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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Collectivization of agriculture – Soviet Union – History »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Collectivization of agriculture – Soviet Union – History"

Gabbas, Marco. « Collectivization and National Question in Soviet Udmurtia ». Russian History 47, n^o 4 (8 septembre 2021) : 309–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/18763316-12340015.

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Abstract The subject of this article is the collectivization of agriculture in Soviet Udmurtia at the turn of the 1930s. Situated in the Urals, Udmurtia was an autonomous region, largely agricultural, and with a developing industrial center, Izhevsk, as capital. The titular nationality of the region, the Udmurts, represented slightly more than 50% of the total inhabitants, while the rest was made up by Russians and other national minorities. Udmurts were mostly peasants and concentrated in the countryside, whereas city-dwellers and factory workers were mostly Russians. Due to these and other circumstances, collectivization in Udmurtia was carried out in a very specific way. The campaign began here in 1928, one year before than in the rest of the Union, and had possibly the highest pace in the country, with 76% of collectivized farms by 1933. The years 1928–1931 were the highest point of the campaign, when the most opposition and the most violence took place. The local Party Committee put before itself the special task to carry out a revolutionary collectivization campaign in the Udmurt countryside, which should have been a definitive solution to its “national” backwardness and to all its problems, from illiteracy to trachoma, from syphilis to the strip system (that is, each family worked on small “strips” of land far from each other). The Party Committee failed to exert much support from the peasant Udmurt masses, which stayed at best inert to collectivization propaganda, or opposed it openly. However, the back of the Udmurt peasantry was finally broken, and Udmurtia was totally collectivized by the end of the 1930s.

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Chroust, David Zdeněk. « Keeping Soviet Russia in the Czech Diaspora ? » Canadian-American Slavic Studies 49, n^o 4 (2015) : 453–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22102396-04904006.

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The Hospodář was a twice-monthly magazine for Czech farmers in America, launched in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1891. In the 1920s it became more international as the United States shut out immigrants from Eastern Europe. The Soviet Union became a leading subject in its editorials, columns and especially the hundreds of reader letters published every year. Transnational families were a window into the Czech communities in Volhynia and Crimea. Social Democrats, Communists and others argued about the Soviet Union’s merits as a workers’ and peasants’ state. Agronomist Stanislav Kovář became a regular columnist in Vologda and then Novorossiisk on the NEP and then collectivization in Soviet agriculture. Tolerant, largely written by readers, without political or religious affiliation, and international, the Hospodář was a productive forum for experience, imagination and discourse in the international Czech diaspora on the early Soviet Union.

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Margolin, Victor. « Stalin and Wheat : Collective Farms and Composite Portraits ». Gastronomica 3, n^o 2 (2003) : 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2003.3.2.14.

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In late 1939, USSR in Construction, the Soviet propaganda magazine, published a special issue on the Stalin Collective Farm in the Ukraine. The inside front cover of the magazine contained an anonymous paean to socialist farming, attributing its success to the foresight and support of Joseph Stalin, the nation's leader. On the page flanking the euphoric opening text was a near full-page portrait of Comrade Stalin composed of multi-hued grains including millet, alfalfa, and poppy. Grain, or the absence thereof, was fundamental to the development of collective farms in the Soviet Union. By early 1929, government pressure to form large state-run farms had increased and Stalin declared war on the kulaks, or rich peasants. The kulaks responded by killing their livestock, destroying their crops, and demolishing their homesteads. Nonetheless, collectivization, backed by the Party apparatus, continued relentlessly. Needless to say, none of the resistance to collectivized agriculture was evident in USSR in Construction's depiction of life on the Stalin Collective Farm. At the end of the issue, the apparent happiness and prosperity of the workers were attributed to the virtues of socialism. In the later 1930s, with the inauguration of Stalin's "cult of personality," the nation was consistently equated with Stalin himself, hence the choice of his profile for the composite grain portrait. The seamlessness with which a multitude of grains could become a composite portrait of the nation's leader shows how successfully the Soviet government was able to rewrite the history of agricultural collectivization. The pain, loss, and resistance of the small landowners was successfully obliterated and replaced by a new narrative in which collective farm workers prospered and found happiness within a political system that was now synonymous with the beneficence of a single individual, Joseph Stalin.

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Haytoğlu, E., et A. Zh Arkhymatayeva. « Justification of politics during the Soviet Stalinist era in Kazakhstan from a historical point of view ». BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Historical sciences. Philosophy. Religion Series 132, n^o 3 (2020) : 68–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7255-2020-132-3-68-83.

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The main aspects in historical development of the Republic of Kazakhstan were Stalin’s s policy in the 20 – 30s of the twentieth century which was famous as “the Great Repression”. The article was written on the basis of different researches and the historical record. It provides information on eliminating the traditional structure in Kazakhstan by the Soviet government in Stalin’s time, measures to weaken the social and economic forms of the traditional agriculture of the Kazakh people, the country’s industrialization policy, mass collectivization and creation of collective and State farms, the policy on confiscation of the wealthy peasants’ property and challenges related to the population decline. To establish the socialist structure based on the ideology of economy, the political structure and the culture in the Soviet time was carried out with unprecedented extent in the mentality of Kazakh society and consequences of ambiguity which have not occurred in the past .It is significant to realize general trends in the social transformations of the Eurasian multicultural space, the modernization and the culture in order to study this unique experience. The current situation analysis of the scientific knowledge requires understanding Kazakh history from a conceptual viewpoint and clarifying a number of events of selected period. Kazakhstan passed the difficult path in restructuring of a new policy, the economy and the social culture as part of the Soviet Union.

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Demidov, Sergeĭ S. « Nikolai Nikolaevich Luzin at the crossroads of the dramatic events of the European history of the first half of the 20th century ». Studia Historiae Scientiarum 20 (13 septembre 2021) : 317–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2543702xshs.21.012.14043.

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Nikolai Nikolaevich Luzin’s life (1883–1950) and work of this outstanding Russian mathematician, member of the USSR Academy of Sciences and foreign member of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences, coincides with a very difficult period in Russian history: two World Wars, the 1917 revolution in Russia, the coming to power of the Bolsheviks, the civil war of 1917–1922, and finally, the construction of a new type of state, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. This included collectivization in the agriculture and industrialization of the industry, accompanied by the mass terror that without exception affected all the strata of the Soviet society. Against the background of these dramatic events took place the proces of formation and flourishing of Luzin the scientist, the creator of one of the leading mathematical schools of the 20th century, the Moscow school of function theory, which became one of the cornerstones in the foundation of the Soviet mathematical school. Luzin’s work could be divided into two periods: the first one comprises the problems regarding the metric theory of functions, culminating in his famous dissertation Integral and Trigonometric Series (1915), and the second one that is mainly devoted to the development of problems arising from the theory of analytic sets. The underlying idea of Luzin’s research was the problem of the structure of the arithmetic continuum, which became the super task of his work. The destiny favored the master: the complex turns of history in which he was involved did not prevent, and sometimes even favored the successful development of his research. And even the catastrophe that broke out over him in 1936 – “the case of Academician Luzin” – ended successfully for him.

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Bakhtiyarov, Rustam Suleimanovich, et Alla Vladimirovna Fedorova. « Horse breeding in the Urals in 1922–1941 ». Samara Journal of Science 10, n^o 4 (1 décembre 2021) : 172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv2021104207.

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This work aims to study the history of one of the most important branches of animal husbandry of the pre-war period horse breeding. The processes taking place in horse breeding largely influenced the results of the development of the entire national economy of the country in the 2030s of the 20th century and the Ural economic region in particular. Normalization of the situation in horse breeding in the late 30s increased the countrys military and economic capabilities in 19411945. After the end of the Civil War in the USSR the total number of horses by 1923 fell by almost 2 times compared to the level of livestock available in the Russian Empire before the outbreak of the First World War. On some territories of the Urals these indicators fell to a larger size. The economic security of the state was put at risk, since horse-drawn transport in the early 20s had virtually no alternative dominance in the countrys economy. Thanks to the measures taken, by 1929 the number of animals managed to return to the pre-revolutionary level up to almost 35 million heads. But the processes of industrialization and collectivization that began, which changed the structure of both the countrys agriculture and the entire economy as a whole, contributed to a sharp displacement of horsepower and a reduction in livestock. If in 1929 the agricultural sector of the USSR was horse-drawn by 96,2% of the energy capacity, by the end of the 30s this figure did not exceed 23%. Therefore, the number of horses from 1930 to 1935 fell from 34,5 million heads to a little more than 14 million. Nevertheless, the leadership of the Soviet Union, realizing the ruinousness of such a policy, took a number of effective measures that allowed during 19351940 to stop the decline in the number of animals and achieve a significant increase in the number of livestock, which by the beginning of 1941 reached 21 million heads. These processes were also characteristic of the regions of the Urals, which during the Great Patriotic War became the most important source of horses for the Red Army and the national economy.

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Khudoyorov, Noyibjon Maripjonovich. « COLLECTIVIZATION POLICY OF THE SOVIET GOVERNMENT IN UZBEKISTAN (AS AN EXAMPLE 1920-1930) ». Frontline Social Sciences and History Journal 02, n^o 02 (1 février 2022) : 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/social-fsshj-02-02-12.

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In this article has been analyzed the collectivization policy of the Soviet government and its implementation, why the Bolsheviks decided to mass collectivize agriculture in the Union in the late 1920s, and how the mechanism for implementing this idea was developed, based on primary sources and scientific literature.

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Mozokhin, O. B. « Participation of the Organs of the OGPU-NKVD of the Soviet Union in the Collectivization of Agriculture ». Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences 92, S3 (juin 2022) : S212—S220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1019331622090131.

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Abstract This article analyzes the role of the OGPU-NKVD in carrying out the policy of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks on the collectivization of agriculture, and it reports on the protest movements of the peasantry, on individual and collective protests against collectivization, and the suppression of these movements by punitive bodies. The measures of the authorities for the “liquidation of the kulaks as a class” and the organs of the OGPU-NKVD as a mechanism for carrying out repressions are specially studied.

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Timaralieva, Anzhela Validovna. « Collectivization and dekulakization in Chechnya during the 1920s – 1930s ». Genesis : исторические исследования, n^o 8 (août 2021) : 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2021.8.35343.

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This article examines the system and methods of transformation of agriculture in Chechnya during the 1920s – 1930s, peculiarities of the main reforms – collectivization and dekulakization, as well as confrontation between the government and society in the course of such transformation. The author analyzes the changes in social sphere, namely the status of kulaks; how the compromise between the government and society improved productivity in agricultural sector. The relevance of this topic is substantiated by the current European economic policy towards Russia. The gaps, results, and implications of the Soviet agrarian policy of this period should serve as lesson for Russia in the future. The scientific novelty lies in revealing common features of the current agrarian policy with collectivization, as well as an alternative approach towards the reform. Import substitution is the example of how to achieve top results without implementation of coercive measures. This reform applies not only to agriculture, but also to other industries, however the emphasis is placed on manufacturing of products for the goods exchange within the country. Such necessity was also observed in the Soviet Union. The modern world, prior to introduction of innovations, turns to the experience of the past, analyze negative and positive sides, and then proceeds to the reforms.

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Kananerova, Elena Nikolaevna. « The Problem of collectivization in Right-Bank Moldova in the Soviet historiography ». Человек и культура, n^o 3 (mars 2021) : 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8744.2021.3.35816.

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The object of this research is the Soviet historical paradigm in its development. The subject is the achievements of Soviet historians in studying postwar collectivization in Right-bank Moldova. The author dwells on the impact of objective and subjective factors upon the course of historical science during the Soviet period. The article traces the evolution of topics and assessments given in the articles, monographs and collective summary works dedicated to the history of the republic. The novelty of this study is consists in the analysis of the works of Soviet historians from the perspective of modern historical paradigm, which was founded by the scientific school of V. P. Danilov. Examination of the Soviet historiography of collectivization in Right-Bank Moldova allows making the following conclusions: 1) the key problem of Soviet historians consisted in the limited access to archival documents; 2) the agrarian historiography of the problem is often subjective and interprets the information from available archival documents and various statistical records through the prism of generally accepted Soviet ideological attitudes; 3) same as in studying collectivization of the 1920s – 1930s, the topics associated with the violations during collectivization and “dekulakization” remained under the ideological ban; 4) the specificity of historiography of collectivization in Right-Bank Moldova was the significant attention of historians to this problem in the late 1960s – 1970s, which the author believes is associated with L. I. Brezhnev, who was the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in the 1951 –1952 and the conventional methods for organizing the collective farms in the republic.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Collectivization of agriculture – Soviet Union – History"

Millier, Callie Anne. « Russian Peasant Women's Resistance Against the State during the Antireligious Campaigns of 1928-1932 ». Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc849654/.

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This study seeks to explore the role of peasant women in resistance to the antireligious campaigns during collectivization and analyze how the interplay of the state and resistors formed a new culture of religion in the countryside. I argue that while the state’s succeeded in controlling most of the public sphere, peasant women, engaging in subversive activities and exploiting the state’s ideology, succeeded in preserving a strong peasant adherence to religion prior to World War II. It was peasant women’s determination and adaptation that thwarted the party’s goal of nation-wide atheism.

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Jones, Sarah Jessica. « Under the Permafrost : Uncovering a Social Movement in the Soviet Union ». The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366211237.

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Sokolsky, Mark D. Sokolsky. « Taming Tiger Country : Colonization and Environment in the Russian Far East, 1860-1940 ». The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1468510951.

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KESSLER, Gijs. « The peasant and the town : rural-urban migration in the Soviet Union, 1929-1940 ». Doctoral thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5855.

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Defence date: 14 December 2001
Examining board: Prof. Andrea Graziosi, Università Federico II, Napoli ; Prof. Terry Martin, Harvard University ; Prof. Arfon Rees, EUI ; Prof. Jaime Reis, University of Lisbon (supervisor)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

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« Aspekte van die problematiek van landbou in die U.S.S.R., 1953-1982 ». Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/14470.

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Livres sur le sujet "Collectivization of agriculture – Soviet Union – History"

Conquest, Robert. The harvest of sorrow : Soviet collectivization and the terror-famine. London : Arrow Books, 1988.

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1925-, Davies R. W., et Wheatcroft Stephen, dir. The years of hunger : Soviet agriculture, 1931-1933. New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.

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Viola, Lynne. Peasant rebels under Stalin : Collectivization and the culture of peasant resistance. New York : Oxford University Press, 1996.

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Peasant rebels under Stalin : Collectivization and the culture of peasant resistance. New York : Oxford University Press, 1999.

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James, Hughes. Stalinism in a Russian province : Collectivization and dekulakization in Siberia. Basingstoke : Macmillan, 1996.

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Hindus, Maurice Gerschon. Red bread : Collectivization in a Russian village. Bloomington : Indiana University Press, 1988.

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Robert, Conquest. The harvest of sorrow : Soviet collectivization and the terror-famine. London : Hutchinson, 1986.

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The harvest of sorrow : Soviet collectivization and the terror-famine. New York : Oxford University Press, 1986.

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Robert, Conquest. The harvest of sorrow : Soviet collectivization and the terror-famine. Edmonton : University of Alberta Press, 1986.

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Peasants, political police, and the early Soviet State : Surveillance and accommodation under the new economic policy. New York, NY : Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Collectivization of agriculture – Soviet Union – History"

Viola, Lynne. « Collectivization in the Soviet Union : Specificities and Modalities ». Dans The Collectivization of Agriculture in Communist Eastern Europe, 49–78. Central European University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9789633860489-004.

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Kligman, Gail, et Katherine Verdery. « The Soviet Blueprint ». Dans Peasants under Siege. Princeton University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691149721.003.0002.

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This chapter discusses the Soviet blueprint, which established the technology of collectivization that East European leaders followed, with variations, during the 1950s. As the first country in the world to be founded on Marxist–Leninist principles, the Soviet Union had myriad problems to solve. The leaders' ambitious program of social engineering required developing a variety of techniques for carrying out specific tasks, such as obtaining food requisitions, collectivizing agriculture, and so on. These techniques formed the basis for creating “replica” regimes in Eastern Europe following World War II, in a process of technology transfer of almost unparalleled scope. This technological package may be called “the Soviet blueprint,” of which collectivization was a major part. Although the results varied considerably, each East European country was pressed into adopting more or less the same package. Nowhere, however, did the blueprint fully succeed against recalcitrant local realities—not even in the Soviet Union itself.

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Kligman, Gail, et Katherine Verdery. « Introduction ». Dans Peasants under Siege. Princeton University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691149721.003.0001.

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This introductory chapter provides a background of the collectivization of agriculture in Romania. The collectivization of agriculture was the first mass action, in largely agrarian countries like the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, and Romania, through which the new communist regime initiated its radical program of social, political, cultural, and economic transformation. Collectivizing agriculture was not merely an aspect of the larger policy of industrial development but an attack on the very foundations of rural life. By leaving rural inhabitants without their own means of livelihood, it radically increased their dependence on the Party-state. It both prepared and compelled them to be the proletarians of new industrial facilities. Moreover, it destroyed or at least frayed both the vertical and the horizontal social relations in which villagers were embedded and through which they defined themselves and pursued their existence.

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Baberowski, Jörg. « Subjugation ». Dans Scorched Earth, traduit par Steven Gilbert, Ivo Komljen et Samantha Jeanne Taber. Yale University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300136982.003.0004.

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This chapter describes Stalinism as a dictatorship of subjugation. It argues that Stalinism was a war against its own people that respected no boundaries, whose violence arose not from ideas but from situations and their possibilities. It shows how the atmosphere of total arbitrariness and uncertainty ruling the Soviet Union at this time allowed Joseph Stalin to live out his fantasies of total power and sate his lust for violence. The Bolsheviks' crusade against old Russia opened the floodgates of unabated violence. In the chaos created by the campaigns of the Cultural Revolution, by the collectivization of agriculture, and by the rapid industrialization every violent act could be justified by invoking higher purposes and ideals. This chapter examines Stalin's war against religion and the peasants as well as the birth of the Gulag.

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Hale-Dorrell, Aaron T. « Conclusion ». Dans Corn Crusade, 226–34. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190644673.003.0010.

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The corn crusade constituted part of Khrushchev’s legacy, which his former comrades established by labeling the program part of his “harebrained scheming” when ousting him in 1964. Even outside the Soviet Union, contemporaries and scholars have largely agreed. Although overly sanguine about his programs’ potential, Khrushchev initiated an endeavor that derived its rationale from practices successful elsewhere, a grounding in global trends largely ignored by scholars. Even though corn fell short of Khrushchev’s expectations, it was an essential part of his vision of industrial agriculture and new practices based on the ideal. Even after 1964, farms, especially those in southern regions, planted much more corn than they had before 1953. Khrushchev’s industrial farming revolution ensured that the Soviet Union shared in global histories of rural modernization, farming technology, and the transformation of agriculture into an endeavor powered by petroleum, meaning that its agricultural systems belong in the growing scholarly conversation about the Soviet Union’s place in global history.

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« Research Station at Cambridge and somewhat later at the Wantage Research Laboratories of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment. By the mid- or late 1950s national research programs on food irradiation were also underway in Belgium, Canada, France, The Netherlands, Poland, the Soviet Union, and the Federal Republic of Germany. This early history of food irradiation has been reviewed by Goldblith (9), Goresline (10), and Josephson (11). In 1960 the first books on food irradiation appeared, written by Desrosiers and Rosenstock in the United States (12) and Kuprianoff and Lang in Germany (13). A first international meeting devoted to discussion of wholesomeness and legisla tive aspects of food irradiation was held in Brussels in 1961 (14). In the United Kingdom the report of a government working party on irradiation of food (15) summarized and evaluated the studies done until 1964. The first commercial use of food irradiation occurred in 1957 in the Federal Republic of Germany, when a spice manufacturer in Stuttgart began to improve the hygienic quality of his products by irradiating them with electrons using a Van de Graaff generator (16). The machine had to be dismantled in 1959 when a new food law prohibited the treatment of foods with ionizing radiation, and the company turned to fumigation with ethylene oxide instead. In Canada irradiation of potatoes for inhibition of sprouting was allowed in 1960 and a private company, Newfield Products Ltd., began irradiating potatoes at Mont St. Hilaire, near Montreal, in September 1965. The plant used a 60Co source and was designed to process some 15,000 t of potatoes a month. It closed after only one season, when the company ran into financial difficulties (17). In spite of these setbacks, interest in food irradiation grew worldwide. At the first International Symposium of Food Irradiation, held in Karlsruhe, Germany, and organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), representa tives from 28 countries reviewed the progress made in research laboratories (18). However, health authorities in these countries still hesitated to grant permissions for marketing irradiated foods. At that time only three countries— Canada, the United States, and the Soviet Union— had given clearance for human consump tion of a total of five irradiated foods, all treated with low radiation doses. The food industry had not yet made use of the permissions. Irradiated foods were still not marketed anywhere. Questions about the safety for human consumption of irradiated foods were still hotly debated and this was recognized as the major obstacle to commercial utilization of the new process. As a result of this recognition the International Project in the Field of Food Irradiation (IFIP) was created in 1970, with the specific aim of sponsoring a worldwide research program on the wholesomeness of irradiated foods. Under the sponsorship of the IAEA in Vienna, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in Rome, and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in Paris, 19 countries joined their re sources, with this number later growing to 24 (see Table 1). The World Health ». Dans Safety of Irradiated Foods, 22. CRC Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482273168-16.

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