Articles de revues : « Cold Bridge »

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Wang, Zhi Yuan, et Lai Jun Liu. « Health Monitoring and Reinforcement of the Cold and Dry Area Roads and Bridges ». Advanced Materials Research 722 (juillet 2013) : 317–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.722.317.

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Bridge disease worsening in cold and dry area, maintenance and repair of the bridge has drawn world wide attention, and that can be used for the repair and reinforcement of bridge funding is very limited, which requires accurate evaluation and prediction of the technical condition of the existing bridge, so as to formulate the appropriate maintenance strategy. Based on the current highway bridge maintenance condition of cold and dry area,this dissertation researches evaluation on bridge technical condition and model forecasting aiming at bridges of cold area,and programs Highway Bridge of cold area maintaining and executive system according to the periodical bridges testing data,consequently educing the maintenance and reinforcement strategy.

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Gergess, Antoine N., et Rajan Sen. « Cold Curving Steel Bridge Girders ». Transportation Research Record : Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2081, n^o 1 (janvier 2008) : 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2081-18.

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Wang, Chunsheng, Lan Duan, Musai Zhai, Yuxiao Zhang et Shichao Wang. « Steel bridge long-term performance research technology framework and research progress ». Advances in Structural Engineering 20, n^o 1 (28 juillet 2016) : 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433216646005.

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To ensure structural sustainability, it is necessary to conduct steel bridge long-term performance study, including bridge design, evaluation, maintenance, and reinforcement technology. The research on steel bridge long-term performance is introduced in four aspects: (1) fatigue performance experimental study for full-scale orthotropic steel bridge decks in laboratory to study its fatigue failure mechanism, in order to improve fatigue design methodology and find rational reinforcement and maintenance method; (2) conducting steel bridge out-of-plane distortion-induced fatigue performance study, and developing cold reinforcement method; (3) performance study for base material and typical joint under long-term vehicle and environmental effect in aging steel bridges, and safety assessment and maintenance of existing steel bridge; (4) temperature gradient monitoring for steel box girder model to build the temperature design mode. Meantime, in-situ tests and monitoring are conducted for steel bridge long-term performance detection, assessment, and maintenance. The study results in this article build the research framework of steel bridge long-term performance preliminarily, which is the basis for steel bridge sustainable design, maintenance, and cold reinforcement methodology system.

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Zhao, Zhi Meng, Xiao Long Wang, Feng Jin Chen, Zhen Ji Wang et Ya Juan Yang. « Analysis and Evaluation on Safety of Old Stone Arch Bridge Based on Current Specification ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 501-504 (janvier 2014) : 1178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.501-504.1178.

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This paper examines the bearing capacity and stability of a catenary axis uniform cross-section multi-span stone arch bridge with solid spandrels in the cold areas. Taking the West Ulanhot Large Bridge built in cold area of Inner Mongolia in 1960s as an example, the bearing capacity and stability of early-built stone arch bridge were calculated,in consideration with the effect of dead load, live load and temperature variation as well as multi-arch action on the main arch ring, in the light of current specification, i.e., the Code for Design of Highway Masonry Bridges and Culverts (JTG D61-2005) published by the Ministry of Communications of the People's Republic of China. The aim was to evaluate the safety of the old multi-span arch bridge through the theoretical analysis and checking calculation based on the current specification.

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Aurier, Louis, Munzer Hassan, Jan Jaworski et Lotfi Guizani. « Review of Accelerated Bridge Construction Systems for Bridge Superstructures and Their Adaptability for Cold Weather ». CivilEng 4, n^o 1 (22 janvier 2023) : 83–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/civileng4010007.

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The application of Accelerated Bridge Construction methods (ABC) to build, renovate and rehabilitate aging bridges is most likely to reduce the economic and social impacts of projects. This is especially relevant in countries with severe winter climates, where bridge construction is typically interrupted during the winter period. The objective of this study is to present the state of the art related to elements, systems, connections and materials used for bridge superstructures in ABC projects and to highlight their adaptability to cold or northern climate countries. The literature review and presentation of results are based on the gathering of Prefabricated/Precast Bridge Elements and Systems (PBES) used for ABC projects in North America and which are also used in many countries around the world. Following this inventory, and after grouping the PBES, connections and materials, the authors were able to identify the possibility of adapting the ABC method for countries with cold and northern climates. Products that can be used down to −6 °C for connections are presented, and future research orientations are proposed.

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Yin, Xiao Lei, Jian Cheng et Gang Zhao. « Deformation Law of Cold Drawing Process of High Strength Bridge Cable Steel ». Materials Science Forum 1035 (22 juin 2021) : 801–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1035.801.

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High-strength cable-steel bridge is the “lifeline” of steel structure bridges, which requires high comprehensive mechanical properties, and cold-drawing is the most important process to produce high-strength cable-steel bridge. Therefore, through the ABAQUS platform, a bridge wire drawing model was established, and the simulation analysis on the process of stress strain law and strain path trends for high-strength bridge steel wire from Φ 12.65 mm by seven cold-drawing to Φ 6.90 mm was conducted. The simulation results show that the wire drawing the heart of the main axial deformation, surface and sub-surface of the main axial and radial deformation occurred, with the increase in the number of drawing the road, the overall deformation of the wire was also more obvious non-uniformity. In the single-pass drawing process, the change in the potential relationship of each layer of material was small, and multiple inflection points appeared in the strain path diagram; the change in the seven-pass potential relationship was more drastic, which can basically be regarded as a simple superposition of multiple single-pass pulls.

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Wang, Xiao Dong, Olle Hagman, Niclas Björngrim et Lennart Elfgren. « Engineered Wood in Cold Climate - Application to Monitoring of a New Swedish Suspension Bridge ». Advanced Materials Research 639-640 (janvier 2013) : 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.639-640.96.

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Engineered wood is increasingly used in large structures in Europe, though little is known of its behavior in cold climate. This paper presents the structural health monitoring (SHM) system of a newly built suspension bridge with a deck of glulam timber as well as a bond stability study regarding cold climate performance of engineered wood. The bridge is located in Skellefteå in northern Sweden, and it connects two parts of the city situated on opposite shores of the Skellefteå river. In this ongoing study of the timber-bridge, a structural health monitoring system is employed to verify structural design and long-term performance. This 130m-span bridge is monitored using GNSS receivers, MEMS accelerometers, laser positioning systems, wireless moisture content sensors, strain gauges and weather stations. Data from the monitoring systems is analyzed regarding accuracy, complexity, costs and reliability for long time use. Engineered wood application in bridges, sports centers and timber buildings are discussed. Bond stability of glulam structures in cold climate is also examined in a range of experiments ranging from small glued wood joints to full size glulam bridge performance over time. From an engineered wood material point of view, the study is relevant to cold regions such as Scandinavia, Canada, Alaska, Russia, and the northern parts of China and Japan etc. The engineered wood constructions in these areas will be exposed to low temperature in a quite long period each year. The goal is to determine how engineered wood behaves when exposed to temperatures between 20 °C to -60 °C.

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Zhang, Jinquan, Pengfei Li, Yan Mao, Zhenhua Dong et Zhenyu Jiang. « Technical Conditions Survey of Simple-Support Bridges in a Severe Cold Region in Northeast China ». Open Civil Engineering Journal 12, n^o 1 (14 juin 2018) : 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501812010122.

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Background: Based on the routine inspection of 637 simple-support bridges in a severe cold region in northeast China, the technical condition data were collected and analyzed according to China’s bridge condition evaluation code. Results and Discussion: The results indicate that the appraisal rating of the bridges decreases with service time gradually. For bridges with a service life of 3-5years, 7 years and more than 15 years, the proportion of rating of “poor condition” is 14%, 22% and 43%, respectively. Besides, the inspection results show that cracking, concrete scaling, and corrosion of reinforcement are the major damage types of the bridges, and the freeze-thaw and salt induced corrosion are the main deterioration causes. It is recommended based on the inspection results that timely drainage of water is very important in reducing bridge damages in severe cold regions. Meanwhile, protective measures of durability should be specially considered in the design and construction stages.

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Liu, Xiu, Xiao Mei Yu, Chu Ang Xu et Jiang Wei Chu. « Cold Area Asphalt Concrete Deck Pavement Technology Research ». Materials Science Forum 980 (mars 2020) : 239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.980.239.

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As the problem of asphalt concrete bridge deck pavement is becoming more and more serious, how to improve its road performance has become the focus of the study. As the lack of shear strength and bond strength between layers, flaking, raveling and other diseases were occurred on steel bridge deck asphalt pavement. This paper combines the common damages of bridge deck and asphalt concrete pavement in cold area of northeast region, focuses on the analysis of the cause of asphalt concrete pavement damage causes, puts forward preventive measures and recommendations, and present the bridge deck pavement structure in cold area combined with the engineering practice. The research results can effectively guide the construction of bridge deck pavement.

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Chen, Chuang, R. Kaloop Mosbeh, Zong Lin Wang, Qing Fei Gao et Jun Fei Zhong. « Design of a Long-Term Monitoring System for a PSC Continuous Box-Girder Bridge ». Key Engineering Materials 619 (juillet 2014) : 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.619.1.

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Structural Health Monitoring is becoming an increasingly common tool to obtain the long-term performance of infrastructures and buildings. Many structural health monitoring systems were developed and applied to different bridges in the world. However, very little is known on the applications in extreme cold environment. Fu Sui Bridge, a 1070 m variable cross-section continuous box-girder bridge, is located in the coldest province -- Heilongjiang province, China. In order to monitor the static and dynamic responses of the bridge under the traffic and environmental variation, a long-term continuous monitoring system was designed and installed on Fu Sui Bridge in April 2012. A hydrostatic leveling system was used to measure the displacement and fiber Bragg grating sensors were used to measure strain, acceleration and temperature. Moreover, other necessary components including data acquisition and transmission, data calculation and analysis software are also described. Summer and winter monitoring data are also presented. This paper focuses on: (1) the design and installation of the long-term continuous monitoring system hardware and (2) the operating pattern and function of the automatic monitoring system. After more than one year successful conducting, the system has provided a large amount of data records for daily management and research of the bridge. This system can be applied to extremely cold region.

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Gergess, Antoine N., et Rajan Sen. « Cold bending HPS 485W steel bridge girders ». Journal of Constructional Steel Research 65, n^o 8-9 (août 2009) : 1549–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2009.04.002.

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Li, Zhonglong, Wei Ji, Yao Zhang, Sijia Ge, Haonan Bing, Mingjun Zhang, Zhifeng Ye et Baowei Lv. « Study on the Reliability Evaluation Method and Diagnosis of Bridges in Cold Regions Based on the Theory of MCS and Bayesian Networks ». Sustainability 14, n^o 21 (24 octobre 2022) : 13786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142113786.

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The safety assessment of bridges in cold areas under the special environmental effects of extremely low temperatures, frequent freezing and thawing, and chloride ion erosion from snow removal with deicing salt, presents challenges that requiring solving. Thus, this paper proposes a new method of safety assessment based on a combination of Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) and Bayesian theory that achieves the reliability evaluation and reverse diagnosis of the overall safety performance of reinforced concrete bridges in cold areas. Additionally, the new method accomplishes the intelligent grading of various safety performance aspects of the bridge, which provides substantial references for the maintenance and reinforcement of in-service bridges.

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Hussein, Husam H., Issam Khoury et Joshua S. Lucas. « Environment-Induced Performance of End Concrete Diaphragm in Skewed Semi-Integral Bridges ». Buildings 12, n^o 11 (16 novembre 2022) : 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12111985.

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Past research has shown that as skewed bridges change temperature, additional lateral movement or forces will occur along with the elongation of the bridge. Even though past research has documented this behavior, lateral movements of semi-integral bridge superstructure associated with temperature effects on bridge skewness have not been well predicted. In this study, the seasonal movements of a 24-year-old semi-integral bridge caused by temperature effects with skewed abutment have been investigated by conducting a series of field measurements on bridges subjected to various environmental climates. The measured data showed that as the bridge heated up, the superstructure tended to move toward the acute corner of the bridge, and the bridge would contract towards its obtuse corner with a negative temperature change. During warm weather, the cracks on the end diaphragm tended to open with a positive temperature change and close with a negative temperature change, which was much more predictable than the cold weather behavior. This behavior confirms that even though the bridge moves linearly with temperature, the end diaphragm response to the temperature depends on the season. Movement of the bridge superstructure from temperature change has caused cracks in the end diaphragm, which are now propagating to the deck. These cracks could damage the bridge enough that it would require repair work in the future. The evidence in this study will help provide a complete picture of seasonal jointless bridge behavior so future semi-integral bridges can be made safer and more efficient.

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Ivanov, Martin. « Instantaneous field measurements of thermal bridge parameters in ground floor residential room ». E3S Web of Conferences 112 (2019) : 01016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911201016.

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The “thermal bridges” are defined as an isolated building’s areas, where the construction elements have higher thermal conductivity, compared with the rest of the building envelope. Thus, at cold winter conditions, a significant temperature difference may occur between neighbouring solid and air volumes within the construction. Moreover, it has been documented, that the heating energy demand of a building may be increased with more than 30%, due to the existence of thermal bridges and the increased heat losses from the indoors. Consequently, in the recent years, norms and standards have been developed, for avoiding thermal bridges during the building design process. But still, thermal bridges exist in the indoor environment, especially in older buildings, where no energy efficient measures have been applied. That is why, the presented study focuses on instantaneous field measurements of thermal bridge parameters in real existing ground floor residential room. The thermal bridge propagation is analysed relative to the indoor and outdoor air temperature and relative humidity, as well as with infrared thermal images of the affected external walls. The achieved results give valuable information about the generic conditions for thermal bridge existence, without considering the building envelope properties.

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Zhao, Zhi Meng, Feng Jin Chen, Jin Yi Chai, Zhen Ji Wang et Hou Lin Zhou. « Analysis and Evaluation on Strengthening and Widening of a Catenary Stone Arch Bridge with Solid Spandrels ». Advanced Materials Research 838-841 (novembre 2013) : 1042–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.838-841.1042.

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This paper examines the bearing capacity and stability of a catenary axis uniform cross-section multi-span stone arch bridge with solid spandrels after strengthening and widening, in the light of the Code for Design of Highway Masonry Bridges and Culverts (JTG D61-2005) published by the Ministry of Communications of the People's Republic of China. Taking the West Ulanhot Large Bridge built in cold area of Inner Mongolia in 1960s as an example, the effect of dead load, live load and temperature variation after and before strengthening as well as multi-arch action were considered. Through calculating the bearing capacity and stability of stone multiple arch bridge, compared with the results of loading test and follow-up survey on operation condition for many years, the safety and effectiveness of strengthening scheme are evaluated.

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Neilson, John Hallak, Aida Ibisevic, Hasanhüseyin Ugur, Jean-Marc Battini, Roberto Crocetti, Costin Pacoste et Maria D. Martinez-Rodrigo. « Experimental and Numerical Dynamic Properties of Two Timber Footbridges Including Seasonal Effects ». International Journal of Civil Engineering 19, n^o 10 (6 mai 2021) : 1239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40999-021-00624-w.

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AbstractThis paper deals with experimental and numerical dynamic analyses of two timber footbridges. Both bridges have a span of 35 m and consist of a timber deck supported by two timber arches. The main purpose is to investigate if the dynamic properties of the bridges are season dependent. To this end, experimental tests are performed during a cold day in winter and a warm day in spring in Sweden. The first bending and transverse mode frequencies increase 22% and 44%, respectively, due to temperature effects in the case of Vega Bridge. In the case of Hägernäs bridge, the corresponding values are 5% and 26%. For both bridges, the measured damping coefficients are similar in winter and spring. However, the damping coefficients for the first bending and transverse modes are different for both footbridges: about 1% for the Hägernäs bridge and 3% for the Vega bridge. Finite-element models are also implemented. Both numerical and experimental results show good correspondence. From the analyses performed, it is concluded that the connections between the different components of the bridges have a significant influence on the dynamic properties. In addition, the variation of the stiffness for the asphalt layer can explain the differences found in the natural frequencies between spring and winter. However, due to the uncertainties in the modelling of the asphalt layer, this conclusion must be taken with caution.

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Калгин, Ю. И., А. Ю. Калгин, В. А. Козлов et Н. И. Паневин. « JUSTIFICATION OF THE APPLICATION OF COLD ASPHALT CONCRETE MIXTURES FOR URGENT COATING REPAIR OF THE ROAD BRIDGE ». Stroitelʹnaâ mehanika i konstrukcii, n^o 3(34) (12 octobre 2022) : 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2022.34.3.010.

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Постановка задачи. Рассматривается задача разработки и обоснования применения холодных асфальтобетонных смесей для неотложного ремонта покрытия проезжей части автодорожных мостов. Результаты. Показаны результаты эксперимента и их анализ по определению физико-механических и технологических свойств холодных смесей с применением жидкого битумного вяжущего. Проведён анализ физико-механических свойств холодных смесей с использованием разжиженных нефтяных битумов. Показана роль жидкого битумного вяжущего в повышении качества холодного асфальтобетона, применяемого для неотложного ремонта покрытия проезжей части автодорожного моста. Приведены оптимальные рецептурные показатели холодных смесей для неотложного ремонта покрытий проезжей части автодорожных мостов. Выводы. Установлено, что основным фактором, оказывающим влияние на характеристики холодных асфальтобетонных смесей, является качество жидкого битумного вяжущего. Показано, что для холодных асфальтобетонных смесей значительное отличие их физико-механических показателей наблюдается в зависимости от гранулометрического состава минеральной части. Problem statement. The problem of development and substantiation of the use of cold asphalt concrete mixes for urgent repair of the pavement of the carriageway of road bridges is considered. Results. The results of the experiment and their analysis to determine the physical, mechanical and technological properties of cold mixtures using a liquid bituminous binder are shown. An analysis of the physical and mechanical properties of cold mixtures using liquefied petroleum bitumen has been carried out. The role of a liquid bituminous binder in improving the quality of cold asphalt concrete used for urgent repair of the pavement of the carriageway of a road bridge is shown. Optimal recipe indicators of cold mixtures for urgent repair of pavements of the carriageway of road bridges are given. Conclusions. It has been established that the main factor influencing the characteristics of cold asphalt concrete mixes is the quality of the liquid bituminous binder. It is shown that for cold asphalt mixes, a significant difference in their physical and mechanical properties is observed depending on the granulometric composition of the mineral part.

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Zhang, Jian Min, Zheng Guo Yuan et Ying Ping Wu. « Analysis on the Collision Couple between Drift Ice and Long-Span Prestressed Concrete T-Rigid Frame Bridge Pier ». Key Engineering Materials 648 (juin 2015) : 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.648.17.

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Long-span bridge across the river in cold areas, is often impacted by the drift ice in spring, thus having some severe effects on the stability and vibration of the bridge structure. With a long-span prestressed concrete T-rigid frame bridge as studied object, based on the display analysis function of the LS-DYNA software, this paper represents the simulating process of the contact and collision between the drift-ice and T-rigid frame bridge pier, and the influence of various factors was analyzed, such as model boundary condition, contact types of river ice and pier, algorithm and element connection transition area. Thus the reasonable calculation model of the collision force caused by drift-ice to pier was determined. The result has important theoretical and practical value to ensure the safety of the bridge in cold area, as well as to reduce the project cost.

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Ding, Ke Wei, Wu Sun et Dong Chen. « Research of the Thermal Performance of a New Type of Rock Wool Color Steel Sandwich ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 482 (décembre 2013) : 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.482.81.

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This paper introduces a new type of rock wool color steel sandwich which is produced by Anhui sambo steel co.,Ltd. The thermal performance analysis of this kind of sandwich is conducted through the finite element software ANSYS in this paper, which reveal the widespread existence of cold bridge phenomenon. And this paper also propose several new ideas on how to reduce the cold bridge condensation of interior wall panels of building.

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Wang, Hong, Shao Peng Wu, Bo Li et Cong Hui Liu. « Numerical Simulation of Temperature Stress on Asphalt Pavement of Concrete Bridge Deck in Cold Region ». Key Engineering Materials 385-387 (juillet 2008) : 597–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.385-387.597.

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Flexible pavement plays an important role in the primary concrete bridges at present. However, climate environment, to which pavement is exposed, significantly impact pavement stability and long-term performance. Especially, low temperature cracking of asphalt pavement in cold region is a common existing problem. In order to improve the pavement’s crack resistance it is necessary to predict the temperature stress distribution within the asphalt layers. A two-dimensional finite element model of a concrete bridge in thermal and thermal-structural couple analysis is developed to predict temperature and temperature stress variation of asphalt layers in cold region. The temperature stress variation is analyzed at seasonal temperature, different cooling rate and the different thickness of asphalt layers. The model considers a set of primary thermal environmental conditions. Ultimately, the model is aimed at providing pavement engineers with an efficient computational tool that attempts to increase the prediction accuracy of temperature in asphaltic pavement of cold region for more reliable pavement design.

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Zhang, Xin Hua, Jian Xin Liu, Zi Rong Chen, Xin Sheng Wang, Meng Yun Wang et Li Qing Ning. « Thermal Bridges in Building Envelope in Hot Summer and Cold Winter Areas of Thinking ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 117-119 (octobre 2011) : 1211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.117-119.1211.

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Because of the requirements of building palisade structure, reinforced concrete members on the wall outside form thermal bridge. According to in hot summer and cold winter climate characteristics, and analysis of the exterior insulation system properties, thermal bridge from heat preservation material selection, construction technology and construction indoor maintenance in prevention and control measures proposed thermal bridge.

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Awaludin, Ali, Maria Yasinta Menge Making, Muhammad Nur Ikhsan et Yohan Adiyuano. « Performance of a Cold Formed Steel Pedestrian Bridge under Static and Dynamic Loads ». Civil Engineering Dimension 23, n^o 2 (4 octobre 2021) : 108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/ced.23.2.108-114.

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This paper summarizes new application of CFS in bridge constructions where a seven meters long pedestrian bridge was constructed. The bridge has 1.2m width, 0.8m depth, and is composed of CFS Warren truss and bondek floor systems. Natural frequency of the bridge considering only dead load application was found as 8.54 Hz and decreased to 7.08 Hz when the live load was included. Under static load test, the application of dead load only and both dead and live loads yielded a maximum deflection of 3.53 and 8.1 mm, respectively. Normal walking and running pedestrian loads were carried out created a maximum acceleration equaled to 0.11g. Lastly, sinusoidal waves application facilitated through a three-phase induction motor having self-weight of 24.86 kgf at frequency equal to 8.5 Hz was performed for one hour resulting no decrease of the natural frequency, thus the bridge can be assumed to experience no noticeable stiffness degradation.

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Awaludin, Ali, Maria Yasinta Menge Making, Muhammad Nur Ikhsan et Yohan Adiyuano. « Performance of a Cold Formed Steel Pedestrian Bridge under Static and Dynamic Loads ». Civil Engineering Dimension 23, n^o 2 (4 octobre 2021) : 108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/ced.23.2.108-114.

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This paper summarizes new application of CFS in bridge constructions where a seven meters long pedestrian bridge was constructed. The bridge has 1.2m width, 0.8m depth, and is composed of CFS Warren truss and bondek floor systems. Natural frequency of the bridge considering only dead load application was found as 8.54 Hz and decreased to 7.08 Hz when the live load was included. Under static load test, the application of dead load only and both dead and live loads yielded a maximum deflection of 3.53 and 8.1 mm, respectively. Normal walking and running pedestrian loads were carried out created a maximum acceleration equaled to 0.11g. Lastly, sinusoidal waves application facilitated through a three-phase induction motor having self-weight of 24.86 kgf at frequency equal to 8.5 Hz was performed for one hour resulting no decrease of the natural frequency, thus the bridge can be assumed to experience no noticeable stiffness degradation.

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Kobulnicky, Henry A., et John M. Dickey. « Detection of Cold Atomic Clouds in the Magellanic Bridge ». Astronomical Journal 117, n^o 2 (février 1999) : 908–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/300741.

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Hunter, Shireen. « Bridge or frontier ? Turkey's Post‐Cold War geopolitical posture ». International Spectator 34, n^o 1 (janvier 1999) : 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03932729908456847.

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Haugdahl, J., et J. H. Lienhard. « A low-cost, high-performance DC cold-wire bridge ». Journal of Physics E : Scientific Instruments 21, n^o 2 (février 1988) : 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/21/2/008.

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Zeng, Qing-Wei, Pei-Wei Gao, Yang-Fu Xu, Guo-Qing Dong, Man-Man Chen, Jing-Wei Zhao et Guang-Lai Jin. « Laboratory Research and Evaluation on Design and Application Performance of High-Performance Cold-Mix Resin ». Materials 14, n^o 17 (25 août 2021) : 4828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14174828.

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To improve the safety of orthotropic steel bridge decks and the construction efficiency of bridge deck pavement by enhancing the performance of pavement materials, a new-generation, high-performance cold-mix resin was prepared by carrying out the combination of micro-characteristic analysis and performance test. Meanwhile, the pavement performance and fatigue performance of high-performance cold-mix resin mixtures and hot-mix epoxy saphalt mixtures as a control group were studied experimentally. The results show that different kinds of epoxy resins show bisphenol structure in essence. The curing exothermic peak temperature of the cold-mix resin increases with the heating rate. Both the specific heat capacity (△CP) of cold-mix resin and cold-mix resin asphalts exhibit a sudden change between −20 °C and 40 °C. In resin asphalt mixtures, cold-mix resin forms the network structure skeleton whereas the asphalt distributed in the form of tiny particles. The dosage of respective component has a significant effect on the tensile strength and elongation at break of cold-mix resin. Compared with hot-mix epoxy asphalt mixtures, cold-mix resin mixtures exhibit comparable water stability and high and low-temperature performance, as well as greater fatigue life.

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Miller, R. H., et R. J. Lasek. « Cross-bridges mediate anterograde and retrograde vesicle transport along microtubules in squid axoplasm. » Journal of Cell Biology 101, n^o 6 (1 décembre 1985) : 2181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.101.6.2181.

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To assay the detailed structural relationship between axonally transported vesicles and their substrate microtubules, vesicle transport was focally cold blocked in axoplasm that was extruded from the squid giant axon. A brief localized cold block concentrated anterogradely and retrogradely transported vesicles selectively on either the proximal or or distal side of the block. Normal movement of the concentrated vesicles was reactivated by rewarming the cold-blocked axoplasm. At the periphery of the axoplasm, moving vesicles were located on individual microtubules that had become separated from the other cytomatrix components. The presence of moving vesicles on isolated microtubules permitted the identification of the structural components required for vesicle transport along microtubules. The results show that 16-18-nm cross-bridges connect both anterogradely and retrogradely moving vesicles to their substrate microtubules. These observations demonstrate that cross-bridges are fundamental are fundamental components of vesicle transport along axonal microtubules. Thus, vesicle transport can now be included among those cell motile systems such as muscle and axonemes that are based on a cross-bridge-mediated mechanism.

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Liu, Guang Jun, et Hong Mei Zhu. « Energy Consumption Analysis of Energy Saving Retrofit of Building Envelop of New Country ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (juillet 2011) : 326–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.326.

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There were some problems in the building envelop of Huangmuchang village of Zhangjiawan town of Tongzhou zone Beijing city, as a demonstration village of energy saving retrofit in construction of new countryside. The problems include big heat-transfer coefficient, great cold air infiltration capacity, heat drawback, cold bridge and heat bridge etc. In this paper, how to decrease unit area heat load and improve thermal comfort by building envelop retrofit was introduced. The obvious improvements were obtained by comparing the interior temperature of the retrofitted building with that of un-retrofit building.

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Zhang, Xin Hua, Jian Xin Liu et Hong Zhuan Zhang. « Analysis on Hot summer and Cold Winter Areas of the Thermal Bridge Hybrid Structure ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (octobre 2012) : 986–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.986.

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Due to the multilayer mixed structure is a planted in hot summer and cold winter zone of the widespread use of the traditional construction form, its exterior wall palisade structure heat of existing in the large thermal bridge is main wall of heat consumption important parts. According to the features of the climate, analysis exterior insulation system thermal bridge characteristics, from the wall materials heat transfer coefficient calculation and analysis of the prevention and control of the thermal bridge proposed measures.

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Burgess, Christopher J. « Cold-Weather Cast-in-Place Segmental Construction for Long-Span Bridges ». Transportation Research Record : Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1712, n^o 1 (janvier 2000) : 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1712-19.

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An innovative heating and monitoring method was developed and used for wintertime casting of the Wabasha Street Bridge in Saint Paul, Minnesota. The bridge’s twin 384-m (1,260-ft) box-girder structures slope 5 percent from atop Saint Paul’s bluffs on the Mississippi River’s north side down to the lower portion of Saint Paul. Each box girder is composed of two 122-m-long (400-ft-long) center spans and two 70-m (230-ft) approach spans. The deck width of 14.54 m (47 ft 8 in.) contains two 3.66-m (12-ft) travel lanes, two shoulders of 0.92 m (3 ft) and 1.83 m (6 ft) with a 3.36-m (11-ft) sidewalk, and 1.11 m (3 ft 8 in.) to account for the barriers. The superstructure consists of 4.88-m (16-ft) typical-length segments that are 6.10 m (20 ft) deep over the piers and 2.44 m (8 ft) deep at midspan and the abutments. The bridge was constructed in balanced cantilever fashion with form travelers. The contractor, the local concrete supplier, the city, and the Minnesota Department of Transportation worked together to develop an innovative mix that would withstand the frigid temperatures and also achieve 24 115 kPa (3,500 lb/in.2) compressive strength in less than 24 h to allow the stressing of the post-tensioning. To insulate and protect the curing concrete, reinforced plastic enclosures surrounding the form travelers housed three 316 761-kJ (300,000-Btu) propane heaters. A layer of plastic and a double layer of insulating blankets covered the top slab. Thermocouples in the segments provided temperature readings, which the contractor used to monitor the effectiveness of the cold-weather procedures. The forms, reinforcing steel, and previous concrete were heated above 10°C (50°F) by using plastic enclosures, propane heaters, and insulating blankets. The concrete arrived from the batch plant at approximately 21°C (70°F) and was still above 13°C (55°F) when it was pumped into the segments. Multiple thermocouples indicated that the top slab cured above 38°C (100°F) for several days, whereas the bottom slab and webs were about 11°C warmer. The contractor ran the propane heaters for 5 days after each pour or until the segments reached a 28-day strength of 41,340 kPa (6,000 lb/in.2). The segments reached the required 24 115 kPa (3,500 lb/in.2) strength for post-tensioning on the day after each pour, including pours made on days as cold as −28°C (−19°F). Only 3 working days were lost because of the cold, and the bridge was completed on time. The method of heating and protection used at the Wabasha Street Bridge proved that the segmental cast-in-place construction method is a viable option in cold-weather climates on major long-span bridges.

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Wang, Chun-sheng, Chang-yang Ou, Mu-sai Zhai et Lan Duan. « Cold Retrofit Method Study for Fatigue Cracking of Steel Bridge ». IABSE Symposium Report 105, n^o 23 (23 septembre 2015) : 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137815818358529.

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Kim, Yail J., et D. K. Yoon. « Identifying Critical Sources of Bridge Deterioration in Cold Regions through the Constructed Bridges in North Dakota ». Journal of Bridge Engineering 15, n^o 5 (septembre 2010) : 542–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)be.1943-5592.0000087.

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Słomka-Słupik, Barbara, Jacek Podwórny, Beata Grynkiewicz-Bylina, Marek Salamak, Bibianna Bartoszek, Wiktoria Drzyzga et Marcel Maksara. « Concrete Examination of 100-Year-Old Bridge Structure above the Kłodnica River Flowing through the Agglomeration of Upper Silesia in Gliwice : A Case Study ». Materials 14, n^o 4 (19 février 2021) : 981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14040981.

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The article analyzes the composition of concrete taken from various elements from a 100-year-old bridge in South Poland, so as to analyze its technical condition. The main methods applied during experimental work were: Designation of pH, free chloride content, salinity, XRD and SEM examinations, as well as metals determination using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-ICP-MS, and cold-vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy (CV-AAS). The concrete of the bridge was strongly carbonated and decalcified with an extremely high content of chlorides. The pH of the concrete was in a range from 10.5 to 12.0. Acid soluble components were between 9.9% and 17.6%. Typical sulfate corrosion phases of concrete were not detected. Friedels’ salt was found only at the extremity of an arch. The crown block was corroded to the greatest extent. Various heavy metals were absorbed into the concrete, likely from previous centuries, when environmental protection policy was poor. The applied research methodology can be used on bridges exposed to specific external influences. The acquired knowledge can be useful in the management processes of the bridge infrastructure. It can help in making decisions about decommissioning or extending the life cycle of the bridge. This work should also sensitize researchers and decision-makers to the context of “bridge safety”.

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Li, Jiangjiang, Xuanyu Zhang et Xiandong Wang. « The Influence of Buckling Mode and Buckling Stability Coefficient of Rigid-Frame Bridge during Construction in Cold Region ». Geofluids 2022 (16 juillet 2022) : 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5690355.

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The study aims to further standardize the construction process, improve the construction quality, and ensure the stability of infrastructure construction. The continuous rigid-frame bridge is taken as the research object, the finite element model of the bridge body is established by using the beam element, and the overall stability of the rigid-frame bridge is analyzed in the construction and completion stages. Moreover, the stability coefficient and buckling mode are established under different working conditions in each stage, the linear stability variation law is summarized, and the geometric nonlinear stability analysis method is established through the specific data. The nonlinear stability safety factor and buckling mode are obtained, and the influence of wind load and initial defects on the stability of continuous rigid-frame bridge is further explored. The results show that with the increase of the bridge height, the overall stability factor of the bridge is decreasing, and the safety factor of the single-limb thin-walled hollow pier is relatively larger than that of the double-limb thin-walled hollow pier. During the construction, the asymmetric self-weight load caused by the asynchronous load and cantilever pouring has the greatest impact on the stability of the bridge. The stability safety factor of the geometric nonlinear stability analysis method constructed is 0.3% and 1.27% lower than the ideal state, respectively. The stability safety factor of the wind load and the initial defect is 12.65% lower than the ideal state, and the stability safety factor is greatly reduced. The results have important reference significance to ensure the construction safety and overall stability of the bridge.

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Xiao, Li Guang, Rui Bo Li, Cun You Yan et Guan Jie Li. « Study on Special Thermal-Insulation Masonry Mortar for the North Cold Regions Autoclaved Aerated Concrete ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 174-177 (mai 2012) : 1498–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.1498.

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Because the difference between the autoclaved aerated concrete and ordinary masonry mortar with thermal conductivity is too large, also easy to cause the bricking-up appearance the cold bridge and even the phenomenon of condensation, the author have study special thermal-insulation masonry mortar for autoclaved aerated concrete, about solving between the aerated concrete and ordinary mortar problem filling cracks, it is more important to resolve the big difference between the thermal conductivity, improving the insulation properties of aerated concrete special mortar. The performance as per special masonry mortar and plaster mortar for autoclaved aerated concrete (China national standard JC890-2001), supporting thermal-insulation masonry mortar effectively improved the cold bridge phenomenon of energy loss occurs.

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Vojvodić, Jasmin. « Andrić and Pasternak : Two Novels about Creativity (the problems of winter's semantics) ». Slavic Almanac, n^o 3-4 (2020) : 289–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2073-5731.2020.3-4.4.01.

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313Андрич и Пастернак: два романа о творчестве...Jasmina VojvodićUniversity of Zagreb (Zagreb, Croatia)Andrić and Pasternak: Two Novels about Creativity (the problems of winter's semantics)This paper compares the poetics of two novels: The Bridge on the Drinaby Ivo Andrić and Doctor Zhivago by Boris Pasternak. Both historical novels are “atypical” (chronicle / vita sacrum), and relate to time (linear time / overcoming of linear time; long period of time / moment) and space (Vishegrad / “throughout Russia”; statics / movement) diff erently. Both novels, however, narrate about an indestructible artistic creation that transcends all ideas of time, and about a work of art, made of stone (the bridge) or of language (poetry), which surpasses the present and creates a sense of being beyond time and in eternity. While winter and the cold in Andrić’s novel mark the end of the work on the bridge, in Pasternak’s novel winter presents a time of inspired creativity. The pa-per off ers an analysis of motifs of winter and the cold not only through climatological and geographical prisms, but also from the perspective of the game and the relationship between the warmth on the inside and the cold on the outside, through the prism of folklore and sacral elements.

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Wang, Zhi Feng, et Gui Hua Dai. « Maintenance Strategies of Historical Bridges in China ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 178-181 (mai 2012) : 2264–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.178-181.2264.

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In China a large number of bridges built in 1960s and 1970s are still in operation. They went through several decades of intense heat and cold winter, water scouring, and accelerated load-increasing, which will lead to the deterioration of the structure. They are in the need of maintenance, reinforcement and transformation. The bridge assessment, maintenance, reinforcement and strengthening for the safety and reliability of existing bridges had attracted the attention of researchers. It’s essential to reinforce the old bridges with appropriate designs and construction technologies to improve its load-carrying capacity and extend the service life to meet the requirements of the current transportation. This paper first introduced China’s current situation and existing problems of the bridges. Then the strengthening methods and techniques for the existing damaged bridges are presented. The conclusions and future prospects are finally given.

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Williams, Floyd L. « Exploring a Cold Plasma-2d Black Hole Connection ». Advances in Mathematical Physics 2019 (19 août 2019) : 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4810904.

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Using a resonance nonlinear Schrödinger equation as a bridge, we explore a direct connection of cold plasma physics to two-dimensional black holes. Namely, we compute and diagonalize a metric attached to the propagation of magnetoacoustic waves in a cold plasma subject to a transverse magnetic field, and we construct an explicit change of variables by which this metric is transformed exactly to a Jackiw-Teitelboim black hole metric.

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Ye, Hongyu, Xuancang Wang, Naren Fang et Ziyuan Su. « Low-Temperature Performance and Evaluation Index of Gussasphalt for Steel Bridge Decks ». Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (25 février 2019) : 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2951412.

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Gussasphalt is widely used in steel deck pavement in cold regions; thus, it should have good low-temperature performance. A method for evaluating the low-temperature performance of gussasphalt is presented in this paper. Low-temperature bending, bending creep, and splitting tests were used to study the performance of different types of gussasphalt. The sensitivity and correlation between low-temperature indices obtained from three methods were compared and analyzed with sensitivity factors and the grey relational coefficient, respectively, and the low-temperature evaluation index and standard of gussasphalt in cold regions were determined. Flow, penetration at 50°C, low-temperature bending, and bending fatigue tests of the trabeculae were carried out after secondary mixing of gussasphalt asphalt concrete. Degradation of the material performance after different storage times was studied. Finally, taking the strain energy density as the main control index and considering the fluidity, the high-temperature performance, fatigue characteristics, technical requirements for storage, and mixing time of gussasphalt in cold weather after two mixing procedures are discussed.

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TANAKA, Yasushi, Tetsuya ISHIDA, Ichiro IWAKI et Kazunori SATO. « MULTIPLE PROTECTION DESIGN FOR DURABLE CONCRETE BRIDGE DECK IN COLD REGIONS ». Journal of JSCE 5, n^o 1 (2017) : 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/journalofjsce.5.1_68.

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Wang, Zhi Yuan. « High Performance Concrete in Highway Bridge in Cold and Arid Regions ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 214 (novembre 2012) : 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.214.35.

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High performance concrete originated in the generation of high strength concrete, and it is a new high technology of concrete, is in common with high quality and in concrete. High durability on the perspective of improvement and become, use a lot of high quality raw materials and modern technology, is the main development direction of concrete. Because its comprehensive performance by the superiority of the focus of the society, the strict construction technology in the extensive application in the highway bridge, high performance can the use of concrete can improve the efficiency of its safety and avoid unnecessary accidents

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WANG, Chunsheng, Yuxiao ZHANG, Xiaoqiang WEI et Yuzhu WANG. « Cold Reinforcement Method for Distortion-induced Fatigue Cracks of Steel Bridge ». IABSE Symposium Report 106, n^o 11 (8 mai 2016) : 248–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137816819258519.

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Gu, Xin Yi. « "Cold Bridge" Reconstruction to Optimize Megalopolis' Self-Regulative Thermal Climate Environment ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (septembre 2013) : 1611–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.1611.

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Atmospheric underlying surface change is the main reason for urban heat island and fog and haze. According to constructing a network-like cold bridge as well as coordinating the layout of urban hard underlying surface and soft underlying surface which can promote urban wind-heat movement, urban thermal climate environment may be improved by diffusing heat and solids effectively. As to suzhou, both city regional natural ecological pattern and main urban areal natural ecological environment structure reflect this philosophy.

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Prachasaree, Woraphot, Hota V. S. GangaRao, Krit Laosiriphong, Vimala Shekar et Jerry Whitlock. « Theoretical and experimental analysis of FRP bridge deck under cold temperatures ». International Journal of Materials and Product Technology 28, n^o 1/2 (2007) : 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmpt.2007.011512.

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Li, Baochang, Lirong Guo, Yubao Li, Tiantian Zhang et Yufei Tan. « Thermal Bridge Effect of Aerated Concrete Block Wall in Cold Regions ». IOP Conference Series : Earth and Environmental Science 108 (janvier 2018) : 022041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/108/2/022041.

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Yan, Bin, Ruiqi Cheng, Haoran Xie et Xiangmin Zhang. « Temperature Load Mode of Bridge in Permafrost Region of Qinghai–Tibet Railway ». Applied Sciences 12, n^o 9 (26 avril 2022) : 4377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12094377.

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The Qinghai–Tibet railway is the plateau permafrost railway with the highest altitude and the longest line in the world. The natural conditions along the line are harsh, with many unfavorable factors such as low temperature, strong ultraviolet radiation, and large changes in daily temperature, resulting in frequent bridge damage. In order to study the bridge temperature field and its effect in the permafrost region of the Qinghai–Tibet railway, a long-term field test was carried out, and a calculation model of sunshine temperature field of concrete two-piece T-beam was established based on the principle of meteorology and heat transfer. On this basis, the beam temperature difference load mode, beam section temperature distribution law, and temperature effect were obtained. As revealed, the daily temperature difference of the Qinghai–Tibet railway bridge is large in winter, which is related to the ground’s effective radiation and surface reflectivity, and the maximum value has exceeded the current codes. The beam section temperature field shows “internal heat and external cold” in the morning and “internal cold and external heat” from noon to evening. Under the action of strong radiation and large temperature difference, bridge displacement occurs frequently, by which it is easy to cause damage to rail fasteners and bridge bearings. Based on the field test and finite element analysis, the bridge temperature difference load mode was proposed, which makes up for the deficiency that the relevant codes do not consider the plateau’s special climatic conditions and can provide a reference for the construction of plateau railways such as the Sichuan–Tibet railway.

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Yan, Bin, Ruiqi Cheng, Haoran Xie et Xiangmin Zhang. « Temperature Load Mode of Bridge in Permafrost Region of Qinghai–Tibet Railway ». Applied Sciences 12, n^o 9 (26 avril 2022) : 4377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12094377.

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The Qinghai–Tibet railway is the plateau permafrost railway with the highest altitude and the longest line in the world. The natural conditions along the line are harsh, with many unfavorable factors such as low temperature, strong ultraviolet radiation, and large changes in daily temperature, resulting in frequent bridge damage. In order to study the bridge temperature field and its effect in the permafrost region of the Qinghai–Tibet railway, a long-term field test was carried out, and a calculation model of sunshine temperature field of concrete two-piece T-beam was established based on the principle of meteorology and heat transfer. On this basis, the beam temperature difference load mode, beam section temperature distribution law, and temperature effect were obtained. As revealed, the daily temperature difference of the Qinghai–Tibet railway bridge is large in winter, which is related to the ground’s effective radiation and surface reflectivity, and the maximum value has exceeded the current codes. The beam section temperature field shows “internal heat and external cold” in the morning and “internal cold and external heat” from noon to evening. Under the action of strong radiation and large temperature difference, bridge displacement occurs frequently, by which it is easy to cause damage to rail fasteners and bridge bearings. Based on the field test and finite element analysis, the bridge temperature difference load mode was proposed, which makes up for the deficiency that the relevant codes do not consider the plateau’s special climatic conditions and can provide a reference for the construction of plateau railways such as the Sichuan–Tibet railway.

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Capano, Fabio. « Cold-War Trieste : metamorphosing ideas of Italian nationhood, 1945-1975 ». Modern Italy 21, n^o 1 (février 2016) : 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mit.2015.4.

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This article explores the Italian government’s attitude towards Trieste and its territory in public discourse and the unique role of the disputed area as a means of reinforcing, challenging or disrupting nationalist rhetoric of Italian nationhood after 1945. It argues that the central government’s projected image of the disputed border vacillated between that of a wall and a bridge at the southern tip of the Iron Curtain and was utilised to either strengthen or weaken past nationalist conceptualisations of Italian identity or ‘italianità’ within and outside the Adriatic city. While producing significant resistance within the Triestine community and its émigrés, this political process also succeeded in transforming this disputed territory from a stronghold of Western democracy into a bridge toward the socialist world within public discourse. This close reading of both political and public views of Italy’s eastern border ultimately reveals the inherent fluidity and constructed meaning of ideas of nationhood in Cold War Italy.

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Jyotika, Jaya. « Book review : Flavia Gasbarri, US Foreign Policy and the End of the Cold War in Africa : A Bridge Between Global Conflict and the New World Order, 1988–1994 ». Insight on Africa 15, n^o 1 (janvier 2023) : 128–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09750878221134939.

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