Articles de revues sur le sujet « Commercial Bank of England »
Pour voir les autres types de publications sur ce sujet consultez le lien suivant : Commercial Bank of England.
Créez une référence correcte selon les styles APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard et plusieurs autres
Consultez les 50 meilleurs articles de revues pour votre recherche sur le sujet « Commercial Bank of England ».
À côté de chaque source dans la liste de références il y a un bouton « Ajouter à la bibliographie ». Cliquez sur ce bouton, et nous générerons automatiquement la référence bibliographique pour la source choisie selon votre style de citation préféré : APA, MLA, Harvard, Vancouver, Chicago, etc.
Vous pouvez aussi télécharger le texte intégral de la publication scolaire au format pdf et consulter son résumé en ligne lorsque ces informations sont inclues dans les métadonnées.
Parcourez les articles de revues sur diverses disciplines et organisez correctement votre bibliographie.
1
Wright, Robert E. « Bank Ownership and Lending Patterns in New York and Pennsylvania, 1781–1831 ». Business History Review 73, no 1 (1999) : 40–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3116100.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Unlike most contemporary New England banks, early commercial banks of the Middle Atlantic region were widely owned and frequently traded corporations. They lent to a broad segment of the business community, including artisans, farmers, and women. Banks lent widely, first, because their large capitalization made it difficult for a few privileged insiders to control a substantial percentage of loanable funds and, second, because banks were able to acquire reliable credit information on a variety of customers in an efficient manner. As a result, small enterprises had access to bank credit.
2
Gogichaev, Chermen A. « FEATURES OF MONEY MARKET INTEREST RATE MANAGEMENT BY THE BANK OF ENGLAND ». Scientific Review. Series 1. Economics and Law, no 5-6 (2022) : 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/2076-4650-2022-5-6-03.
Texte intégralRésumé :
After world financial crisis of 2008 central banks of developed countries started to implement unconventional monetary policy because of the zero lower bound problem. Such policy actions have led to expansion of balance sheets of these central banks arising from unprecedented growth of excess reserves’ supply. This article covers the issue of controlling short-term money market interest rates by Bank of England in case of sustainable liquidity surplus. It is underlined that paying interest on excess and required reserves contributes to reduction of distortions in commercial banks’ operation activities and elimination of reserve money opportunity cost, which impedes monetary authority in controlling short-term interest rates of interbank lending market.
3
Drea, Eoin. « The Bank of England, Montagu Norman and the internationalisation of Anglo-Irish monetary relations, 1922–1943 ». Financial History Review 21, no 1 (26 novembre 2013) : 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565013000231.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The granting of a £7,000m bilateral loan by the British government to the Republic of Ireland in October 2010 highlights the banking co-dependence of modern Anglo-Irish relations. This article provides a Bank-of-England-centred perspective on the development of Irish monetary institutions from the granting of Irish monetary independence in December 1921 to the establishment of the Central Bank of Ireland in 1943. Irrespective of unresolved Anglo-Irish political issues, the Bank of England's Irish policy during this period was based on a strict adherence to Montagu Norman's key central banking principles of co-operation, exclusiveness and political autonomy. This article identifies that the application of these principles survived both the coming to power of Fianna Fáil (Soldiers of Destiny) in Southern Ireland in 1932 and the outbreak of war in 1939. This article also argues that Norman's adherence to a wider internationalist view of monetary relations played an important role in forcing the overwhelmingly Protestant and pro-union Irish commercial banks, headed by the Bank of Ireland, to come to terms with the reality of Irish monetary independence. In this context, Norman's approach to Southern Ireland parallels the transition from Empire to Commonwealth, which began to emerge in the interwar period.
4
Shapoval, Yuliia. « Central bank digital currencies : experience of pilot projects and conclusions for the NBU ». Ekonomìka ì prognozuvannâ 2020, no 4 (31 décembre 2020) : 103–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/eip2020.04.103.
Texte intégralRésumé :
An overview of the definitions of central bank digital currency (CBDC), formulated by researchers of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), the Bank of England, is presented, and the essence of the CBDC is revealed. It is stated that the existing electronic money is a digital form of obligations of financial intermediaries, and CBDC is a form of emission and obligations of central banks. The types and forms of CBDC are generalized, namely: retail or wholesale, account-based or token-based ones. The structure and functionality of the register, payment authentication, access to infrastructure, and governance are defined as factors taken into account during CBDC designing. Similar models of launching national CBDC by the Bank of England (economy-wide access or financial institutions access, and financial institutions plus CBDC backed narrow bank access) and BIS (direct, indirect, hybrid) are under consideration. The synthetic CBDCs are marked as a theoretical concept of CBDC. The overview of projects of the People's Bank of China – "e-renminbi", the Central Bank of the Uruguay – "e-peso", the Central Bank of the Bahamas – "sand dollar" and the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank affirm the interest of developing countries in launching national retail CBDCs. It was found that apart from the Riksbank with the successful "e-krona" project, most of the monetary authorities of developed countries (BIS, Bank of Japan, Bank of Canada, Deutsche Bank, FRS) are just planning or starting to experiment with the issuance of digital securities, which demonstrates their concern about the restructuring of the banking system and the changes of global role of traditional currencies. Among the positive consequences of the introduction of CBDC for the domestic banking system are the emergence of an alternative payment instrument, the implementation of effective monetary policy through increased influence on interest rates, and regulation of the legal regime of crypto currencies. At the same time, the introduction of CBDC involves certain changes in financial intermediation (replacement of the deposits of commercial banks with the CBDC, the performance of functions inherent to commercial banks by the central bank or fintech companies), and will require powerful technical capabilities, including those related to protection from cyber risks. The results of the study point to the need for a cautious approach to the implementation of the Ukrainian CBDC only after the NBU assesses the public demand for new forms of money and the impact of the launch of CBDC models on price and financial stability, and compares available payment technologies that can achieve the same goals as the CBDC.
5
Shapoval, Yuliia. « Central bank digital currencies : experience of pilot projects and conclusions for the NBU ». Economy and forecasting 2020, no 4 (31 décembre 2020) : 97–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econforecast2020.04.097.
Texte intégralRésumé :
An overview of the definitions of central bank digital currency (CBDC), formulated by researchers of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), the Bank of England, is presented, and the essence of the CBDC is revealed. It is stated that the existing electronic money is a digital form of obligations of financial intermediaries, and CBDC is a form of emission and obligations of central banks. The types and forms of CBDC are generalized, namely: retail or wholesale, account-based or token-based ones. The structure and functionality of the register, payment authentication, access to infrastructure, and governance are defined as factors taken into account during CBDC designing. Similar models of launching national CBDC by the Bank of England (economy-wide access or financial institutions access, and financial institutions plus CBDC backed narrow bank access) and BIS (direct, indirect, hybrid) are under consideration. The synthetic CBDCs are marked as a theoretical concept of CBDC. The overview of projects of the People's Bank of China – "e-renminbi", the Central Bank of the Uruguay – "e-peso", the Central Bank of the Bahamas – "sand dollar" and the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank affirm the interest of developing countries in launching national retail CBDCs. It was found that apart from the Riksbank with the successful "e-krona" project, most of the monetary authorities of developed countries (BIS, Bank of Japan, Bank of Canada, Deutsche Bank, FRS) are just planning or starting to experiment with the issuance of digital securities, which demonstrates their concern about the restructuring of the banking system and the changes of global role of traditional currencies. Among the positive consequences of the introduction of CBDC for the domestic banking system are the emergence of an alternative payment instrument, the implementation of effective monetary policy through increased influence on interest rates, and regulation of the legal regime of crypto currencies. At the same time, the introduction of CBDC involves certain changes in financial intermediation (replacement of the deposits of commercial banks with the CBDC, the performance of functions inherent to commercial banks by the central bank or fintech companies), and will require powerful technical capabilities, including those related to protection from cyber risks. The results of the study point to the need for a cautious approach to the implementation of the Ukrainian CBDC only after the NBU assesses the public demand for new forms of money and the impact of the launch of CBDC models on price and financial stability, and compares available payment technologies that can achieve the same goals as the CBDC.
6
Musgrave, Ralph Stephen. « Two flaws in fractional reserve banking. » Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no 7 (13 juillet 2020) : 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.77.8572.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The existing bank system, fractional reserve, is inherently risky because it involves accepting deposits while lending out about as much money as has been deposited, and telling depositors their money is safe, which it quite clearly is not and for the simple reason that if a bank makes silly loans, it cannot repay depositors. That problem is currently dealt with via taxpayer backed deposit insurance and billion dollar bail outs for banks. But that state support for banks amounts to preferential treatment for banks relative to other lenders, of which there are several: e.g. peer to peer lenders and trade credit lenders to name just two. That preferential treatment for one type of lender is a misallocation of resources.
Second, having a bank lend on your money is just as much a commercial transaction as having a stockbroker lend on or invest your money, and it is not to job of taxpayers to shield those involved in commerce from loss, unless there is an extremely good reason for doing so, which in this case there is not.
As for the idea which has become popular of late, namely that commercial banks create the money they lend on rather than intermediate between lenders and borrowers, that is not entirely true as was explained in a Bank of England article (McLeay, 2014).
The best solution to the above two flaws in fractional reserve is to abandon all state support for banks while letting those who want their money to be totally safe deposit it with the state, something the people in several countries have actually been free to do for a long time anyway. And that arrangement equals full reserve banking.
Earlier expositions of some of the basic ideas in this paper by the author are detailed in an endnote.
7
Sun, Wuwei. « The Impact of Fluctuations in the Pounds Value on Commercial Banks Activities Based on Mini-budget and Banks Interest Rate Hikes ». Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 49, no 1 (1 décembre 2023) : 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/49/20230490.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Since August 2022, the British pound exchange rate has continued to decline due to multiple factors such as the global epidemic and the Russia-Ukraine war. Against the background of the cost of living crisis with high inflation, especially the sharp rise in energy costs, the British government issued a new tax cut, namely the mini-budget, but the implementation effect is very poor; Subsequently, the Bank of England adopted successive interest rate hikes in an attempt to stabilize the value of the pound and temper the general situation of inflation. This paper critically evaluates the impact of the fluctuation of the value of sterling on the activities of commercial banks in the financial market and analyzes the reasons, advantages, and disadvantages. Commercial banks can benefit from sterling volatility in several ways, such as generating higher trading revenues, enhancing asset liquidity, attracting more capital inflows and trading opportunities, and increasing equity market capitalization. On the other hand, a similar sterling appreciation could have multiple negative effects on commercial banking operations, including risk management, net profits, policy interest rates, and international competition. For the development prospects of commercial banks, it is recommended that in the context of the overall global economic downturn, timely adjust their operations and strategies to adapt to these changes, to withstand the business risks related to exchange rate fluctuations, such as changes in interest rates, interest spreads, and capital costs.
8
Nyasha, Sheilla, et Nicholas M. Odhiambo. « The evolution of bank-based financial system in the United Kingdom ». Corporate Ownership and Control 11, no 1 (2013) : 483–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv11i1c5art3.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper gives an overview of the banking sector in the U.K.; it highlights the reforms since the second half of the 20th Century; it tracks the growth of the banking sector in response to the reforms implemented over the past seven decades; and finally, it highlights the challenges facing the banking sector in the U.K. The country’s banking sector consists of more than 340 commercial banks, with the Bank of England, which is the economy’s central bank, at the apex. Since the 1970s, the U.K. government has implemented a number of banking sector reforms – in order to safeguard and improve the banking sector. The response to these reforms, by the banking sector, has been varied. As a result of these reforms, there has been an increase in the activity of foreign banks as the financial sector was regulated. There has also been an improvement in the Central Bank’s oversight of the financial institutions, and an enforcement of the banks’ capital-adequacy requirements. By any standard, the U.K. currently has one of the most developed banking systems in world. The country has enjoyed a substantial bank-based financial sector development over the years, and its institutional framework has also grown stronger. However, like any other financial system, the U.K. banking system still faces wide-ranging challenges, such as less than adequate disclosure standards, contagion risk from the euro zone, squeezed interest margin and uncertainties caused by changes in regulatory regimes.
9
Gordon, Louisa G., Rob Hainsworth, Martin Eden, Tracy Epton, Paul Lorigan, Megan Grant, Adéle C. Green et Katherine Payne. « Sunbed Use among 11- to 17-Year-Olds and Estimated Number of Commercial Sunbeds in England with Implications for a ‘Buy-Back’ Scheme ». Children 8, no 5 (14 mai 2021) : 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8050393.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Prior to 2011 legislation prohibiting children from using commercial sunbeds, the prevalence of sunbed use in 15- to 17-year-olds in some areas in England was as high as 50%. Despite significant decreases since 2011, children today still practice indoor tanning. We estimated current sunbed use in 11- to 17-year-olds in England, the number of available commercial sunbed units, and the associated cost of a ‘buy-back’ scheme to remove commercial sunbeds under a potential future policy to ban sunbeds. We undertook a calibration approach based on published prevalence rates in English adults and other sources. Internet searches were undertaken to estimate the number of sunbed providers in Greater Manchester, then we extrapolated this to England. Estimated mean prevalence of sunbed use was 0.6% for 11- to 14-year-olds and 2.5% for 15- to 17-year-olds, equating to 62,130 children using sunbeds in England. A predicted 2958 premises and 17,865 sunbeds exist nationally and a ‘buy-back’ scheme would cost approximately GBP 21.7 million. Public health concerns remain greatest for 11- to 17-year-olds who are particularly vulnerable to developing skin cancers after high ultraviolet exposure.
10
Drach, Alexis. « From gentlemanly capitalism to lobbying capitalism : the City and the EEC, 1972–1992 ». Financial History Review 27, no 3 (10 novembre 2020) : 376–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565020000207.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The City of London has long attracted much academic and popular attention. However, little research has been done on the relationship between the City and the European Economic Community in the 1970s and 1980s, despite the accession of the United Kingdom in 1973. Based on archival material from central and commercial banks in the UK and France, this article explores the relationship between the City and the EEC, from the accession of the UK to the EEC in 1973 to the Maastricht Treaty in 1992, which was meant to be the year of the completion of the single financial market. The article explores two areas: the influence of the City on EEC financial regulation, and how this influence was exerted. It pays particular attention to two committees chaired by the Bank of England, the City Liaison Committee and the City EEC Liaison Committee, and to British banks. The article argues that if the EEC played a part in the formalisation of British banking regulation, the City also played a key role in shaping EEC plans for financial regulation.
11
Rodrigues da Costa, Elizabeth Accioly, et Arick Mendes da Silveira Gomes. « Unveiling the Historical Reconstruction of Financial Activity : Leveraging Compliance Practices for Implementation and Sophistication in Brazil ». ESG Law Review 3, ssue (3 mars 2020) : e01561. http://dx.doi.org/10.37497/esg.v3issue.1601.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In recent years, economic scandals and fraudulent practices in financial institutions have captured national attention, prompting the demand for ethical conduct, transparency, and responsibility. Compliance, as a form of corporate governance, has gained significance in the Brazilian context, particularly within the financial sector. This research aims to examine how historical banking practices serve as a foundation for the establishment and advancement of compliance mechanisms in optimizing financial activities.
Using an inductive methodology supported by bibliographic and documentary research, this study analyzes historical cases to determine if banking activities have deviated and adopted fraudulent systems. The research begins by examining the concept of the contract of deposit of fungible goods in ancient Rome, focusing on the concrete case of the Bank of Calisto I. It then explores medieval banking practices in commercial Italian cities, particularly Florence and the Medici Bank, as well as Catalonia, with emphasis on Barcelona.
The study further investigates the financial systems of the modern era, analyzing banks in Amsterdam, Stockholm, and the Bank of England, specifically their handling of deposits and reserve contingencies. Finally, the research explores the link between past banking practices and the contemporary financial system, evaluating current prevention mechanisms, internal and external oversight of banks, and the historical contributions of financial activities to the evolution of existing control mechanisms.
This research provides valuable insights into the historical foundations that have shaped compliance practices in Brazil. By understanding the historical context, it offers valuable knowledge for enhancing and sophisticating financial activities within the compliance framework, contributing to improved transparency, risk mitigation, and ethical behavior in the financial sector.
12
Sokolov, Alexander. « Anglo-Soviet Trade Relations on the Eve of the Severance of Diplomatic Relations in 1927 ». ISTORIYA 13, no 7 (117) (2022) : 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840022008-7.
Texte intégralRésumé :
During the 1920s, the USSR tried to establish both trade and diplomatic relations with England. In the conditions of the growing economic crisis of 1925, representatives of British business circles were interested in creating favorable conditions for the development of mutually beneficial trade and economic ties with Soviet Russia. The foreign trade turnover between the two countries was actively developing. At the same time, the trade balance was in favor of the UK. Meanwhile, the Conservative cabinet was clearly moving towards a break with the USSR. Soviet financial assistance to striking miners in 1926, as well as material support for the national revolutionary movement in China, contributed to the deterioration of Soviet-British relations. Representatives of some of the British commercial and industrial circles were extremely interested in trade with Russia. They rightly believed that England would suffer more damage from the rupture than the Soviets. One of the steps towards easing tensions and creating favorable conditions for the development of trade and economic relations was the conclusion in May 1927 of an agreement between the delegation of the USSR and the board of Midland Bank on crediting Soviet orders of British goods. However, the subsequent police raid on the premises of the joint stock company “Arkos Limited” led to the termination of diplomatic relations with the USSR. As a result of the breakdown of relations, English firms suffered heavy losses. Orders were lost for the amount of the loan, on the provision of which an agreement was reached with Midland Bank. The termination of relations with the USSR had negative consequences for the British economy. The volume of Soviet-British trade has significantly decreased. The gradual improvement of Soviet-British relations led to the restoration of lost trade and economic relations. However, the issue of granting large loans, including from Midland Bank, remained unresolved.
13
Cheremushkin, Dmitry Nikolaevich. « Actions of the world's central banks during the pandemic and their impact on stock markets ». KANT 40, no 3 (mars 2021) : 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24923/2222-243x.2021-40.22.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The purpose of the study is to reveal the main actions of the major central banks during the COVID - 19 pandemic and their main impact on the world stock markets. The scientific novelty consists in identifying the key results of the impact of the pandemic in general and the restrictive measures of national governments, in particular, on the dynamics of the state of the stock markets of the world, namely, the level of decline in the main stock indexes of the S &P 500, Dow Jones and NASDAQ. The measures taken by the central banks of the United States, Japan, England and other developed and developing countries of the world to provide financial assistance to commercial banks and other financial organizations related to the purchase of government bonds at a "zero" rate, targeting the yield of government bonds, reducing key rates and other measures are summarized. It is indicated that the influx of new private investors provided a great help to the stock market, for which many Central Banks introduced special programs and preferences. As a result, the main measures taken by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation to stabilize the financial situation in the country and the domestic stock market, in particular, are summarized.
14
Lamoreaux, Naomi R. « Banks, Kinship, and Economic Development : The New England Case ». Journal of Economic History 46, no 3 (septembre 1986) : 647–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700046817.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Early banks in New England functioned not as commercial banks in the modern sense but as the financial arms of extended kinship networks. These groups used banks to raise capital for their diversified enterprises and give their operations a stable institutional base. Because entry into banking was essentially free, favoritism in credit markets—the usual affliction of such a system—seems to have been unimportant. Instead, the economy as a whole benefited from the ease with which capital could be mobilized for industrial development.
15
Sun, Dawei. « Detective Fiction in Victorian England ». Scientific and Social Research 6, no 1 (20 janvier 2024) : 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/ssr.v6i1.5511.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper explores the origins and evolution of detective fiction, debunking the myth surrounding SherlockHolmes’ famous quote and highlighting his enduring popularity. It traces the genre’s inception back to Edgar Allan Poe’sThe Murders in the Rue Morgue in 1841 and underscores the societal and political changes in 18th and 19th centuryEngland that paved the way for its rise. With the growth of the middle class and the demand for accessible entertainment,periodicals emerged as a key medium for short stories, with detective fiction becoming a prominent genre. This paper alsoemphasizes how Arthur Conan Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes stories achieved commercial success and influenced a generationof writers, while the public’s passionate response to his character’s temporary demise underscores the genre’s profoundimpact on readers and its enduring popularity.
16
Reffner, John A. « The Commercial Development of FT-IR Microspectroscopy ». Microscopy Today 1, no 3 (avril 1993) : 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s155192950006658x.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Pittcon ‘93 marked the 10th anniversary of the introduction of a microscope attachment designed specifically for Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy. The first commercial microscope developed for FT-IR spectroscopy was designed by Spectra-Tech, Inc., under the direction of then-owner D. W. Sting, in fulfillment of a contract with C. T. Foskett of the Digilab Division of BioRad. Digilab recognized a growing interest in the market for an FT-IR microscope and contracted with Spectra-Tech to design and build a microscope accessory for Digilab's FT-IR spectrometers. This microscope was introduced at the 1983 Pittsburgh Conference.Linking microscopy with Fourier transform spectroscopy was a very significant event, but the foundation of infrared microspectroscopy can be traced back to 1949. The explosive growth in the use of infrared-absorption spectroscopy following World War II led researchers R. Gore (in the U.S.A.), and R. Barer, A. R. Cole, and H. W. Thompson (in England), to investigate (in 1949) the possibility of recording infrared spectra of microscopic samples.
17
Brown, Briana K., Elizabeth Soule et Les Kaufman. « Effects of excluding bottom-disturbing mobile fishing gear on abundance and biomass of groundfishes in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary, USA ». Current Zoology 56, no 1 (1 février 2010) : 134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/56.1.134.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract The Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary (southern Gulf of Maine, northwest Atlantic) is partially overlapped by the Western Gulf of Maine Closure Area (WGMCA). This is a region in which mobile, bottom-disturbing fishing gear has been banned by the New England Fishery Management Council to facilitate the rebuilding of depleted groundfish populations. We assessed the effects and effectiveness of the WGMCA on groundfish assemblages using habitat-stratified (gravel, sand, mixed benthic habitats) sampling by means of a commercial trawler, inside and outside of the WGMCA. Sampling occurred over three month-long sampling periods in 2004-2005, two during the spring seasons and one during the fall season. A total of 18 species were analyzed for protection effects. After controlling for substratum, location and sampling season, eight groundfish species exhibited higher mean proportional abundance inside than outside the WGMCA while two were proportionally more abundant on average outside of the closure. Four species had higher mean proportional biomasses on average inside the closure and three outside. We conclude that the WGMCA may be achieving its goal of rebuilding abundance and biomass for some commercially targeted groundfishes but not all. This study, six to seven years post-closure establishment, reveals fine-scale spatial and taxonomic complexity which will require a very different monitoring protocol than the one currently in place if adaptive management is to be successful in the region.
18
Mishchenko, Volodymyr, et Svitlana Naumenkova. « THE IMPACT OF DIGITAL CURRENCY ON THE TRANSFORMATION OF MONETARY POLICY ». Three Seas Economic Journal 2, no 4 (30 novembre 2021) : 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2661-5150/2021-4-8.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The purpose of the paper is to study the specifics of the organization of issue and circulation of digital money by central banks, to summarize existing global expe-rience and assess the potential impact of digital currencies on the conditions of monetary policy, the functioning of the mechanism of money transmission and ensuring financial stability through the implementation of sound decisions of cen-tral banks in the digitalization of finance. Methodology. The study is based on an analysis of the scientific literature and points of view of foreign and domestic ex-perts in the field of digital technology. It is also based on the experience of the European Central Bank, the People's Bank of China, the Bank of England, the Bank of Israel and the National Bank of Ukraine on the implementation of pilot projects for the issue and use of digital currencies, quantitative and qualitative assessment of the impact of new forms of money on monetary policy, the func-tioning of the transmission mechanism, state finance, efficiency of payment sys-tems and payment transactions. In processing the material of the article used a set of general scientific and special methods of research, such as dialectical, his-torical-logical, system-functional and analytical approaches, generalization, scien-tific abstraction and others. The results of the study showed that the proposed digital currencies of central banks should be considered as a new high-tech dema-terialized form of national fiat money. Having summarized the impact of the issue and circulation of digital money by central banks on the main parameters of eco-nomic policy, it can be argued that their use will lead to significant changes in the structure and functions of commercial and central banks, as well as existing na-tional and transnational payment systems. The issuance and circulation of digital currency can significantly affect the nature of central banks' monetary policy, the conditions under which the monetary transmission mechanism functions, and the implementation of fiscal policy. Practical implications. The study revealed the main advantages and disadvantages of using centralized and decentralized models of issue and circulation of digital money by central banks, identified the direc-tions of institutional changes in the development of the banking system and the implementation of monetary policy in a digitalized economy, which will provide a high level of control over all monetary transactions of market players. Val-ue/originality. Using the experience of pilot projects on the issue and circulation of digital currencies of central banks will help to improve the effectiveness of monetary policy, to activate the mechanism of monetary transmission, to ensure the stable functioning of the financial system and reduce the level of shadow economy and corruption.
19
Manley, K. A. « Libraries for sociability, or libraries of reality ? The purpose of British subscription and circulating libraries ». Library and Information History 36, no 1 (avril 2020) : 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/lih.2020.0003.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The private subscription and commercial circulating libraries of eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century England are frequently referred to by historians as ‘libraries for sociability’. But what is a ‘library for sociability’? Does holding card games in a library qualify? Under examination will be whether these kinds of lending libraries contained elements of ‘sociability’ at all or whether the phrase is just an academic conceit. This study will consider hard evidence, and therefore the name of Habermas will not be mentioned. Circulating libraries in popular holiday resorts in particular will be examined as well as the careers of certain individual librarians who aspired to attract the nobility and gentry. Were they really librarians or booksellers or perhaps just fancy goods salesmen? And how did a gang of bank robbers come to be connected to a ‘library for sociability’? How are an Edinburgh mugger and a pair of duellists connected to library history? These and other questions may or may not be answered.
20
Jaremski, Matthew, et Brady Plastaras. « The competition and coexistence of mutual and commercial banks in New England, 1870–1914 ». Cliometrica 10, no 2 (18 avril 2015) : 151–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11698-015-0127-0.
Texte intégral
21
Weale, Martin. « Interest Rates and Business Returns ». National Institute Economic Review 201 (juillet 2007) : 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0027950107083040.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The July interest rate increase has taken the Bank of England's Base Rate to the highest value for six years. In figure 1 we show the forward estimates for the nominal short-term interest rate taken from the Bank of England's yield curve tables for both government debt and liabilities of commercial banks. These are in effect market forecasts of the short-term rate produced in the past. The graph shows that the market has been taken somewhat by surprise by rising short-term interest rates. Two years ago the market was forecasting a rate of around 4 per cent per annum for July 2007. Nor were the probabilities the market gave to an interest rate of 5.75 per cent per annum very high. Twelve months ago the market in financial options implied that the chance of the rate exceeding 5.66 per cent per annum was only 15 per cent. Even in January of this year the chance of it reaching its current level or higher was put at less than 25 per cent. The National Institute cannot claim a substantially better record at forecasting interest rates. We normally use market expectations, as calculated from the yield curve, to provide exogenous forecasts as input into our model in the short term.
22
Myers, Scott. « A Survey of British Literature on Buenos Aires During the First Half of the 19th Century ». Americas 44, no 1 (juillet 1987) : 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1006849.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The British involvement with Argentina has a long and, at times, tumultous history. Dating as far back as the 18th century the Rio de la Plata basin held a great attraction for British merchants. England needed Spanish America as a source of bullion and an outlet for individual goods.As early as the 1540s British vessels explored the coastlines, of Argentina. There already existed a considerable amount of trade between Brazil and England throughout the sixteenth century. The buccaneer William Hawkins, along with other Englishmen, was intent on expanding on this clandestine trade to other areas in the New World. Sometimes with the cooperation of the Spanish authorities, certain British merchants were able to maneuver themselves into the commercial life of these new colonies. By the eighteenth century the British had established numerous slave markets in Hispanic America including one in Buenos Aires.
23
Brodziak, Jon, et Loretta O'Brien. « Do environmental factors affect recruits per spawner anomalies of New England groundfish ? » ICES Journal of Marine Science 62, no 7 (1 janvier 2005) : 1394–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.04.019.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract We evaluated the influence of environmental factors on recruits per spawner (RS) anomalies of 12 New England groundfish stocks. Nonparametric methods were used to analyse time-series of RS anomalies derived from stock-recruitment data in recent assessments. The 12 stocks occur in three geographic regions: the Gulf of Maine (cod Gadus morhua, redfish Sebastes fasciatus, winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus, American plaice Hippoglossoides platessoides, witch flounder Glyptocephalus cynoglossus, and yellowtail flounder Limanda ferruginea), Georges Bank (cod, haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus, and yellowtail flounder), and Southern New England (summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus, yellowtail flounder, and winter flounder). Randomization tests were applied to detect years when RS anomalies were unusually high or low for comparison with oceanographic conditions such as the 1998 intrusion of Labrador Subarctic Slope water into the Gulf of Maine region. Randomization methods were also used to evaluate the central tendency and dispersion of all RS anomalies across stocks. Average RS anomalies were significantly positive in 1987 across stocks and regions, indicating that environmental forcing was coherent and exceptional in that year. Responses of RS values of individual stocks to lagged and contemporaneous environmental variables such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index, water temperature, windstress, and shelf water volume anomalies were evaluated using generalized additive models. Overall, the NAO forward-lagged by 2 years had the largest impact on RS anomalies. This apparent effect is notable because it could provide a leading indicator of RS anomalies for some commercially exploited stocks. In particular, the three primary groundfish stocks on Georges Bank (cod, haddock, and yellowtail flounder) all exhibited positive RS anomalies when the NAO2 variable was positive.
24
Lamoreaux, Naomi R. « ‘No Arbitrary Discretion’ : Specialisation in Short-Term Commercial Lending by Banks in Late Nineteenth-Century New England ». Business History 33, no 3 (juillet 1991) : 93–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00076799100000103.
Texte intégral
25
Trost, Jennifer. « The Impostor Rule and Identity Theft in America ». Law and History Review 35, no 2 (6 mars 2017) : 433–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248017000074.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Impersonation and then identity theft in America emerged in the legal space between a civil system with a high tolerance for market risk and losses incurred by impostors, and a later-developing criminal system preoccupied with fraud or forgery against the government. Negotiable instruments, generally paper checks, borrowed from seventeenth-century England, enabled a geographically far-flung commercial system of paper-based but impersonal exchanges at a time before widespread availability of centrally-issued currency or regulated banks. By assigning loss rather than catching criminals, the “impostor rule” made and continues to make transactions with negotiable instruments valid even if fraudulent. This large body of commercial law has stood essentially unchanged for three hundred years and has facilitated a system rife with impersonation which criminal and federal laws did not address until the late 20thcentury. English common law, American legal treatises, court cases, law review articles, and internal debates behind the Uniform Commercial Code tell the story of a legal system at the service of commerce through the unimpeded transfer of paper payments. Combining the fields of legal history and criminal justice with the approaches of emerging research in both identification and paperwork studies, this article explains the ongoing policy problems of identity theft.
26
Machin, Laura L., Nik Brown et Danae McLeod. « ‘Two’s company—Three's a crowd’ : The collection of umbilical cord blood for commercial stem cell banks in England and the midwifery profession ». Midwifery 28, no 3 (juin 2012) : 358–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2011.05.002.
Texte intégral
27
SMALL, A., C. JAMES, S. JAMES, R. DAVIES, E. LIEBANA, M. HOWELL, M. HUTCHISON et S. BUNCIC. « Presence of Salmonella in the Red Meat Abattoir Lairage after Routine Cleansing and Disinfection and on Carcasses ». Journal of Food Protection 69, no 10 (1 octobre 2006) : 2342–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-69.10.2342.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Foodborne pathogens, such as Salmonella, may remain in abattoir lairages after cleansing and pose a risk of transfer and contamination from one processing day to the next. These organisms may be transferred to the outer surface of animals held in lairage facilities, and the skin or hide may be a significant source of microbial contamination on the red meat carcasses subsequently produced. Sponge samples were taken from various sites in the lairage (n = 556), and single-pass sponge samples were taken from one side of red meat carcasses (n = 1,050) at five commercial abattoirs in Southwest England and tested for the presence of Salmonella. Of these, 6.5% of lairage samples were positive, containing estimated numbers of up to 104 Salmonella organisms per sampled area (50 by 50 cm). Salmonella was found on 9.6% of 240 lamb carcasses, 12.7% of 330 beef carcasses, 31% of 70 pig carcasses, 20% of 80 calf carcasses younger than 14 days of age, and none of 330 cull cow and bull carcasses. Subtyping divided the 137 isolates into seven serogroups and three pulsed-field gel electrophoresis clusters, and sensitivity testing against a bank of 16 antimicrobials indicated that 47 isolates had resistance to one or more antimicrobial agents. These results indicate that Salmonella contamination can persist in the lairage environment from one processing day to the next and that Salmonella is present on red meat carcasses, although the implications of residual lairage contamination on carcass meat microbiology are not clear from this study. Abattoir owners should take steps to reduce the level of contamination in their premises to prevent contamination from being carried over from one processing day to the next.
28
Gunay Guliyeva, Ravan Piriyev, Gunay Guliyeva, Ravan Piriyev. « MONETARY POLICY OF WORLD BANKS DURING THE PANDEMIC ». PAHTEI-Procedings of Azerbaijan High Technical Educational Institutions 30, no 07 (12 mai 2023) : 95–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/pahtei30072023-95.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Each state chooses a certain type of monetary policy, which varies depending on external conditions, the state of the national economy, the level of technical and technological development of public production, employment, income level and other factors. Restrictive monetary policy is primarily aimed at suppressing inflation and reducing the money supply; it is carried out by restricting the possibilities of lending to legal and natural persons by commercial banks; it leads to a decrease in investments, a decrease in production, an increase in unemployment, and a decrease in savings of the population. As a result, the decrease in consumer demand slows down economic development. Expansionist monetary policy, on the contrary, is aimed at expanding the scale of lending to legal entities and individuals by lowering interest rates, reducing mandatory reserve norms, and easing control over the growth rate of the money supply in circulation. Its implementation leads to an increase in the amount of loans and investments allocated to the development of production, which creates conditions for the increase in the volume of production, jobs, incomes and savings of the population. As a result, the increase in consumer demand stimulates the growth of production. The article is devoted to monetary policy and reactions of world central banks during the pandemic. The study analyzed the Japanese government's monetary policy during the Covid-19 pandemic, the Bank of England's response to Covid-19, and the Federal Reserve's policy response to the pandemic. Since the emergence of COVID-19, central banks around the world have taken emergency measures in coordination with fiscal authorities to mitigate negative effects on the economy and promote recovery. While monetary authorities have largely followed the scenario of the global financial crisis, the scope, scale and speed of the policy response to the pandemic has been unprecedented. Many central banks are turning to increasingly unorthodox approaches to monetary policy, particularly large-scale asset purchases, to boost economic growth. The central banks of Japan, Great Britain, the United States and the Eurozone have bought about $10.2 trillion worth of securities from their already large balance sheets since the outbreak, bringing their combined holdings to $25.9 trillion. The Fed has been buying $120 billion worth of securities each month, accumulating a total of $2.6 trillion in mortgage-backed securities and $5.5 trillion in US Treasuries. In addition to the current Asset Purchase Program (APP), the European Central Bank (ECB) has developed a €1.85 trillion Pandemic Emergency Purchase Program, which includes purchases of private and public sector securities. The recovery of the Japanese economy remains fragile due to low rates of vaccination of the population and restrictions on the pandemic. The shortage of electronic components in the world can negatively affect the production of cars and their foreign deliveries. At the same time, a worrying factor is the emergence of signs of a slowdown in the Chinese economy. On April 7, 2020, the Japanese government adopted a 117.1 trillion-yen (20.9% of 2019 GDP) emergency economic relief package against COVID-19 and included the remainder of previously announced packages. Key measures included issuing cash to everyone and affected firms, tax and social security deferrals, and soft loans from public and private financial institutions. The Government of Japan announced the Second Draft Supplementary Budget for Fiscal Year 2020 on May 27, 2020. The government has increased the amount of soft loans (interest-free and unsecured) primarily for micro, small and medium-sized enterprises affected by COVID-19. As a precautionary measure, the Parliament also approved an increase in the limit of government guarantees on capital injections in regional banks from 12 trillion yen to 15 trillion yen. On September 22, 2021, the Bank of Japan announced that it was keeping its monetary policy unchanged, but at the same time reported that the bank was carefully assessing the prospects for production and exports. The Bank of Japan maintained its assessment of the economic situation, saying that "the growth trend is strengthening, although the economy remains difficult". The bank is expected to keep the interest rate on short term deposits at minus 0.1% and on bonds maturing in 10 years at around 0%. Analysts note that this assessment was given on the eve of a change in the leadership of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). Inflation is a limited phenomenon that manifests itself in a limited way in the markets for real goods and services. It can be provoked, among other things, by credit and deposit operations of commercial banks. Measures to combat inflation should be developed, as well as measures to measure it. US government debts are so large, so clearly unpaid, that the question of applying the institution of bankruptcy to individual municipalities has repeatedly arisen. Inflation-induced rise in interest rates will inevitably lead to an increase in the burden of servicing public debt. With a monetary policy aimed at targeting inflation in the region of 2%, the cost of attracting bond loans already at 7% will become the marginal value, after which a default is inevitable. The pandemic, and now its fourth wave is already underway, has objectively strengthened the trend of fencing off not only neighbors (Mexico and Canada), but also from the rest of the world. Keywords: monetary policy, world economy, budget, money supply, national market
29
W. Tiner, Ralph. « Restoring Tidal Flow to a New England Salt Marsh ». Wetland Science & ; Practice 40, no 2 (1 avril 2022) : 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1672/ucrt083-63.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Salt marshes have experienced the brunt of human civilization for eons as they were diked for pasture or producing salt hay and less saltwater-dependent crops, filled for port, commercial, and residential development, used as landfills and to dispose of dredged material, ditched in efforts to reduce mosquito populations in coastal communities, or have had their connection to estuaries simply reduced or severed by roads and railroads. This was largely done because they were viewed as unproductive wastelands, public health hazards, or because their location was important for accessing deep water or connecting two points of land, or simply providing a desirable location for homes. In the 1960s scientists studying coastal habitats started writing about the ecological significance of these wetlands in the United States in terms the public could understand (e.g., Goodwin 1961, Odum 1961, and Teal and Teal 1969). Consequently the public was becoming more informed of the importance of these wetlands to coastal fisheries as well as to migratory birds as they witnessed accelerating destruction of salt marshes for residential and other development. In the 1960s, state legislatures began passing laws to restrict development of these wetlands, first in New England states then elsewhere (see Tiner 2013 for a comprehensive review of the history of tidal wetlands). Today salt marshes are among America’s most valued natural resources and government agencies and non-government organizations (NGOs) are both actively involved in restoring these wetlands. Most cases of this restoration involve bringing back tidal flow and more saline conditions in one way or another. Where the marshes have been crossed by a road or railroad, tidal flow has either been eliminated or restricted to varying degrees that has greatly affected soil salinities and promoted growth of brackish and freshwater species. In many cases in the northeastern U.S., these crossings have led to a drastic change in plant composition and vegetation structure – from a diverse salt marsh community dominated by low-growing halophytic plants to a virtual monoculture of common reed (Phragmites australis) – a non-native2 that favors less saline habitats and grows to 3.7 m (12 feet) or more in height under the best circumstances. Some options for restoring tidal flow in these situations include: 1) reconnecting the marsh to the adjacent estuary (where tidal flow was eliminated), 2) removing tidal gates, and 3) expanding the size of the existing culverts. These may be some of the simplest restoration projects from a construction standpoint, although concerns about increased flooding on private property surrounding the marsh is often the major hurdle to overcome. A small restoration project in Massachusetts serves as one example of the effectiveness of simply restoring tidal flow can bring about a return of salt marsh vegetation to an area that had been colonized by common reed. While some restoration projects are initiated as mitigation for destruction of wetland elsewhere, this project was a “pro-active project” – simply done for the benefit of the environment - to restore native halophytic vegetation and reduce the extent of non-native common reed.
30
Jones, Colin. « A Regional Perspective on the Impact of the Privatisation of the UK Public Industrial Property Stock ». Environment and Planning C : Government and Policy 23, no 1 (février 2005) : 123–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c0417.
Texte intégralRésumé :
There has been a long tradition, dating back to the 1930s, of promoting regional development in the assisted areas of the United Kingdom through the provision of industrial units. At the end of the 1980s the government decided that the time was then ripe to sell off the publicly owned portfolio of industrial and commercial property, which was predominantly to be found in the peripheral regions of the United Kingdom. The author charts the privatisation process in England and Scotland. It had been envisaged that the sale would lead to higher rents and invigorate private sector investment. More than a decade on, the author seeks to assess whether this forecast/hypothesis proved correct. The Scottish experience is used as a case study of the UK privatisation programme operating in a peripheral region, and the impact is assessed at two levels: on the Scottish market as a whole; and in the postprivatisation experience of the former publicly owned industrial estates. The original forecasts of the Conservative government prove to be naïve. No evidence of a wide-scale rise in rents, or speculative development, was found, nor has there been an increase in institutional investment in industrial property; the public sector has begun to intervene again—albeit in a different guise.
31
Vieira Ferreira, L. F., T. M. Casimiro, C. Boavida, M. F. Costa Pereira et I. Ferreira Machado. « An Archaeometric Study of Lead-Glazed Medieval Ceramics (13th–14th Century) from Santarém, Portugal ». Heritage 7, no 5 (25 avril 2024) : 2217–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage7050105.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Ceramic sherds from approximately 20 samples of lead-glazed tableware, recovered from diverse archaeological sites, including three repurposed storage pits transformed into dumpsters within the medieval city of Santarém (13th–14th century), underwent a meticulous examination. This investigation utilised techniques such as micro-Raman, ground-state diffuse reflectance absorption, and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopies, in addition to X-ray diffraction and stereomicroscopy. A parallel study was conducted on contemporaneous European ceramics (glazed sherds) sourced from archaeological sites dating back to the 13th–15th centuries in Saintonge (France), Ardenne, Zomergem, and Bruges (Belgium), as well as Surrey–Hampshire, Kingston, and Cheam (England). The first premise for comparing the Santarem samples with European production locations was their frequent commercial relations with Portugal and the frequency of these productions being found in Portugal. The colour of the ceramic bodies is predominantly white or whitish, with a few exhibiting a vivid red hue. Analyses of the fabric, mineralogical, and elemental composition of the sherds suggest that the majority of Santarém’s glazed ceramics were locally or regionally produced, potentially derived from a Pliocene kaolin-rich sand formation. However, this conclusion is not supported by the absence of discovered lead glaze kilns or workshops in Santarém for the late Middle Ages.
32
Fissel, Mark Charles, et Daniel Goffman. « Viewing the Scaffold from Istanbul : The Bendysh-Hyde Affair, 1647–1651 ». Albion 22, no 3 (1990) : 421–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4051180.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Slightly more than two years after the decapitation of Charles I, the Commonwealth of England inflicted the same punishment on the same block against his follower, Sir Henry Hyde. The failure to reach a settlement in the aftermath of the British civil war led to the king's beheading. Explaining Hyde's execution, however, requires a geographically broader context, for Sir Henry undertook his treasonable activities against the overseas interests of the English Commonwealth and Sir Thomas Bendysh, who had served as English ambassador in Istanbul since 1647, when he assumed the role of protector of English merchants. Although Bendysh later quarreled with his charges, the unexpected appearance of Henry Hyde in Istanbul in 1650 rallied the merchants behind him, for Hyde represented to them a return to the recent past, with its governmental interference and royal regulation of commercial activity. His presence also forced merchants to choose sides, thereby transposing upon Levantine commerce the divisions that had emerged during the civil war. Just as most Company members supported Parliament, so did their factors in the Levant back Bendysh, a known quantity, a clever negotiator, and a pragmatist. In his brief tenure, Bendysh had proven his ability to strike bargains with the Ottomans and stimulate commerce. He also personified the interests of the Council of State and the Levant Company directors, thereby linking the disparate but inter-dependent network of Levantine commerce.
33
Segundo, E., F. M. Gil-Salas, D. Janssen, G. Martin, I. M. Cuadrado et A. Remah. « First Report of Southern bean mosaic virus Infecting French Bean in Morocco ». Plant Disease 88, no 10 (octobre 2004) : 1162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.10.1162b.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is grown on approximately 1,500 ha in commercial greenhouses and is of major economic importance in the Souss-Massa Region, Agadir, Morocco. Since October 2003, symptoms resembling a viral disease, consisting of pod mosaic and distortion and mild to severe mosaic in leaves, have been observed on bean plants in several greenhouses. Mechanical inoculation with symptomatic leaf extracts produced necrotic local lesions on P. vulgaris ‘Pinto’ and systemic symptoms similar to those observed in the naturally infected bean plants P. vulgaris ‘Donna’ (five plants per cultivar). Inoculated and naturally infected samples reacted positively using a double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) to Southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV) (DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany), a member of the Sobemovirus genus that is transmitted by contact, soil, beetles, and seeds (1). Virions purified from a naturally infected ‘Donna’ plant contained a 30-kDa polypeptide that reacted positively using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blot analysis with SBMV antiserum (DSMZ). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction amplification with SMBV primers as described by Verhoeven et al. (2) produced an expected 870-bp band. The amplicon was cloned, sequenced (GenBank Accession No. AJ748276), and compared to those isolates available in GenBank and had a nucleotide sequence identity of 87% and a derived amino acid sequence identity of 95% with an SBMV isolate from Spain (2). During a survey in different areas of the Souss-Massa Region, 20 symptomatic leaf and pod samples were randomly collected from 12 greenhouses (50 ha) where significant commercial losses were suffered because of this virus disease, and all samples were positive using DAS-ELISA for SBMV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of SBMV in Morocco. References: (1) J. H. Tremaine and R. I. Hamilton. Southern bean mosaic virus. No. 274 in: Descriptions of Plant Viruses. CMI/AAB, Kew, Surrey, England, 1983. (2) J. Th. J. Verhoeven et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 109:935, 2003.
34
Young, Rick, Annette Cowie, Steven Harden et Ross McLeod. « Soil carbon and inferred net primary production in high- and low-intensity grazing systems on the New England Tableland, eastern Australia ». Soil Research 54, no 7 (2016) : 824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr15316.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Management of grazing lands for the accumulation of soil carbon stocks (CS) has been proposed as an effective way to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. However, there are conflicting reports on the effects of grazing management on soil carbon. Most comparisons have involved some combination of no grazing, rotational grazing and set stocking. In the present study we compared two adjacent commercial grazing systems, distinguished on the basis of inputs and livestock productivity, located on New England basaltic landscapes experiencing a cool temperate climate. The high-intensity (H) system sustains an average stocking rate of 18 dry sheep equivalents (dse) ha–1, with a turnoff rate of 9dseha–1year–1, with high levels of investment in assets, management and fertiliser. The low-intensity (L) system, with less intensive management and half the fertiliser of the H system, sustains a stocking rate of 9dseha–1, with a turnoff rate of 3dseha–1year–1, which is slightly higher than the regional average. Pasture biomass production was inferred (back-calculated) from stocking rates and animal feed requirements using published data. From the H and L systems, seven paired landscapes from valley floor to upper hillslopes and plateaux were selected. The seventh included a forest reserve. One hundred and eighty-six undisturbed soil cores (0–0.5m depth) were assessed for bulk density, total C and N, particulate C and a range of plant nutrients. There were few differences in CS, soil pH and nutrient levels between H and L grazing systems. Average CS (0–0.3m) in pasture soils was 103Mgha–1, but was higher in the forest soil at 190Mgha–1. Regression of CS versus soil mass was a satisfactory method of dealing with the bias introduced by the higher soil bulk density in perennial pasture systems compared with the forest. The similarity of CS in H and L pasture soils was despite inferred net primary production being 1.9–3.6MgCha–1year–1 greater in H than L systems, implying higher rates of C turnover in the former. The global warming potential of the inferred annual emissions of CH4 and N2O in the H and L systems was equivalent to approximately 19% and 13% of the cycling atmospheric–plant CO2 carbon respectively.
35
Williams, Geoffrey. « Reviewing Bank of England Independence : The Report of the Bank of England Commission ». Economic Outlook 24, no 3 (avril 2000) : 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0319.00233.
Texte intégral
36
Prihatin, Khristina Sri. « ANALISIS PERBANDINGAN KINERJA KEUANGAN BANK SYARIAH DAN BANK KONVENSIONAL ». Progress : Jurnal Pendidikan, Akuntansi dan Keuangan 2, no 2 (28 août 2019) : 136–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.47080/progress.v2i2.615.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The objectives of this research to make compare the finance performance between Islamic Commercial Banks and Conventional Commercial Banks in Indonesia in the period 2012-2016 by using financial ratios. Financial ratios are used consisting of CAR, KAP, NPL,and ROA. The purpose of this research is to find out whether there is a difference between the performance of Islamic bank financial statements when compared to conventional banks as a wholeAnalytical techniques used to see comparison of financial performance of Islamic Commercial Banks with Conventional Commercial Bank is the quantitative method that use spss. The analysis showed that there are significant differences for each financial ratio between Islamic Commercial Banks and Conventional Commercial Banks in Indonesia. Islamic Commercial Banks has better performance in terms of LDR ratios, while the Conventional Commercial Banks better performance in terms of the CAR, KAP, NPL, and ROA.
37
Torres, Mali. « Arbitragem – Injunção de não litigância – Insolvência – Interpretação da cláusula arbitral – Arbitrabilidade – Pleitos de insolvência – Postura pró-arbitragem High Court of Justice Business and Property Courts of England and Wales (QBD) Commercial Court. Riverrock Securities Limited v. International Bank of St Petersburg (Sociedade Anônima). J. 23.09.2020. Justice Foxton ». Revista Brasileira de Arbitragem 19, Issue 73 (1 mars 2022) : 150–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/rba2022007.
Texte intégral
38
Houben, Aerdt. « Commercial Bank Debt Restructuring ». IMF Policy Discussion Papers 1995, no 006 (mai 1995) : 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451971941.003.
Texte intégral
39
McKinney, George W. « Commercial bank financial management ». Journal of Banking & ; Finance 11, no 1 (mars 1987) : 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4266(87)90031-8.
Texte intégral
40
DAUNTON, M. J. « Inside the Bank of England ». Twentieth Century British History 4, no 2 (1993) : 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tcbh/4.2.197.
Texte intégral
41
Patel, Sucheen. « An Independent Bank of England ». Public Policy and Administration 23, no 1 (janvier 2008) : 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952076707083284.
Texte intégral
42
Tripermata, Lukita, Yeni Yeni et Lesi Hartati. « ANALISIS RASIO KESEHATAN BANK (CAR) TERHADAP RETURN ON ASSETS PADA BANK-BANK UMUM DI INDONESIA ». Jurnal Ecoment Global 8, no 1 (24 mai 2023) : 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.35908/jeg.v8i1.2931.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This study aims to determine and analyze the effect of Capital Adequacy Ratio on Return on Assets in commercial banks in Indonesia. This type of research is a quantitative descriptive. The sampling technique used purposive sampling. The sample used is 15 commercial banks in Indonesia. The research data is secondary data sourced from the Annual Report of commercial banks in Indonesia. Analysis of the data used in this study using descriptive statistical analysis and regression analysis, as well as the classical assumption test. The test results show that the Capital Adequacy Ratio has a positive and significant effect on Return on Assets at commercial banks in Indonesia.
43
Rahmawati, Azizah Kartika, S. R. Kartika Sari et Herry Hermawan. « Analisis Perbandingan Efisiensi Bank Umum Konvensional dan Bank Umum Syariah di Indonesia ». Akuntabilitas 12, no 2 (4 décembre 2019) : 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/akt.v12i2.12600.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The purpose of this study was to determine the level of efficiency between conventional commercial banks and Islamic commercial banks. The sampling technique used in this study was purposive sampling by taking state-owned banks and Islamic commercial banks with the highest assets. Efficiency measurement in this study uses the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. The results of this study indicate that there are differences in efficiency between conventional commercial banks and Islamic commercial banks. Overall, each bank has an efficiency level of 93.67% (conventional commercial banks) and 99.99% (Islamic commercial banks). These results indicate that Islamic commercial banks are more efficient than conventional commercial banks.
44
Li, Linwen, Wei Gao et Wanhong Gu. « Fintech, bank concentration and commercial bank profitability : Evidence from Chinese urban commercial banks ». Finance Research Letters 57 (novembre 2023) : 104234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2023.104234.
Texte intégral
45
Fowler, Stephen. « Rubbish Printmaking ». IMPACT Printmaking Journal 1, no 1 (8 novembre 2023) : 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.54632/22.8.impj4.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Rubber stamping, Tetra Pak print and kitchen sink lithography were some of the open-ended, exploratory processes, my inquisitiveness thrived upon during the printmaking MA at the University of the West of England. My curiosity always brought me back to exploring such techniques and material with no established orthodoxy or long tradition.
On reflection, I believe the root of my practice was in part a response to the illustration/art history context in which I was first introduced to print. Art and technology were aligned; print was a commercial means to reproduce imagery. Slides of the technical accomplishments of master printmakers were projected each week, although inspiring they were also rather intimidating (how could we teenage students ever amount to such heights!) The philosophy of the Bauhaus-inspired books written by Peter Green, and published by Batsford, I found at the local library were more appealing and the printmaking within more attainable by comparison.
During my MA second year along came Covid 19 and the lockdown. My printing practice was ideally suited to this new environment. I worked without a printing press, using pasta machines, spoons and rolling pins. Plastic 4-litre bottles instead of copper plates, cereal packets and coffee cups for collagraph print. Each outcome sparked further experiments.
Whilst these experiments seemed outside the world of traditional print, they were, I reflected, informed by it. To create clear, readable print impressions I needed specific inks and paper. It required a knowledge of printing pressure in the pasta machine press for instance. Drypoint tools were purchased to create effective marks. There was a reciprocal relationship, in exploring print this way, it helped me to understand, and imbed traditional forms of printmaking. This alternative unorthodox form of print was my gateway into fully understanding and appreciating the field of printmaking.
46
Hustilah, Niken, Yudi Yudi et Riski Hernando. « ANALISIS PERBANDINGAN KINERJA KEUANGAN RISK-BASED BANK RATING PADA BANK UMUM SYARIAH DAN BANK UMUM KONVENSIONAL DI INDONESIA PERIODE 2016-2020 ». CURRENT : Jurnal Kajian Akuntansi dan Bisnis Terkini 3, no 2 (16 août 2022) : 191–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/current.3.2.191-208.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This research was conducted with the aim of knowing the financial performance and soundness of Islamic Commercial Banks and Conventional Commercial Banks using the RBBR (Risk Based-Bank Rating) method with aspects of Risk Profile (NPL/NPF, and LDR/FDR), Good Corporate Governance (GCG), Earnings (ROA, ROE, and BOPO), and Capital (CAR). This research is a comparative quantitative study that was analyzed using the Independent Sample T-Test and Mann Whitney. The results of this study show that there are significant differences in the financial performance of Islamic Commercial Banks and Conventional Commercial Banks in terms of the NPL/NPF ratio, while for the ratio of LDR/FDR, GCG, ROA, ROE, BOPO, and CAR there is no significant difference in the financial performance of Islamic Commercial Banks and Conventional Commercial Banks. The soundness level of Islamic commercial banks is in a better condition than conventional commercial banks in the ratio of LDR/FDR, while the NPL/NPF, ROA, ROE, and BOPO ratios of conventional commercial banks are in better condition than Islamic commercial banks. GCG Aspect and CAR are in the same good health condition as Islamic Commercial Banks and Conventional Commercial Banks
47
Rizky Rianti *, Sthepanie, et Puji Hadiyati. « PERBANDINGAN KINERJA KEUANGAN BANK UMUM KONVENSIONAL DAN BANK UMUM SYARIAH PERIODE 2015 – 2019 ». Perbanas Journal of Islamic Economics and Business 1, no 1 (27 juillet 2021) : 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.56174/pjieb.v1i1.3.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The purpose of this research to analyze the comparison of the financial performance of Islamic Commercial Banks and Conventional Commercial Banks for the period 2015 - 2019. The population in this study took from conventional commercial banks and Islamic commercial banks. The samples use in this research are thirteen conventional commercial banks and four Islamic commercial banks period 2015-2019. The sampling period is 5 years with the period 2015 to 2019. The variables used are financial ratios which include Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Non Performing Loans (NPL), Return on Assets (ROA), Operating Expense Ratio (OER), and Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR). The data analysis technique in this study used descriptive statistical analysis, normality test and two-difference test analysis (Independent Sample t-test). The test results show that the CAR, ROA, BOPO, and LDR/FDR variables have a significant difference between Conventional Commercial Banks and Islamic Commercial Banks, while for the NPL/NPF variables there is no significant difference between Conventional Commercial Banks and Islamic Commercial Banks.
48
Rachman, Harri Yuni, Lela Nurlaela Wati et Refren Riadi. « ANALISIS PERBANDINGAN KINERJA KEUANGAN BANK SYARIAH DENGAN BANK KONVENSIONAL ». JURNAL AKUNTANSI 8, no 2 (5 mars 2020) : 94–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.37932/ja.v8i2.68.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This research aims to determine the level of readiness of national banks, especially Sharia Commercial Banks in facing business competition in 2023 in terms of the company's financial performance aspects. The sample in this study was three (3) commercial banks three (3) Syaria Bank for the period 2014 - 2018. The analytical tool used to prove the hypothesis in this study is the independent sample t-test. The information used to measure bank financial performance is based on Bank Financial Publication Reports for the period 2014 - 2018 using CAMEL (Capital, Asset, Management, Earning, and Liquidity) financial valuation indicators summarized in CAR, BOPO, LDR, NIM financial ratios, ROA and NPL. The result of this study showed that there were significant differences, especially the BOPO, ROA and NPL indicators. As for the CAR, LDR and NIM indicators, there was no significant difference. However, when viewed from all aspects of indicators, Islamic Commercial Banks have not been able to show better financial performance compared to Conventional Commercial Banks
49
POLOVA, Olena, et Hanna BALALAIEVA. « Commitments of commercial bank management ». Economics. Finances. Law, no 11/2 (21 novembre 2019) : 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2019.11(2).5.
Texte intégralRésumé :
One of the basic problems of the banking system is the resource providing for the bank activities, and so the question of the resource potential management of the institution is actual today. The article deals with the economic essence and structure of the liabilities of commercial banks. A review of the specific features of banking and bank management defines the goal in the liability management. The dynamics of the resource base of Ukrainian banks. The article deals with the overall analysis of management problems for involved and borrowed resources of banks. Attention is concentrated on factors of banks' resources. Summarizes the main methods of deposit liability management. Considers the features of the borrowed resources management. Defines the main parameters of the resource base formation. Proposed future directions of research in the field of the liabilities management . The purpose of the study is to determine the peculiarities of managing the obligations of commercial banks and improve the methodology of this process. In the course of the study, attention was drawn to the process of forming a commercial bank's resource base, where two main management parameters need to be considered - the value of borrowed and borrowed funds and their volume. The most common source of formation of bank resources is customer deposits. The need to attract non-deposit resources arises in the event of a lack of current liquidity or as a result of an attempt to balance payment flows at subsequent dates. Further research should be directed to substantiate the methods, instruments and instruments of deposit and non-deposit policy, which will provide not only sufficient capital but also a high rating of a banking institution. It is determined that price and non-price management methods are used to provide the desired structure, volume and level of expenses on deposit liabilities. The essence of pricing methods is to use the interest rate on deposits as the main lever in the competition for free cash of individuals and legal entities. Raising the bid offered by the bank makes it possible to attract additional resources.
50
SKLYAROV, I. Yu, Yu M. SKLYAROVA et L. A. LATYSHEVA. « COMMERCIAL BANK FINANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT ». EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE : PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 3, no 4 (2021) : 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.04.03.012.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article discusses the main ways and methods of financial risk management in a commercial bank. The main goal of financial risk management is to reduce financial losses through the implementation of certain methods, such as hedging, insurance, provisioning, etc. The current problem of financial risk management in the banking sector indicates the absence of an integral system of their management. To overcome critical situations and create an innovative risk management system in banking institutions, it is advisable to develop and implement new and more effective methods of banking risk management.