national lung cancer screening program in Australia: 1. Identifying the high-risk population: recruitment, eligibility, selection and referral 2. Educating the public, people at high risk and healthcare providers; this includes creating awareness of lung cancer, the benefits and harms of LDCT screening, and shared decision-making 3. Components necessary for health services to deliver a screening program: a. Planning phase: e.g. human resources to coordinate the program, electronic data systems that integrate medical records information and link to an established national registry b. Implementation phase: e.g. human and technological resources required to conduct LDCT examinations, interpretation of reports and communication of results to participants c. Monitoring and evaluation phase: e.g. monitoring outcomes across patients, radiological reporting, compliance with established standards and a quality assurance program 4. Data reporting and research, e.g. audit and feedback to multidisciplinary teams, reporting outcomes to enhance international research into LDCT screening 5. Incorporation of smoking cessation interventions, e.g. specific programs designed for LDCT screening or referral to existing community or hospital-based services that deliver cessation interventions. Most original studies are single-institution evaluations that contain descriptive data about the processes required to establish and implement a high-risk population-based screening program. Across all studies there is a consistent message as to the challenges and complexities of establishing LDCT screening programs to attract people at high risk who will receive the greatest benefits from participation. With regards to smoking cessation, evidence from one systematic review indicates the optimal strategy for incorporating smoking cessation interventions into a LDCT screening program is unclear. There is widespread agreement that LDCT screening attendance presents a ‘teachable moment’ for cessation advice, especially among those people who receive a positive scan result. Smoking cessation is an area of significant research investment; for instance, eight US-based clinical trials are now underway that aim to address how best to design and deliver cessation programs within large-scale LDCT screening programs.(9) Question 4: What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Assessing the value or cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening involves a complex interplay of factors including data on effectiveness and costs, and institutional context. A key input is data about the effectiveness of potential and current screening programs with respect to case detection, and the likely outcomes of treating those cases sooner (in the presence of LDCT screening) as opposed to later (in the absence of LDCT screening). Evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening programs has been summarised in two systematic reviews. We identified a further 13 studies—five modelling studies, one discrete choice experiment and seven articles—that used a variety of methods to assess cost-effectiveness. Three modelling studies indicated LDCT screening was cost-effective in the settings of the US and Europe. Two studies—one from Australia and one from New Zealand—reported LDCT screening would not be cost-effective using NLST-like protocols. We anticipate that, following the full publication of the NELSON trial, cost-effectiveness studies will likely be updated with new data that reduce uncertainty about factors that influence modelling outcomes, including the findings of indeterminate nodules. Gaps in the evidence There is a large and accessible body of evidence as to the effectiveness (Q1) and harms (Q2) of LDCT screening for lung cancer. Nevertheless, there are significant gaps in the evidence about the program components that are required to implement an effective LDCT screening program (Q3). Questions about LDCT screening acceptability and feasibility were not explicitly included in the scope. However, as the evidence is based primarily on US programs and UK pilot studies, the relevance to the local setting requires careful consideration. The Queensland Lung Cancer Screening Study provides feasibility data about clinical aspects of LDCT screening but little about program design. The International Lung Screening Trial is still in the recruitment phase and findings are not yet available for inclusion in this Evidence Check. The Australian Population Based Screening Framework was developed to “inform decision-makers on the key issues to be considered when assessing potential screening programs in Australia”.(10) As the Framework is specific to population-based, rather than high-risk, screening programs, there is a lack of clarity about transferability of criteria. However, the Framework criteria do stipulate that a screening program must be acceptable to “important subgroups such as target participants who are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people from disadvantaged groups and people with a disability”.(10) An extensive search of the literature highlighted that there is very little information about the acceptability of LDCT screening to these population groups in Australia. Yet they are part of the high-risk population.(10) There are also considerable gaps in the evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening in different settings, including Australia. The evidence base in this area is rapidly evolving and is likely to include new data from the NELSON trial and incorporate data about the costs of targeted- and immuno-therapies as these treatments become more widely available in Australia.