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Articles de revues sur le sujet « Commerce – History – 18th century »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 10 mars 2023

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1

Hussin, Nordin. « Trading Networks of Malay Merchants and Traders in the Straits of Melaka from 1780 to 1830 ». Asian Journal of Social Science 40, no 1 (2012) : 51–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853112x632566.

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Abstract Malay merchants and traders played an essential and significant role in the early modern history of trade and commerce in Southeast Asia. Nevertheless records on the history of their entrepreneurship has been hardly written and researched upon. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to trace back the dynamic of Malay trading communities in the late 18th and towards the early decades of the 19th century. The paper would also highlight the importance of Malay traders in early Penang and the survival of Melaka as an important port in the late 18th century. A focal analysis of this study is on the 18th and 19th centuries Malay merchant communities and how their active presence in the Malay waters had given a great impact to the intra-Asian trade in Southeast Asia prior to the period of European colonialism and imperialism.
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Astigarraga, Jesůs, et Juan Zabalza. « Economic Literature for Merchants : Handbooks, Dictionaries and Periodicals on Commerce during the 18th Century in Spain ». HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT AND POLICY, no 1 (novembre 2010) : 99–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/spe2010-001005.

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This work outlines a profile of Daniel De Leon, one between the most charismatic and discussed American socialist leaders, deepening his ideological contribution to Marxist and Radical thought in the United States between the end of the Nineteenth Century and the begin of the Twentieth Century. In particular, this paper analyses the development of De Leon syndicalism theory, describing how he tried to realize it through the participation to the constitutive process of the Industrial Workers of the World (I.W.W.) as well analyzing the reasons that subsequently induced him to break whit the same labor union organization.
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Novita, Aryandini, Muhamad Nofri Fahrozi et Muhamad Alnoza. « Komoditi Lada dan Praktik Kapitalisme di Sumatera Selatan Pada Abad XVIII - Awal Abad XX ». PURBAWIDYA : Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi 10, no 2 (30 novembre 2021) : 221–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24164/pw.v10i2.406.

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Pepper (Piper nigrum) is one of the cultivated plants and since the past has become a commodity traded in international commerce. In the past several regions of the archipelago have cultivated pepper, such as Banten, southern Sumatra, and Aceh. This paper aims to describe the ebb and flow of pepper as a trading commodity during the 18th to early 20th centuries concerning the practice of capitalism in the South Sumatra region. The method of articles is a literature study with data sources the result of archaeology research and history research as well as other library data related to pepper as commodities in the South Sumatra region during the 18th century to the early 20th century. The results showed that colonialism had encouraged pepper production in South Sumatra on a large scale. However, along with changes in global market demand, there has been a change in the orientation of the cultivation of commodity crops so that it can be said that colonialism also brought down pepper production.
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Mita, Masahiko. « North Indian Medieval Fort History Study ». Impact 2021, no 4 (11 mai 2021) : 44–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2021.4.44.

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The studies of Assistant Professor Masahiko Mita, Graduate School of Humanities, Nagoya University, Japan, have included the early medieval history (6th to 13th centuries) of Rajasthan. Recently, he has been investigating the later medieval period and beyond (after the 14th century). By interpreting satellite images of forts, Mita has constructed an understanding of the typology of forts and their historical change. He found that 8th to 18th century Rajasthan forts as royal capitals are classified into three major types: large-scale hilltop fort; minor hilltop fort + fortified palace-city; and flat fortified city. In addition, he discovered that the large-scale hilltop fort was comparatively popular before the 13th century but from the 16th century onward, especially in the 17th century, both the minor hilltop fort + fortified palace-city and flat fortified city had become standard as major Rajput kingdoms became stable as regional royalty under the Mughal rule. Mita is interested in expanding on his findings to date in order to elucidate how the changes related to the state system, military conditions, urban settlements and socio-economic systems of those times. He will consider the politico-economic meanings of the changes from the aspect of the relation of kingship and commerce. Mita is also working to explain the structural transformation of royal capital cities by considering the changing Rajput state formation of the same periods. Ultimately, this work will shed light on historical trends from a different viewpoint and methodology to former studies that used literary sources.
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Bergès, Sandrine. « What’s it got to do with the price of bread ? Condorcet and Grouchy on freedom and unreasonable laws in commerce ». European Journal of Political Theory 17, no 4 (17 juin 2018) : 432–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474885118782391.

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István Hont identified a point in the history of political thought at which republicanism and commercialism became separated. According to Hont, Emmanuel Sieyès proposed that a monarchical republic should be formed. By contrast the Jacobins, in favour of a republic led by the people, rejected not only Sieyès’s political proposal, but also the economic ideology that went with it. Sieyès was in favour of a commercial republic; the Jacobins were not. This was, according to Hont, a defining moment in the history of political thought. In this article, I offer a different analysis of that particular moment in the history of the commercial republic, one that instead of focusing on Sieyès and the Jacobins, looks at the thought of Girondins philosophers Nicolas de Condorcet and Sophie de Grouchy. I argue that their arguments provide sound models for a commercial republic, reconciling late 18th century republican ideals in which virtue was central, with the need for a flourishing and internationally active market economy.
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Marietta, Morgan. « The Historical Continuum of Financial Illusion ». American Economist 40, no 1 (mars 1996) : 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/056943459604000110.

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Can a clever financier outrun a diligent regulatory system? Are these recurrent excesses controllable, or are they an inevitable feature of economic life? The paper examines a representative history of financial illusions, specifically John Law's 18th century Mississippi Bubble, the original 1920s Ponzi scheme, the Investors Overseas Services (IOS) affair of the 1970s, and the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) affair, illustrating the growth over time in the size and complexity of such institutions as well as some of their animating characteristics. If a certain level of entrepreneurial experimentation (deviltry) is a necessary and permanent fixture of the economy, and if we cannot successfully determine between the desirable and the undesirable before outcomes are known, we are faced with continuing growth along the continuum of financial illusion.
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Svjatkovski, Vadim. « Vene valitsuse tollipoliitika 18. sajandi esimesel poolel ja selle rakendamine Narvas [Abstract : Customs Policies of the Russian Government in the first half of the Eighteenth Century and their Implementation in Narva] ». Ajalooline Ajakiri. The Estonian Historical Journal 167, no 1 (31 décembre 2019) : 37–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/aa.2019.1.02.

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Abstract: Customs Policies of the Russian Government in the first half of the Eighteenth Century and their Implementation in Narva The 18th century in Northern Europe began with a long war that profoundly altered the correlation of forces in the Baltic Sea region. During the war, the Russian authorities carried out large-scale reforms, the objective of which was to modernise the Russian state. The war and the reforms called for large expenditures, and the areas conquered during warfare were treated as a source of revenue, where customs duties could be imposed and collected. The authorities implemented a set of measures to increase state revenues, and the replacement of the old export customs duty system by a new one was among those measures. Russian authorities extended and imposed these reforms on Narva and Vyborg, which were annexed by the Russian state at the time. Though there is a sufficient number of research papers on the 18th century Russian customs duty system, they mainly focus on the subject of either the duty system in general or its implementation in St Petersburg or Arkhangelsk. Less attention has been paid to Narva in this matter. The subject of this article is the examination of the Russian government customs policy in the first half of the 18th century and its implementation in Narva. The causes of the government’s customs policy measures will be researched and the changes that took place will be noted. The object of this article is to analyse the formulation and introduction of customs tariffs in the first half of the 18th century and also to clarify how consistently Russian customs duty policy was implemented in Narva. Particular cases in relation to the introduced tariffs will be examined and the consequent steps taken by the government to resolve them will be observed. Also, incoming receivables of the city treasury received from half of the portorium duty in periods when different tariffs were in effect will be discussed and compared. In the course of this research, records preserved in the Estonian National Archives were consulted: i.e., orders from the Russian government to the Narva customs office, and statistical data on customs duty income. It has become evident from this research that the new customs tariff was introduced in Narva in 1724 because the authorities wished to promote the recently built St Petersburg port, while at the same time hindering competition from Narva in trade. By comparison, hitherto existing tariffs from the era of Swedish rule remained in effect nearly throughout the entire 18th century in other Estonian and Livonian trading cities. The Russian authorities consistently extended the subsequent tariffs of 1731 and 1757 to Narva. Thereby the Russian government altered the customs system that had been in effect in the era of Swedish rule, setting Narva apart from other Baltic trading cities. In this way, Russian customs policy affected Narva considerably more than any other Baltic trading city, and these alterations influenced the operations of the Narva customs office and the customs duties collected. The tariff of 1724 was by its nature protectionist and therewith high rates were set up. Depending on the capability of Russian enterprises to supply the state with commodities, the import rate amounted to 37.5, 25 and 12.5 kopecks from a rouble ad valorem. At the same time it was necessary to pay customs duties in standard weight thalers at the compulsory exchange rate of 50 kopecks for a thaler. Nonetheless, the actual price of a thaler was higher than the price of a rouble; consequently the real import rate corresponded to 75, 50 and 25 per cent ad valorem. The required payment of the duty in thalers stemmed from the Russian government’s need for silver. The fact that imported commodities came from the west, where roubles were not in use, also contributed to this requirement. After the death of Peter I, the government’s point of view changed. The ruling circles realised that Russian industry was not yet sufficiently advanced and was unable to completely satisfy the state’s needs. Moreover, the privileges granted to entrepreneurs did not always contribute to the development of enterprises because their owners abused the rights they had obtained and produced defective products. Additionally, such measures hindered trade by also depriving Russian consumers of the opportunity to buy essential products. On the whole, this also proved harmful for the state, since it furnished favourable conditions for the development of smuggling. The written petitions of foreign and Russian merchants to the Collegium of Commerce, the Senate and Empress Catherine I show that customs duties rates were too high. Therefore it became a necessity to decrease the tariff rate that had been introduced in 1724. In 1726, the Supreme Privy Council decided to establish a trade committee to improve commerce and work out a new customs tariff. As a result of the committee’s activity, the new customs tariff was published in 1731. This tariff considerably reduced the import rate. The previous 75, 50 and 25 per cent import rates were decreased to 20, 10 and 5 per cent, respectively. The first rate was to be levied on commodities that were produced sufficiently in Russia, the second rate was for goods that were produced in relatively small quantities, and the latter rate was for goods that were in short supply in Russia. The customs tariff of 1731 was in force until 1757, when it was replaced with a new one that was also protectionist, similarly to the tariff of 1724. During the era of Swedish rule, Narva was granted the right to half of the portorium duty, i.e. the accrued revenue of the port duty. The Russian authorities preserved this privilege of Narva; however, the portorium was allotted according to different principles than before. Thus, in the era of Swedish rule, Narva received half of the portorium from all articles of commerce, whereas under Russian rule, the portorium from only a certain portion of commodities was allotted to the city. Customs tariffs, particularly in 1724, were implemented in haste, without the respective preliminary notification. As a result, merchants could not prepare the necessary documents or modify contracts in time. For that reason, the authorities admitted numerous exceptions and gave in to merchants, replacing trade prohibitions with temporary permissions.
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Kurnikova, Oxana M. « STUDIES OF THE CRIMEAN PENINSULA BY RUSSIAN SCIENTISTS (THE END OF THE 18TH CENTURY) ». Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no 4 (14) (2020) : 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-4-201-209.

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The rich historical past of the Crimean peninsula, its natural wealth and resources, its beauty at all times attracted the attention of traveling researchers. In the period from the last quarter of the 15th century up to the end of the 18th century, Western and Eastern researchers, visiting the Crimean peninsula for various purposes, studied its geography, biology, and history. Russian scientists-travelers did not have the opportunity to make research trips across the Crimea until the end of the 18th century due to the fact that for three centuries (from 1475 till 1774) the Crimean peninsula was part of the Ottoman Empire, being one of its most important provinces, both in trade, economic, and military-strategic terms. With the annexation of Crimea by Russia in 1783, started the development of newly acquired territories. The beginning of the study of the lands of the Crimean peninsula by Russian scientists is primarily associated with political and economic changes and transformations in the region. For the development and growth of the economy of the Crimean region, information was needed about the structure of the region, its socio-economic and ethnographic features, as well as about its natural resources. Therefore, by order of the Empress of Russia Catherine II and the instructions of the country’s government, the St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences and Arts sends its scientists to the Crimea. Among Russian pioneers of the Crimean peninsula research in the late 18th century there were Vasily Zuev (1754–1794), Carl Ludwig Habliz (1752–1821), Theodor Chyorny (1745–1790), and Peter Simon Pallas (1741–1811). The expeditions of these outstanding scholars and travellers commenced the Crimean exploration by Russian scientists in various fields of science, thus, the end of the 18th century should be considered the beginning of Russian Crimean studies.
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Adonyeva, I. G. « Russian Lawyers of Second Half of 19th Century on Political and Legal Concepts of Catherine II ». Nauchnyi dialog 1, no 7 (29 juillet 2021) : 325–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-7-325-340.

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The views of Russian lawyers of the second half of the 19th century regarding the political and legal concepts of Catherine II are considered. Attention is paid to educational and scientific works on the history of Russian law and Russian state law, published in the second half of the 19th century. The author proceeds from the fact that professional and class factors influenced the assessment of the empress’s political and legal ideas by Russian lawyers. It is shown that the professional one consisted in the official introduction by Catherine II into the Russian political and legal turn of the achievements of European educators, contributing to the formation of a tendency towards the prevalence of the law over the will of the monarch. Particular attention is paid to the fact that most of the representatives of the legal profession were of noble origin, the 18th century was a relatively recent past for them, and family traditions and class identity formed a positive idea of Catherine’s rule and the empress herself. At the same time, it is shown that researchers associated with the merchants paid attention to the fact that the empress’s selective acquaintance with the works of European thinkers left her without attention to branches of law, for example, civil law, which was of fundamental importance for the estate employed in commerce and industry. The author notes that historians of law paid maximum attention to the state-legal concepts of the empress. It is proved that the conclusions made in the study correlate with the ambiguous assessments of Catherine II both among historians and Russian society as a whole.
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Carter, Robert. « The History and Prehistory of Pearling in the Persian Gulf ». Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 48, no 2 (2005) : 139–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568520054127149.

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AbstractThe paper presents an analysis and synthesis of historical and archaeological data on pearl fishing in the Persian Gulf. The history of pearling in the region is reviewed, from the earliest possible references to the mid 20th century. Economic data from the 18th–20th centuries CE is analysed in detail, to de fine the economic course of the pearling industry during that time, and assess the impact on human settlement in the region. The archaeological data for pearl fishing are then examined, from the 6th millennium BCE onwards, and compared to the historical evidence. The results of archaeological survey in the Abu Dhabi islands region are then taken as a case study, and changes in settlement patterns are related to the historical trajectory of the pearling industry. It is observed that the regional economy became overwhelmingly dependent on the pearl trade in recent centuries, and was increasingly subject to the demands of the global market. Cette étude présente une analyse et une synthèse des données historiques et archéologiques sur la pêche des perles dans le Golfe arabo-persique. L'histoire de la pêche des perles dans la région est passée en revue, depuis les plus anciennes références connues qui remontent au milieu du 20e siècle. Les données économiques du 18e au 20e siècle sont analysées en détail pour dé finir l'évolution de l'industrie perlière pendant cette période et évaluer son incidence sur le peuplement de la région. Les données archéologiques sur la pêche des perles, examinées depuis le 6ème millénaire avant J.-C., ont été comparées aux données historiques. Les résultats des reconnaissances archéologiques dans les îles de la région d'Abu Dhabi sont alors présentées comme étude de cas et les modi fications de con figuration de l'habitat sont reliées à l'évolution historique de l'industrie perlière. On remarque que l'économie de cette région est devenue presque entièrement dépendante du commerce des perles dans les siècles récents, et qu'elle était de plus en plus assujettie à la demande du marché mondial.
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Rothman, P. « By ‘the light of his own mind’ : The story of James Ferguson, astronomer ». Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 54, no 1 (22 janvier 2000) : 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2000.0094.

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James Ferguson, the self-taught astronomer, scientific instrument maker, author and lecturer was a remarkable 18th century figure. This paper traces his life from humble origins as a shepherd boy in Banffshire, Scotland. There he observed the stars and planets by night and conjectured on the mechanics of the heavens. He taught himself to make and repair clocks and his outstanding talent as a portraitist enabled him to earn a living while he invented scientific instruments. He eventually came to London where he continued to design instruments and globes and commenced his career as lecturer and author. His later years as an esteemed recipient of a royal pension from King George III brought him Fellowship of the Royal Society with extraordinary provisions, and contact with Benjamin Franklin, Samuel Johnson and many other leading figures of his day.
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Ara, Aniba Israt, et Arshad Islam. « East India Company Strategies in the Development of Singapore ». Social Science, Humanities and Sustainability Research 2, no 3 (6 septembre 2021) : p37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/sshsr.v2n3p37.

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Singapore in the Malay Peninsula was targeted by the British East India Company (EIC) to be the epicentre of their direct rule in Southeast Asia. Seeking new sources of revenue at the end of the 18th century, after attaining domination in India, the Company sought to extend its reach into China, and Malaya was the natural region to do this, extending outposts to Penang and Singapore. The latter was first identified as a key site by Stamford Raffles. The EIC Governor General Marquess Hastings (r. 1813-1823) planned to facilitate Raffle’s attention on the Malay Peninsula from Sumatra. Raffles’ plan for Singapore was approved by the EIC’s Bengal Government. The modern system of administration came into the Straits Settlements under the EIC’s Bengal Presidency. In 1819 in Singapore, Raffles established an Anglo-Oriental College (AOC) for the study of Eastern languages, literature, history, and science. The AOC was intended firstly to be the centre of local research and secondly to increase inter-cultural knowledge of the East and West. Besides Raffles’ efforts, the EIC developed political and socio-economic systems for Singapore. The most important aspects of the social development of Singapore were proper accommodation for migrants, poverty eradication, health care, a new system of education, and women’s rights. The free trade introduced by Francis Light (and later Stamford Raffles) in Penang and Singapore respectively gave enormous opportunities for approved merchants to expand their commerce from Burma to Australia and from Java to China. Before the termination of the China trade in 1833 Singapore developed tremendously, and cemented the role of the European trading paradigm in the East.
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Kiselev, Mikhail A. « ‘... Her Imperial Majesty Deigned to Declare Herself’ : V. N. Tatishchev’s Journal-Book for 1734 ». Herald of an archivist, no 3 (2018) : 882–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2018-3-882-891.

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This is the first publication of the journal-book kept by famous Russian statesman and historian Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev from February 10 to April 2, 1734, after his appointment director of the Urals state-owned metallurgical plants. This document allows to clarify the circumstances of V. N Tatishchev's appointment to the Urals, including its date. According to the document, it was made on February 10 by oral order of the Empress. Immediately afterwards Vasily Nikitich plunged into planning his trip assisted by cabinet-ministers A. I. Osterman, A. M. Cherkassky, and president of the Commerce-Collegium P. P. Shafirov. The journal-book allows to reconstruct the flow of communication within the bureaucratic elite in 1730s. It also shows that internal documentation (minutes and registers) of the Cabinet of Ministers does not fully reflect its activities. It indicates that the Empress took a most active part and interest in Tatishchev’s appointment and his sending away; she thus sought to keep under her personal control all most important state affairs, including management of metallurgical plants. The document is of interest for studying history of Russian culture of the 18th century, as it contains some information about translator and writer K. A. Kondratovich and historian P. N. Krekshin. It intimates that Kondratovich was exiled to the Urals with Tatishchev by oral order from Anna Ioannovna. To this, there is no other documentary evidence, and therefore, Kondratovich attempted to mystify the circumstances of his exile to the Urals and to bury the fact in oblivion. The document is stored in the State Archive of the Sverdlovsk Region, Ekaterinburg.
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Coggins, Chris. « British Naturalists in Qing China : Science, Empire, and Cultural Encounter. By Fa-Ti Fan. [Cambridge, MA and London : Harvard University Press, 2004. ix +238 pp. £32.95. ISBN 0-674-01143-0.] ». China Quarterly 180 (décembre 2004) : 1115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741004350769.

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For those who have conducted research on the fauna and flora of China and who have been curious about the “Reeves” in Muntiacus reevesi (the Chinese muntjac) or the “Cunningham” in Cunninghamia lanceolata (the Chinese fir), this book is a great revelation. Many wild plants and animals from China bear scientific names honouring Western naturalists, and this book is the first historical analysis of how Westerners conducted natural history research in China from the mid-18th to the early 20th century. By focusing on British naturalists during a period of dramatic change in the relationship between China and the West, the author has developed a richly textured account of the encounter between vastly different systems of knowledge and representation of the natural world. As such, this work is sure to be of great interest for scholars of the social sciences, cultural studies and the social construction of nature.Drawing on a vast and diverse array of scientific journals, personal correspondence, memoirs and administrative records from the period, the author convincingly ties British natural history research to larger imperial demands for useful information on natural resources in a vast area that was scarcely known by outsiders before the Opium War (1839–1842). The connection between commerce and natural history is exemplified by the English East India Company's interest in botanical, biogeographic and horticultural information on tea trees. Of greater significance still, according to the author, was the way in which knowledge of the natural world was produced through an elaborate network of relationships between British naturalists and Chinese people of all walks of life. The latter included not only the bureaucrats who monitored the already highly circumscribed lives of British expatriates in Canton [Guangzhou] at the beginning of the 19th century, but also collectors, who often made long trips into the interior in search of specimens, and painters, who had to learn an entirely new repertoire in order to provide scientific drawings to British patrons from the factories of Guangzhou to Kew Gardens. Indeed, one of the primary goals of the book is to “explain the formation of scientific practice and knowledge in cultural borderlands during a critical period of Sino-Western relations.” The author sets himself a difficult task: to reconstruct the economic and cultural lineaments of “scientific imperialism” without ignoring “the indigenous people, their motivations, and their actions.” Not only does the book succeed in this effort, it avoids facile demonization of the main Western actors in this drama. Instead, we see a compelling set of portraits of British men of widely differing backgrounds and interests who often made great sacrifices in their quests for scientific knowledge. Generally, these men were keenly aware of the degree to which they relied on local Chinese experts and indigenous knowledge for the success of their own endeavours.
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Jatmiko, Rahmawan. « Reiterating Indonesian National Identity in the Globalized World through a New Romantic Movement ». Digital Press Social Sciences and Humanities 2 (2019) : 00016. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/digitalpress.42267.

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This article discusses the possibility of re-evoking and invigorating romantic spirits to reiterate Indonesian national identity. This commences from the fact that despite its comparatively young age, Indonesia has experienced a number of heroic and romantic struggles, notable in our national history; for instance, the “national awakening movement” Boedi Oetomo in 1908, which became the first modern symbol of national struggle in Indonesia, the Sumpah Pemuda in 1928, which instilled in the youth's mind the three factors in common as our national identity, which binds our multi-cultural existence and experiences i.e. the unity of territory, language, and nation; and the third is Indonesian Declaration of Independence, 17th of August 1945. This study starts from the assumption that those three symbols of struggle and identity are imprinted with romantic spirits, i.e. the sentimental feelings and emotions, which are no longer dealing with the worldly and materialistic considerations. In this discussion, one might question whether Indonesia has ever experienced any romantic movement as what European countries and America had in the end of the 18th century, yet that might not be so critical question in this case. Instead, what might be considered more important is another question such as, “do we need that kind of movement nowadays in order to clearly pronounce our identity?” By careful readings, observations and interpretations based on historiography and other references, this article sees that an attempt to give birth to our own Romanticism might be feasible as a good solution to rebuild our nationalism, since it also deals with recognizing and recalling our lost identity.
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Carroll, Jerome. « William James and 18th-century anthropology ». History of the Human Sciences 31, no 3 (9 mai 2018) : 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695118764060.

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This article discusses the common ground between William James and the tradition of philosophical anthropology. Recent commentators on this overlap have characterised philosophical anthropology as combining science (in particular biology and medicine) and Kantian teleology, for instance in Kant’s seminal definition of anthropology as being concerned with what the human being makes of itself, as distinct from what attributes it is given by nature. This article registers the tension between Kantian thinking, which reckons to ground experience in a priori categories, and William James’s psychology, which begins and ends with experience. It explores overlap between James’s approach and the characteristic holism of 18th-century philosophical anthropology, which centres on the idea of understanding and analysing the human as a whole, and presents the main anthropological elements of James’s position, namely his antipathy to separation, his concerns about the binomial terms of traditional philosophy, his preference for experience over substances, his sense that this holist doctrine of experience shows a way out of sterile impasses, a preference for description over causation, and scepticism. It then goes on to register the common ground with key ideas in the work of anthropologists from around 1800, along with some references to anthropologists who come in James’s wake, in particular Max Scheler and Arnold Gehlen, in order to reconceptualise the connection between James’s ideas and the tradition of anthropological thinking in German letters since the late 18th-century, beyond its characterisation as a combination of scientific positivism and teleology.
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Marker, Gary. « The Ambiguities of the 18th Century ». Kritika : Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 2, no 2 (2001) : 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/kri.2008.0094.

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Rjéoutski, Vladislav. « Key Concepts in 18th-Century Russia ». Kritika : Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 21, no 2 (2020) : 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/kri.2020.0014.

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Speck, W. A. « Will the Real 18th Century stand up ? » Historical Journal 34, no 1 (mars 1991) : 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00014011.

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Hewson, John. « An 18th-century Missionary Grammarian ». Historiographia Linguistica 21, no 1-2 (1 janvier 1994) : 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.21.1-2.04hew.

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Summary Until the publication of the Micmac grammar of Father Pacifique (1939, 1990), the only published grammar of Micmac was that of Father Pierre-Antoine Maillard (c. 1710–1762), which although it was written early in the 18th century, was not published until the middle of the 19th century (1864). This work has formed the basis of all subsequent linguistic analysis of Micmac, since the missionary priests used it to help them learn the language, and Father Pacifique, in his 1939 grammar (which is today used as a handbook by those learning the language) acknowledges his profound debt to his distinguished predecessor.
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Schalow, Paul, et C. Andrew Gerstle. « 18th Century Japan : Culture and Society. » Monumenta Nipponica 45, no 3 (1990) : 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2384912.

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Vekerdi, József. « An 18th-century Transylvanian Gypsy Vocabulary ». Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 59, no 3 (septembre 2006) : 347–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aorient.59.2006.3.5.

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Simon, Jonathan. « A material perspective on 18th-century chemistry ». Metascience 19, no 1 (mars 2010) : 71–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11016-010-9355-x.

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Weiller, Kenneth J., et Philip Mirowski. « Rates of interest in 18th century England ». Explorations in Economic History 27, no 1 (janvier 1990) : 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4983(90)90002-g.

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Stimson, S. C. « Political and economic theory in the 18th century ». History of the Human Sciences 21, no 1 (février 2008) : 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09526951080210010104.

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Świtalska, Alicja. « IN BRIEF POLICE CITY HISTORY TO THE 18TH CENTURY ». space&FORM 2018, no 33 (30 mars 2018) : 287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/pif.2018.33.e-02.

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Pichugin, Pavel V. « History of Theological Seminary Library in Novgorod (18th century) ». Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science], no 6 (12 décembre 2011) : 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2011-0-6-94-99.

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Ratto, Adrián. « Voltaire, Diderot, and Russian History in the 18th Century ». Eidos 36 (19 août 2021) : 318–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14482/eidos.36.194.03.

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En las primeras páginas de la Histoire de l’empire de Russie sous Pierre le Grand, publicada entre 1759 y 1763, Voltaire presenta una serie de reflexiones acerca del método que se debería seguir al escribir un trabajo histórico y de las características que debería tener un historiador ideal. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar en qué medida el texto se ajusta a la metodología que Voltaire se propone seguir. Se intenta mostrar que el autor se aleja por momentos de la misma, poniendo en riesgo el plan de la obra. Por otra parte, el artículo pone de relieve ciertas diferencias ideológicas y epistemológicas entre Voltaire y Diderot a propósito de la historia rusa, algo que puede resultar llamativo, en la medida en que sus textos son colocados, en general, bajo las mismas categorías historiográficas. En un plano más general, el texto arroja algunas luces acerca de la teoría de la historia en el siècle des Lumières.
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Gerstle, C. Andrew. « The Sense of History in 18th Century Jōruri Drama ». Maske und Kothurn 35, no 2-3 (septembre 1989) : 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7767/muk.1989.35.23.39.

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Helgason, Jon. « Why ABC Matters : Lexicography and Literary History ». Culture Unbound 2, no 4 (4 novembre 2010) : 515–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/cu.2000.1525.10230515.

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The purpose of this article is twofold. First, I wish to discuss the origins of The Swedish Academy Dictionary against the backdrop of the social and cultural history of lexicography in 18th and 19th century Europe. Second, to consider material aspects of lexicography – the dictionary as interface – in light of German media scientist Friedrich Kittler’s “media materialism”. Ultimately, both purposes intend to describe how letters and writing have been constructed and arranged through-out the course of history. In Kittler’s view, “the intimization of literature”, that took place during second half of the 18th century, brought about a fundamental change in the way language and text were perceived. However, parallel to this development an institutionalization and disciplining of language and literature took place. The rise of modern society, the nation state, print capitalism and modern science in 18th century Europe necessitated (and were furthered by) a disciplining of language and literature. This era was for these reasons a golden age for lexicographers and scholars whose work focused on the vernacular. In this article the rise of the alphabetically ordered dictionary and the corresponding downfall of the topical dictionary that occurred around 1700 is regarded as a technological threshold. This development is interesting not only within the field of history of lexicography, but arguably also, since information and thought are connected to the basic principles of mediality, this development has bearings on the epistemo-logical revolution of the 18th century witnessed in, among other things, Enlightenment thought and literature.
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Shore, Heather. « Print Culture, Crime and Justice in 18th-Century London ». Social History 41, no 1 (2 janvier 2016) : 111–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071022.2015.1112987.

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Hilaire-Perez, Liliane. « Invention and the State in 18th-Century France ». Technology and Culture 32, no 4 (octobre 1991) : 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3106156.

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Høst-Madsen, Lene. « An 18th-century timber wharf in Copenhagen Harbour ». Post-Medieval Archaeology 40, no 2 (septembre 2006) : 259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174581306x160107.

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Blanco, Mónica. « Thomas Simpson : Weaving fluxions in 18th-century London ». Historia Mathematica 41, no 1 (février 2014) : 38–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hm.2013.07.001.

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Pistola, Renato. « De porta em porta. Os cuidados de saúde nas associações de socorro mútuo : o caso da ASMECL ». e-Letras com Vida : Revista de Estudos Globais — Humanidades, Ciências e Artes 06 (2021) : 82–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.53943/elcv.0121_08.

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From the end of the 18th century and the early 20th century, mutual associations asserted themselves as the main providers of health care to the most disadvantaged classes. However, only a small number created specific infrastructures to provide this care. Based on the analysis of the evolution of the Mutual Aid Association of Employees in Commerce of Lisbon (ASMECL), the first mutual association to create medical infrastructures in Portugal, we argue that the almost non-existence of mutualist medical infrastructures was due to the incapacity of most of the mutualist structures to adapt to the transformations that took place in the health care field in the early twentieth century.
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Božić Bogović, Dubravka, et Mihaela Komar. « Demographic Indicators in the Registers of Marriages of the 18th Century Parish of Miholjac ». Review of Croatian history 16, no 1 (1 août 2020) : 159–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22586/review.v16i1.11340.

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This paper, using historical demography methods, as well as quantitative, analytical and descriptive methods, determines, analyses and interprets the demographic indicators contained in the registers of marriages of the 18th century Parish of Miholjac. In addition to identifying the corpus of the data contained in the registers of marriages, to be potentially used as indicators of certain demographic facts relating to the past of the population of the 18th century Donji Miholjac and its immediate surroundings, the paper also determines the annual, seasonal, monthly and daily distribution of marriages and examines the level of the impact which social, religious, cultural, and economic factors had on entering into marriage. The assumption that the population of the 18th century Parish of Miholjac did not enter the demographic transition phase, in other words that it exhibits characteristics specific to pre-transitional societies, is verified by determining the age of newlyweds when entering marriage and by analysing remarriages.
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González Vázquez, Araceli, et Montserrat Benítez Fernández. « British 18th-Century Orientalism and Arabic Dialectology ». Historiographia Linguistica 43, no 1-2 (24 juin 2016) : 61–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.43.1-2.03gon.

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Summary This article examines a relatively unknown 18th century European source on Moroccan Arabic. It is the article entitled “Dialogues on the vulgar Arabick of Morocco”, published in London in 1797 by William Price (1771–1830), a self-taught linguist and orientalist from Worcester, England. Price’s work is one of the few European texts predating 1800 focused on Moroccan Arabic, and providing some information about this linguistic variety. As we explain, Price obtained these “Dialogues” from “some natives of Barbary”, who happened to be in London. In the first four sections of the article, we examine the life and works of William Price, we place his activities as an expert in Arabic and other of the so-called “Oriental languages” in the context of 18th century British Orientalism, and we analyse the contents of the “Dialogues” provided in his article. These “Dialogues” consist of a conversation between two interlocutors who are taking a stroll in a walled coastal town of the Moroccan Atlantic strip. The fifth section of our contribution is a linguistic dialectological analysis of both the Arabic and Latin character transcriptions of Moroccan Arabic provided by Price. We analyse different issues concerning the transcriptions given, and we focus our linguistic study on phonological, morphological and syntactical issues.
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Kim, Sung-june. « BAK Je-gha's Thoughts on Logistics and Overseas Commerce in The 18th Century in Korea ». Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics 25, no 1 (juin 2009) : 139–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2092-5212(09)80017-5.

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Popova, Ludmila. « The Vision of a Human in the History of the Concept of «Law» : Lexicographic and Functional Aspects ». Philology & ; Human, no 3 (9 septembre 2022) : 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/filichel(2022)3-09.

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The vision of a person in the historical structure of the concept of «law» is considered on the basis of subject nominations in the lexical family «law» as the core of the concept. In the language of the 11th–19th centuries the thematic groups of nominations are singled out in lexicography as follows: subjects establishing laws; subjects implementing laws and subjects monitoring the implementation of laws; subjects aware of laws and interpreting them; subjects violating the law; household members in relation to the law. The predominantly religious nature of the nominations until the 18th century is noted. Since the 18th century a tendency to differentiation of religious and legal semantics was recorded as well as a decrease in the number religious nominations. In the 18th–19th centuries the dominance of nominations with legal semantics is revealed. The use of many nominations of the 18th century for the political-legal and religious realias of other nations is noted. A different scope of the nominations of subjects in relation to the law of the 18th–19th centuries is revealed in the National Corpus of the Russian Language, the tendency to transfer the nominations to non-religious spheres is confirmed.
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Pandey, Uma Shanker. « French Academic Forays in the Eighteenth-Century North India ». Indian Historical Review 46, no 2 (décembre 2019) : 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0376983619889515.

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French adventurers’ academic forays in the 18th century in India has so far received little scholarly attention. Except some stray remarks and mentioning, it has not been taken up systematically. The present article is an exercise to show that some of the French military adventurers had been touched and impressed by Indian culture and civilization. They, therefore, carried out passionate explorations of Indian books and manuscripts, not only to understand India better but also to acquaint the Occident more. in the process, some them emerged as great collectors. they were pioneers also, in the sense that they were forerunners to the British Indologists who appeared on Indian academic horizon in the last quarter of the 18th century. Anquetil Duperron, Polier, and Gentil were among the the great collectors of books and manuscripts during the time.
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Paczkowski, Szymon. « Research on 18th Century Music in Poland. An Introduction ». Musicology Today 13, no 1 (1 décembre 2016) : 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/muso-2016-0008.

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Abstract Research on 18th-century music has been one of the key areas of interest for musicologists ever since the beginnings of musicological studies in Poland. It initially developed along two distinct lines: general music history (with publications mostly in foreign languages) and local history (mostly in Polish). In the last three decades the dominant tendency among Polish researchers has been, however, to relate problems of 18th-century Polish musical culture to the political history of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and more generally – to the political history of Central Europe at large. The most important subjects taken up in research on 18th-century music include: the musical cultures of the royal court in 18th-century Warsaw (primarily in the works of Alina Żórawska-Witkowska) as well as Polish aristocratic residences (e.g. studies by Szymon Paczkowski and Irena Bieńkowska), the ecclesiastical and monastic circles (publications by Alina Mądry, Paweł Podejko, Remigiusz Pośpiech and Tomasz Jeż); problems of musical style (texts by Szymon Paczkowski); research on sources containing music by European composers (e.g. by Johann Adolf Hasse); the musical culture of cities (of Gdańsk, first and foremost); studies concerning the transfer of music and music-related materials, the musical centres and peripheries, etc.
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pelli, Moshe. « Literature of Haskalah in the Late 18th Century ». Zeitschrift für Religions- und Geistesgeschichte 52, no 4 (2000) : 333–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700739-90000092.

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Rutten, Gijsbert. « ‘Lowthian’ Linguistics across the North Sea ». Historiographia Linguistica 39, no 1 (22 mars 2012) : 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.39.1.04rut.

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Summary This paper focuses on Dutch grammar-writing in the 18th century so as to put the linguistic works of Robert Lowth (1710–1787) in an international, comparative perspective. It demonstrates that certain characteristics of the “Lowthian” approach to grammar and of 18th-century English linguistics in general are parallelled by similar developments in the history of Dutch linguistics. The transition from normative grammar to prescriptive grammar which characterises the English late 18th century has a counterpart in the Dutch development from ‘civil’ to national grammar. Lowth’s recognition of different stylistic levels with corresponding levels of grammatical acceptability has a Dutch counterpart as well. The transition towards prescriptivism and the relevance of different stylistic levels are closely connected, which is exemplified by a case study on the treatment of adnominal inflection in 18th-century grammars of Dutch.
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Sánchez-Raygada, Carlos. « Confraternities’ Constitutions and Patronato Real in 18th-century Lima ». Rechtsgeschichte - Legal History 2020, no 28 (2020) : 324–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12946/rg28/324-325.

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DOMONEY, K., A. J. SHORTLAND et S. KUHN. « CHARACTERIZATION OF 18TH-CENTURY MEISSEN PORCELAIN USING SEM-EDS* ». Archaeometry 54, no 3 (22 août 2011) : 454–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2011.00626.x.

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Price, Richard. « Rainforest villages, eighteenth-century history ». Memory Studies 13, no 5 (17 septembre 2020) : 792–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750698020943010.

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Based on long term ethnographic work with the Saamaka, and with the benefit of hindsight, this paper unpacks the specific ways in which the descendants of these Suriname Maroons have constructed and transmitted the historical knowledge of their 18th-century ancestors, who escaped slave plantations and confronted the colonial powers from their new settlements in the depth of the forest. In the process, they created an original memory of these historical events— First-Time or Fesiten knowledge—and managed to keep it alive. The article explores the specific ontology, frames and idioms of this historical knowledge, as well as its ideological role, the (dis)connections to hegemonic colonial memory devices, its evolution in time, the ways of transmission, and the memory specialists that have kept and circulated it.
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Clarke, P. H. « Adam Smith, Stoicism and religion in the 18th century ». History of the Human Sciences 13, no 4 (novembre 2000) : 49–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09526950022120863.

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Vidal, Fernando. « Psychology in the 18th century : a view from encyclopaedias ». History of the Human Sciences 6, no 1 (février 1993) : 89–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095269519300600105.

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Shaidurov, Vladimir, Tadeush Novogrodsky, Galina Sinko et Stepan Zakharkevich. « Gypsies : from Belarus to Siberia (according to documents and materials of the 18th - first half of the 19th century) ». OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no 10 (1 octobre 2020) : 130–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202010statyi08.

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In the 14th — 15th century the Belarussian part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth became a center of ethnic minorities, among which Gypsies stood out. Until the first half of the 18th century, they enjoyed the patronage of the local magnates, thanks to which they got a lean system of self-government and were able to fill their own economic niche. In the 18th century, Gypsies of Belarus were forced to leave their traditional places of residence. As a result, they came to Walachia, Moldavia and Siberia. At the end of the 18th — early 19th century Romani had a mostly semi-nomadic lifestyle in Siberia, many of them settled in cities and engaged in trade and crafts. The present paper approaches the issues of the ethnic-dispersive Gypsies community setup in Siberia, the basis of which was laid by Belarusian Gypsies. The paper is written mainly based on archive material, introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.
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Čuček, Filip. « K problematiki štajersko-hrvaške dravske meje konec 18. stol. » Contributions to Contemporary History 56, no 2 (9 novembre 2016) : 116–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.51663/pnz.56.2.06.

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On the basis of the archival materials the author focuses on the Styrian-Croatian border river Drava (between Ormož and Središče) at the end of the 18th century, when (due to the river bed changes) the competent authorities under Maria Theresa and Joseph II started to focus on the consequent border disputes. After the massive floods of the river Drava in the 18th century, the border residents who suffered damages (on the Styrian side) complained more and more frequently, trying to solve the situation at hand. The author is specifically interested in how the river bed changes influenced the life of the residents of the areas by the river and how these people solved the mutual local disputes at the turn of the century (before the border was agreed upon and drawn at the beginning of the 19th century).
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