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1
Maire, Claude. « Commerce et marché du fer à Paris d'environ 1740 à environ 1815 ». Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74009.
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2
Li, Mumiao, et 李木妙. « 明末淸初中國的海外貿易 ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B15967517.
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Edwards, Stephen Otis. « Lintin Island :the Canton trade at anchor, 1790 to 1840 ». Thesis, University of Macau, 2015. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3335244.
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4
Layton, Simon. « Commerce, authority and piracy in the Indian Ocean world, c. 1780-1850 ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608198.
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5
Roessner, Philipp Robinson. « Scottish foreign trade towards the end of the pre-industrial period, 1700-1760 ». Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.543264.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The present thesis examines the trends, structure and fluctuations in Scotland's foreign trade, 1700- 1760 in two parts. Whilst Part I is a general discussion of Scotland's trade, the commodity trades with Germany will be examined en detail in Part II, being a case study of what can be achieved using an eclectic variety of Scottish and other north-western European records in a synoptic view. The analysis commences (chapter 2) with a detailed examination of the institutional framework ("English Restoration Customs System', 1660) that became applicable in Scotland in 1707, in particular a description of the newly introduced customs system and the duties charged, as well as the change in the level of taxation in 1707 and subsequent alterations. With regard to the detailed examination of the Scottish trade volume in chapters 4-6, a particular look will also be taken at the relevance and responsibility of the institutional super-structure for discouraging certain branches of economic activity and thus creating or at least co-determining a particularly Scottish pattern of overseas trade, 1700- 1760. Chapter 3 consists of a detailed analysis of the scope and reliability of the available quantitative sources. Particular attention will be directed at the Scottish customs accounts, which are unique in an eighteenth century (North-western) European context. The technical analysis of the customs accounts will be supplemented by an analysis of the available post-1755 trade statistics, as well as a detailed examination of the match between information contained in the former and the port books for the first year in which both are preserved completely (1755). This discussion will be supplemented by an analysis of other previously unused Customs materials. Chapter 4 examines the composition of the Scottish trade volume in 1707, as well as the most probable trajectory for commercial fluctuations between 1707 and 1755. Some insights into the possible distribution of the Scottish trade volume across ports after 1707 will be presented. The broad discussion will be augmented by an analysis of select branches of the commodity trades, which can be captured slightly more reliably from contemporary statistics, such as the colonial trades, the wine, as well as the grain trades. This analysis is followed by an examination of two unrecorded trades - trade with England and tea smuggling - which both attained significantly large dimensions in total Scottish commercial activity, and which have been so far overlooked by scholars. Chapter 5 takes up the analysis in chapter 4 by providing a concise overview on the composition of the Scottish trade volume in 1754-1760. Chapter 6 draws Part Ito a close by examining possible links between trade and economic growth, as well as the role trade played for the Scottish economy. In the end the peculiar eighteenth-century Scottish trade pattern will be explained. Part II is an en detail examination of Scotland's trade with the German Empire in the period under consideration. Drawing on both Scottish and German customs accounts, the commodity trades will be the subject of discussion in chapter 7. Chapter 8 traces the commercial patterns of individual merchants. The main aim of this chapter is to highlight the European contingency matrix of commodity markets, exchange rates and payments mechanisms, which Scots merchants were exposed to, which they had to consider in their business decisions, and which determined the overall profit levels in the intra-European trades. 1.1 Hypotheses 5
6
Rönnbäck, Klas. « Commerce and colonisation : studies of early modern merchant capitalism in the Atlantic economy / ». Göteborg : Department of Economic History, School of Business, Economics and Law, University of Gothenburg, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/21789.
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7
Baker, William C. « Capital Ships, Commerce, and Coalition : British Strategy in the Mediterranean Theater, 1793 ». Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc699881/.
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In 1793, Great Britain embarked on a war against Revolutionary France to reestablish a balance of power in Europe. Traditional assessments among historians consider British war planning at the ministerial level during the First Coalition to be incompetent and haphazard. This work reassesses decision making of the leading strategists in the British Cabinet in the development of a theater in the Mediterranean by examining political, diplomatic, and military influences. William Pitt the Younger and his controlling ministers pursued a conservative strategy in the Mediterranean, reliant on Allies in the region to contain French armies and ideas inside the Alps and the Pyrenees. Dependent on British naval power, the Cabinet sought to weaken the French war effort by targeting trade in the region. Throughout the first half of 1793, the British government remained fixed on this conservative, traditional approach to France. However, with the fall of Toulon in August of 1793, decisions made by Admiral Samuel Hood in command of forces in the Mediterranean radicalized British policy towards the Revolution while undermining the construct of the Coalition. The inconsistencies in strategic thought political decisions created stagnation, wasting the opportunities gained by the Counter-revolutionary movements in southern France. As a result, reinvigorated French forces defeated Allied forces in detail in the fall of 1793.
8
Zickermann, Kathrin. « Across the German sea : Scottish commodity exchange, network building and communities in the wider Elbe-Weser region in the early modern period ». Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/958.
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This thesis analyses the commercial, maritime and military relations between Scotland and the cities and territories in the North Western parts of the Holy Roman Empire during the early modern period; specifically Hamburg, Bremen, the Swedish duchies of Bremen and Verden, Danish Altona and Braunschweig-Lüneburg. Having identified anomalies in the histories of these locations, and bringing a more international dimension to them, my study tackles a remarkable understudied geo-political location. The core of my research identifies the immigration of Scots and the establishment of commercial networks within a region rather than an individual territory, highlighting contact across political borders. This region differed significantly from other places in Northern Europe in that it did not maintain an ethnically distinct Scottish community enforcing and encouraging interaction with the indigenous German population and other foreigners such as the English Merchant Adventurers in Hamburg. The survey reveals that despite the lack of such a community the region was of commercial significance to Scots as evidenced by the presence of individual Scottish merchants, factors and entrepreneurs whose trade links stretched far beyond their home country. Significantly, these Scots present in mercantile capacities were demonstrably linked to their countrymen who frequented the region as diplomats and soldiers who frequently resided in the neutral cities of Bremen and Hamburg. Some of these Scots within the Swedish army were of importance in the administration of Swedish Bremen-Verden while others fought for Braunschweig-Lüneburg. Their presence encouraged chain migration, particularly offering shelter to Scottish political exiles in the later seventeenth century. Analysing the collective role of these men and the relationships between them, this thesis highlights the overall significance of the wider Elbe-Weser region to the Scots and vice versa, filling a gap in our understanding of the Scottish Diaspora in the early modern period, and broadening our understanding of the region itself.
9
Lupo, Sébastien. « Révolution(s) d'échelles : Le marché levantin et la crise du commerce marseillais au miroir des maisons Roux et de leurs relais à Smyrne (1740-1787) ». Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM3030.
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Les Capitulations accordées par la Porte en 1740 fixent un cadre favorable pour le commerce français au Levant. Cependant, le XVIIIe siècle est celui de sa régression. Smyrne, qui s'impose alors comme la première Échelle ottomane, offre un point d'observation idoine pour comprendre cette crise où se mêlent confusément la dégradation des changes et celle des draps, l'article le plus exporté. Pourtant, la maison marseillaise Roux établit une commandite à Smyrne en 1759 après avoir eu recours à des tiers. Grâce aux apports de la sociologie économique, notre étude montre que le contexte levantin, sujet aux révolutions de toute sorte, n'offre pas toutes les aménités escomptées. La structure sociale légalement induite, et dominée par les Marseillais, fonctionne selon une prudence encastrée qui assimile les régisseurs à des subalternes suspects d'opportunisme. Une telle organisation entrave la saisie des occasions offertes par le marché oriental. Alors que la Méditerranée devient un espace périphérique du commerce mondial, les Roux échouent à valoriser leur implantation levantine malgré l'étendue de leurs réseaux. La domination marseillaise de la draperie languedocienne contribue en fait à sa précarisation et à la baisse de sa qualité. Dès la fin de la guerre de Sept Ans, ces exportations entrent dans une phase dépressive que l'inertie des pratiques négociantes ne fait qu'entretenir. Celles-ci expliquent également l'absence de diversification. Ainsi, les défauts réticulaires se combinent à la complexité du marché levantin, aux troubles géopolitiques du XVIIIe siècle et à la transition hégémonique au profit des Anglais pour expliquer la crise du commerce marseillais levantinThe capitulations granted by the Porte in 1740 set a favourable framework for French trade in Levant. However, the 18th century means decline for it. Smyrna, which emerged at that time as the first Ottoman échelle, offered a fitting place to observe and to understand this crisis stemming from the debasement of exchange rates and woolen clothes, the most exported articles. And yet, the Roux company from Marseilles established a firm in Smyrna in 1759 after turning to outsiders. Thanks to the contributions of economic sociology, this research shows that the Levantine context, prone to revolutions of all kinds, didn't offer all the expected amenities. The social structure legally enforced and dominated by the merchants of Marseilles worked in accordance to embedded cautiousness which likened the expatriated partners to potentially opportunist subordinates. Such an organization hampered their activity in the Eastern market. Whereas the Mediterranean became an outlying space for world trade, the Roux failed to develop their Levantine firm despite the diversity of their networks. The domination of Marseilles over the clothing industry in Languedoc contributed, in fact, to its jeopardizing and the quality decline of its products. At the end of the Seven Years' War, these exportations entered in a declining stage maintained by the inertia of the merchants' practices which also account for the lack of diversification. Thus, network defects combine with the complexity of the Levantine market, the geopolitical troubles of the 18th century and the transition to English hegemony to explain the crisis of the Levantine trade from Marseilles
10
Macdonald, Simon James Stuart. « British communities in late eighteenth-century Paris ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609294.
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11
Riordan, Michael Benjamin. « Mysticism and prophecy in Scotland in the long eighteenth century ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709304.
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Sinclair, Alistair John. « The emergence of philosophical inquiry in 18th century Scotland ». Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284694.
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Brito, Nadia Francisca. « Merchants of Curacao in the early 18th century ». W&M ScholarWorks, 1989. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625499.
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LEDERLE, Julia Christine. « Mission und Ökonomie der Jesuiten in Indien : Intermediäres Handeln im 18. Jahrhundert am Beispiel der Malabar - Provinz ». Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/10406.
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Defence date: 21 September 2007Examining Board: Prof. Dr. Peter Becker, University of Linz (EUI) ; Prof. em. Dr. Dietmar Rothermund, (University of Heidelberg) ; Prof. Dr. Martin van Gelderen, (EUI) ; Prof. Pius Malekandathil (University of Sanskrit, Delhi)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
no abstract available
15
Dwyer, John. « Virtuous discourse : sensibility and community in late eighteenth-century Scotland ». Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25786.
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This study explores the moral characteristics of late eighteenth-century Scottish culture in order to ascertain both its specific nature and its contribution to modern consciousness. It argues that, while the language of moral discourse in that socio-economic environment remained in large part traditional, containing aspects from both neo-Stoicism and classical humanism, it also incorporated and helped to develop an explicitly modern conceptual network. The language of sensibility as discussed by Adam Smith and adapted by practical Scottish moralists, played a key role in the Scottish assessment of appropriate ethical behaviour In a complex society.
The contribution of enlightened Scottish moralists to the language and literature of sensibility has been virtually overlooked, with a corresponding impoverishment of our understanding of some of the most important eighteenth-century social and cultural developments. Both literary scholars and social historians have made the mistake of equating eighteenth century sensibility with the growth of individualism and romanticism. The Scottish contribution to sensibility cannot be appreciated in such terms, but needs to be examined in relation to the stress that its practitioners placed upon man's social nature and the integrity of the moral community.
Scottish moralists believed that their traditional ethical community was threatened by the increased selfishness, disparateness, and mobility of an imperial and commercial British society. They turned to the cultivation of the moral sentiments as a primary mechanism for moral preservation and regeneration in a cold and indifferent modern world. What is more their discussion of this cultivation related in significant ways to the development of new perspectives on adolescence, private and domestic life, the concept of the feminine and the literary form of the novel.
Scottish moralists made a contribution to sentimental discourse which has been almost completely overlooked. Henry Mackenzie, Hugh Blair and James Fordyce were among the most popular authors of the century and their discussion of the family, the community, education, the young and the conjugal relationship was not only influential per se but also reflected a particularly Scottish moral discourse which stressed the concept of sociability and evidenced concern about the survival of the moral community in a modern society. To the extent that literary scholars and historians have ignored or misread their works, they have obscured rather than enlightened eighteenth-century culture and its relationship with the social base.Arts, Faculty of
History, Department of
Graduate
16
Hübner, Regina Beate. « State medicine and the state of medicine in Tokugawa, Japan : Kōkei saikyūhō (1791), an emergency handbook initiated by the Bakufu ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708725.
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Stubbs, Tristan Michael Cormac. « The plantation overseers of eighteenth-century Virginia, South Carolina and Georgia ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608227.
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Baker, Daniel Alexander. « Technologies of encounter : exhibition-making and the 18th century South Pacific ». Thesis, University of the Arts London, 2018. http://ualresearchonline.arts.ac.uk/13703/.
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Between 1768 and 1780 Captain James Cook led three epic voyages from Britain into the Pacific Ocean, where he and his fellow explorers- artists, naturalists, philosophers and sailors, were to encounter societies and cultures of extraordinary diversity. These 18th Century South Pacific encounters were rich with performance, trade and exchange; but they would lead to the dramatic and violent transformation of the region through colonisation, settlement, exploitation and disease. Since those initial encounters, museums in Britain have become home to the images and artefacts produced and collected in the South Pacific; and they are now primary sites for the representation of the original voyages and their legacies. This representation most often takes the form of exhibitions and displays that in turn choreograph and produce new encounters with the past, in the present. Drawing on Alfred Gell's term 'technologies of enchantment' my practice reconceives the structures of exhibitions as 'technologies of encounter': exploring how they might be reconfigured to produce new kinds of encounter. Through reflexive practice I critically engage with museums as sites of encounters, whilst re-imagining the exhibition as a creative form. The research submission takes the form of an exhibition: an archive of materials from the practice, interwoven with a reflective dialogue in text. The thesis progresses through a series of exhibition encounters, each of which explores a different approach to technologies of encounter, from surrealist collage (Cannibal Dog Museum) and critical reflexivity (The Hidden Hand), to a conversational mode (Modernity's Candle and the Ways of the Pathless Deep).
19
Nadeau, Martin. « Theatre et esprit public : le role du Theatre-Italien dans la culture politique parisienne a l'ere des revolutions (1770-1799) ». Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=37795.
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Taking as a case study the Theatre-Italien, here considered both as a particular theatrical practice and as a specific stage in Paris---one of the most popular at the time---this dissertation asks what role this theatre played in the novel competition of discourses which characterized political culture in the era of Revolutions. All too often, historians have overestimated print culture as the main medium through which discourses were produced in the eighteenth century, and this despite the fact that theatre played a fundamental role in the public life of this period. Furthermore, when theatre is studied, historians emphasize too often the written form of the plays.The dissertation's structure seeks to underline the specificity of the cultural practice represented by the theatre. The discrepancies between the meaning of a play written by a particular author and the same play as it is performed on stage are emphasized. Political messages emerge out of the language of the actors and actresses without any possibility to control them, so that the players become, in effect, co-authors of the play. Similarly, the variety of the nature of the audience and the way in which it becomes at once judge, co-author and co-actor make the public, neither intangible nor invisible, but simply gathered, a crucial feature of this cultural practice which allows us to argue that theatre was actually a very bad instrument of propaganda. Instead, theatre can be seen at the time to be a public scene of immediate political debate. The conflicting opinions expressed there turn theatre not into the minor of political reality intended by various regimes confronted to the diversity of the polity---what some people have called "a school for the people"---but rather as the mirror of the reality experienced by a large number of Parisians at the time. It is in this sense that we relate the theatrical practices studied with the concept of public spirit, expressing the people's understanding of the general interest, instead of that of public opinion, expressing the unified message imposed by a dominant political group.
20
Perinetti, Dario. « Hume, history and the science of human nature ». Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38509.
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This thesis sets out to show that a philosophical reflection on history is, in the strongest possible way, an essential feature of Hume's project of a science of human nature: a philosophical investigation of human nature, for Hume, cannot be successful independently of an understanding of the relation of human beings to their history. Hume intended to criticize traditional metaphysics by referring all knowledge to experience. But it is almost always assumed that Hume means by "experience" the result of an individual's past sense perception or personal observation. Accordingly, Hume's criticism of traditional metaphysics is taken to lead to an individualistic conception of knowledge and human nature. In this thesis I claim that this picture of Hume's "empiricism" is simply wrong. He is not a philosopher who reduces "experience" to the merely private happenings within a personal psychology. On the contrary, Hume has a wider notion of experience, one that includes not only personal observation and memory, but, fundamentally, one that includes implicit knowledge of human history. Experience, so understood, brings about what I term a historical point of view, namely, the point of view of someone who seeks to extend his experience as far as it is possible in order to acquire the capacity to produce more nuanced and impartial judgments in any given practice. It is precisely this historical point of view that enables us to depart from the individualistic perspective that we would otherwise be bound to adopt not only in epistemology but, most significantly, in politics, in social life, in religion, etc.Chapter 1 presents the historical background against which Hume elaborates his views of history's role in philosophy. Chapter 2 discusses and criticizes the individualist reading of Hume by showing that he had a satisfactory account of beliefs formed via human testimony. Chapter 3 presents a view of Hume on explanation that underscores his interest in practical and informal explanations as those of history. Chapter 4 provides a discussion of Hume's notion of historical experience in relation both to his theory of perception and to his project of a "science of man."
21
Wrightson, Nicholas Mikus. « Franklin's networks : aspects of British Atlantic print culture, science, and communication c.1730-60 ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670081.
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22
Bellais, Leslie Anne. « Textile Consumption and Availability : A View from an 18th Century Merchant's Records ». W&M ScholarWorks, 1987. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625406.
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Kane, Victoria Eileen. « False Lips and a Naughty Tongue : Rumors and 18th Century Native Americans ». W&M ScholarWorks, 1995. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625992.
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West, Shearer. « The theatrical portrait in eighteenth century London ». Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2982.
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A theatrical portrait is an image of an actor or actors in character. This genre was widespread in eighteenth century London and was practised by a large number of painters and engravers of all levels of ability. The sources of the genre lay in a number of diverse styles of art, including the court portraits of Lely and Kneller and the fetes galantes of Watteau and Mercier. Three types of media for theatrical portraits were particularly prevalent in London, between c.1745 and 1800 : painting, print and book illustration. All three offered some form of publicity to the actor, and allowed patrons and buyers to recollect a memorable - performance of a play. Several factors governed the artist's choice of actor, character and play. Popular or unusual productions of plays were nearly always accompanied by some form of actor portrait, although there are eighteenth century portraits which do not appear to reflect any particular performance at all. Details of costume in these works usually reflected fashions of the contemporary stage, although some artists occasionally invented costumes to suit their own ends. Gesture and expression of the actors in theatrical portraits also tended to follow stage convention, and some definite parallels between gestures of actors in theatrical portraits and contemporary descriptions of those actors can be made. Theatrical portraiture on the eighteenth century model continued into the nineteenth century, but its form changed with the changing styles of acting. However the art continued to be largely commercial and ephemeral, and in its very ephemerality lies its importance as a part of the social history of the eighteenth century.
25
Allen, Katherine June. « Manuscript recipe collections and elite domestic medicine in eighteenth century England ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7c96c4db-2d18-4cff-bedc-f80558d57322.
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Collecting recipes was an established tradition that continued in elite English households throughout the eighteenth century. This thesis is on medical recipes and advice, and it addresses the evolution of recipe collecting from the seventeenth century and throughout the eighteenth century. It investigates elite domestic medicine within a cultural history of medicine framework and uses social and material history approaches to reveal why elites continued to collect medical recipes, given the commercialisation of medicine. This thesis contends that the meaning of domestic medicine must be understood within a wider context of elite healthcare in order to appreciate how the recipe collecting tradition evolved alongside cultural shifts, and shifts within the medical economy. My re-appraisal of the meaning of domestic medicine gives elite healthcare a clearer role within the narrative of the social history of medicine. Elite healthcare was about choice. Wealthy individuals had economic agency in consumerism, and recipe compilers interacted with new sources of information and products; recipe books are evidence of this consumer engagement. In addition to being household objects, recipe books had cultural significance as heirlooms, and as objects of literacy, authority, and creativity. A crucial reason for the continuation of the recipe collecting tradition was due to its continued engagement with cultural attitudes towards social obligation, knowledge exchange, taste, and sociability as an intellectual pursuit. Positioning the household as an important space of creativity, experiment, and innovation, this thesis reinforces domestic medicine as an important part of the interconnected histories of science and medicine. This thesis moreover contributes to the social history of eighteenth-century England by demonstrating the central role domestic medicine had in elite healthcare, and reveals the elite reception of the commercialisation of medicine from a consumer perspective through an investigation of personal records of intellectual pastimes and patient experiences.
26
Turner, Grace S. « An Allegory for Life : An 18th century African-influenced cemetery landscape, Nassau, Bahamas ». W&M ScholarWorks, 2013. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623360.
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I use W.E.B. Du Bois' reference to the worlds 'within and without the veil' as the narrative setting for presenting the case of an African-Bahamian urban cemetery in use from the early eighteenth century to the early twentieth century. I argue that people of African descent lived what Du Bois termed a 'double consciousness.' Thus, the ways in which they shaped and changed this cemetery landscape reflect the complexities of their lives. Since the material expressions of this cemetery landscape represent the cultural perspectives of the affiliated communities so changes in its maintenance constitute archaeologically visible evidence of this process. Evidence in this study includes analysis of human remains; the cultural preference for cemetery space near water; certain trees planted as a living grave site memorial; butchered animal remains as evidence of food offerings; and placement of personal dishes on top of graves.;Based on the manufacture dates for ceramic and glass containers African-derived cultural behavior was no longer practiced after the mid-nineteenth century even though the cemetery remained in use until the early twentieth century. I interpret this change as evidence of a conscious cultural decision by an African-Bahamian population in Nassau to move away from obviously African-derived expressions of cultural identity. I argue that the desire for social mobility motivated this change. Full emancipation was granted in the British Empire by 1838. People of African descent who wanted to take advantage of social opportunities had to give up public expressions of African-derived cultural identity in order to participate more fully and successfully in the dominant society.
27
Bethune, Kate. « British politeness and elite culture in revolutionary and early national Philadelphia, c.1775-1800 ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609079.
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Min, Shu. « Evolving Vernacular Architecture : Case Studies in Sichuan, China, 18th-20th Century ». Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/15474.
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This thesis investigates how and why Sichuan courtyard dwellings evolved to adapt to changing social and cultural conditions from the 18th to the 20th century. Located in south-western China, Sichuan courtyard dwelling share some similarities with those in other regions of China but have its unique characteristics. While much of the existing scholarship studies Sichuan vernacular architecture from a static perspective, this research examines the development of Sichuan vernacular architecture as a dynamic process of immigration, localization, and acculturation. The research is based on three in-depth case studies and fifteen auxiliary cases. Using research methods including archival research, interviewing, site observation, and spatial analysis, the thesis adopts a holistic research framework to examine architectural space, social relationships, everyday life and cultural meaning of selected examples. The thesis shows that Sichuan courtyard dwellings in the 18th century were not developed from local architectural forms, but imported from inland China along with the wave of immigration. With the process of localisation in the 19th century, the characteristics of Sichuan vernacular dwelling such as grey space, flexible layout, extended eave, and small sky-well came into being to adapt to the new natural and cultural environment. The study also found that the social relationships and everyday life of the Sichuan residents were driving forces for the creation of the interesting spaces. The study also shows that many Sichuan courtyard dwellings in the 20th century were the results of compromise and eclecticism: their domestic spaces were organized within the traditional spatial framework as a cultural inheritance, while their westernized facade revealed the process of acculturation. Through these findings, the thesis contributes an original perspective to the understanding of Sichuan vernacular architecture as an evolving process over time.
29
Egan, Grace. « Corresponding forms : aspects of the eighteenth-century letter ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1b22283d-1b7b-46bc-8bbe-fdda16b20323.
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My thesis investigates the dialogic aspects and literary qualities ascribed to letters during the long eighteenth century. In part this involves documenting the correspondence between letters and other genres, such as the novel. Being in correspondence encouraged writers such as Burney and Johnson to express the relationship between sender and recipient in interesting ways. I posit that the letter offered a sophisticated means for writers, including those in Richardson's circle, to represent speech and thought, and mimic (with varying degrees of indirection), that of others. I consider the editorial habits and typographical conventions that governed letter-writing during the period, honing in on Richardson's contributions. I link his claim that letters were written 'to the Moment' with broader tropes of 'occasional' style, and show how this manifests in letters' intricate modulations of tense and person. Chapter 1 details the conventions that prevailed in letters of the period, and their interactions with irony and innovation. I compare convention in the epistolary novels of Smollett and Richardson, and look at closure in the Johnson-Thrale correspondence. Chapter 2 demonstrates that various methods of combining one's voice with others were utilized in letters (such as those of the Burney family), including some that took advantage of the epistolary form and its reputation as 'talking on paper'. Chapter 3 shows the role of mimesis in maintaining the dialogic structure of letters, and links it to contemporary theories of sympathy and sentiment. Chapters 4 and 5 apply the findings about epistolary tradition, polyphony and sentimentalism to the letters of Sterne and Burns. In them, there is a mixture of sentiment and irony, and of individual and 'correspondent' styles. The conclusion discusses the editing of letters, both in situ and in preparation for publication. The twin ideals of spontaneity and sincerity, I conclude, have influenced the way we choose to edit letters in scholarly publications.
30
Robichaud, Marc. « Making hospitals "worthy of their purpose" : hospitals and the hospital reform movement in the généralité of Rouen (1774-1794) ». Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84543.
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The eighteenth century was a period ripe with challenges for hospitals in France. Denounced as ineffective, inefficient and even inhumane institutions, hospitals found themselves at the centre of a growing debate over the administration of health care and welfare. Although dismissing the hospital's traditional role as a refuge for the poor, the indigent and the sick, many reformers believed that this institution still could play a valuable social role. Thus, while contemporaries lashed out against the large, "abuse-ridden," hopitaux generaux and hotels-Dieu , small hospitals were seen in a more favourable light. For the growing number of contemporaries who argued that hospitalisation should be reserved exclusively for the sick, hospitals containing a small number of beds were promoted as better disposed and better equipped to meeting the health-care needs of the community. At the same time, contemporaries began calling for the decentralization of health care and welfare services. Instead of focusing these services in large regional poor-relief institutions, reformers argued that the poor and the sick would be better served by receiving assistance in their own community, either in small parish hospitals, or within their own home (secours a domicile).This dissertation examines how hospitals and hospital services in the late eighteenth-century generalite of Rouen responded to this growing hospital reform movement. It shows that many of the policies adopted by the region's hospital administrators reflected the contents of the larger "national" debate on health care and welfare reform. More importantly, the military was behind many of the changes affecting hospital services in this region During the eighteenth century, military hospitals became a model to emulate towards making the "reformed" hospital a reality. However, imposing military-style health standards on the region's civilian hospitals proved to be a complicated process, one that often involved a great deal of negotiation and compromise.
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Ksiazkiewicz, Allison Ann. « Geology and neoclassical aesthetics : visualising the structure of the earth in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Britain ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607907.
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Allard, Julie 1977. « "Nous faisons chaque jour quelques pas vers le beau simple" : transformations de la mode française, 1770-1790 ». Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=79280.
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This thesis analyses the simplification of fashion in the French "beau monde" at the end of the eighteenth century. It reveals that the simplified fashion of the 1770s and 1780s was the result of a new feeling for nature. New perceptions of the body led physicians to plead for a new fashion, more respectful of the natural characters of the body. On the aesthetic level, natural simplicity was meant to be the only way to recover original truth and energy. Moreover, anglomania, by way of sustained exchanges with England, contributed to the development of a simpler and more egalitarian fashion. This new feeling for nature reflects profound changes in the French society at the end of the century. The idea of nature, defined according to the values and ideals of a rising bourgeoisie, conveyed a bourgeois spirit no longer restricted to a narrow social group.
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Schneider, Leann G. « Capturing Otherness on Canvas : 16th - 18th century European Representation of Amerindians and Africans ». Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1437430892.
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Sörlin, Per. « Trolldoms- och vidskepelseprocesserna i Göta hovrätt 1635-1754 ». Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Historiska studier, 1993. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-65857.
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Extensive witchcraft trials took place in Sweden between the years 1668 and 1676. Approximately three hundred individuals were executed during a period of very few years. However, far more common were trials of a more modest nature, concerning minor magic and malevolent witchcraft without aspects of diabolism. The present dissertation deals with these minor cases, which have previously attracted very little academic interest. The source material for this study comprises 353 cases (involving 880 individuals), submitted to the Göta Royal Superior Court by informants during the period 1635-1754. The area of jurisdiction covered by the Göta Royal Superior Court embraced the southernmost areas of Sweden. This study discusses witchcraft and magic trials from three perspectives: 1. The elite perspective (the acculturation model); 2. The functionalistic conflict perspective; and 3. The systems-oriented perspective of popular magic. Ideologically and religiously coloured perceptions of magic became more pervasive at the same time as the number of trials increased. This was caused by central administrative measures, which broadened the opportunities for pursuing cases on the local level. However, the increased influence of the dite cannot be characterized as a conquest of folk culture by the elite. It is more adequate to speak of a movement of repression, originating in a state become all the more civilized. Death sentences were few and far between and most of the cases concerned minor magic. There existed no independent popular level such as emerges in the reports from the proceedings of the trials. People clearly differentiated between different types of malevolent witchcraft when standing before the courts. They were more likely to go directly to trial when the signs preceding their misfortunes hinted at magical activity (viewed as sorcery), than they were when suspicions against witches were based on threats made in conflict situations. Witchcraft which had its basis in conflict situations appears to have been more dependent upon first receiving encouragement in the form of obliging courts, before people would take their cases to trial. This has created a pattern which ostensibly makes it seem that the level of social tensions was low, so that people therefore appeared indifferent toward malevolent witchcraft. Just as illusory is the competing image of an uninfluenced popular perception of witchcraft which actually emerges in the Göta Royal Superior Court. However, this does not mean that the actions of individuals was characterized by an assimilation of the values of the dominant culture. Receptivity to the signals of the elite was certainly clear, but at the same time the responses indicate a great deal of independence. Popular participation in witchcraft trials took place without any prerequisite profound cultural transformations.digitalisering@umu
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Yates, Paula. « The established church and rural elementary schooling : the Welsh dioceses 1780-1830 ». Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683276.
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Nogués-Marco, Pilar. « Bullionism, specie-point mechanism and bullion flows in the early 18th century Europe ». Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010IEPP0009.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Le marché requière que les échanges soient volontaires et le droit peut restreindre le fonctionnement d'un marché. C'est ce qui s’est produit avec les régulations bullionistes de Castille, qui ont conduit à l’apparition d’un marché noir des métaux précieux à Cadix dans l’Époque Moderne. La thèse doctorale se concentre sur la structure de ce marché illégal des métaux précieux, afin de comprendre la logique des sorties d'argent. L'arbitrage est expliqué par la présence d'un pouvoir d’oligopsone qui réduisait le prix de l’argent à Cadiz et créait un biais systématique entre les prix intérieurs et internationaux. La leçon qui se dégage de cette étude est que pour comprendre le mécanisme des points d’espèces dans l’Époque Moderne, il faut tout d’abord comprendre la structure du marché des métaux précieux pour le lieu et la période considérésThe market requires that exchanges are voluntary and the law may restrict the workings of a given market. This is the case with Castile bullionist regulations, which led to an illegal bullion market in Early Modern Cadiz. This paper focuses on the structure of this illegal bullion market in order to understand the logic of silver outflows. Arbitrage is explained by the presence of an oligopsony power that depressed the price of silver in Cadiz and created a systematic bias between domestic and international market prices. The lesson that emerges from this paper is that understanding the specie-flow mechanism in the Early Modern Period demands the comprehension of the bullion market structure for the place and time examined
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Miller, Derek Robert. « Breaking the Mold : Sugar Ceramics and the Political Economy of 18th Century St Eustatius ». W&M ScholarWorks, 2008. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626553.
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Chic, Ciara L. « Hidden pathways : a study of interrelationships among Native and African Americans in 18th century Virginia ». CardinalScholar 1.0, 2010. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1562871.
Texte intégralRésumé :
There are gaps within American history that overlook histories of other cultures that are embedded and interwoven in this nation’s history. The voices of Natives and African- Americans have been drowned out by dominating Eurocentric views and documentation. This study will document and analyze the entangled histories of Natives and Africans in Virginia during the early colonial period. The purpose of my study is to examine more in depth the relationships and interactions between Native Americans and Africans through historic documents and material cultural studies. I want to find out why and how these peoples formed cross-cultural and created hybrid bonds and cultures through community development, marriage and kinship during the 18th century. This study will cross the boundaries of race, ethnicity, gender, class and nationalism and contribute to a deeper understanding of intersectional processes. It will also demonstrate that relationships between Africans and American Indians were prevalent in the Virginia colony and the Upper Southeastern region as a whole.Introduction -- Theory and literature review -- Historical context -- Race and racism -- Contact of Natives and Africans -- Conclusion.
Department of Anthropology
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ENA, SANJUÁN Íñigo. « The vertebrae of the Leviathan : municipal debt and state formation in the eighteenth-century Crown of Aragon ». Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/74919.
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Defence date: 28 September 2022Examining Board: Prof. Pieter Judson (European University Institute); Prof. Tamar Herzog (Harvard University); Prof. Christopher Storrs (University of Dundee); Prof. Regina Grafe (European University Institute)
Why and how did modern states emerge in Southwestern Europe? These are the main questions that this thesis answers by examining the debt of six municipalities of the Crown of Aragon during the 18th century through a multiscale, transversal, and comparative approach. The ancient practices which constituted the Aragonese polity appeared in the mid-fourteenth century and survived at least until the mid-eighteenth century partially thanks to the debt of the municipalities. Towns and kingdoms were in many cases ruled by assemblies of creditors by virtue of debt restructuring agreements. Debt accounts for the long survival of the Aragonese polity, but also for its sclerosis. The financial situation of the debtholders, mostly ecclesiastical institutions, prevented rulers from defaulting on municipal debt and adopting drastic measures against the Church, as they feared a financial meltdown. The emergence of the modern state was an intricate process which started by 1750, mainly due to the collapse of the ancient mechanisms. The modern state appeared as a set of practices devised and implemented by a myriad of actors who tried to recompose social and political life. State formation was first and foremost a local process in which municipal debt proved crucial too. The examination of local dynamics reveals that modern states in Southwestern Europe followed similar paths during the early phases of their formation.
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Lane, Jonah Anne Marie. « The society and economy of a fishing community : Liverpool, Nova Scotia in the late 18th century ». Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6091.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The staples theory has dominated the history of the fisheries in Atlantic Canada for the last century. Historians have discussed the economic and social history of the region largely in terms of the impact of international trade and war. These two factors are important; however, they alone do not explain the development of the region. The people who lived there came from diverse backgrounds, chose to settle there for different reasons, and approached the exploitation of the resources of the region based on their own experiences and aspirations. This thesis builds on studies of maritime communities from New England to Newfoundland to explain how people in a fishing-based community in Nova Scotia in the late 18th century lived and worked. It examines the economic strategies found in this Nova Scotian fishing community in comparison with other studies of economic pluralism in rural communities from New England, Quebec, and New Brunswick. Liverpool, Nova Scotia was settled by New England Planters in 1759, after the expulsion of the Acadians. The circumstances of the new settlers were affected by the political climate and the changing conditions of international trade. Thirty years after their arrival, the New England Planters had shaped their economy and society based their environment and on their own traditions and expectations. This study examines the work lives of fishermen and seafarers, the work of women, and the economic role of the family in order to understand the full world of work that shaped this community. It examines the activities of local merchants as well as the role of community institutions to understand how this society functioned. Much as other historians have concluded about rural agricultural communities, this study concludes that this fishing based community had, and depended on, a plurality of economic activities, both commercial and non-commercial in nature, and that this plurality was a source of strength.
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Sjöberg, Maria. « Järn och jord : Bergsmän på 1700-talet = [Iron and land] : [mining peasants during the 18th century] ». Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Historiska institutionen, 1993. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-128257.
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Holley, Jared Douglas. « Eighteenth-century Epicureanism and the political thought of Jean-Jacques Rousseau ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708202.
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Stewart, Alan M. (Alan Maxwell) 1953. « Settling an 18th-century faubourg : property and family in the Saint-Laurent suburb, 1735-1810 ». Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=64109.
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Hillam, F. C. « The development of dental practice in the provinces from the late 18th century to 1855 ». Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378033.
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Bycroft, Michael Trevor. « Physics and natural history in the eighteenth century : the case of Charles Dufay ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648547.
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Stevens, Ralph. « Anglican responses to the Toleration Act, 1689-1714 ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708765.
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Wong, Chi-man Lorraine, et 黃芷敏. « Cultural fever, consumer society and pre-orientalism China in eighteenth-century England ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31227946.
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Nitcholas, Mark C. « The Evolution of Gentility in Eighteenth-Century England and Colonial Virginia ». Thesis, University of North Texas, 2000. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2617/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This study analyzes the impact of eighteenth-century commercialization on the evolution of the English and southern American landed classes with regard to three genteel leadership qualities--education, vocation, and personal characteristics. A simultaneous comparison provides a clearer view of how each adapted, or failed to adapt, to the social and economic change of the period. The analysis demonstrates that the English gentry did not lose a class struggle with the commercial ranks as much as they were overwhelmed by economic changes they could not understand. The southern landed class established an economy based on production of cash crops and thus adapted better to a commercial economy. The work addresses the development of class-consciousness in England and the origins of Virginia's landed class.
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Jones, Diana Kathryn. « The relationship between religion, work and education and the influence of 18th and 19th century nonconformist entrepreneurs ». Thesis, University of Southampton, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308233.
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Wilton, Alene Jayne. « Clergy and community : the Archdeaconries of Buckingham and Gloucester, 1730-1780 ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7a423dec-2db4-462a-ab97-40c963106053.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The intention of this thesis is to make a contribution to the understanding of the eighteenth-century Church of England within the community in which it existed. Recognising the enormous variation that existed within the Church during the period, this study provides a close comparison of two archdeaconries, (something which is rarely undertaken in the historiography of the Church), both of which have never received attention from historians. In order to study the Church in these regions, the archdeaconries of Buckingham and Gloucester, detailed consideration is given to the role and activities of the parochial clergy in each archdeaconry. By concentrating upon the community, and the clergy's place within it, this thesis is able to provide a detailed picture of the social, political and economic integration of the clergy within these two specific regions, as well as their pastoral work and family life, the latter much neglected by historians. It devotes much attention to the property of the clergy, as a means of locating the clergy within local communities, and because of the great effect their property and income had upon other spheres of their everyday life. In doing this, this thesis demonstrates the diversity of experience of clergy within each archdeaconry, but it also shows some overall trends which marked the experience of parochial clergy in the period. It argues that the eighteenth-century clergyman was immersed in almost every aspect of community life, and although conscious of his distinctiveness as a parson, such integration represented a fusion of the ecclesiastical and secular, the incumbent's pragmatic response to the circumstances of the community of which he was a part.