Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Collins asymmetries »

In this contribution TMD evolution of azimuthal asymmetries, in particular of the Sivers and double Collins asymmetries, is addressed. A comparison of the scale dependence is made between asymmetries described with TMD factorization at low transverse momentum and those described with collinear factorization at high transverse momentum. Finally, the advantages of Bessel weighting are discussed: convergence of transverse momentum integrals, suppression of large transverse momentum contributions, and well-defined lattice QCD evaluations of Bessel-weighted TMDs including proper gauge links.

We present the preliminary results of the measurement of the azimuthal asymmetries of two charged pions in the inclusive process [Formula: see text] in the BESIII experiment. These asymmetries are attributed to the so-called Collins fragmentation function, which depict the behavior of a hadron produced from a transversely polarized quark. This spin-dependent function is an important input for the global analysis of extracting the transversity inside the nucleon. In addition, by comparison with the measured asymmetries at Belle, this measurement provides the first data to explore the [Formula: see text] evolution of the spin-dependent fragmentation function. This work is performed based on about 62[Formula: see text][Formula: see text] data collected with the BESIII detector at BEPCII at [Formula: see text]=3.65[Formula: see text]GeV.

Single spin asymmetry measurements ([Formula: see text]) of the azimuthal distribution of charged pions inside jets produced in transversely polarized proton collisions are sensitive to the transversity distribution and the Collins fragmentation function. The STAR Detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider is well suited for these types of measurements as it is capable of full jet reconstruction and charged pion identification in the mid-rapidity region ([Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]). We report here the first observation of Collins [Formula: see text] asymmetries in [Formula: see text] GeV [Formula: see text] collisions.

In the fragmentation of a transversely polarized quark a left-right asymmetry, the Collins asymmetry, is expected for each hadron produced in the process [Formula: see text]. Similarly, an asymmetry is also expected for the hadron pair, the dihadron asymmetry. Both asymmetries have been measured to be different from zero on transversely polarised proton targets and have allowed for first extractions of the transversity distributions. From the high statistics COMPASS data we have further investigated these asymmetries getting strong indications that the two mechanisms are driven by a common physical process.

Transversity Distribution, which describes the quark transverse polarization inside a transversely polarized nucleon, is the last leading-twist missing piece of the QCD description of the partonic structure of the nucleon. Transversity can be extracted from Semi-Inclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering (SIDIS) data, where, due to its chiralodd nature, it couples to a new, unknown fragmentation function, called Collins function. Independent information on the Collins function can be obtained in e+e- -> qq annihilation processes, where q = u, d, s. In the cross section formula, the Collins effect introduces a term that depends on the polarization of the quark q (antiquark q), which produces an asymmetry in the azimuthal distribution of the fragmenting products. For unpolarized beams we do not know the spin of the quarks arising from the e+e- annihilation process, and hence we cannot measure the spin effects due to the Collins function analyzing the hadron distributions generated in only one jet, which come from the fragmentation of a single quark. The Collins spin effect can instead be studied in inclusive production of two hadrons detected in opposite jets, produced by the fragmentation of a correlated qq pair: e+e- -> qq -> h1h2X. This correlation results in an observable azimuthal asymmetry distribution of the two hadrons. In this thesis, we present the measurement of the Collins asymmetries in the pions system (h1; h2 = π), using a sample of about 468 fb^(-1) of data collected at a center of mass energy of 10.54 and 10.58 GeV, with the BABAR detector at the e+e- collider PEPII at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory of Stanford. The Collins asymmetries are calculated in two different frames called thrust reference frame (RF12), and second hadron momentum frame (RF0), and the final results are shown as a function of the fractional energy and, for the first time in e+e- annihilation, as a function of the transverse momenta of the two pions. These results can be used in combination with Belle, HERMES, and COMPASS data in order to improve the extraction of the Transversity function, and Collins fragmentation function.

A complete, fundamental understanding of the proton must include knowledge of the underlying spin structure. The transversity distribution, h1(x), which describes the transverse spin structure of quarks inside of a transversely polarized proton, is only accessible through channels that couple h1(x) to another chiral odd distribution, such as the Collins fragmentation function (ΔN Dπ/q↑(z,jT)). Significant Collins asymmetries of charged pions have been observed in semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering (SIDIS) data. These SIDIS asymmetries combined with e+e- process asymmetries have allowed for the extraction of h1(x) and ΔN Dπ/q↑(z,jT). However, the current uncertainties on h1(x) are large compared to the corresponding quark momentum and helicity distributions and reflect the limited statistics and kinematic reach of the available data. In transversely polarized hadronic collisions, Collins asymmetries may be isolated and extracted by measuring the spin dependent azimuthal distributions of charged pions in jets. This thesis will report on the first statistically significant Collins asymmetries extracted from √ s = 200 GeV hadronic collisions using 14 pb-1 of transversely polarized proton collisions at 57% average polarization.

2010/2011
The transversity distribution function can be studied in inclusive one- and two-hadrons production in DIS off a transversely polarized target. The measurement of the spin asymmetries in the azimuthal distribution of the one- or two-hadrons, and of the Collins or di-hadron fragmentation functions, allows to access the transversity distribution function. In this thesis the measurements of the one- and two-hadron transverse spin asymmetries performed by the COMPASS experiment is discussed. Finally the first extraction of the transversity PDF from two-hadron asymmetries is perfomed.
XXIV Ciclo
1976

Des tests de fissuration ont été réalisés sur des joints collés asymétriques. Ces assemblages asymétriques sont constitués de deux substrats de nature et/ou d’épaisseur différentes liés par un adhésif. Cette géométrie d’éprouvette semble peu utilisée pour effectuer des essais de fissuration. Elles présentent certains inconvénients et de ce fait n’ont fait l’objet d’aucune normalisation. Dans le cadre cette géométrie d’éprouvette d’essai a été néanmoins été retenue et utilisée dans trois configurations différentes pour la caractérisation mécanique des assemblages collés. Des protocoles d’essai et les schéma d’analyse associés ont été définis pour des essais de fissuration à vitesse de déplacement imposé (CRT : Constant Rate Test), à force imposée (CFT : Constant Force Test) ainsi qu’à déplacement imposé (CDT : Constant Displacement Test). Les analyses ont pu être étalonnées au moyen d’un étau matérialisant artificiellement la position d’un fissure. De nombreuses configurations ont été étudiées à l’occasion de ce travail tant du point de vue des adhésifs utilisés (epoxy, cyanoacrylate, acrylic mastic, PSA) que du point de vue des substrats encollés (alliage d’aluminium, composite à matrice organique, polycarbonate). Ces nouveaux tests s’avèrent prometteurs car ils permettent de suivre de façon continu et précision la propagation de fissure au sein de la liaison. En outre, l’analyse des déformations mesurées par extensométrie lors d’essai réalisés à déplacement imposé (CDT) permet un suivi précis de la réponse de la couche adhésive dans la zone contrainte et d’estimer la taille de cette dernière, y compris lorsque la colle est dans un état métastable. Un autre résultat important de ce travail concerne l’analyse de la modification du front de fissure celle-ci voit une diminution de l’adhésion entre les deux substrats. Enfin, un calcul plus précis du taux de restitution d’énergie a été proposé pour prendre en compte le caractère élastique de la couche adhésive, mais permettant aussi de mieux appréhender la redistribution des contraintes dans la colle, et ainsi mieux interpréter les essais mécaniques réalisés. Des analyses par Microscopie à Force Atomique (AFM) ainsi qu’au microscope électronique à balayage (MEB) ont été effectués sur les substrats encollés pour évaluer l’impact des traitements de surface. Des simulations numériques par la method des éléments finis ont été réalisées pour determiner l’état de contrainte dans nos éprouvette d’essai et ainsi expliquer la courbure du front de fissure et les faciès de rupture observés. Les nouvelles configurations expérimentales décrites dans ce manuscript nous paraissent prometteuses car elle offrent une amelioration très significative en terme de fiabilité et précision comparativement aux tests présentés habituellement pour ce type de travaux
Adhesion was studied in asymmetric bonded joints using fracture mechanics tests. The asymmetric bonded joints consist of two different type and/or thickness materials bonded by an adhesive. Mentions of asymmetric bonded joint tests employed so far are rare in the literature. They are imperfect and therefore are not standardized. Accordingly three new tests were introduced in this work to study bonded joints. The new metrological routines and models were built for the CRT (Constant Rate Test), CFT (Constant Force Test) and the CDT (Constant Displacement Test). The routines were validated with the new Artificial Crack Tip test developed in this thesis. Different bonded systems were examined: the adhesives - epoxy, cyanoacrylate, acrylic mastic, PSA; the bonded adherends - aluminium alloys, CFRP composites and polycarbonate. The results obtained in the new tests are very promising in terms of the accuracy and continuous observation of crack kinetics. In addition it was found that the novel strain gauge technique, introduced in the CDT, test allows precise joint monitoring when the adhesive is in a metastable state and a precise estimation of process zone. Another interesting achievement of this work was describing the phenomenon of double crack curvature in the vicinity of the strong – weak adhesion transition zone. The next achievement was derivation of the strain energy release rate from the elastic foundation model, which gives better understanding of the mechanics and the measurements behind adhesive bonding. Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) studies were made of the bonded substrates to estimate the surface treatment effects. The stress state in asymmetric geometry was studied using finite element analysis (FEA), which explained the formation of the curved crack front and the origin of river patterns. The new tests developed in this study appear promising since they offer accurate and reliable results for the materials tested
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badan asymetrycznych zlaczy adhezyjnych z wykorzystaniem prób mechaniki pekania. Asymetryczne zlacza klejone powstaja przez polaczenie dwóch dowolnych materialów, o innym wskazniku na zginanie, za pomoca kleju. Zaproponowano trzy nowe metody eksperymentalne dla których zaprojektowano i zbudowano stanowiska badawcze. Poprawnosc modeli fizycznych i matematycznych wykorzystanych do interpretacji badanych zjawisk potwierdzono wykorzystujac opracowana w pracy próbe ze sztucznym frontem pekniecia. Próby przeprowadzono na zlaczach klejonych wykorzystujac kleje: epoksydowe, cjanoakrylowy, typu Mastic i PSA, laczonymi materialami byly: stopy aluminium, kompozyt weglowy oraz poliweglan. Wyniki badan uzyskane przy wykorzystaniu nowych metod wskazuja na ich pewnosc i dokladnosc, dodatkowo umozliwiaja ciagla obserwacje propagujacego pekniecia. Nowa metoda pomiaru parametrów mechaniki pekania oparta na pomiarach tensometrycznych zostala z powodzeniem zastosowana do zlaczy w których klej znajduje sie w stanie metastabilnym. W pracy zaobserwowano i przeanalizowano zjawisko powstawania podwójnego frontu pekniecia na granicy osrodków o róznych silach adhezji, dotad nie opisanego. Po raz pierwszy wyprowadzono równanie szybkosci uwalniania energii sprezystej wykorzystujac model belki na sprezystym podlozu, co umozliwia lepsze zrozumienie zachowania sie zlaczy klejonych. Przeprowadzone badania z uzyciem mikroskopii sil atomowych (AFM) oraz skaningowej mikroskopii elektronowej (SEM) umozliwily ocene efektów obróbki powierzchniowej stopów aluminium. W pracy dokonano analizy naprezen w asymetrycznych zlaczach adhezyjnych z wykorzystaniem metody elementów skonczonych (FEM). Analiza FEM pozwolila na wyjasnienie zjawiska powstawania zakrzywionego frontu pekniecia w badanych przelomach. Zaproponowane nowe metody badan zlaczy asymetrycznych zapewniaja dokladnosc i pewnosc pomiaru dla materialów wykorzystanych w badaniach