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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Commercial law – Poland »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Commercial law – Poland"

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Moskwa, Leopold. « Commercial law in Poland : Partnerships ». Pravovedenie 65, no 1 (2021) : 76–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu25.2021.105.

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Commercial law has lost its status as a branch of law separate from civil law and currently forms only a specialised part of it. The key criterion for distinguishing commercial law is the entrepreneur in the sense that commercial law is “the private law of entrepreneurs”. Due to their key importance on the market, commercial law companies occupy a special place among entrepreneurs and therefore there are attempts to make these forms of business activity as attractive as possible. The same applies to partnerships. Therefore, the following legislative efforts should be noted. Owing to the introduction of the Commercial Companies Code in 2001, partnerships gained legal capacity, but were not equipped with legal personality, and continued to be considered “imperfect” legal persons. Consequently, although they may acquire rights and incur liabilities, unlike legal persons, they are tax “transparent”, which means that they are not subject to income tax. The adoption of the principle of subsidiary liability of partners for the obligations of a partnership has become an important step and it strengthens the position of partners. This means that the creditor of a partnership may only conduct enforcement from the partners’ assets when the enforcement against the partnership’s assets proves ineffective. As a result, as long as the claims of the partnership’s creditors can be satisfied from the partnership’s assets, the partners are not in danger of being held liable for the partnership’s obligations. The introduction of two new types of partnerships into the Polish legal system, namely the professional partnership and a limited joint-stock partnership is of great importance. The former is intended only for professionals and regulates the liability of a partner for the company’s obligations in a very favourable manner. The partner is liable in a limited manner, i. e., solely for malpractice committed by himself or by persons under his supervision. In turn, a limited joint-stock partnership was introduced to protect entrepreneurs (general partners in spe) who intend to recapitalise on the enterprise which usually has an established position on the market, by issuing shares, without exposing themselves to the danger of the so-called hostile takeover.
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Sikorska-Lewandowska, Aleksandra. « New Group of Companies Law in Poland ». European Company Law 19, Issue 6 (1 décembre 2022) : 156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eucl2022025.

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On 13 October 2022, a broad amendment to the Polish Commercial Companies Code (KSH) entered into force. Under this amendment, the term ‘group of companies’ covers a controlling company and a subsidiary company or companies that are capital companies, following the resolution on participation in the group by a qualified majority of ¾ of the votes of the shareholders’ meeting of the subsidiary company. His means that the will of the companies participating in the group decides whether to apply this new regulation: it does not work ex lege, but ex contractu. binding instructions by a controlling company, groups of companies, interest of a group of companies and interest of a subsidiary company
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Cudowska, Maria. « Linguistic Challenges to International Commercial Arbitration in Poland ». Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 62, no 1 (1 juin 2020) : 229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2020-0021.

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Abstract In the realm of Polish law, arbitration is anything but a new concept. In an ever-developing economy, arbitration has become a useful tool in resolving disputes that are commercial in nature. The issue pertinent to the choice of language in an arbitral proceeding has been thoroughly investigated in the doctrine of international arbitration, yet the conclusions are not set in stone and are likely to change and evolve over time. As evidenced by the technological revolution, introduction of mechanical translations, and artificial intelligence (“AI”) it may seem that the challenges will be difficult to predict. Alternatively, the status quo of the English language as the number one language in the arbitral proceedings will remain. The parties can easily dismiss the linguistic and interpretative problems surrounding arbitration agreements. Thus, this article endeavors to consider the possible implications of a case scenario, wherein a party would attempt to arbitrate an international dispute with a Polish party on the basis of a contract that would be in a language that differs from Polish. Additionally, attention is drawn to the role of witnesses in an arbitration proceeding as such witnesses may speak languages that are the same, similar, or entirely different to the language spoken by the parties involved in the arbitration, as well as differ from the primary language of the arbiters. This article examines the aforementioned hypothetical case-scenario with the emphasis on relevant Polish acts of law. The research presented in this article is also focused on the examination of regulations vested in the statute of the most prominent Arbitration Court in Poland, and its provisions pertinent to language.
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Kovalyshyn, O. R. « Legal Borrowings in the Commercial Law of Poland : experience for Ukraine ». State and Regions. Series : Law 4 (2019) : 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32840/1813-338x-2019-4-8.

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Wiącek, Marcin. « Legal Position of Administrative Courts in Poland ». International Community Law Review 23, no 5 (10 novembre 2021) : 526–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-23050007.

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Abstract The article concerns the administrative judiciary in Poland. Firstly, the Author discusses the legal bases (in particular, the constitutional bases) and the scope of competence of Polish administrative courts, that is to say the ‘voivodeship’ administrative courts (courts of first instance) and the Supreme Administrative Court (court of second instance). Administrative courts in Poland are, in general, the “courts of cassation”, which means they may only control the legality of administrative decisions and may not determine the state of facts, nor replace administrative decisions by their judgments. Administrative courts are vested with the competence to apply the Constitution and they actively cooperate with the Constitutional Tribunal (in particular, by addressing ‘questions of law’ to the Tribunal). Secondly, the Author presents the scope of competence of the Commercial and Financial Chambers of the Supreme Administrative Court and considers selected legal problems in the administrative courts’ jurisprudence in commercial and financial cases.
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Szurski, Tadeusz. « Introducing the UNCITRAL Model Law to Poland Some Remarks on the Polish Law on International Commercial Arbitration ». Journal of International Arbitration 18, Issue 2 (1 avril 2001) : 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/336069.

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Ochmann, Paweł. « Wybrane regulacje Kodeksu spółek handlowych w świetle konstytucyjnego modelu ochrony własności ». Studia Prawa Publicznego, no 2(26) (15 juin 2019) : 115–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/spp.2019.2.26.5.

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The article confronts specific solutions adopted in the Code of Commercial Compa-nies and Partnerships with the patterns of the constitutional control of law resulting from the Constitution of the Republic of Poland in the form of the right of ownership. Its aim is to answer the question whether the constitutionality of commercial law institutions should be assessed autonomously, taking into account the specificity of commercial companies law. The author puts forward a thesis that just as there is a principle of autonomy of commercial law within the principle of unity of civil law, within the framework of constitutional law, the regulations of law and commerce also have autonomy which influences the process of assessing the conformity of particular subjects of control with the models defined in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. As one of the specific elements of commercial law in relationto the Constitution, the necessity of weighing the opposing interests of the same good, i.e. the right to ownership is pointed out. The paper discusses in detail the institution of forced buyout (squeeze-out) in the context of the judgment of the Con-stitutional Tribunal (Case No. P 25/02). The issue of legitimacy to appeal against the resolution of the General Shareholders Meeting of a company from the point of view of the right of ownership is also discussed. In the author’s opinion, the right to appeal against the resolution, which prima facie at the constitutional law level could be associated with the constitutional right to a court, takes the form of a corporate right of a shareholder resulting from a constitutional right of ownership, of which a share is one of the forms. Therefore, it has a derivative character. The considerations contained in the text lead to the recognition of the admissibility of an autonomous interpretation of company law regulations when assessing their compliance with the Constitution. When assessing constitutionality, the legal char-acter and specificity of the subject of control should be taken into account.
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Gałędek, Michał. « Remarks on the Methodology of Comparative Legal Research in the Context of the History of Law in Poland ». Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica 99 (30 juin 2022) : 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6069.99.05.

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Is there anything outstanding about the history of law in Poland? Is it particularly conducive to comparative research? In my attempt to answer these questions, I focussed on presenting two distinct comparative law methods: historical legal comparison and comparative legal history. The paper is divided into two parts. The first part elaborates on the characteristics of the respective methods and on the challenges of comparative legal history in a temporally diachronic perspective and why they are not so pronounced in historical legal comparison. In this part, I tried to document the claim that the existence of a comparative platform of similarities is a condition to obtain more reliable and better-documented results of comparative research. In the second part, I focussed on three cases visualising the possibilities for comparative legal research on the history of law in Poland. Regarding the pre-partition times, I analysed the comparative possibilities related to an analysis of the impact of the Roman law on the Old Polish legal culture. The other two examples concerned the history of law in post-partition Poland. First, I explored the potential triggered by the adoption of foreign laws in Poland in terms of comparative research. I used French commercial law to exemplify the problem. Then, I undertook to show the dormant potential of the particular situation of Poland divided into different legal areas for the development of the country’s own codes of law.
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FRAŃCZUK, MAGDALENA. « CODES OF BANKING ETHICS AND BANKING SOFT LAW IN POLAND ». Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University 6, no 2 (20 juin 2019) : 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/jpnu.6.2.49-54.

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Codes of banking ethics are increasingly common, but practice shows that they are not of major importance to bank customers. In the article it is assumed that the codes do not fulfill their functions, including the function of protecting the consumer against fraudulent practices and abuse of the dominant position of the bank in relation to the retail client. The codes contain norms specifying the most important general clauses that are used in banking law, in particular the clause of good morals and commercial honesty. In order to comply with the principles of good practice and banking ethics, it is necessary to “stiffen” the standards of soft law which are so important that they should be clearly sanctioned. To achieve it, it is necessary to introduce to the banking soft law the information that in the case of dispute with the bank a consumer may also refer to a breach of self-regulations.
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Etel, Maciej. « Acquisition and Loss of the Public Law Status of Entrepreneur – Interpretation Problems of Public Commercial Law in Poland ». Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 33, no 1 (1 août 2013) : 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2013-0018.

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Abstract The obligation of the legalization of entrepreneurial activity from Article 14 of The Act of July 2, 2004 on the freedom of entrepreneurial activity caused deliberations regarding constitutive or declarative character of the legalization entry and as a result, created a problem with indication of the moment when the public law status of an entrepreneur is acquired (or respectively - lost). The answer to the question whether Central Register and Information of Entrepreneurial Activity or the register of entrepreneurs of the National Court Register have also the creation function incites many controversies and is subject to discussions, in the process of which two main standpoints were formed. It is also important to note that the resolution of the discussed issue not only holds scientific value, but above all, it has significant importance in practice. Therefore, it is necessary and even essential. Furthermore, it is typical for this issue that concerns related thereto and arguments raised during the discussion have their basis in the legislation in force and in fact, encapsulate the favoured path of its interpretation.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Commercial law – Poland"

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NOWAK, Bartlomiej. « Electricity and gas market liberalization in the EU as a part of the Internal Energy Market strategy : a cross-country study - and a lesson for Poland ». Doctoral thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/12013.

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Defence date: 18/05/2009
Examining board: Wladyslaw Czaplinski (Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw); Leigh Hancher (Tilburg University); Heike Schweitzer (EUI); Jacques Ziller (Supervisor, EUI)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
In many EU countries, the infrastructure for supplying electricity and gas (electricity networks, gas pipelines, and storage facilities) are still properties of the so-called vertically integrated undertakings (VIU) responsible for the extraction or generation, supply, and transmission and distribution of the energy. While competition can be promoted in the generation/production and supply side of the vertical integration, transmission and distribution segments remain natural monopolies that hinder market mechanisms. Vertical integration simply raises the possibility for incumbents to favor their own divisions and to block new entrants. As a result, the Electricity and Gas Directives of the European Commission proposed several measures to foster competition in politically delicate structures of the electricity and gas markets. These measures involve non-discriminatory third party access to the gas and electricity infrastructure, independent regulation of the natural monopolies and the unbundling of the VIU. Unfortunately, my research shows that there are still many obstacles to fulfilling the potential of the internal market in electricity and gas. What is more since substantial delays have occurred in implementing the Directives, it is difficult to clearly evaluate what the final effect will be; nevertheless, it is possible to argue that the steps already taken are insufficient to create functional market.
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Livres sur le sujet "Commercial law – Poland"

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Claudia, Seibel, dir. Business law guide to Poland. Bicester, Oxfordshire : CCH Europe, 1996.

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(Firm), Nabarro Nathanson, et Weil, Gotshal & Manges., dir. Legal aspects of doing business in Poland. London : Longman, 1993.

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M, Kemme David, Institute for East-West Security Studies. et Wichita State University. Center for Management Development., dir. Economic reform in Poland : The aftermath of martial law, 1981-1988. Greenwich, Conn : JAI Press, 1991.

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Telecom, British. Doing business in Poland. London : Kogan Page, 1991.

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Poland. The Polish commercial code. Sous la direction de Grątkowska Irena, Rakk Tomasz, Kierzkowska Danuta et Wiśniewski Andrzej W. Warsaw : Polish Society of Economic, Legal and Court Translators, 1991.

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Barbanel, Jack A. Business in Poland : A primer and overview. Ardsley-on-Hudson, N.Y : Transnational Juris Publications, 1991.

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Poland. The Polish commercial code : The law as at 15th August 1991. Warsaw : Polish Bar Foundation, 1991.

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1954-, Gray Cheryl Williamson, et World Bank. Socialist Economies Reform Unit., dir. The Legal framework for private sector development in a transitional economy : The case of Poland. Washington, DC (1818 H St. NW, Washington 20433) : Country Economics Dept., World Bank, 1991.

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Poland. The Polish Commercial Code : The law is stated as at 15 February, 1998. 2e éd. Warsaw : Tepis Pub. House, 1998.

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Bielski, Piotr. Nowe prawo przedsiębiorców : Prawo działalności gospodarczej, Krajowy Rejestr Sądowy, Kodeks spółek handlowych. Gdańsk : Ośrodek Doradztwa i Doskonalenia Kadr, 2000., 2000.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Commercial law – Poland"

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Moszyńska, Anna, et Krzysztof Świątczak. « The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Polish Commercial Law ». Dans Pandemic Poland, 149–70. Wien : Böhlau Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7767/9783205214373.149.

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Jurkowski, Wojciech. « A Model of a Computer Salary Calculation System in Poland ». Dans Information Technology Management in Developing Countries, 270–75. IGI Global, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-931777-03-2.ch013.

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The model of a salary calculation system in Poland is introduced. Great complexity of the process of salary calculation caused by bureaucracy and many difficult law acts requires a special attention to application designers. In order to calculate salary for different enterprises in Poland, a special model must be implemented. The chapter is divided into four sections in which we characterize the specificity of Polish salary calculation process and propose the model that has been successfully implemented in a commercial system. The model comprises of two components: data structures and methods.
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Skowron, Radosław T. « Liberalizacja dyscypliny finansów publicznych w sytuacjach kryzysowych na przykładzie specustawy COVID-19 ». Dans Finanse publiczne w sytuacjach kryzysowych : Zagadnienia prawno-finansowe, 173–208. Ksiegarnia Akademicka Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/9788381386289.06.

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An emergency situation brought about by the necessity for preventing, counteracting and eliminating of COVID-19 in Poland required the adoption of non-standard legal instruments in many domains of commercial and social life. A special act, passed in March 2020, in the wake of sudden and complete reshuffle of economic conditions and being a response to COVID-19, introduced a number of unusual mechanisms in the field of public law. One of them is changing the liability for the violation of public finances discipline. It encompasses, on the one side, contracts concluded and executed according to public procurement law, and on the other, agreements concluded and carried out in accordance with laws on public benefit activity. The scope of altered and liberalized liability covers wide range of irregularities form failure to determine or claim the dues, through failure to determine the amount of subsidy to be returned to amendment of contract in breach of public procurement requirements. In the article the author analyzes the new regulation and evaluates its meaning and role in social life exposed to constant and dynamic COVID-19-related demands.
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Sadurski, Wojciech. « Undoing the Institutions of the Democratic State ». Dans Poland's Constitutional Breakdown, 132–49. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840503.003.0005.

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This chapter covers how, from the very beginning, the Law and Justice (Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (PiS)) party targeted five democratic institutions as obstacles to its capture of the state. First, it looks at the parliamentary opposition being marginalized and effectively silenced. Second, it details how the civil service has been subjected to political control, and the principles of professionalism and neutrality in the civil service have been abandoned. Third, the chapter looks at the public media being transformed into a propaganda machine for the ruling party, and the commercial media being threatened with laws that would constrain their operation. Fourth, it considers how electoral commissions have been effectively subjected to the executive, which renders massive electoral frauds possible. Finally, the chapter looks at how institutions dispensing grants and subsidies to civil society organizations have been centralized and subjected to the executive. All these institutions provide a buffer for the population from the arbitrary will of politicians, which is why PiS could not tolerate them.
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Israel, Jonathan. « Conclusion ». Dans European Jewry in the Age of Mercantilism, 1550-1750, 216–25. Liverpool University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781874774426.003.0012.

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This concluding chapter assesses what the contribution of the Jews was to seventeenth-century European civilization. It is reasonably clear that the general significance of the Jews has to be assessed under two main heads — the economic and the cultural. The problem is to specify the exact nature of the Jewish role. The techniques of Jewish commerce and finance did not differ from other commerce and finance except in that a vast array of restrictions cut the Jews out of most guilds, most retail trade, and the ownership of land and buildings. The key factor which imparted a certain importance to the post-1570 Jewish role was the simultaneous penetration during the sixteenth century of both Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews, as well as of the Marranos living in Portugal and the Portuguese Empire, into maritime and overland long-distance transit trades linking the Levant with Italy, Poland with the Levant, Poland with Germany, and Portugal and the Portuguese Empire with northern Europe. The commercial importance gained by the Jews in the Levant and Poland, largely as a result of the previous expulsion from the West, in other words, formed the basis of the Jewish revival in Italy, Germany, Bohemia–Moravia, and the Low Countries after 1570. This entrenched position in so many crucial but distant markets proved a factor of great potency, especially in view of the close correspondence and intimate cultural contact between western Jewry and the Jews of the Levant and Poland.
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« Research Station at Cambridge and somewhat later at the Wantage Research Laboratories of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment. By the mid- or late 1950s national research programs on food irradiation were also underway in Belgium, Canada, France, The Netherlands, Poland, the Soviet Union, and the Federal Republic of Germany. This early history of food irradiation has been reviewed by Goldblith (9), Goresline (10), and Josephson (11). In 1960 the first books on food irradiation appeared, written by Desrosiers and Rosenstock in the United States (12) and Kuprianoff and Lang in Germany (13). A first international meeting devoted to discussion of wholesomeness and legisla­ tive aspects of food irradiation was held in Brussels in 1961 (14). In the United Kingdom the report of a government working party on irradiation of food (15) summarized and evaluated the studies done until 1964. The first commercial use of food irradiation occurred in 1957 in the Federal Republic of Germany, when a spice manufacturer in Stuttgart began to improve the hygienic quality of his products by irradiating them with electrons using a Van de Graaff generator (16). The machine had to be dismantled in 1959 when a new food law prohibited the treatment of foods with ionizing radiation, and the company turned to fumigation with ethylene oxide instead. In Canada irradiation of potatoes for inhibition of sprouting was allowed in 1960 and a private company, Newfield Products Ltd., began irradiating potatoes at Mont St. Hilaire, near Montreal, in September 1965. The plant used a 60Co source and was designed to process some 15,000 t of potatoes a month. It closed after only one season, when the company ran into financial difficulties (17). In spite of these setbacks, interest in food irradiation grew worldwide. At the first International Symposium of Food Irradiation, held in Karlsruhe, Germany, and organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), representa­ tives from 28 countries reviewed the progress made in research laboratories (18). However, health authorities in these countries still hesitated to grant permissions for marketing irradiated foods. At that time only three countries— Canada, the United States, and the Soviet Union— had given clearance for human consump­ tion of a total of five irradiated foods, all treated with low radiation doses. The food industry had not yet made use of the permissions. Irradiated foods were still not marketed anywhere. Questions about the safety for human consumption of irradiated foods were still hotly debated and this was recognized as the major obstacle to commercial utilization of the new process. As a result of this recognition the International Project in the Field of Food Irradiation (IFIP) was created in 1970, with the specific aim of sponsoring a worldwide research program on the wholesomeness of irradiated foods. Under the sponsorship of the IAEA in Vienna, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in Rome, and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in Paris, 19 countries joined their re­ sources, with this number later growing to 24 (see Table 1). The World Health ». Dans Safety of Irradiated Foods, 22. CRC Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482273168-16.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Commercial law – Poland"

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Long, X. C., et S. R. J. Brueck. « A Thermally Poled Electrooptic Fiber ». Dans Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides. Washington, D.C. : Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/bgppf.1997.bmg.7.

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We have reported1 previously on a planarized fiber-poling structure which allows us to apply a high field across a polished fiber and results in a linear electrooptic coefficient as high as 0.3 pm/V using a commercially available D-fiber. This fabrication technique has several advantages including: low cost volume manufacturing capability; planar structure to allow lithographic definition of high-speed circuits; and fiber ends unaffected by the processing to provide low-cost packaging and integration with fiber systems.
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Garashi, A., A. Arie, G. Rosenman et A. Skliar. « Continuous-Wave Optical Parametric Oscillator Based On Periodically-Poled KTiOPO4 ». Dans The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. Washington, D.C. : Optica Publishing Group, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_europe.1998.cpd1.10.

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Owing to its high effective nonlinear coefficient (≈ 9.5 pm/V), high photorefractive damage threshold, low susceptibility to thermal lensing as well as the wide commercial availability of the KTiOPO4 substrate, periodically-poled KTiOPP4 (PP-KTP) is a very attractive material for nonlinear frequency conversion applications. In particular, when used in an optical parametric oscillator (OPO), these advantages enable pumping by a CW visible source, operation near room temperature and a low threshold. All these features were demonstrated by the OPO device reported here. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of continuous-wave operation of an OPO employing a PP-KTP crystal.
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Brower, Shane C., et L. Michael Hayden. « Activation volumes associated with chromophore motion in corona poled guest-host polymers ». Dans Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications. Washington, D.C. : Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1993.fb.5.

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Non-linear optical (NLO) polymers have recently been the subject of considerable interest for applications in various electro-optic and photonic devices, including optical switches, light modulators, optical interconnects, and high density optical data storage devices.1,2 This interest is partly a result of their excellent optical properties: large optical non-linearity, low dielectric constants, and high transparency over a wide range of wavelengths.2,3,4,5 In addition, NLO polymers have the advantages of low cost and ease of processibility into thin films.4,5 However, the use of NLO polymers in commercial applications will require a material with a stable second order NLO susceptibility.
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Herman, Peter R., Keith Beckley et Sola Ness. « 157-nm Photosensitivity in Germanosilicate Waveguides ». Dans Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides. Washington, D.C. : Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/bgppf.1997.bme.4.

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In standard optical communication fiber, low Ge-dopant levels (~3%-GeO2) preclude strong photosensitivity responses, restricting index-of-refraction changes to 1-4 × 10-4 [1,2]. Type II index changes that rely on high laser fluence are less attractive because of material damage [3,4]. Therefore, sensitization techniques such as hydrogen loading [5], high germanium concentration [6], and flame brushing [7] are frequently employed to provide commercially attractive index-of-refraction changes of >10-3. However, this improved sensitivity trades against poor coupling efficiency and inconvenience when exposed fibers are connected into ordinary telecommunication networks.
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Bayer, I. S., C. M. Megaridis, J. Zhang et D. Gamota. « Use of Contact Angle Hysteresis in Estimating Thin Polymer Film Surface Energy and Wettability ». Dans ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-16173.

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A recent surface energy estimation method [1] interpreting contact angle hysteresis measurements was used to estimate surface energy of various commercially important polymer films including UV radiation cross-linked acrylic based monomer systems. The validity of the method was tested on highly hydrophobic non-polar amorphous fluoro-polymers using a number of polar and low surface tension liquids. Contact angle hysteresis was present on these surfaces even though surface morphology of the solution processed fluoro-polymers is close to ideal. Estimated surface energies using such probe liquids were consistent varying slightly with the probe liquid type. On such highly ordered and non-polar polymer surfaces use of polar and low surface tension liquids results in accurate surface energy estimation. However, use of polar probe liquids commonly employed in surface energy estimation methods, such as, Harmonic mean (HM), Geometric mean (GM) or Lewis Acid-Base method (LWAB) on polar surfaces such as polyester resulted in inconsistent surface energy values. To strengthen this observation, the ASTM surface energy estimation procedure (ASTM D2578 04a) developed for polyethylene and polypropylene surfaces (both non-polar) was employed on a sample polar polyester surface using the ASTM probe liquids. Results showed inconsistent surface energy values supporting the conclusion that care must be exercised during use of polar probe liquids in estimating surface energy on polar polymers with the contact angle hysteresis method. Finally, UV radiation cross-linkable acrylic polymer surface energies were estimated with the hysteresis method. Surface energy results were consistent based on five different probe liquids. It was observed that surface energy of the cross-linked monomer networks decreased slightly with increasing UV curing time.
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Ermer, Susan, Doris S. Leung, Steven M. Lovejoy, John F. Valley et Marc Stiller. « Photobleachable Donor-Acceptor-Donor Chromophores with Enhanced Thermal Stability ». Dans Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications. Washington, D.C. : Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1993.wc.2.

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An important step in the realization of active optical interconnects is the development of poled electro-optic (EO) polymer materials stable to both manufacturing and end-use environments. These environments vary according to process and ultimate application, but many require longterm thermal stability to 125 °C and short excursions to 250 °C or higher.1 Our efforts with EO polymers have been directed toward thermally stable waveguide devices2 and polyimide-based guest-host material systems.3 We recently demonstrated a proof-of-principle all-polyimide triple stack Mach-Zehnder based on DCM (4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(p-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran) as the active chromophore in the core waveguide layer.4 The structure of DCM is shown in Figure 1(a). Advantages of DCM include low absorbance at device wavelengths, photobleachability, compatibility with polyimides and their polyamic acid precursors, and commercial ability at high purity. DCM is less than optimum in its thermal characteristics, however. It out-diffuses when heated above 220 °C for significant periods of time and it plasticizes the host material. This plasticization depresses the glass transition temperature Tg, and is detrimental to long-term stability of the poled state.
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Erhan, Sevim Z., et Brajendra K. Sharma. « Development and Tribochemical Evaluation of Biobased Antiwear Additive ». Dans ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-81444.

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Seed oils are renewable resources, environmentally friendly non toxic fluids, pose no work place health hazards and are readily biodegradable. The amphiphilic character of these oils makes them an excellent candidate as lubricants and as specialty chemicals. Industrial application of seed oils is limited due to poor thermo-oxidative stability, poor low temperature fluidity, and other tribochemical degrading processes that occur under severe conditions of temperature, pressure, shear stress, metal surface and environment. This work describes the development and tribochemical evaluation of seed oil based antiwear additive through chemical modification. The current process retains the seed oil structure, eliminates poly-unsaturation in the molecule, and adds polar functional groups that significantly improve adsorption on metal surfaces. These compounds also contribute to the formation of protective films through chemical reaction during the tribochemical process. Comparative tests with commercial products demonstrate its effectiveness.
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Wang, Wenshen, Yongqiang Shi, Weiping Lin, David J. Olson et James H. Bechtel. « Push-pull Polymer Integrated Mach-Zehnder Modulators ». Dans Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications. Washington, D.C. : Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1997.fa.2.

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Nonlinear optical (NLO) polymers have been used to demonstrate broadband electro-optic (E-O) modulators in laboratories [1-3]. Because of the small and nondispersive dielectric constants of polymer materials, over 100 GHz modulation can be achieved with a simple integrated microstrip line circuit [3]. However, in order for these polymer modulators to be usable in commercial fiber-optic data links, several other device performance figures have to be improved. In addition to the often-discussed thermal stability issue, the halfwave voltage, optical insertion loss, optical power handling capability, and bias control stability are all of vital importance to the commercial application of polymer E-O modulators. Future polymer photonic devices must have a balanced overall performance, with a much lower cost, broader bandwidth, and competitive thermal, photochemical and bias control stability. We have reported our fabrication and testing of integrated Mach-Zehnder modulators using a double-end-crosslinked NLO polymer LD-3 [4-5]. The LD-3 based modulators have exhibited higher thermal stability, photochemical stability and low optical insertion loss compared to the E-O modulators based on the PUR-DR19 polymer [2]. However, because the LD-3 polymer has a lower E-O coefficient r33, and the corona poling schedule was not optimized, our LD-3 modulators exhibited a higher halfwave voltage which is not acceptable in most applications. In this paper, we report our new device fabrication technique that effectively reduced the halfwave voltage by one-half using an optical push-pull structure in M-Z modulators.
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Labor, Bea, et Staffan Lindskog. « On Evaluation of Assessments of Accruals of Future Dismantling Costs ». Dans ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96100.

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A major prerequisite in order for civilian commercial nuclear energy production to qualify as sustainable energy production is that systems for the management of the nuclear waste legacy are in operation. These waste types are present in a range from very low short lived waste (VLLW) to long lived high level waste (HLW) (including the used nuclear fuel). The second prerequisite is that financial responsibilities or other constraints must not be passed on to coming generations. The first condition for qualification corresponds to the Polluters Pays Principle (PPP) which demands that the responsibility for the waste management rests solely with the polluter. The second qualification corresponds to the principle of fairness between generations and thus concerns the appropriate distribution of responsibilities between the generations. It is important to note that these two conditions must be met simultaneously, and that compliance with both is a necessary prerequisite in order for commercial use of nuclear power to qualify as a semi-sustainable energy source. Financial and technical planning for dismantling and decommissioning of nuclear installations cannot be regarded as successful unless it rests upon a distinctive way to describe and explain the well-founded values of different groups of stakeholders. This cumbersome task can be underpinned by transparent and easy to grasp models for calculation and estimation of future environmental liabilities. It essential that a systematic classification is done of all types of costs and that an effort is done to evaluate the precision level in the cost estimates. In this paper, a systematic and transparent way to develop a parametric approach that rest upon basic accounting standards is combined with data about younger stakeholder’s values towards decommissioning and dismantling of nuclear installation. The former entity rests upon theoretical and practical methods from business administration, whilst the latter is based on current survey data retrieved from 667 personal interviews in one town in Poland and one town in Slovakia with a near 100 % response rate. The main conclusions from this field study may be summarised as follows: • Sustainable energy sources are prioritised. • Around one quarter of the respondents regards nuclear power as a future semi-sustainable commercial energy production mode subject to that the waste is managed in a sustainable, environmental friendly and safe way. • The values are to a significant degree positioned on health, safety and environmental (HSE) attributes. • The polluter pays principle is honoured. • There are doubts regarding the compliance with these principles due to risks for delays in the implementation phase of repositories for disposal of the nuclear residues. • 1/5th of the respondents expressed an openness to reprocessing (which is linked to the concept of “new nuclear power”).
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Bianchini, Alessandro, Francesco Balduzzi, Leopold Haack, Simone Bigalli, Bernhard Müller et Giovanni Ferrara. « Development and Validation of a Hybrid Simulation Model for Darrieus Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines ». Dans ASME Turbo Expo 2019 : Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-91218.

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Abstract The increasing interest in deep-water floating applications and in wind turbine installations in turbulent flows, is putting vertical-axis wind turbines back again in research agendas. However, due to the lack of activities in past years, the accuracy and robustness of available design tools is much lower than the corresponding ones for horizontal-axis rotors. Moving from this background, the study presents the development of a hybrid simulation model able to simulate H-type Darrieus turbines with low computational effort and an accuracy higher than that of conventional low-fidelity models. It is based on the coupling of unsteady RANS CFD with the Actuator Line theory to replace the airfoils. The present tool has been implemented within the commercial solver ANSYS® FLUENT® and it is then of practical interest for a large number of potential users. With respect to other examples in the literature, the present approach includes some new findings in the correct manipulation of airfoil polars that notably increased its accuracy. The validation of the model is assessed by means of two different study cases featuring a simplified 1-blade rotor and a real 3-blade turbine, for which both detailed CFD simulations and experiments were available. The model was able to produce accurate results — both in terms of aggregate power production and of flow field description — for turbines with a medium-low chord-to-radius ratio and the tipspeed ratios typical of turbine operation.
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