Articles de revues sur le sujet « Cohn, Roy M »

The treatment of methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-2,3-di-O-p-toluenesulfony-β- D- galactoside , methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-3-O-benzenesulfonyl-2-O-p- toluenesufonyl-β-D-galactoside and methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-2-O- benzenesulfonyl-3-O-p-touenesulfonyl-β-D-galactoside under Tipson-Cohen conditions (Zn/ Nal/dimethylformamide ) gives mainly the alkene, methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-2,3-dideoxy-β-D-threo-hex-2-enoside. However, the first two glycosides give methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-3-deoxy-3-C-(m-methylphenyl )-β-D- galactoside, and the last, methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene- 3-deoxy-3-C-phenyl-β-D-gaactoside, as minor by-products resulting from a curious reaction of the supposed iodo sulfonate intermediate. The structure of methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-3-deoxy-3-C-(m- methylphenyl )-β-D- galactoside was confirmed by a single-crystal X-ray structure determination of the derived p-bromobenzoate.

Abstract Anti-perovskite transition metal nitrides exhibit a variety of magnetic properties—such as ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic, and paramagnetic—depending on the 3d transition metal. Fe4N and Co4N are ferromagnetic at room temperature (RT), and the minority spins play a dominant role in the electrical transport properties. However, Mn4N is ferrimagnetic at RT and exhibits a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy caused by tensile strain. Around the magnetic compensation in Mn4N induced by impurity doping, researchers have demonstrated ultrafast current-induced domain wall motion reaching 3000 m s−1 at RT, making switching energies lower and switching speed higher compared with Mn4N. In this review article, we start with individual magnetic nitrides—such as Fe4N, Co4N, Ni4N, and Mn4N; describe the nitrides’ features; and then discuss compounds such as Fe4−x A x N (A = Co, Ni, and Mn) and Mn4−x B x N (B = Ni, Co, and Fe) to evaluate nitride properties from the standpoint of spintronics applications. We pay particular attention to preferential sites of A and B atoms in these compounds, based on x-ray absorption spectroscopy and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism.

A gold solidus of Valentinian I, Emperor of Rome (A.D. 364-375) shown in Figure 1, and belonging to a private collection, was subjected to material and stylistic analysis, in order to ascertain about its authenticity. Due to the rarity of such a coin, only non-destructive analytical techniques were used, namely Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE), electrical resistivity and optical microscopy.Examination by SEM revealed that, in common with coins minted by this emperor, the solidus was die-struck as evidenced by the surface flow lines indicating metal movement under the dies (Figure 2). Wear traces presented an unorganized pattern. The coin was also examined for signs of stress-corrosion cracking but no evidence of this were found. The coin also shows traces of what appear to be soil residues; small quantities of these residues can also be seen in porosities in the coin face (arrow in Figure 3).Analysis by PIXE showed that the coin was made from an alloy of gold (97.9%), silver (2.0%) and copper (0.1%) (Figure 4). The high gold content is likely to be overestimated due to surface depletion of the silver and particularly the copper, which is caused by slight dissolution of these more reactive metals in the burial environment. Nevertheless, this effect is usually small and in agreement with other solidus from Valentiniano I. Also, the high gold content may lie behind the lack of stress-corrosion cracking.The presence of platinum group element (PGE) inclusions is, in some cases, indicative of alluvial gold provenience. Both, optical microscopy and PIXE, were used to detect them but it was not possible to identify their presence. Typically, the concentration of these elements is in the order of ppm, although for this specific period different values have been reported. Considering the experimental conditions used (2 MeV accelerated proton beam and a 50 μm Mylar foil in front of the X-ray detector) the limit of detection of the PIXE technique is close to the expected trace concentration. More energetic proton beam (>3MeV) or the use of specific filter for the X-ray signal in the low energy region, i.e. Zinc foil 75 μm thick, are the future experiments to be carried out in order to detect the presence of such characteristics PGE elements.In order to understand the presumable surface gold enrichment, electrical conductivity measurements were used. The values obtained (1.50-1.56)x1017 S/m show a lower conductivity as compared with the reference value for a 97% Au, 3% Ag alloy (3.54x1017 S/m), indicating that indeed the coin bulk has a lower gold content.As for the stylistic analysis, there is no sound agreement about the coin authenticity, but the tendency is to consider it a good one. The compositional and structural characterization of cultural heritage artefacts usually limit the number of available techniques to those considered as non-destructive and non-invasive, such the one presented in this work. This restriction also constricts and difficult the desired straight conclusions but, on the other hand, increase the multidisciplinary of the work, applying techniques usually dedicated to the material science characterization to cultural heritage.V. Corregidor acknowledges the funding support from the FCT-Ciência program. Financial support was also received through the PEST-OE/CTM-UI0084/2011 and PEST-OE/FIS/UI0275/2011 grants.

Ultra broadband supercontinuum pulses are commonly used as a source of different wavelengths from a wide spectral bandwidth or as a source of very short pulses. However the processes responsible for wide spectral broadening are still under investigation. In this paper we examine the temporal and spectral characteristics of the pulses broadened upon propagation in the highly nonlinear photonics crystal fibers with different dispersion profiles. Generated supercontinuum pulses were experimentally characterized using cross-correlation frequency resolved optical gating technique. Full Text: PDF ReferencesM. Bradler, P. Baum, and E. Riedle, "Femtosecond continuum generation in bulk laser host materials with sub-?J pump pulses", Appl. Phys. B 97, 561 (2009). CrossRef T. M. Kardas, B. Ratajska-Gadomska, W. Gadomski, A. Lapini, and R. Righini, "The role of stimulated Raman scattering in supercontinuum generation in bulk diamond", Opt. Express 21, 24201 (2013). CrossRef A. Brodeur and S. L. Chin, "Band-Gap Dependence of the Ultrafast White-Light Continuum", Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 4406 (1998). CrossRef R. R. Alfano, ed., The Supercontinuum Laser Source: Fundamentals with Updated References, 2nd ed (Springer, 2006). DirectLink A. L. Gaeta, Phys. "Catastrophic Collapse of Ultrashort Pulses", Rev. Lett. 84, 3582 (2000). CrossRef J. M. Dudley, G. Genty, and S. Coen, "Supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fiber", Rev. Mod. Phys. 78, 1135 (2006). CrossRef M. Klimczak, B. Siwicki, P. Skibinski, D. Pysz, R. Stepien, A. Heidt, C. Radzewicz, and R. Buczynski, "Coherent supercontinuum generation up to 2.3 ?m in all-solid soft-glass photonic crystal fibers with flat all-normal dispersion", Opt. Express 22, 18824 (2014). CrossRef D. J. Kane and R. Trebino, "Characterization of arbitrary femtosecond pulses using frequency-resolved optical gating", IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 29, 571 (1993). CrossRef J. Dudley, X. Gu, L. Xu, M. Kimmel, E. Zeek, P. O'Shea, R. Trebino, S. Coen, and R. Windeler, "Cross-correlation frequency resolved optical gating analysis of broadband continuum generation in photonic crystal fiber: simulations and experiments", Opt. Express 10, 1215 (2002). CrossRef N. Nishizawa and T. Goto, "Experimental analysis of ultrashort pulse propagation in optical fibers around zero-dispersion region using cross-correlation frequency resolved optical gating", Opt. Express 8, 328 (2001). CrossRef X. Gu, L. Xu, M. Kimmel, E. Zeek, P. O'Shea, A. P. Shreenath, R. Trebino, and R. S. Windeler, "Frequency-resolved optical gating and single-shot spectral measurements reveal fine structure in microstructure-fiber continuum", Opt. Lett. 27, 1174 (2002). CrossRef S. Roy, S. K. Bhadra, and G. P. Agrawal, "Effects of higher-order dispersion on resonant dispersive waves emitted by solitons", Opt. Lett. 34, 2072?2074 (2009). CrossRef S. Bose, S. Roy, R. Chattopadhyay, M. Pal, and S. K. Bhadra, "Experimental and theoretical study of red-shifted solitonic resonant radiation in photonic crystal fibers and generation of radiation seeded Raman soliton", J. Opt. 17, 105506 (2015). CrossRef T. Roger, M. F. Saleh, S. Roy, F. Biancalana, C. Li, and D. Faccio, "High-energy, shock-front-assisted resonant radiation in the normal dispersion regime", Phys. Rev. A 88, (2013). CrossRef G. P. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics, Fifth edition (Elsevier/Academic Press, 2013). DirectLink J. Szczepanek, T. Kardas, M. Nejbauer, C. Radzewicz, and Y. Stepanenko, "Simple all-PM-fiber laser system seeded by an all-normal-dispersion oscillator mode-locked with a nonlinear optical loop mirror", Proc. SPIE 9728, 972827 (2016). CrossRef C. Iaconis and I. A. Walmsley, "Self-referencing spectral interferometry for measuring ultrashort optical pulses", IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 35, 501 (1999). CrossRef L. E. Hooper, P. J. Mosley, A. C. Muir, W. J. Wadsworth, and J. C. Knight, "Coherent supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fiber with all-normal group velocity dispersion", Opt. Express 19, 4902 (2011). CrossRef J. Szczepanek, T. M. Kardas, and Y. Stepanenko, "Sub-160-fs pulses dechriped to its Fourier transform limit generated from the all-normal dispersion fiber oscillator", Optical Society of America Frontiers in Optics conference, FTu3C?2 (2016). CrossRef G. Genty, M. Lehtonen, and H. Ludvigsen, "Effect of cross-phase modulation on supercontinuum generated in microstructured fibers with sub-30 fs pulses", Opt. Express 12, 4614 (2004). CrossRef S. Roy, S. K. Bhadra, K. Saitoh, M. Koshiba, and G. P. Agrawal, "Dynamics of Raman soliton during supercontinuum generation near the zero-dispersion wavelength of optical fibers", Opt. Express 19, 10443 (2011). CrossRef Y. Liu, Y. Zhao, J. Lyngso, S. You, W. L. Wilson, H. Tu, and S. A. Boppart, "Suppressing Short-Term Polarization Noise and Related Spectral Decoherence in All-Normal Dispersion Fiber Supercontinuum Generation", J. Light. Technol. 33, 1814 (2015). CrossRef

As illustrated by the work of Ralph White, traditional methods of electrochemical engineering are based on human intelligence: Mathematical models encoding physical hypotheses are proposed, tested against experimental data and refined by fitting adjustable parameters. Artificial intelligence is beginning to challenge this paradigm, since predictions can be made directly from data without the need for models, but such knowledge is often not transferrable to new situations. This talk will present a hybrid approach of solving PDE-constrained inverse problems to derive new multiscale models, in the context of Li-ion batteries. Examples include learning models of reaction kinetics and surface heterogeneities from x-ray adsorption images of phase separation in lithium iron phosphate nanoparticles [1], x-ray diffraction spectra for fictitious phase separation in nickel-rich oxide porous electrodes [2], and optical videos of lithium plating on graphite particles [3]. [1] H. Zhao, H. D. Deng, A. E. Cohen, J. Lim, Y. Li, D. Fraggedakis, B. Jiang, B. D. Storey, W. C. Chueh, R. D. Braatz, and M. Z. Bazant, Learning heterogeneous reaction kinetics from X-ray movies pixel-by-pixel, preprint, https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-2320040/v1 [2] J. Park, H. Zhao, S. D. Kang, K. Lim, C.-C. Chen, Y.-S. Yu, R. D. Braatz, D. A. Shapiro, J. Hong, M. F. Toney, M. Z. Bazant, and W. C. Chueh, Fictitious Phase Separation in Li Layered Oxides Driven by Electro-Autocatalysis, Nature Materials 20, 991-999 (2021). [3] T. Gao, Y. Han, D. Fraggedakis, S. Das, T. Zhou, C.-N. Yeh, S. Xu, W. C. Chueh, J. Li, M. Z. Bazant, Interplay of lithium intercalation and plating on a single graphite particle, Joule 5, 1-22 (2021).

Binderless activated carbon monoliths (ACMs) for supercapacitor electrodes were prepared from sugarcane bagasse by two different methods of physical and combination of physical-chemical activation process. The CO2 gas was used as physical activation agent and 0.3 M KOH was chosen as chemical activation agent. The ACMs were tested as electrodes in two-electrode systems of the coin tape cell supercapacitor that consists of stainless steel as current collectors and 1 M H2SO4 as an electrolyte. The improving of resistive, capacitive and energy properties of combination of physical-chemical ACMs electrodes were shown by an impedance spectroscopy, a cyclic voltammetry and a galvanostatic charge-discharge method. The improving of resistive, capacitive and energy properties as high as 1 to 0.6 Ω, 146 to 178 F g-1, 3.83 to 4.72 W h kg-1, respectively. The X-ray diffraction analysis and field emission scanning electron microscope were performed to characterize the crystallite and morphology characteristics. The results showed that the combination of physical-chemical activation process have given a good improving in performance of the bagasse based ACMs electrodes in supercapacitor application.

A number of indolocarbazole-based anion receptors were prepared and their anion-binding behaviors were characterized in solution and in the solid state. First, chain-length-dependent binding affinities of chloride ion were revealed using a series of indolocarbazoles that consisted of one to four indolocarbazole units. The binding affinities were steadily enhanced from monomer to dimer, then to trimer by Gibb’s free energy (–∆∆G) = 2.4 ± 0.1 kcal/mol, and then nearly saturated. Second, a water-soluble trimer folded to generate an internal helical cavity with six convergent NHs, wherein small halides bound in water in the order of Cl– (65 M–1) > F– (46 M–1), and Br– (19 M–1). Third, X-ray crystal structures clearly proved helical folding of a trimer in the presence of sulfate ion, in which left- and right-handed helices stacked alternatively. It was also shown that the selectivity of anion binding could be varied by the modification of the spacer groups connecting indolocarbazole units. Finally, we prepared chiral indolocabazole dimers that adopted helical structures by intramolecular hydrogen bonds and displayed complete inversion of the helical sense upon anion binding. The dimers gave characteristic optical readouts in a reversible manner according to chemical stimuli, thus functioning as chirooptical molecular switches.

In 1985, Carter and Cohen noted that there are several yet-to-be described species of Monomitopus (Ophidiidae), including one from Hawaiʻi. Recently, blackwater divers collected a larval fish off Kona, Hawaiʻi, similar to the previously described larvae of M. kumae, but DNA sequence data from the larva does not match any of the six previously sequenced species within the genus. Within the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Collection, we find a single unidentified adult specimen of Monomitopus collected North of Maui, Hawaiʻi in 1972 whose fin-ray and vertebral/myomere counts overlap those of the larval specimen. We describe this new Hawaiian species of Monomitopus based on larval and adult characters. Additionally, blackwater photographs of several species of Monomitopus show the larvae coiled into a tight ball, a novel behavior to be observed in cusk-eels. We describe this behavior, highlighting the importance of blackwater photography in advancing our understanding of marine larval fish biology.

ABSTRACT In addition to its role in receptor binding, the envelope glycoprotein of certain human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) isolates, including ROD10, exhibits a biological activity that enhances the release of HIV-2, HIV-1, and simian immunodeficiency virus particles from infected cells. The present study aims at better defining the functional domains involved in this biological activity. To this end, we have characterized the envelope protein of the ROD14 isolate of HIV-2, which, despite 95% homology with the ROD10 envelope at the amino acid level, is unable to enhance viral particle release. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that the presence of a truncation in the cytoplasmic tail of the ROD14 envelope was not responsible for the lack of activity, as previously reported for the HIV-2 ST isolate (G. D. Ritter, Jr., G. Yamshchikov, S. J. Cohen, and M. J. Mulligan, J. Virol. 70:2669–2673, 1996). Similarly, several modifications of the length of the ROD10 envelope cytoplasmic tail did not impair its ability to enhance particle release, suggesting that, in the case of the HIV-2 ROD isolate, particle release activity is not regulated by the length of the cytoplasmic tail.

Abstract Background Changing climate and demographic trends have led to recent increases in the incidence of tick-borne illnesses. Early diagnosis of Lyme disease (LD) is critical for initiation of antibiotics to mitigate symptoms and prevent late manifestations. In patients not presenting with a typical erythema migrans rash, 2-tiered serologic testing is recommended to support a diagnosis of LD. However, 2-tiered testing is limited by ambiguity in interpretation and low sensitivity in early disease, highlighting an unmet clinical need for alternative diagnostic approaches. We identified a clinical signal for early LD based on evaluation of the T-cell response to B. burgdorferi infection. Methods We immunosequenced T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoires in blood samples from 3 independent cohorts of patients with laboratory-confirmed or clinically diagnosed early LD and endemic/non-endemic controls to identify 251 public, LD-associated TCRs. These TCRs were used to train a classifier that identified early LD with 99% specificity. Classifier sensitivity was evaluated in 211 LD cases and 2631 endemic controls and compared to that of standard 2-tiered testing (STTT). Biologic specificity was assessed by correlating TCR assay scores with clinical measures and by mapping the antigen specificity of Lyme-associated TCRs to B. burgdorferi antigens. Figure 1. LD-associated TCRs distinguish cases (orange) from controls (blue) in training cohorts. (A) Logistic-growth curve used to define a scoring function. (B) Positive-call threshold (99th percentile in endemic controls). Results In early LD, TCR testing demonstrated a 1.9-fold increase in sensitivity compared to STTT (56% vs 30%), with a 3.1-fold increase ≤4 days from the onset of symptoms (44% vs 14%). TCR positivity predicted subsequent seroconversion in 37% of initially STTT-negative patients, suggesting the T-cell response is detectable before the humoral response. While positivity for both tests declined following treatment, greater declines in posttreatment sensitivity were observed for STTT compared to TCR testing. Higher TCR scores were associated with measures of disease severity, including abnormal liver function tests, disseminated rash, and number of symptoms. A subset of LD-associated TCRs mapped to B. burgdorferi antigens, demonstrating the high specificity of a TCR immunosequencing approach. Figure 2. Validation of the TCR classifier in the JHU cohort and other holdout endemic controls. Distribution of model scores (A) and assay sensitivity (B). Model scores (C) and ROC (D) curves by serostatus. Figure 3. Clinical correlates of TCR scoring. (A) Liver function test; (B) lymphocyte count, (C) rash presentation, (D) number of symptoms. Conclusion T-cell-based testing has potential clinical utility as a sensitive and specific diagnostic for early LD, particularly in the initial days of illness. Disclosures Sudeb C. Dalai, MD, PhD, Adaptive Biotechnologies (Employee, Shareholder) Julia Greissl, PhD, Microsoft (Employee, Shareholder) Mitch Pesesky, PhD, Adaptive Biotechnologies (Employee, Shareholder) Allison W. Rebman, MPH, Global Lyme Alliance (Research Grant or Support)Steven and Alexandra Cohen Foundation (Research Grant or Support) Mark J. Soloski, PhD, NIH grant P30 AR070254 (Grant/Research Support)Steven and Alexandra Cohen Foundation (Research Grant or Support) Elizabeth J. Horn, PhD, Adaptive Biotechnologies (Research Grant or Support)Bay Area Lyme Foundation (Research Grant or Support)Lyme Disease Biobank (Employee)Steven and Alexandra Cohen Foundation (Research Grant or Support) Jennifer N. Dines, MD, Adaptive Biotechnologies (Employee, Shareholder) Rachel M. Gittelman, PhD, Adaptive Biotechnologies (Employee, Shareholder) Thomas M. Snyder, PhD, Adaptive Biotechnologies (Employee, Shareholder) Ryan O. Emerson, PhD, Adaptive Biotechnologies (Other Financial or Material Support, Employment with Adaptive Biotechnologies during the time of this study) Edward Meeds, PhD, Microsoft (Employee, Shareholder) Thomas Manley, MD, Adaptive Biotechnologies (Other Financial or Material Support, Declares employment with Adaptive Biotechnologies during the time of this study) Ian M. Kaplan, PhD, Adaptive Biotechnologies (Employee, Shareholder) Lance Baldo, MD, Adaptive Biotechnologies (Employee, Shareholder, Leadership Interest) Jonathan M. Carlson, PhD, Microsoft (Employee, Shareholder) Harlan S. Robins, PhD, Adaptive Biotechnologies (Board Member, Employee, Shareholder) John Aucott, MD, Adaptive Biotechnologies (Advisor or Review Panel member)Bay Area Lyme Foundation (Other Financial or Material Support, Scientific Advisory Board member)Department of Health and Human Services (Other Financial or Material Support, Past Chair, 2018, HHS Tick-borne Disease Working Group, Office of HIV/AIDS and Infectious Disease Policy, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Health)Expert testimony (Other Financial or Material Support, Expert testimony)Global Lyme Alliance (Research Grant or Support)Pfizer (Consultant)Steven and Alexandra Cohen Foundation (Research Grant or Support)Tarsus Pharmaceuticals (Consultant)

Abstract Monolith solid porous carbon approach was prepared from biomass based from Garcinia Xanthochymus by using a high-temperature pyrolysis both of carbonization and physical activation in one stage integrated stage. Effect of the chemical impregnated of the activated carbon was studied. The N2 gas environment was used as inert gas of carbonization, and the CO2 gas was used as a physical activation atmosphere. The dimension of solid coin porous carbon was evaluated in the before and after high-temperature pyrolysis based on reduction of mass, diameter, and thickness. Furthermore, the porous carbon obtained also reviewed microstructure properties by using X-ray diffraction technique. Moreover, the electrode materials were evaluated their electrochemical performances at cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge discharge (GCD) in different scanning rate of 1, 2, 5, and 10 mV s−1, at window voltage of 0.0-1.0V and current density of 1.0 A g−1. The optimum capacitive properties were found as high as 159 F g−1 at aqueous electrolyte of 1 M H2SO4. The energy density was reviewed of 9.91 Wh kg−1 at optimum power density of 97.17 W kg−1.

AbstractFerribushmakinite (IMA2014-055), Pb2Fe3+(PO4)(VO4)(OH), the Fe3+ analogue of bushmakinite, is a new mineral from the Silver Coin mine, Valmy, Iron Point district, Humboldt County, Nevada, USA, where it occurs as a low-temperature secondary mineral in association with plumbogummite, mottramite, Br-rich chlorargyrite and baryte on massive quartz. Ferribushmakinite forms yellow slightly flattened prisms up to 0.2 mm long growing in X and sixling twins. The streak is pale yellow. Crystals are translucent and have adamantine lustre. The Mohs hardness is ∼2, the tenacity is brittle, the fracture is irregular to splintery and crystals exhibit one or two fair cleavages in the [010] zone. The calculated density is 6.154 g/cm3. Electron microprobe analyses provided: PbO 63.69, CaO 0.07, CuO 1.11, Fe2O3 7.63, Al2O3 1.63, V2O5 12.65, As2O5 3.09, P2O58.63, H2O 1.50 (structure), total 100.00 wt.% (normalized). The empirical formula (based on nine O a.p.f.u.) is: (Pb1.99Ca0.01)Σ2.00(Fe0.66Al0.22Cu0.10)Σ0.98(V0.97P0.85As0.19)Σ2.01O7.84(OH)1.16. Ferribushmakinite is monoclinic, P21/m, a = 7.7719(10), b = 5.9060(7), c = 8.7929(12) Å, β = 111.604(8)°, V = 375.24(9) Å3 and Z = 2. The eight strongest lines in the powder X-ray diffraction pattern are [dobs in Å (I)(hkl)]: 4.794(46)(011); 3.245(84)(211); 2.947(100)(020,212,103); 2.743(49)(112); 2.288(30)(220); 1.8532(27)(314,403); 1.8084(27)(multiple); and 1.7204(28)(312,114,321). Ferribushmakinite is a member of the brackebuschite supergroup. Its structure (R1 = 3.83% for 577 Fo > 4σF) differs from that of bushmakinite only in the dominance of Fe3+ over Al in the octahedral site.

The solubility of Np(VI) was investigated in carbonate-free NaCl solutions (0.1 M ≤ I ≤ 5.0 M) at T = 22 ± 2 °C to derive thermodynamic properties of aqueous species and solid compounds formed under alkaline conditions. The experimentally derived solubility curves can be divided into four main regions: (I) ~7 ≤ pHm ≤ ~9, showing a steep decrease in Np solubility with a slope (log [Np] vs. pHm) of –3 or –2 (depending on NaCl concentration); (II) ~9 ≤ pHm ≤ ~10.5, with a nearly pH-independent [Np]; (III) ~10.5 ≤ pHm ≤ ~13.5, showing an increase in the solubility with a well-defined slope of +1. A region (IV) with a slope ≥ +2 was only observed at I ≥ 1.0 M NaCl and pHm ≥ ~13.5. The solubility-controlling solid Np phases were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), quantitative chemical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS), confirming the presence of anhydrous Na2Np2O7(cr) in regions II and III. The same solid phase was identified in region I except for the system in 0.1 M NaCl, where a NpO2(OH)2·H2O(cr) phase predominates. XRD patterns of this solid phase show a very good agreement with that of metaschoepite (UO3·2H2O), highlighting the similarities between Np(VI) and U(VI) with respect to solid phase formation and structure. Based on the analysis of solubility data, solid phase characterization and chemical analogy with U(VI), the equilibrium reactions 0.5 Na2Np2O7(cr) + 1.5 H2O ⬄ Na+ + NpO2(OH)3– and 0.5 Na2Np2O7(cr) + 2.5 H2O ⬄ Na+ + NpO2(OH)42– + H+ were identified as controlling Np(VI) solubility in regions II and III, respectively. The predominance of NpO2+ in the aqueous phase of region I (quantified by UV–vis/NIR) indicates the reductive dissolution of Np(VI) [either as Na2Np2O7(cr) or NpO2(OH)2·H2O(cr)] to Np(V)aq. Oxidation to Np(VII) can explain the experimental observations in region IV, although it is not included in the chemical and thermodynamic models derived. The conditional equilibrium constants determined from the solubility experiments at different ionic strengths were evaluated with both the specific ion interaction theory (SIT) and Pitzer approaches. Thermodynamic data for aqueous Np(VI) species [NpO2(OH)3– and NpO2(OH)42–] and solid compounds [Na2Np2O7(cr) and NpO2(OH)2·H2O(cr)] that are relevant under alkaline conditions were derived. These data are not currently included in the Nuclear Energy Agency-Thermochemical Database (NEA-TDB) compilation.

Background:Rheumatoid cachexia is an under-recognized pathological condition, which is characterized by a loss of muscle strength and can be presented as a low fat-free mass and normal or high BMI in patients with rheumatoid arthritis determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) [1]. Though fetuin-A is one of a major noncollagen proteins in bone tissue it is of interest to clarify its association with rheumatoid cachexia.Objectives:To define the prevalence of rheumatoid cachexia in Caucasian patients with rheumatoid arthritis determined by DEXA method and to study the association of serum fetuin-A levels with body composition and rheumatoid cachexia in this group.Methods:110 Caucasian patients with rheumatoid arthritis undergone DEXA with «Total Body» program. All patients fulfilled the 2010 ACR/EULAR classification criteria for rheumatoid arthritis. The diagnosis of rheumatoid cachexia was based on Engvall I.L. criteria: fat-free mass index less than 10th percentile with fat mass index above 25th percentile [1]. We used values for these indexes from the study performed in 2008 by Coin A. et al. on Italian population due to a lack of standard values [2]. Fetuin-A in serum was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. 72 patients have been taking glucocorticoids for more than 3 months in dose equivalent or higher than 5 mg of prednisolone daily. Statistical analysis was performed using a software package “Statistica 12.0”. Parametric data is presented as M±St.dev, and nonparametric as Me [Q1-Q3].Results:Rheumatoid cachexia was diagnosed in 25 patients (22,7%) with mean age of 52,2±8,14 years. The prevalence of cachexia was the same in groups of patients who took glucocorticoids (n=16, 22,2%) and who didn’t (n=9, 23,7%; p = 0,465). Median cumulative dose of oral glucocorticoids in patients with rheumatoid cachexia was higher but fell just short of statistical significance (8,0 [2,9-13,5] g vs 5,4 [0,2-11,6] g; Z=-1,42; p = 0,156). Median serum fetuin-A levels were only slightly significantly lower in patients with rheumatoid cachexia (757,7 [700,5-932,0] µg/ml vs 769,3 [660,3-843,4] µg/ml; Z=-1,35; p=0,175). Positive statistically significant correlations were observed between serum fetuin-A levels and bone mass in right (r=0,222, p = 0,027) and left (r=0,263, p = 0,008) lower limbs, trunk (r=0,268, p = 0,007), gynoid region (r=0,293, p = 0,003), both lower limbs (r=0,246, p = 0,014) and whole-body (r=0,235, p = 0,019).Conclusion:Rheumatoid cachexia was diagnosed in 22,7% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. No association was observed between glucocorticoids intake and rheumatoid cachexia, despite the expected influence of them on muscle mass. We may suggest that occurrence and pathogenesis of this condition is complex and should be studied more precisely. It is well-known that patients with such condition have a higher risk for metabolic syndrome, arterial hypertension and mortality. We observed positive correlations between serum fetuin-A levels and bone mass in lower limbs, trunk, gynoid region and whole-body. Considering that fetuin-A is also associated with bone mineral density [3], it may be regarded as a marker of bone remodeling.References:[1]Engvall I.L., Elkan A.C., Tengstrand B., Cederholm T., Brismar K., Hafstrom I. Cachexia in rheumatoid arthritis is associated with inflammatory activity, physical disability, and low bioavailable insulin-like growth factor. Scand J Rheumatol. 2008; 37 (5): 321–328.[2]Coin A., Sergi G., Minicuci N., Giannini S., Barbiero E., Manzato E., Pedrazzoni M., Minisola S., Rossini M., Del Puente A., Zamboni M., Inelmen E.M., Enzi G. Fat-free mass and fat mass reference values by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in a 20-80 year-old Italian population. Clinical Nutrition. 2008; 27 (1): 87-94.[3]Sari, A., & Uslu, T. The relationship between fetuin-a and bone mineral density in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Turkish Journal of Rheumatology. 2013; 28 (3): 195-201.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) provides important information on metal oxidation state and element-specific coordination, but data collection has historically required the energy specificity and brilliance of a synchrotron facility. Recent developments in detectors and optics are now bringing XAS capabilities to the laboratory setting through multiple commercially available instruments. At the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, we use laboratory-based XAS to explore the local electronic and atomic structure of a class of disordered vanadium ferrite (VFe2Ox) aerogels that exhibit promising performance for electrochemical energy-storage applications such as rechargeable lithium-ion batteries.1,2 These materials are synthesized by an epoxide-promoted sol– gel reaction of iron chloride and vanadium isopropoxide, with the resulting fluid-filled gels rendered as high surface area aerogels via supercritical-CO2 drying. During the initial sol–gel synthesis, electroinactive metals such as aluminum, zinc, and zirconium may also be substituted for vanadium and iron to alter the local electronic environment and corresponding electrochemical performance of VFe2Ox. Heat treatment of as-dried VFe2Ox aerogels under either O2-containing or inert atmosphere yields disordered or nanocrystalline variants, respectively. The resulting series of native and substituted VFe2Ox materials are evaluated as powder-composite cathodes versus lithium metal in coin cells with conventional nonaqueous lithium-ion electrolyte. We correlate such critical battery-performance parameters as total specific capacity, high-rate capability, and cycle life as a function of VFe2Ox composition and its degree of structural order/disorder, as measured with in-situ XANES and EXAFS. In parallel with experimental observations, calculations on VFe2Ox reveal that V incorporates into the defective spinel structure at tetrahedral sites and that both disorder induced by vacancies and Fe/V tetrahedral occupation lowers the overall energy and opens an electronic energy gap that establishes the redox sequence during lithiation. 1. C. N. Chervin, J. S. Ko, B. W. Miller, L. Dudek, A. N. Mansour, M. D. Donakowski, T. Brintlinger, P. Gogotsi, S. Chattopadhyay, T. Shibata, J. F. Parker, B. P. Hahn, D. R. Rolison, and J. W. Long, J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 12059 (2015). 2. C. N. Chervin, R. H. DeBlock, J. F. Parker, B. M. Hudak, N. L. Skeele, J. S. Ko, D. R. Rolison, and J. W. Long, RSC Adv. 11, 14495 (2021).

Disordered vanadium ferrite (VFe2Ox) materials exhibit promising performance for electrochemical energy-storage applications such as rechargeable lithium-ion batteries.1,2 We employ an epoxide-promoted sol–gel reaction of iron chloride and vanadium isopropoxide to form nanostructured vanadium ferrite gels. Subsequent supercritical-CO2 extraction of the pore fluid yields high surface–area aerogels. Heat treatment under either O2-containing or inert atmosphere yields disordered or nanocrystalline variants, respectively. Electroinactive metal cations such as aluminum, zinc, and zirconium are substituted during the initial sol–gel synthesis to alter the local electronic environment of VFe2Ox. The resulting series of native and substituted VFe2Ox materials are evaluated as powder-composite cathodes versus lithium metal in coin cells with conventional nonaqueous lithium-ion electrolyte. We correlate such critical battery-performance parameters as total specific capacity, high-rate capability, and cycle life as a function of MVFe2Ox composition and its degree of structural order/disorder. In-lab X-ray absorption spectroscopy also provides important information on metal oxidation state and element-specific coordination for these VFe2Ox aerogels, including during operando electrochemical lithiation/delithiation. In parallel with experimental advancements, calculations on VFe2Ox reveal that V incorporation into the defect-induced spinel structure occurs at tetrahedral sites. Further, both disorder of vacancies and Fe/V tetrahedral occupation lower the overall energy, opening an electronic energy gap that establishes the redox sequence during lithiation. N. Chervin, J. S. Ko, B. W. Miller, L. Dudek, A. N. Mansour, M. D. Donakowski, T. Brintlinger, P. Gogotsi, S. Chattopadhyay, T. Shibata, J. F. Parker, B. P. Hahn, D. R. Rolison, and J. W. Long, J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 12059 (2015). C. N. Chervin, R.H. DeBlock, J. F. Parker, B. M. Hudak, N. L. Skeele, J. S. Ko, D. R. Rolison, and J. W. Long, RSC Adv. 11, 14495 (2021).

The dissolution of hydroxyapatite (HAP) and fluorapatite (FAP) has been studied (25 °C, 0.1 M NaCl medium) within the pH ranges 2–11 (FAP) and 4–10 (HAP). A range of techniques has been utilized to achieve understanding in how these two abundant minerals may interact with their natural surroundings (e.g., body fluids and soil environments). Synthetic crystalline HAP and FAP were prepared, and both minerals were found to undergo a phase transformation generated during a dialysis step of the synthetic routes. Surface-deficient layers with the nonstoichiometric compositions Ca8.4(HPO4)1.6(PO4)4.4(OH)0.4 and Ca9(HPO4)2(PO4)4F2 were identified. The equilibrium analysis of experimental solubility data of the two apatite systems was based upon potentiometric titration data, batch experiments, and zeta-potential measurements in combination with information provided by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The analysis required, besides the two solubility equilibria, the formation of surface protonation/deprotonation reactions, re-adsorption processes involving phosphate and fluoride ions as well as an ion exchange reaction (≡F + H2O ⇋ ≡OH + H+ + F–) to fully describe the dissolution characteristics of the two apatite systems. The resulting model also agrees with observations from XPS and solubility data, claiming the formation of CaF2(s) in the most acidic pH range of the FAP system. In addition, calculated isoelectric points (pHiep) are in agreement with values from surface charge measurements showing pHiep (HAP) = 8.1 and pHiep (FAP) = 5.7.

To study astrophysical transit phenomena we follow an alternative strategy for getting high-cadence observations of the field. This can be achieved with our new Fly’s Eye Camera System that monitors the entire sky above 30◦ horizontal altitude. With this instrument one can observe all phenomena brighter than ∼ 15m in Sloan r-band (u’, g’,i’ and z’ filters are also available). If we stack together a few hour of images we canobserve ∼ 17 m faint sources. This small-sized instrument is designed for time-domain astronomy with its 150 sec cadence. Due to the hexapod-based motion control, the instrument can be installed anywhere without any modifications, it can accomplish sky tracking automatically. These parallel robots have 6 degrees of freedom (DoF), but since any kind of rotation can be done by using only 3 DoF, the tracking with hexapods is independent from the geographical coordinates. Even polar alignment is not required, because Fly’s Eye can calibrate itself based on its own observed data. The system is optimal for time-domain astronomy: detecting novae, supernovae, optical afterglows of gamma-ray bursts and other bright, fast transients, and, from the observation database such data can be obtained - even from before the discovery of the transient event. In the future when the direction of the gravitational waves will be defined precisely we will be able to detect their first multiwaveband counterparts. In addition the Fly’s Eye will support the “Transient Astrophysical Objects” project which will use two new 80 cm robotic telescopes for follow-up observations of transients.

Lithium manganese oxide (LMO) has been a well-studied Li-ion battery cathode material for for many years. It offers high thermal stability for high-temperature battery applications and a prolonged cycle life compared to other materials. LMO also has an acceptably high energy density from a naturally abundant, inexpensive, and environmentally benign material, i.e. manganese (Mn). The cathodes for LIBs are conventionally synthesized via solid-state reaction techniques, which require harsh and complex conditions including high temperature (> 700oC) and high pressure. The resulting powders are incorporated into a slurry that is cast onto a current collector using a binder, additives, and solvent. Though this results in high-performing electrodes, it also usually increases the production cost. Another approach that is gaining traction to make LMOs is electrodeposition. Electrodeposition can allow for the direct synthesis of the active material on the current collector without using any binder or additives. Using electrodeposition not only could eliminate the mass and volume of inactive material but also reduce the cost of electrode fabrication. It also can facilitate recycling by depositing the active material from lower purity, material-digested streams. A few reports in the literature have discussed the electrochemical preparation of LMO cathode from the following steps: electrodeposition of manganese oxide (s) (MnxOy) onto a substrate followed by chemical lithiation and heat treatment of MnxOy [1,2]. Although a few reports showed the active materials with reasonable capacity, it is presently unknown what LiMnxOy phase or phases are active and which MnxOy is responsible. However, without sufficient physicochemical investigation, multiple works have postulated that the LMO is created from crystalline MnO2 or Mn3O4. It is also not known what the typical active phase yield is or what physical structures or conditions are responsible for increased capacity. If electrodeposition-to-LMO is to become a viable commercial pathway, a rational understanding of the solid-state chemistry for the LMO formation is needed. This talk will discuss the deposition and lithiation of multiple manganese oxide phases – linking the chemistry and morphology of the surface features to their charge/discharge properties. It will be shown that traditional crystalline phases are not responsible for the formation of LMOs. It will also be shown that the LMOs do not fully delithiate during charging. Lastly, the precise morphology of the active phase – separated out through new processing approaches – will be identified. The composition, structure, and crystallinity of the Mn oxides and LMOs were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The resulting LMO electrodes were incorporated into coin cells, cycled – achieving a capacity of 261 mAh g-1, and post-characterized. References J. Rana, M. Stan, R. Kloepsch, J. Li, G. Schumacher, E. Welter, I. Zizak, J. Banhart, and M. Winter, Adv. Energy Mater., 4, 1300998 (2014). Z. Quan, S. Ohguchi, M. Kawase, H. Tanimura, and N. Sonoyama, J. Power Sources, 244, 375 (2013).

This study used a physical activation method to prepare asphalt-pitch-derived activated carbon (Pitch AC) for an electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) electrode. X-ray diffraction analysis and Raman spectroscopy were used to estimate the change in the crystal structure of Pitch AC with activation time. In addition, the textural properties of Pitch AC were studied by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Dubinin-Radushkevich (DR) and non-localized density functional theory (NLDFT) equations with N2/77K isotherm adsorption-desorption curves. The electrochemical performance of the Pitch AC was analyzed using a coin-type EDLC with 1 M SBPBF4/PC via galvanostatic charge/discharge, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The specific surface area and total pore volume were 990–2040 m2/g and 0.42–1.51 cm3/g, respectively. The pore characteristics of the Pitch AC varied according to the activation time and changed from a microporous structure to a micro-mesoporous structure as the activation time increased. The electrochemical performance analysis also found that the specific capacity was increased from 43.6 F/g to 84.5 F/g at 0.1 A/g as activation time increased. In particular, Pitch AC-9 exhibited the best electrochemical performance (rectangular CV curve, reversible GCD, lowest ion charge transfer resistance and Warburg impedance). In addition, Pitch AC-9 was confirmed to have a specific capacitance similar to commercial activated carbon for EDLC (YP-50F). Therefore, it was considered that Pitch AC could replace commercial activated carbon for EDLC because it has excellent pore characteristics and electrochemical performance despite being manufactured through a very low-cost precursor and a simple process (physical activation method).

On 16 December 2015 a severe thunderstorm and associated tornado affected Sydney causing widespread damage and insured losses of $206 million. Severe impacts occurred in Kurnell, requiring repairs to Sydney's desalination plant which supplies up to 15% of Sydney water during drought, with repairs only completed at the end of 2018. Climatologically, this storm was unusual as it occurred during the morning and had developed over the ocean, rather than developing inland during the afternoon as is the case for many severe storms impacting the Sydney region. Simulations of the Kurnell storm were conducted using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model on a double nested domain using the Morrison microphysics scheme and the NSSL 2-moment 4-ice microphysics scheme. Both simulations produced severe storms that followed paths similar to the observed storm. However, the storm produced under the Morrison scheme did not have the same morphology as the observed storm. Meanwhile, the storm simulated with the NSSL scheme displayed cyclical low- and mid-level mesocyclone development, which was observed in the Kurnell storm, highlighting that the atmosphere supported the development of severe rotating thunderstorms with the potential for tornadogenesis. The NSSL storm also produced severe hail and surface winds, similar to observations. The ability of WRF to simulate general convective characteristics and a storm similar to that observed displays the applicability of this model to study the causes of severe high-impact Australian thunderstorms. References J. T. Allen and E. R. Allen. A review of severe thunderstorms in Australia. Atmos. Res., 178:347–366, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.03.011. Bureau of Meteorology. Severe Storms Archive, 2020. URL http://www.bom.gov.au/australia/stormarchive/. D. T. Dawson II, M. Xue, J. A. Milbrandt, and M. K. Yau. Comparison of evaporation and cold pool development between single-moment and multimoment bulk microphysics schemes in idealized simulations of tornadic thunderstorms. Month. Wea. Rev., 138:1152–1171, 2010. doi:10.1175/2009MWR2956.1. H. Hersbach, B. Bell, P. Berrisford, S. Hirahara, A. Horanyi, J. Munoz-Sabater, J. Nicolas, C. Peubey, R. Radu, D. Schepers, et al. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146:1999–2049, 2020. doi:10.1002/qj.3803. Insurance Council of Australia. Victorian bushfire losses push summer catastrophe bill past $550m, 2016. E. R. Mansell, C. L. Ziegler, and E. C. Bruning. Simulated electrification of a small thunderstorm with two-moment bulk microphysics. J. Atmos. Sci., 67:171–194, 2010. doi:10.1175/2009JAS2965.1. R. C. Miller. Notes on analysis and severe-storm forecasting procedures of the Air Force Global Weather Central, volume 200. Air Weather Service, 1972. URL https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/AD0744042. H. Morrison, J. A. Curry, and V. I. Khvorostyanov. A new double-moment microphysics parameterization for application in cloud and climate models. Part I: Description. J. Atmos. Sci., 62:1665–1677, 2005. doi:10.1175/JAS3446.1. H. Morrison, G. Thompson, and V. Tatarskii. Impact of cloud microphysics on the development of trailing stratiform precipitation in a simulated squall line: Comparison of one- and two-moment schemes. Month. Wea. Rev., 137:991–1007, 2009. doi:10.1175/2008MWR2556.1. J. G. Powers, J. B. Klemp, W. C. Skamarock, C. A. Davis, J. Dudhia, D. O. Gill, J. L. Coen, D. J. Gochis, R. Ahmadov, S. E. Peckham, et al. The Weather Research and Forecasting Model: Overview, system efforts, and future directions. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 98:1717–1737, 2017. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00308.1. H. Richter, A. Protat, J. Taylor, and J. Soderholm. Doppler radar and storm environment observations of a maritime tornadic supercell in Sydney, Australia. In Preprints, 28th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Portland OR, Amer. Meteor. Soc. P, 2016. W. C. Skamarock, J. B. Klemp, J. Dudhia, D. O. Gill, Z. Liu, J. Berner, W. Wang, J. G. Powers, M. G. Duda, D. Barker, and X.-Y. Huang. A description of the advanced research WRF Model version 4. Technical report, 2019. Storm Prediction Center. The Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF Scale), 2014. URL https://www.spc.noaa.gov/efscale/. R. A. Warren, H. A. Ramsay, S. T. Siems, M. J. Manton, J. R. Peter, A. Protat, and A. Pillalamarri. Radar-based climatology of damaging hailstorms in Brisbane and Sydney, Australia. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146:505–530, 2020. doi:10.1002/qj.3693.

The steady-state as well as transient absorption spectroscopy of a series of 2-bromo-aryl ketones have been comprehensively examined to gain insights concerning (i) the transient phenomena (absorption spectral attributes as well as lifetimes), (ii) rates of C–Br homolysis, and (iii) the behavior of 2-aroylaryl radicals thus generated. The X-ray crystal structure analyses of selected ketones in which the mesomeric effects operate differently reveal that the two aryl rings are drastically twisted about the C=O bond. The twisting manifests itself in the spectral features of the transients, attributed to triplet–triplet (T–T) absorptions, such that they are not readily comparable in some cases to the transients of parent diaryl ketones that lack the 2-bromo group. By associating triplet decays with C–Br cleavage rates, the absolute rate data have been determined for diverse 2-bromoaryl ketones. With the exception of 2-bromo ketones containing meta-methoxy substituents, all other ketones are found to undergo efficient C–Br bond cleavage with rates of ca. 0.1–1.0 × 108 s–1. For m-methoxy-substituted ketones, intriguingly slower deactivation of the triplets was observed. Based on solvent-dependent variation of the lifetimes (longer lifetimes in polar solvents), intramolecular charge transfer has been proposed. The preparative photochemistry and transient phenomena permit invaluable inferences as to the reactivity of 2-aroylaryl radicals in general. Quantum yield determinations and product analyses reveal that highly electrophilic aryl radicals undergo radical recombination, in a poor hydrogen-donating solvent, almost exclusively (>90 %) in the absence of incentive for stabilization via conversion to π-conjugated hydrofluorenyl radicals. Of course, when the latter is feasible, Pschorr cyclization leads to productive photochemical outcome. Moderately electrophilic radicals that lack stabilization via conversion to hydrofluorenyl radicals lend themselves to intramolecular 1,5-hydrogen shifts in conjunction with the formation of dehalogenated diaryl ketones and cyclized fluorenones (Fls) or its analogs.

Glucokinase has exclusively high control strength on glucose usage in the pancreatic beta-cell. However, glucokinase also has extraordinarily high control strength on insulin secretion, which is linked to the phosphate potential, [ATP]/([ADP][Pi]) (F.M. Matschinsky, Y.Liang, P. Kesavan, L. Wang, P. Froguel, G. Velho, D. Cohen, M.A. Permutt, Y. Tanizawa, T.L. Jetton, K. Niswender, and M.A. Magnuson. J. Clin. Invest. 92: 2092-2098, 1993). We propose that the ATP produced via the tricarboxylic acid cycle is approximately constant, irrespective of the glucose level. Furthermore, the component of ATP production that is derived from glycolysis and glycolytically derived NADH, which is shuttled into the mitochondria, is a critical signal controlling the ionic events leading to insulin secretion, as suggested previously (M. J. MacDonald. Diabetes 39: 1461-1466, 1990 and I.D. Dukes, M.S. McIntyre, R.J. Mertz, L.H. Philipson, M.W. Roe, B. Spencer, and J.F. Worley III. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 10979-10982, 1994). To test this hypothesis, glucose usage, oxidation, and insulin secretion were measured in cultured rat islets over a wide range of concentrations of glucose and mannoheptulose, an inhibitor of glucokinase. These data were fit to a mathematical model that predicts that glucokinase will govern the rate of glucose usage and ATP production and will also have a strong, but not complete, control over the rate of glucose oxidation, the phosphate potential, and insulin release. Mannoheptulose caused an inhibition of all three fluxes. The estimates of the mechanistic parameters of the model [maximal velocity (Vmax) and Michaelis constant for glucokinase, Vmax for hexokinase and glucose transport, and the inhibition constant of mannoheptulose to glucokinase] were similar to those obtained in vitro. Thus the data are consistent with a model in which the primary importance of glycolysis in transducing the glucose signal into changes of the phosphate potential imparts to glucokinase a high control strength on glucose-induced insulin secretion.

It is well-established that pre-cues, including those observed in an implicit manner, can affect motor skills and reaction times. However, little research currently exists on how pre-cues influence complex motor skills such as driving a car at high speed. This pilot study investigates the effect of implicit pre-cues on collision avoidance under a repeat trial experiment design using a car driving simulator. Seventeen par- ticipants (aged 23.8 ± 4.2 years) were included in this investigation, which consisted of four different one-kilometre driving scenarios. This investigation considers two of the four scenarios. Two scenarios had the stimulus of a child crossing the road, however only one of these scenarios had an implicit pre-cue appear before the stimulus. The remaining two scenarios had no stimulus or pre-cue and were included to reduce any learning effect by participants. The proportion of participants who had a collision differed significantly between scenarios with and without a pre-cue. The primary effect size of the pre-cue is modelled using a logis- tic regression and distributions for point estimators are obtained from bootstrapping results. A power analysis exploring different primary effect sizes is performed to inform sample size considerations for repeat studies. Implications for motor control, such as experiment design and statistical modelling methods, are discussed to inform future large scale trials. References J. A. Barela, A. A. Rocha, A. R. Novak, J. Fransen, and G. A. Figueiredo. Age differences in the use of implicit visual cues in a response time task. Braz. J. Motor Behav. 13.2 (2019), pp. 86–93. doi: 10.20338/bjmb.v13i2.139 J. Cohen. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge, 1988. doi: 10.4324/9780203771587 U. Eversheim and O. Bock. The role of precues in the preparation of motor responses in humans. J. Mot. Behav. 34.3 (2002), pp. 271–276. doi: 10.1080/00222890209601945 D. G. Jenkins and P. F. Quintana-Ascencio. A solution to minimum sample size for regressions. PLOS One 15.2 (2020), e0229345. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229345 J. Jiang. Linear and generalized linear mixed models and their applications. Springer Series in Statistics. Springer, 2007. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-47946-0 C. Kistin and M. Silverstein. Pilot studies: A critical but potentially misused component of interventional research. JAMA 314.15 (2015), pp. 1561–1562. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.10962 H. C. Kraemer, J. Mintz, A. Noda, J. Tinklenberg, and J. A. Yesavage. Caution regarding the use of pilot studies to guide power calculations for study proposals. Arch. Gen. Psych. 63.5 (2006), pp. 484–489. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.63.5.484 J. A. Nelder and R. W. M. Wedderburn. Generalized linear models. J. Roy. Stat. Soc. 135.3 (1972), pp. 370–384. doi: 10.2307/2344614 R. Stine. An introduction to bootstrap methods: Examples and ideas. Soc. Meth. Res. 18.2–3 (1989), pp. 243–291. doi: 10.1177/0049124189018002003

Developing grid-scale energy storage is important for the penetration of intermittent renewable energies such as wind and solar, but remains one of the biggest challenges in the field of electrochemical energy storage [1]. The application of mature lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) to grid energy storage is controversial due to the limited Li resources and geographical distribution, high cost of materials (e.g., Co, Li), limited lifetime, and safety concerns [2]. Rechargeable aluminium ion batteries (AIBs), which normally utilises aluminium (Al) metal as anode, are one of the most promising battery technologies for future large-scale energy storage, due to the high theoretical volumetric capacity (8046 mAh cm−3), high safety, and low cost and high abundance of aluminium (the third most abundant metal in the earth crust) [3]. AIBs have achieved long cycle life (>7500 cycles) when using graphite and graphene as cathode materials [4-5]. Nevertheless, the reported graphite-based cathodes have intrinsically low storage capacities (60–200 mAh g-1) due to the intercalation mechanism of the solvated ions rather than the multivalent Al3+ transformation. Extensive efforts have been made to develop new cathode materials to promote the specific/volumetric capacity of AIBs, including transition metal oxides [6], sulfides [7], selenides [8] and others. These AIBs based on non-graphite cathodes usually demonstrate either low discharge voltage, or high initial capacity but significant capacity decay and poor cycle life. To further improve the performance of AIBs, new cathode materials with high storage capacity and long cycle life needs to be developed. In this paper, we report the development of a nanoscale FeF3@expaned graphite (EG) composite as a novel conversion-type cathode material for AIBs [9]. AIB coin cells were assembled using high-purity Al foil as the anode, the ionic liquid [EMIm]Cl/AlCl3 as the electrolyte, and the FeF3@EG composite as cathode. The conversion reaction between the Al3+ ions and FeF3 through transferring three electrons for per Al3+ ion reacted could boost the storage capacity of AIBs. A single-wall carbon nanotube-modified separator was introduced into the system, to significantly restrict the shuttle effect of the intermediate product of FeF3. The assembled AIBs exhibited a satisfactory reversible specific capacity of 266 mAh g-1 at a current density of 60 mA g-1 after 200 cycles, and a good Coulombic efficiency approaching 100% after 400 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g-1 [9]. Ex-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) have been applied to explore the energy storage mechanism of FeF3 in AIBs for the first time [9]. To further overcome the corrosion issue of ionic liquid, a gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) has been successfully synthesised via an innovative method where no solvent or initiator was utilised in the polymerisation process. The application of GPE significantly reduced the corrosivity and enhances the moisture sensitivity of EMIC ionic liquid, as well as improving the reversible ability of the AIBs. The FeF3@EG-based AIB with 0.8g-EMIC-gel electrolyte exhibits a reversible capacity of 204.5 mAh g-1after 1000 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g-1 and stable rate performance for 600 cycles with a Coulombic efficiency of approximately 95%. This work provides unprecedented insight into novel conversion type cathode materials for AIBs. The findings in this work can serve as guidance for the successful design of low cost and high discharge capacity AIBs for large-scale energy storage and are also meaningful for the fundamental understanding of the metal fluorides cathodes for AIBs. References: [1] S. Chu, A. Majumdar, Nature 2012, 488, 294. [2] B. Dunn, H. Kamath, J. M. Tarascon, Science 2011, 334, 928. [3] G. A. Elia, K. V. Kravchyk, M. V. Kovalenko, J. Chacón, A. Holland, R.G.A. Wills, Journal of Power Sources 2021, 481, 228870. [4] M. C. Lin, M. Gong, B. Lu, Y. Wu, D. Y. Wang, M. Guan, M. Angell, C. Chen, J. Yang, B. J. Hwang, H. Dai, Nature 2015, 520, 324. [5] X. Shen, T. Sun, L. Yang, A. Krasnoslobodtsev, R. Sabirianov, M. Sealy, W.-N. Mei, Z. Wu, L. Tan, Nature Communications 2021, 12, 820. [6] X. Huo, X. Wang, Z. Li, J. Liu, J. Li, Nanoscale 2020, 12, 3387. [7] R. Zhuang, G. Miao, Z. Huang, Q. Zhang, J. C. Wu, J. Yang, Journal of Energy Chemistry 2021, 54, 639. [8] Y. Zhang, B. Zhang, J. Li, J. Liu, X. Huo, F. Kang, Chemical Engineering Journal 2021, 403, 126377. [9] J. Zhang, L. Zhang, Y. Zhao, J. Meng, B. Wen, K. M. Muttaqi, Md. R. Islam, Q. Cai, S. Zhang, Advanced Energy Materials 2022, 2200959.

A reversible solid oxide cell (R-SOC), which can be operated as solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), is a highly efficient direct energy converter between hydrogen and electricity (1). We have engaged in the R&D of high-performance, durable electrodes for the R-SOC (2-13). Recently, it was found that the durability of a double-layer H2 (DL) electrode, consisting of a SDC scaffold [samaria-doped ceria (CeO2)0.8(SmO1.5)0.2] with highly dispersed Ni0.9Co0.1 nanoparticles as the catalyst layer and a thin current collecting layer of Ni–YSZ cermet, was improved greatly by a reversible cycling operation between the SOEC and SOFC modes (12). The microstructure was observed to be stabilized by the cycling operation, i.e., lower parts of many Ni‒Co particles were anchored tightly on the SDC support and some portions were coated with SDC film, with certainty due to a strong interaction between Ni‒Co and SDC (13). However, the procedure for dispersing Ni‒Co nanoparticles on SDC (via an impregnation method) is not always suitable for large-scale fabrication. Aiming to develop a durable, practical hydrogen electrode with such a stabilized microstructure, we prepared new Ni–SDC hydrogen electrodes by a convenient protocol and examined the performances in the reversible operation. We prepared a coin-size cell with an air reference electrode (ARE) (6, 9-12): Ni–SDC H2 electrode│YSZ (0.5 mm)│SDC interlayer│LSCF–SDC O2 electrode For the H2 electrode, a paste was prepared by mixing Ni nanoparticles with uniform size (prepared by Noritake Co., Limited), SDC powder, and pore former. The paste was painted on YSZ electrolyte, followed by sintering. The LSCF–SDC (40 vol.% SDC) oxygen electrode was prepared on the SDC interlayer in the same manner as that described in our work (7). Test cells were operated at 800ºC by supplying humidified H2 (p[H2O] = 0.4 atm) to the H2 electrode compartment and dry O2 to the O2 electrode, irrespective of operation modes (SOEC or SOFC). The steady-state IR-free polarization curves (I–E curves) of the electrodes with area-specific ohmic resistances were measured by the current-interruption method in a three-electrode configuration. Figure 1 shows a SEM image acquired with a back-scattered electron (BSE) detector and Ni mapping by an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX) for the cross section of Ni–SDC electrode in pristine condition. In the BSE image, SDC is observed as light gray, Ni as dark gray, and pores as black. The distribution of Ni particles are fairly uniform in the electrode. The Ni–SDC electrode thus prepared exhibited a comparable initial performance to that of our DL-H2 electrode with Ni‒Co dispersed SDC prepared by the impregnation method (12). The durability tests of the electrodes are under progress in reversible cycling between −0.50 A cm−2 (SOEC-mode for 11 h) and 0.50 A cm−2 (SOFC-mode for 11 h). This work was supported by funds for the “Collaborative Industry-Academia-Government R&D Project for Solving Common Challenges toward Dramatically Expanded Use of Fuel Cells” from the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) of Japan. References S. D. Ebbesen, S. H. Jensen, A. Hauch, and M. B. Mogensen, Chem. Rev., 114, 10697 (2014). H. Uchida, N. Osada, and M. Watanabe, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., 7, A500 (2004). N. Osada, H. Uchida, and M. Watanabe, J. Electrochem. Soc., 153, A816 (2006). Y. Tao, H. Nishino, S. Ashidate, H. Kokubo, M. Watanabe, and H. Uchida, Electrochim. Acta, 54, 3309 (2009). R. Nishida, P. Puengjinda, H. Nishino, K. Kakinuma, M. E. Brito, M. Watanabe, and H. Uchida, RSC Adv., 4, 16260 (2014). H. Uchida, P. Puengjinda, K. Miyano, K. Shimura, H. Nishino, K. Kakinuma, M. E. Brito, and M. Watanabe, ECS Trans., 68 (1), 3307 (2015). K. Shimura, H. Nishino, K. Kakinuma, M. E. Brito, and H. Uchida, Electrochim. Acta, 225, 114 (2017). K. Shimura, H. Nishino, K. Kakinuma, M. E. Brito, and H. Uchida, J. Ceram. Soc. Jon., 125, 218 (2017). P. Puengjinda, H. Nishino, K. Kakinuma, M. E. Brito, and H. Uchida, J. Electrochem. Soc., 164, F889 (2017). H. Uchida, P. Puengjinda, K. Shimura, H. Nishino, K. Kakinuma, and M. E. Brito, ECS Trans., 78 (1), 3189 (2017). H. Uchida, H. Nishino, K. Kakinuma, and M. E. Brito, ECS Trans., 91 (1), 2379 (2019). H. Uchida, H. Nishino, P. Puengjinda, and K. Kakinuma, J. Electrochem. Soc., 167, 134516 (2020). H. Uchida, H. Nishino, and E. Da’as, ECS Trans., 103 (1), 6119 (2021). Figure 1

BackgroundRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with reduced physical performance capacity, leisure activities and self-service [1]. These changes are the results of the destruction of the joints, as well as the decrease in muscle strength, which is known as sarcopenia. However, patients with RA beset with a rheumatoid cachexia (RC), a specific form of sarcopenia, characterized with a decrease in fat-free mass index and an increase in fat mass index [2]. RC leads to a dramatic decrease in the life quality and increase in mortality rate [3].ObjectivesTo study the clinical and laboratory factors associated with the RC.Methods110 patients (102 females and 8 males) were enrolled in our study. All patients fulfilled the 2010 ACR/EULAR classification criteria for RA. Standard clinical, laboratory and instrumental examinations were performed. Additionally, hsCRP, ACPA, CTX-1, P1NP and 25(OH)D were defined. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry with Total Body program was performed. The diagnosis of RC was based on the next criteria: fat-free mass index less than 10th percentiles with fat mass index above 25th percentiles [2]. Statistical analysis was performed using a software package “Statistica 12.0”. Parametric parameters are presented as M±std.dev. (95% CI), non-parametrics as Me (Q1-Q3). Intragroup analysis of quantitative indicators was carried out using Student’s or Mann-Whitney test. The multiple logistic regression analysis was performed with a stepwise direct search procedure. Results are presented as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). ROC curve was plotted to assess the diagnostic significance of quantitative signs in predicting rheumatoid cachexia.ResultsMean patients age was 53,7±12,07 (10,8-13,7) years. More than 85% had severe of terminal progression of the RA. Most patients were RF (77,3%) and ACPA (67,3%) positive, had moderate disease activity (3,79 [2,89-4,40]), cartilage erosions (79%) and II (56,4%) functional class. RC was diagnosed in 25 patients. Prevalence of RC was lower in RF-negative patients (OR 0,11 (95% CI 0,01-0,83). Also, prevalence of RA was associated with the duration of RA (1,06 (1,01-1,11)). Mean cumulative dose of glucocorticoids (GCs) was higher in patients with RC (8,5 g [6,2-17,5 g]), than without (5,8 g [3,6-13,7 g]) (Z=-1,98; p=0,047). Mean daily dose of GCs was lower in patients with RC (5 mg [4-8 mg] and 8 mg [5-10 mg] (Z=2,58; p=0,01)). The median duration of RA was higher among patients with RC (14,0 years [9,0-22,0] vs 8,0 years [3,0-16,0] (Z=-2,18; p=0,029)).ROC-curve was employed to assess the significance of the RF-negativity and RA duration in the diagnosis of RC. Results are presented in Figure 1.Figure 1.ROC-curve for the RC based on the duration of RA and the presence of RF.The optimum cut-off point of 9,5 years of RA was defined using Youden’s J, with a sensitivity of 88% and specificity of 53%.ConclusionRC is associated with the duration of RA, positivity for RF, higher cumulative dose of GCs and lower daily dose of GCs. Due to clinical practice, higher doses of GCs are usually prescribed as a “bridge-therapy” at the start of the treatment or while switching the therapy. On the other side, patients with low daily dose of GCs are more often hormone dependent, with high total cumulative dose. With the sensitivity of 88% patients with the duration of RA 9,5 years and more have RC.References[1]Metsios GS, Kitas GD. Physical activity, exercise and rheumatoid arthritis: effectiveness, mechanisms and implementation. Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology. 2018; 32(5):669-682.[2]Coin A, Sergi G, Minicuci N, Giannini S, Barbiero E, Manzato E, et al. Fat-free mass and fat mass reference values by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in a 20-80 year-old Italian population. Clinical Nutrition. 2008; 27(1): 87-94.[3]Roubenoff R. Rheumatoid cachexia: a complication of rheumatoid arthritis moves into the 21st century. Arthritis Research & Therapy. 2009; 11(2): 108.Disclosure of InterestsNone declared

With demand for battery devices projected to grow substantially over the coming decades the cost of lithium is expected to increase proportionally[1]. Li mining is an unsustainable process and developing post lithium-ion battery technology will be a critical step in accommodating the increasing demand for energy storage.[2] At the forefront of post-Li battery technology are sodium ion batteries (SIBs). SIBs are not only inherently more sustainable due to avoiding the use of Li but can potentially be more cost efficient. Sodium precursors, such as Na2CO3 and NaCl, are low cost and can be sourced globally. Furthermore, aluminium can be used as the anode current collector instead of copper, significantly reducing costs[1]. However, LIBs are still superior in terms of energy density, and SIB will require much progress to be competitive in that respect. To date, the most widely used anode material in SIBs is hard carbon. Although there are many advantages to using this carbonaceous anode material, it has several limitations, such as limited capacity and some uncertainty surrounding the sodiation mechanism.[3,4] Na-alloying metals are an interesting alternative to hard carbon with some key advantages. Group 14 and 15 metals such as Sn, Sb, and Bi have received much attention recently as potential anode materials because of their high theoretical capacities. However, application of these materials has been limited due to pulverization caused by large volume change during cycling. Nano-structuring alloying materials has been established as a key step in mitigating this issue as the nano-dimensions can accommodate the volume change without pulverization.[5][6] Forming composites of Na-alloying metals is another method that has been successful in extending anode cycle life. One such material is SnSb, which is a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries due its high theoretical capacity of 751 mAh g-1 while a buffering effect between Sn and Sb during sodiation reduces pulverization.[7] Depositing SnSb directly onto the current collector via physical vapor deposition yields a conductive additive and binder free anode. The resulting layer, being both a composite and nanosized, benefits from the aforementioned advantages. The absence of conductive additives, binders and the need for solvents results in an increased energy density and reduced cost. When tested with a bespoke high concentration electrolyte consisting of NaClO4 in dimethoxyethane and fluoroethylene carbonate additive this anode can achieve capacities exceeding 390 mAh/g after 1500 cycles. The material was tested versus Na foil in a half-cell configuration using 2032 coin-cells. References: Vaalma C, Buchholz D, Weil M, Passerini S (2018) A cost and resource analysis of sodium-ion batteries. Nature reviews materials 3 (4):1-11 Gruber PW, Medina PA, Keoleian GA, Kesler SE, Everson MP, Wallington TJ (2011) Global lithium availability: A constraint for electric vehicles? Journal of Industrial Ecology 15 (5):760-775 Morikawa Y, Nishimura Si, Hashimoto Ri, Ohnuma M, Yamada A (2020) Mechanism of sodium storage in hard carbon: an X‐ray scattering analysis. Advanced Energy Materials 10 (3):1903176 Dou X, Hasa I, Saurel D, Vaalma C, Wu L, Buchholz D, Bresser D, Komaba S, Passerini S (2019) Hard carbons for sodium-ion batteries: Structure, analysis, sustainability, and electrochemistry. Materials Today 23:87-104 Zhang H, Hasa I, Passerini S (2018) Beyond Insertion for Na‐Ion Batteries: Nanostructured Alloying and Conversion Anode Materials. Advanced Energy Materials 8 (17):1702582 Roy P, Srivastava SK (2015) Nanostructured anode materials for lithium ion batteries. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3 (6):2454-2484 Xie H, Tan X, Luber EJ, Olsen BC, Kalisvaart WP, Jungjohann KL, Mitlin D, Buriak JM (2018) β-SnSb for sodium ion battery anodes: phase transformations responsible for enhanced cycling stability revealed by in situ TEM. ACS Energy Letters 3 (7):1670-1676

The development of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with high capacity and rate capabilities is imperative to meet energy demands for both transport and grid storage in the future. Due to its relative abundance and excellent cycling stability, state of the art LIBs contains graphite as the main anode component. However, graphite suffers from a low theoretical specific capacity of 372 mAhg-1 [ 1 ]. Alternatively, silicon (Si) has emerged as a promising energy-dense anode material with a theoretical specific capacity 10 times higher than graphite, but their widespread application is impeded by low electrical conductivity and extremely poor cycling stability due to large volume variations when alloying with lithium during electrochemical cycling [ 2 ]. Interestingly, silicon-graphite (SiG) composites have been pinpointed as promising options for producing improved anodes, which aims to combine graphite’s high electronic conductivity and structural stability with silicon’s high specific capacity. As expected, increasing the silicon content of SiG anodes reduces the cycling stability [3]. Optimization of SiG with respect to silicon content and utilization of silicon is not straightforward, and a comprehensive analysis on the effect of variations of silicon content and current density on SiG andoes is key. To investigate these interactions, in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of composite anodes with varying silicon content at increasing c-rates was performed. In situ experiments were performed at BM01 of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF). An in-situ electrochemical cell consisting of two current collectors, in which the lower current collector is made of brass and the upper current collector is made of stainless steel, was utilized [ 4 ]. A half-cell was then assembled between the two current collectors in a coin cell configuration using lithium metal as the counter electrode and a glass fiber separator. 1M LIFSI in 1:1 vol EC: DMC was used as the liquid electrolyte. The current collectors each have a thin single crystal sapphire window that is mostly transparent to X-ray but have distinct signals that can be masked out in post-processing. To avoid diffraction signal from the underlying copper current collector of the electrode, the composite anode consists of electrodes cast on copper foil as well as a free-standing section. The assembled cell was galvanostatically cycled between 1 V and 50 mV while XRD data was acquired. In this study 4 different electrodes containing 0, 20 %wt., 30 %wt. and 70 %wt. of Si in the active material of the electrode were cycled at C/5, C/2, 1C and 2C rates. Analysis of the XRD results showed that tracking of the evolution of graphite main reflections during electrochemical cycling while completely avoiding the copper signal has been achieved. The degree of graphite lithiation was tracked by following the distinct 002, 100 and 110 peaks of graphite where phase transitions to LiC12 and LiC6 can be identified. Consistent with the results of other studies, graphite has been found to be both lithiated and delithiated at lower potentials than silicon [ 3 ]. Increasing silicon content was found to decrease the degree of graphite lithiation as silicon will be preferentially lithiated. Increasing the current density was found to reduce the overall degree of lithiation of graphite as the specific capacity decreases and the material is not sufficiently lithiated to undergo the expected phase transitions. This study has therefore unraveled the effect of silicon content and current density on composite anode behavior which could allow for the design of better next-generation composite anodes. Tarascon, J.-M. & Armand, M. Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries. Nature 414, 359–367 (2001). Ashuri, M., He, Q. & Shaw, L. L. Silicon as a potential anode material for Li-ion batteries: where size, geometry and structure matter. Nanoscale 8, 74–103 (2015). Moyassari, E. et al. The Role of Silicon in Silicon-Graphite Composite Electrodes Regarding Specific Capacity, Cycle Stability, and Expansion. J. Electrochem. Soc. 169, 010504 (2022). Drozhzhin, O. A. et al. An electrochemical cell with sapphire windows for operando synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction and spectroscopy studies of high-power and high-voltage electrodes for metal-ion batteries. J. Synchrotron Radiat. 25, 468–472 (2018). Figure 1

Silicon-based electrodes are promising candidates to enable the next generation of Lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities on the cell level beyond 350 Wh kg−1 [1, 2]. Nevertheless, the commercialization of silicon-based electrodes is still hindered due to the large volume expansion during cycling of up to 300% [3]. This volume expansion upon repeated (de-)lithiation of silicon particles worsens the electrode integrity by causing isolation of active material components [4-6]. Continuous electrolyte decomposition at the silicon/electrolyte interface, caused by the repeated volume expansion and contraction, results in a gradual loss of active lithium [7]. While X-ray diffraction (XRD) as well as theoretical methods provide atomic scale information, dilatometry is an appropriate tool for the in-situ investigation of the volumetric work of battery composite electrodes on the macroscopic level. Therefore, the technique itself as well as the obtained data have a high potential for their industrial implementation [8]. In this work, the expansion of a single-side-coated silicon-based anode is investigated with a commercial, high-precision dilatometer, which detects the thickness change perpendicular to the surface of the coating on the electrode level during cycling against a lithium metal counter electrode. The measured samples consist of 95 wt.% active material (0 - 20 wt.% of silicon in combination with 95 - 75 wt.% of graphite, respectively) and 5 wt.% of non-active components. The investigated samples in this work differ in their silicon and graphite content. Moreover, the samples were also investigated electrochemically via conventional coin cells. The comparable electrochemical behavior of the electrodes in both experiment methods is proof of the plausibility of the dilatometry results. Increasing the silicon content led to higher specific capacities of the SiG electrodes. The relative capacity loss and the thickness change increased linearly with the silicon content as well. Based on the characteristic thickness change for the SiGs, we concluded that silicon predominantly lithiated before graphite, and delithiated after graphite. The used non-commercial electrodes were designed and produced within the scope of the project “HighSafeII”, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) under grant number 03XP0306B. Literature [1] D. Andre, S.-J. Kim, P. Lamp, S. F. Lux, F. Maglia, O. Paschos, and B. Stiaszny, “Future generations of cathode materials: an automotive industry perspective”, J. Mater. Chem. A, 3 (13), 6709 (2015). [2] O. Gröger, H. A. Gasteiger, and J.-P. Suchsland, “Review—Electromobility: Batteries or Fuel Cells?”, J. Electrochem. Soc., 162 (14), A2605 (2015). [3] D. Ma, Z. Cao, and A. Hu, “Si-Based Anode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries: A Mini Review” Nano-Micro Lett, 6(4), 347 (2014). [4] M. N. Obrovac, L. Christensen, D. B. Le, and J. R. Dahn, “Alloy Design for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes”, J. Electrochem. Soc., 154 (9), A849 (2007). [5] D. S. M. Iaboni and M. N. Obrovac, “Li15Si4 Formation in Silicon Thin Film Negative Electrodes”, J. Electrochem. Soc., 163 (2), 255 (2016). [6] M. N. Obrovac and V. L. Chevrier, “Alloy Negative Electrodes for Li-Ion Batteries”, Chem. Rev., 114, 11444 (2014). [7] R. Petibon, V. Chevrier, C. P. Aiken, D. S. Hall, S. Hyatt, R. Shunmugasundaram, and J. R. Dahn, “Studies of the Capacity Fade Mechanisms of LiCoO2/Si-Alloy: Graphite Cells”, J. Electrochem. Soc., 163 (7), 1146 (2016). [8] Daniel Sauerteig, Svetlozar Ivanov, Holger Reinshagen, Andreas Bund, „Reversible and irreversible dilation of lithium-ion battery electrodes investigated by in-situ dilatometry“, J. Power Sources, 342, 939-946 (2017).

Modeling using structural equations, is a second generation statistical data analysis technique, it has been positioned as the methodological options most used by researchers in various fields of science. The best known method is the covariance-based approach, but it presents some limitations for its application in certain cases. Another alternative method is based on the variance structure, through the analysis of partial least squares, which is an appropriate option when the research involves the use of latent variables (for example, composite indicators) prepared by the researcher, and where it is necessary to explain and predict complex models. This article presents a brief summary of the structural equation modeling technique, with an example on the relationship of constructs, sustainability and competitiveness in iron mining, and is intended to be a brief guide for future researchers in the engineering sciences. Keywords: Competitiveness, Structural equations, Iron mining, Sustainability. References [1]J. Hair, G. Hult, C. Ringle and M. Sarstedt. A Primer on Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). California: United States. Sage, 2017. [2]H. Wold. Model Construction and Evaluation when Theoretical Knowledge Is Scarce: An Example of the Use of Partial Least Squares. Genève. Faculté des Sciences Économiques et Sociales, Université de Genève. 1979. [3]J. Henseler, G. Hubona & P. Ray. “Using PLS path modeling new technology research: updated guidelines”. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 116(1), 2-20. 2016. [4]G. Cepeda and Roldán J. “Aplicando en la Práctica la Técnica PLS en la Administración de Empresas”. Congreso de la ACEDE, Murcia, España, 2004. [5]D. Garson. Partial Least Squares. Regresión and Structural Equation Models. USA. Statistical Associates Publishing: 2016. [6]D. Barclay, C. Higgins & R. Thompson. “The Partial Least Squares (PLS) Approach to Causal Modeling: Personal Computer Adoption and Use as an Illustration”. Technology Studies. Special Issue on Research Methodology. (2:2), pp. 285-309. 1995. [7]J. Medina, N. Pedraza & M. Guerrero. “Modelado de Ecuaciones Estructurales. Un Enfoque de Partial Least Square Aplicado en las Ciencias Sociales y Administrativas”. XIV Congreso Internacional de la Academia de Ciencias Administrativas A.C. (ACACIA). EGADE – ITESM. Monterrey, México, 2010. [8]J. Medina & J. Chaparro. “The Impact of the Human Element in the Information Systems Quality for Decision Making and User Satisfaction”. Journal of Computer Information Systems. (48:2), pp. 44-52. 2008. [9]D. Leidner, S. Carlsson, J. Elam & M. Corrales. “Mexican and Swedish Managers’ Perceptions of the Impact of EIS on Organizational Intelligence, Decisión Making, and Structure”. Decision Science. (30:3), pp. 633-658. 1999.[10]W. Chin. “The partial least squares approach for structural equation modeling”. Chapter Ten, pp. 295-336 in Modern methods for business research. Edited by Macoulides, G. A., New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1998. [11]M. Höck & C. Ringle M. “Strategic networks in the software industry: An empirical analysis of the value continuum”. IFSAM VIIIth World Congress, Berlin 2006. [12]J. Henseler, Ch. Ringle & M. Sarstedt. Handbook of partial least squares: Concepts, methods and applications in marketing and related fields. Berlin: Springer, 2012. [13]S. Daskalakis & J. Mantas. “Evaluating the impact of a service-oriented framework for healthcare interoperability”. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. pp. 285-290. 2008. [14]C. Fornell & D. Larcker: “Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error”, Journal of Marketing Research, vol. 18, pp. 39-50. Februay 1981. [15]C. Fornell. A Second Generation of Multivariate Analysis: An Overview. Vol. 1. New York, U.S.A. Praeger Publishers: 1982. [16]R. Falk and N. Miller. A Primer for Soft Modeling. Ohio: The University of Akron. 1992. [17]M. Martínez. Aplicación de la técnica PLS-SEM en la gestión del conocimiento: un enfoque técnico práctico. Revista Iberoamericana para Investigación y el Desarrollo Educativo. Vol. 8, Núm. 16. 2018. [18]S. Geisser. “A predictive approach to the random effects model”. Biometrika, Vol. 61(1), pp. 101-107. 1974. [19]J. Cohen. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1988. [20]GRI (2013). G4 Sustainability Reporting Guidelines. Global Reporting Initiative. Available: www.globalreporting.org

Magnesium-ion batteries (MIBs) represent a promising chemistry to potentially substitute lithium-ion technologies in the e-mobility and stationary energy storage applications. This is due to the favourable properties of metallic Mg, such as: abundancy, non-toxic nature, high recycling rate1, low redox potential (-2.37 vs SHE), safety (smooth Mg2+ electrodeposition), as well as divalent character of Mg2+ cations which leads to higher theoretical volumetric capacity (3833 mAh/cm3) than Li (2046 mAh/cm3) and commercial graphite (760 mAh/cm3).2 However, the major obstacle in the further development of MIBs is the incompatibility of Mg metal anode with conventional electrolyte solutions, which are formed by mixing simple Mg-based salts (e.g Mg(TFSI)2, Mg(ClO4)2, etc.) and polar aprotic solvents (e.g. acetonitrile, carbonates, etc.). These solutions decompose at the surface of metallic Mg forming an electronic and ionic insulating layer, leading to the passivation of the Mg anode and poor performance of the overall cell. Conversely, organoborate (Mg-tetrakis(hexafluorosisopropyloxy)borate in monoglyme, MgBOR)3 or organoaluminate (1:2 AlCl3:PhMgCl in THF, APC)4 ethereal solutions are known to prevent the passivation of the Mg metal anode, allowing the reversible electrochemical Mg2+ electrodeposition onto its surface. Despite a great effort has been done in the development of MIB,5 very little is known about the formation, evolution and degradation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed at the interface between metallic Mg and electrolyte. This work, therefore, aims to investigate the interactions between Mg metal and passivating (Mg(TFSI)2 in monoglyme:diglyme) and non-passivating (MgBOR and APC) electrolytes combining ex-situ and in-situ spectroscopic and microscopic techniques with electrochemical testing. The properties of the SEIs will be evaluated at different states of charge (ex-situ) and during cell cycling (in-situ). Raman, Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopies are used to identify the composition of the electrolyte interphases, as well as monitor their changes upon cell discharge-charge cycles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is performed to analyse the interphase morphologies, whereas scanning microwave microscopy (SMM)6,7 locally probes the impedance of the SEI layer. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is also employed to evaluate the roughness of the Mg metal electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic cycling with potential limitation (GCPL) are carried out in order to determine the electrochemical performance of bare Mg metal or covered with SEI layers. Furthermore, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is employed to probe the Mg2+ diffusion coefficients through the SEI layers at different state of charge (e.g. open circuit voltage, etc.) and determine charge transfer evolution with cycling time of the Mg metal anode. As the first step, a successful polishing method was developed to remove the native oxide layer form the surface of Mg discs allowing to expose a bare Mg metal to the electrolyte solutions and to evaluate their interactions. The polishing method also enabled to perform SMM imaging of the Mg metal since a roughness between 1-2.5 µm was achieved. The Mg discs were then immersed in the electrolyte solutions and an initial deposition of interfacial species (few nanometre thickness) was observed by SEM when Mg(TFSI)2 in monoglyme:diglyme was used, whereas a smooth surface was detected with MgBOR and APC electrolytes. This resulted in different electrochemical behaviours. In fact, symmetric cells (Mg||Mg) with MgBOR electrolyte showed a significantly higher cycling stability (> 250 h) than those with Mg(TFSI)2 in monoglyme:diglyme solution. In addition, when the latter electrolyte was used, fluorinated by-products were identified by XPS. In order to study the SEI formation and growth further, in-situ spectroscopic techniques (e.g. Raman and SMM) were employed to establish a correlation between the chemical composition of the electrolyte, the voltage range of the electrochemical tests and cycling time. In particular, the SMM method was applied to MIB technologies for the first time in this work. References I. R. P. United Nations Environment Programme, (available at https://wedocs.unep.org/20.500.11822/8702); J. Niu, Z. Zhang, D. Aurbach, Adv. Energy Mater., 2020, 10, 2000697; Z. Zhao-Karger, M. E. Gil Bardaji, O. Fuhr, M. Fichtner, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2017, 5, 10815–10820; D. Aurbach, Z. Lu, A. Schechter, Y. Gofer, H. Gizbar, R. Turgeman, Y. Cohen, M. Moshkovich, E. Levi, Nature, 2000, 407, 724; R. Dominko, J. Bitenc, R. Berthelot, M. Gauthier, G. Pagot, V. Di Noto, J. Power Sources, 2020, 478, 229027; A. Buchter, J. Hoffmann, A. Delvallée, E. Brinciotti, D. Hapiuk, C. Licitra, K. Louarn, A. Arnoult, G. Almuneau, F. Piquemal, M. Zeier, F. Kienberger, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 2018, 89, 23704; J. Hoffmann, M. Wollensack, M. Zeier, J. Niegemann, H. Huber, F. Kienberger, in 2012 12th IEEE International Conference on Nanotechnology (IEEE-NANO), pp. 1–4.

BackgroundDuvelisib, an FDA-approved oral phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-δ,γ inhibitor, targets tumor cells of B/T cell malignancies, but may modulate non-malignant immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of many cancers. PI3K–δ and PI3K–γ downmodulate immunosuppressive Tregs and myeloid cells in solid tumors.1, 2, 3 We used single-cell RNA analysis of PIK3CD and PIK3CG to explore resistance mechanisms to checkpoint inhibitors (CPI).MethodsSingle-cell melanoma (SKCM) RNAseq datasets: GSE120575;4 CD45+ cells from 48 CPI responders and non-responder tumors, and GSE115978;5 33 treatment-naïve and CPI-progressing (resistant) tumors. Cancer cells and CD45+ TME subpopulations, specified by gene expression signatures and tSNE plots, had PI3K gene expressions profiled. Differential gene expression (DE) was gated in MAST/Seurat. Fishers test Odds Ratio (OR) was calculated for ‘high’ expression.ResultsPIK3CD expression is higher in SKCM than most cancers (10.8 median RSEM log 2).7 By single-cell analysis, PIK3CD (> 0.3 log2 TPM) occurs in 68.2% of cancer cells, with PIK3CB, PIK3CA, and PIK3CG expressed in 32.3%, 12.0%, and 7.2% respectively. PIK3CD-high cancer cells (>4 log2 TPM) have a 711-gene DE gene signature mostly related to immune processes. A higher proportion of cancer cells in CPI resistant tumors express PIK3CD, than untreated tumors (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.65–2.48, p=3.04 × 10–12), as do PIK3CD+PIK3CG-expressing cancer cells (OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.47–3.13, p=4.2 × 10-5). Additionally, in PI3K–δ or PI3K–γ high melanoma cell lines duvelisib inhibited proliferation, p-AKT and c-myc.7 PIK3CD and PIK3CG are prominently expressed in many SKCM CD45+ TME cells (84.5% and 31.7% CD45+ respectively). PIK3CD (>0.3 log2 TPM) occurs in a high fraction of T (85.7%), CD8+ T (86.3%), CD4+ T (86.9%), B (78.5%), macrophages (88%), and NK (85%). PIK3CG is highest in B, dendritic, cycling lymphocytes and plasma cells. Strikingly, a significantly higher proportion of PIK3CD+ cells occur in resistant tumors compared to untreated for all CD45+ cells, (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.40–1.94, p=4.79 × 10-10), CD8+ T (OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.61–2.86, p=6.5 × 10-8), and an exhausted C8+ T subpopulation (OR 3.17, 95% CI 1.89–5.37, p=2.95 × 10-6). PIK3CD+PIK3CG-expressing CD45+ cells are significantly increased in CPI-resistant tumors (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.07–1.39, p=0.002).ConclusionsThese findings support a mechanism where CPI therapies may contribute to modulation of PI3Kδ expression in cancer cells and the immune TME. The PI3K-δ,γ inhibitor duvelisib is being investigated in combination with CPI and evaluated in the context of CPI resistance in clinical trials: pembrolizumab (HNSC, NCT04193293), and nivolumab (Richter’s Syndrome, NCT03892044).ReferencesAli K, Soond DR, Pineiro R, Hagemann T, Pearce W, Lim EL, Bouabe H, Scudamore CL, Hancox T, Maecker H, Friedman L, Turner M, Okkenhaug K, Vanhaesebroeck B. Inactivation of PI(3)K p110δ breaks regulatory T-cell-mediated immune tolerance to cancer Nature 2014; 510(7505):407–411.Kaneda MM, Messer KS, Ralainirina N, Li H, Leem CJ, Gorjestani S, Woo G, Nguyen AV, Figueiredo CC, Foubert P, Schmid MC, Pink M, Winkler DG, Rausch M, Palombella VJ, Kutok J, McGovern K, Frazer KA, Wu X, Karin M, Sasik R, Cohen EE, Varner JA. PI3Kγ is a molecular switch that controls immune suppression. Nature 2016; 539(7629):437–442.De Henau O, Rausch M, Winkler D, Campesato LF, Liu C, Cymerman DH, Budhu S, Ghosh A, Pink M, Tchaicha J, Douglas M, Tibbitts T, Sharma S, Proctor J, Kosmider N, White K, Stern H, Soglia J, Adams J, Palombella VJ, McGovern K, Kutok JL, Wolchok JD, Merghoub T. Overcoming resistance to checkpoint blockade therapy by targeting PI3Kγ in myeloid cells. Nature 2016; 539(7629):443–447.Sade-Feldman M, Yizhak K, Bjorgaard SL, Ray JP, de Boer CG, Jenkins RW, Lieb DJ, Chen JH, Frederick DT, Barzily-Rokni M, Freeman SS, Reuben A, Hoover PJ, Villani AC, Ivanova E, Portell A, Lizotte PH, Aref AR, Eliane JP, Hammond MR, Vitzthum H, Blackmon SM, Li B, Gopalakrishnan V, Reddy SM, Cooper ZA, Paweletz CP, Barbie DA, Stemmer-Rachamimov A, Flaherty KT, Wargo JA, Boland GM, Sullivan RJ, Getz G, Hacohen N. Defining T Cell States Associated with Response to Checkpoint Immunotherapy in Melanoma. Cell 2018; 175: 998–1013.Jerby-Arnon L, Shah P, Cuoco MS, Rodman C, Su MJ, Melms JC, Leeson R, Kanodia A, Mei S, Lin JR, Wang S, Rabasha B, Liu D, Zhang G, Margolais C, Ashenberg O, Ott PA, Buchbinder EI, Haq R, Hodi FS, Boland GM, Sullivan RJ, Frederick DT, Miao B, Moll T, Flaherty KT, Herlyn M, Jenkins RW, Thummalapalli R, Kowalczyk MS, Cañadas I, Schilling B, Cartwright ANR, Luoma AM, Malu S2, Hwu P, Bernatchez C, Forget MA, Barbie DA, Shalek AK, Tirosh I, Sorger PK, Wucherpfennig K, Van Allen EM, Schadendorf D, Johnson BE, Rotem A, Rozenblatt-Rosen O, Garraway LA, Yoon CH, Izar B, Regev A. A Cancer Cell Program Promotes T Cell Exclusion and Resistance to Checkpoint Blockade. Cell 2018; 175: 984–997.Firebrowse Gene Expression Viewerhttp://firebrowse.org/viewGene.html.Coma S, Weaver DT, Pachter JA. [Poster #663] The dual PI3K-δ/PI3K-γ inhibitor duvelisib inhibits signaling and proliferation of solid tumor cells expressing PI3K-δ and/or PI3K-γ. AACR. 2020.

Background:Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory arthropathy affecting 6~30% of patients with skin or nail psoriasis. If PsA is not identified early and managed appropriately, progressive joint damage with deformities and disability may occur. Preliminary efforts to develop screening tools for the identification of PsA have met with variable success. Whether the tools function well or not in Chinese patients remains unknown.Objectives:We aimed to validate and compare the performance of 4 PsA screening tools in Chinese psoriasis patients.Methods:Consecutive psoriasis patients (dermatology cohort) attending dermatology clinics without previous diagnosis of inflammatory arthritis and consecutive newly diagnosed PsA patients (rheumatology cohort) attending rheumatology clinics were invited to complete the questionnaires: early arthritis for psoriatic patients (EARP), psoriatic arthritis screening and evaluation(PASE), psoriasis and arthritis screening questionnaire(PASQ), and psoriasis epidemiology screening tool (PEST). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were utilized to calculate diagnostic accuracy, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator(lasso) and binary logistic regressions to identify the most discriminative questions.Results:In this multicenter study, 379 patients in the dermatology cohort and 72 in the rheumatology cohort were recruited. In the dermatology cohort, 7.9% (30/379) were newly diagnosed with PsA. The EARP and PASQ tools demonstrated better discriminating ability for identifying PsA from psoriasis patients (yielded sensitivities/specificities were: 93.3%/92.3% and 90.0%/90.5%, while optimal cut-off values were: 3 and 5, respectively), and the good performance of EARP and PASQ was further confirmed in the rheumatology cohort. However, all these tools demonstrated low sensitivities (about 30%) with regard to screening the axial PsA. Based on the questions, a risk prediction model of PsA was established.Conclusion:The prevalence rate of undiagnosed PsA in the patients with psoriasis is 7.9%. Both EARP and PASQ tools show better favorable trade-off between sensitivity and specificity than PASE and PEST, while all the 4 tools are not sensitive to identify axial PsA.References:[1] Villani AP, Rouzaud M, Sevrain M, et al. Prevalence of undiagnosed psoriatic arthritis among psoriasis patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology2015;73(2): 242-8.[2] Tinazzi I, Adami S, Zanolin EM, et al. The early psoriatic arthritis screening questionnaire: a simple and fast method for the identification of arthritis in patients with psoriasis.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2012;51(11): 2058-63.[3] Majed Khraishi IL, Gerry Mugford. The Self-Administered Psoriasis and Arthritis Screening Questionnaire (PASQ): A Sensitive and Specific Tool for the Diagnosis of Early and Established Psoriatic Arthritis.Psoriasis Forum2010;16(2): 9-16.[4] Husni ME, Meyer KH, Cohen DS, Mody E, Qureshi AA. The PASE questionnaire: pilot-testing a psoriatic arthritis screening and evaluation tool.Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology2007;57(4): 581-7.[5] Ibrahim GH, Buch MH, Lawson C, Waxman R, Helliwell PS. Evaluation of an existing screening tool for psoriatic arthritis in people with psoriasis and the development of a new instrument: the Psoriasis Epidemiology Screening Tool (PEST) questionnaire.Clinical and experimental rheumatology2009;27(3): 469-74.Acknowledgments:This project was supported by grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China (81771746 and 81471604).Disclosure of Interests:None declared

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Ithaca, New York: Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University, 1999, 98 pp., Siddharth Chandra (eds.) - Joke van Reenen, Audrey Kahin, Rebellion to integration; West Sumatra and the Indonesian polity, 1926-1998. Amsterdam University Press, 1999, 368 pp. - Heather Sutherland, Craig J. Reynolds, Southeast Asian Studies: Reorientations. Ithaca: Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University, 1998, 70 pp. [The Frank H. Golay Memorial Lectures 2 and 3.], Ruth McVey (eds.) - Nicholas Tarling, Patrick Tuck, The French wolf and the Siamese lamb; The French threat to Siamese independence, 1858-1907. Bangkok: White Lotus, 1995, xviii + 434 pp. [Studies in Southeast Asian History 1.] - B.J. Terwiel, Andreas Sturm, Die Handels- und Agrarpolitik Thailands von 1767 bis 1932. Passau: Universität Passau, Lehrstuhl für Südostasienkunde, 1997, vii + 181 pp. [Passauer Beiträge zur Südostasienkunde 2.] - René S. Wassing, Koos van Brakel, A passion for Indonesian art; The Georg Tillmann collection at the Tropenmuseum Amsterdam. Amsterdam. Royal Tropical Institute/Tropenmuseum, 1996, 128 pp., David van Duuren, Itie van Hout (eds.) - Edwin Wieringa, J. de Bruin, Een Leidse vriendschap; De briefwisseling tussen Herman Bavinck en Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, 1875-1921. Baarn: Ten Have, 1999, 192 pp. [Passage 11.], G. Harinck (eds.)

Introduction The IARC (1987)1 has classified arsenic as a group 1 human carcinogen. Chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic can cause cancerous1-4 and non-cancerous health hazards5,6 in humans. Arsenic can get entry into the human body via drinking water, eating food, inhaling dust, and/or ingesting soil. An important limitation on the scientific understanding of arsenic toxicity is the complexity of arsenic metabolism. Differences in susceptibility to arsenic toxicity might be manifested by differences in arsenic metabolism or in the prevalence of arsenic-associated diseases among people of either gender, ages, nutritional factors, polymorphisms of the arsenic biotransformation genes in different ethnic group7,8 and may other unknown factors. Previous studies indicated that females are less susceptible to the arsenic related skin effects than males9-11. Normally, children do not show skin lesions compared to adults when both are drinking same arsenic contaminated water12. The main organ for arsenic metabolism is the liver, but the metabolic pathway of inorganic arsenic is not yet fully clarified7,8. It was thought that the conversion of iAs into methylated arsenic reduced exposure to this toxic effect; that is, methylation was a detoxification process of iAs 13. But now a days, it is clear that some of the metabolites (trivalent forms) are more toxic than others 14, 15. Trivalent arsenic species are more ready to cross cell membrane and inorganic pentavalent arsenate in mostly reduced to trivalent arsenite in the blood stream before entering the cells for further metabolism16,17. Inorg-As is metabolized in the body by alternating reduction of pentavalent arsenic to trivalent form by enzymes and addition of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine7,18; it is excreted mainly in urine as DMA (V)19. Inorganic arsenate [Inorg-As (V)] is biotransformed to Inorg-As (III), MMA (V), MMA (III), DMA (V), and DMA (III) (Fig.)7. Therefore, the study of the toxicology of Inorg-As (V) involves at least these six chemical forms of arsenic. Studies reported the presence of 3+ oxidation state arsenic biotransformants [MMA (III) and DMA (III)] in human urine20 and in animal tissues21. The MMA (III) and DMA (III) are more toxic than other arsenicals22,23. In particular MMA (III) is highly toxic22,23. In increased % MMA in urine has been recognized in arsenic toxicity24. In addition, people with a small % MMA in urine show less retention of arsenic25. Thus, the higher prevalence of toxic effects with increased % MMA in urine could be attributed to the presence of toxic MMA (III) in the tissue. Previous studies also indicated that males are more susceptible to the As related skin effects than females24,26. A study in the U.S population reported that females excreted a lower % Inorg-As as well as % MMA, and a higher % DMA than did males27. Another study in Bangladesh reported that the average total urinary arsenic metabolites in children’s urine is higher than adults and total arsenic excretion per kg body weight is also higher for children than adults 12. It has been observed that inorganic arsenic (In-As) in average is 2.36% and MMA is 6.55% lower for children than adults while DMA is 8.91% (average) higher in children than adults. Figure. Biotransformation of inorganic arsenic. The efficiency of the methylation process is also assessed by the ratio between urinary concentration of putative product and putative substrate of the arsenic metabolic pathway. Higher values mean higher methylation capacity. Results show the values of the MMA/In-As ratio for adults and children are 0.93 and 0.74, respectively 12. These results indicate that first reaction of the metabolic pathway is more active in adults than children. But a significant increase in the values of the DMA/MMA ratio in children than adults of exposed group (8.15 vs. 4.11, respectively) indicates 2nd methylation step is more active in children than adults. It has also been shown that the distribution of the values of DMA/MMA ratio to exposed group decrease with increasing age (2nd methylation process). Thus, from these results we may infer those children retain less arsenic in their body than adults. This may also explain why children do not show skin lesions compared to adults when both are drinking same contaminated water. To date, metal or metalloids that may influence arsenic methylation are largely unknown. A study reported that the concentrations of trace elements (for examples: Se, Mn, Hg, etc.) relative to As in urine and blood were positively correlated with urinary % inorg As as well as % MMA, and negatively correlated with % DMA as well as the ratios of % DMA to % MMA. The results also suggest that Se, Mn as well as Hg may decrease arsenic methylation with decreasing creatinine formation for both males and females, but it could be concentration dependent 28. References IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 1987. In IARC Monograph on the Evaluation of Carcinogenicity Risk to Humans. Overall Evaluation of Carcinogenicity: An Update of IARC Monographs 1-42 (Suppl. 7). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, pp. 100-106. NRC (National Research Council). 2001. Arsenic in Drinking Water. Update to the 1999 Arsenic in Drinking Water Report. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Chen, C.J., Chen, C.W., Wu, M.M., Kuo, T.L. 1992. Cancer potential in liver, lung, bladder, and kidney due to ingested inorganic arsenic in drinking water. Br. J. Cancer 66, 888-892. Rossman, T.G., Uddin, A.N., Burns, F.J. 2004. Evidence that arsenite acts as a cocarcinogen in skin cancer. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 198, 394-404. Huang, Y.K., Tseng, C.H., Huang, Y.L., Yang, M.H., Chen, C.J., Hsueh, Y.M. 2007. Arsenic methylation capacity and hypertension risk in subjects living in arseniasis-hyperendemic areas in southwestern Taiwan, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 218, 135-182. Tseng, C.H. 2007. Metabolism of inorganic arsenic and non-cancerous health hazards associated with chronic exposure in humans. J. Environ. Biol. 28, 349-357. Aposhian, H.V., Aposhian, M.M., 2006. Arsenic toxicology: Five questions. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 19, 1-15. Tseng, C.H. 2009. A review on environmental factors regulating arsenic methylation in humans. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 235, 338-350. Guha Mazumder, D.N., Haque, R., Ghosh, N., De, B.K., Santra, A., Chakraborti, D., Smith, A.H., 1998. Arsenic levels in drinking water and the prevalence of skin lesions in West Bengal, India. Int. J. Epidemiol. 27, 871-877. Lindberg, A.-L., Rahman, M., Persson, L.-A., Vahter, M., 2008a. The risk of arsenic induced skin lesions in Bangladeshi men and women is affected by arsenic metabolism and the age at first exposure. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 230, 9-16. Vahter, M., Akesson, A., Liden, C., Ceccatelli, S., Berglund, M., 2007. Gender differences in the disposition and toxicity of metals. Environ. Res. 104, 85-95. Chowdhury, U.K., Rahman, M.M., Sengupta, M.K., Lodh, D., Chanda, C.R., Roy, S., Quamruzzaman, Q., Tokunaga, H., Ando, M., Chakraborti, D., 2003. Pattern of Excretion of ArsenicCompounds [Arsenite, Arsenate, MMA(V), DMA(V)] in Urine of Children Compared to Adults froman Arsenic Exposed Area in Bangladesh, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A,38:1, 87-113, DOI: 10.1081/ESE-120016883 Thomas, D.J. 2021. Arsenic methylation-Lessons from three decades of research. Toxocol., 457, 1-7. Styblo, M., Del Razo, L. M., Vega, L., Germolec, D. R., LeCluyse, E. L., Hamilton, G. A., Reed, , Wang, C., Cullen, W. R., Thomas, D.J., 2000. Comparative toxicity of trivalent and pentavalent inorganic and methylated arsenicals in rat and human cells. Arch. Toxicol., 74, 289-299. Petrick, J. S., Jagadish, B., Mash, E. A., Aposhian, H. V., 2001. Monomethylarsonous acid (MMAIII) and arsenite: LD50 in hamsters and in vitro inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase. Ch Res. Toxicol. 14, 651-656. Cohen, S.M., Arnold, L.L., Eldan, M., Lewis, A.S., Beck, B.D., 2006. Methylated arsenicals: the implications of metabolism and carcinogenicity studies in rodents to human risk assessment. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 36, 99-133. Vahter, M., 2002. Mechanisms of arsenic biotransformation. Toxicology, 181-182, 211-217. Aposhian, H. V., 1997. Enzymatic methylation of arsenic species and other new approaches to arsenic toxicity. An Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 37, 397-419. Vahter, M., 1999. Variation in human metabolism of arsenic. In: Abernathy, C. O., Calderon, R. L., Chappell, W. R., (eds) Arsenic exposure and Health effect Elsevier Science, New York, pp 267-279. Aposhian, H. V., Gurzau, E. , Le, X. C., Gurzau, A., Healy, S. M., Lu, X., Ma, M., Yip, L., Zakharyan, R. A., Maiorino, R. M., Dart, R. C., Tircus, M. G., Gonzalez-Ramirez, D., Morgan, D. L., Avram, D., Aposhian, M. M., 2000. Occurrence of monomethylarsonous acid in urine of humans exposed to inorganic arsenic. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 13, 693-697. Chowdhury, U. K., Zakharyan, R. A., Hernandez, A., Avram, M.D., Kopplin, M. J., Aposhian, H. V., 2006. Glutathione-S-transferase-omega [MMA (V) reductase] knockout mice: Enzyme and arsenic species concentrations in tissues after arsenate administration. Appl. Pharmacol. 216, 446-457. Styblo, M., Del Razo, L. M., Vega, L., Germolec, D. R., LeCluyse, E. L., Hamilton, G. A., Reed, , Wang, C., Cullen, W. R., Thomas, D.J., 2000. Comparative toxicity of trivalent and pentavalent inorganic and methylated arsenicals in rat and human cells. Arch. Toxicol., 74, 289-299. Petrick, J. S., Jagadish, B., Mash, E. A., Aposhian, H. V., 2001. Monomethylarsonous acid (MMAIII) and arsenite: LD50 in hamsters and in vitro inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase. Ch Res. Toxicol. 14, 651-656. Lindberg, A. L., Rahman, M., Persson, L. A., Vahter, M., 2008. The risk of arsenic induced skin lesions in Bangladeshi men and women is affected by arsenic metabolism and the age at first exposure. Appl. Pharmacol. 230, 9-16. Vahter, M., 2002. Mechanisms of arsenic biotransformation. Toxicology, 181-182, 211-217. Chen, Y. C., Guo, Y. L., Su, H. J., Hsueh, Y. M., Smith, T. J., Ryan, L. M., Lee, M. S., Chao, S. C., Lee, J. Y., Christiani, D. C., 200 Arsenic methylation and skin cancer risk in southwestern Taiwan. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 45, 241-248. Steinmaus, C., Carrigan, K., Kalman, D., Atallah, R., Yuan, Y., Smith, A.H., 20 Dietary intake and arsenic methylation in a U.S. population. Environ. Health Perspect. 113, 1153-1159. 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RESUMENEl riesgo de morir en duelo fue consustancial a la cultura del honor. Incluso en países, como Francia o España, donde la muerte en duelo no era habitual. El nexo entre honor y vida, o entre sus contrarios, deshonor y muerte, permeaba el imaginario cultural de las élites liberales. La épica de los duelos giraba en torno a la probabilidad de que un combatiente pereciera, y aun cuando la muerte no fuese el objetivo buscado en el lance, siempre pesaba la incertidumbre: la amenaza de recibir una estocada dolorosa o la eventualidad de una lesión grave. La muerte planeaba sobre los desafíos y que acudiera, o no, al campo del honor dependía de diversas variables: la fogosidad de los rivales, la habilidad de los padrinos al concertar el duelo, que uno de los contendientes fuese militar, la naturaleza de la ofensa o que esta girara en torno a una mujer… También se cernía sobre el duelista la amenaza de la muerte eterna, pues la Iglesia condenaba los lances de honor y prohibía que los caídos en combate sin confesión recibieran sepultura sagrada. De todo lo anterior tratan las siguientes páginas, centradas en la cultura del duelo en España, enmarcada en el contexto internacional, y en la presencia en ella de la muerte. Palabras clave: honor, muerte, duelos, masculinidadTopónimos: España, EuropaPeriodo: Siglos xix y xx ABSTRACTThe risk of dying in a duel was consubstantial to the culture of honor, even in countries such as France or Spain, where death in a duel was not usual. The link between honor and life, or between their opposites, dishonor, and death, permeated the cultural imaginary of the liberal elites. The epic of duels revolved around the probability that a combatant would perish; and even when death was not the intended objective of the duel, uncertainty always weighed heavily: the threat of receiving a painful thrust or the eventuality of a serious injury. Death hovered over the challenges and whether it would come to the field of honor depended on several variables: the fierceness of the rivals, the skill of the godfathers in arranging the duel, whether one of the contenders was a military man, the nature of the offense or whether it revolved around a woman... The threat of eternal death also hung over the duelist, since the Church condemned duels and prohibited those who fell in combat without confession with receiving a sacred burial. 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Blasco (ed.), Mujeres, hombres y catolicismo en la España contemporánea, Valencia, Tirant Lo Blanc, 2019, pp. 115-136.Borrego, A., Ensayo sobre la jurisprudencia de los duelos, por el conde de Chateauvillard, traducido del francés por A. Borrego, Madrid, 1891.Bravo, J., El concilio de Trento y el Concordato vigente, Madrid, 1887.Cañas de Pablos, A., “More Valuable Than Life Itself”: Military Honour and the Birth of Its Tribunal in Spain (1810–1870)”, Journal of Military Ethics, 21 (2022) pp. 304-319.Cervantes, A., Los duelos en Cuba, La Habana, Miranda, 1894. Chatauvillard, conde de, Essai sur le duel, París, Chez Bohaire, 1836.Chocano, M., “Pulsiones nerviosas de un orden craquelado: desafíos, caballerosidad y esfera política (Perú, 1883-1960)”, Histórica 35/1 (2011).Domenicheli, M., Cavaliere e gentiluomo. Saggio sulla cultura aristocrática in Europa (1513-1915), Roma, Bulzoni Editore, 2002. Echarri, F., Directorio Moral, Valencia, 1770. Esperón Fernández, A. J., “Honor y escándalo en la encrucijada del Sexenio Democrático: la opinión pública ante el duelo entre Montpensier y Enrique de Borbón”, en R. Sánchez y J. A. Guillén (eds.), La cultura de la espada. De honor, duelos y otros lances, Madrid, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 2019, pp. 245-287.Fernández de Córdova, F., Mis memorias íntimas, t. II, Madrid, Sucesores de Rivadeneyra, 1888. Estébanez, J., Lances de honor, Madrid, R. Velasco, 1909. Fetheringill Zwicker, J., Dueling students. Conflict, Masculinity, and Politics in German Universities, 1890-1914, The University of Michigan Press/Ann Arbor, 2011. Fontane, T., Effi Briest, Madrid, Alianza Editorial (ed. or.1895) 2004. Frevert, U., “Condición burguesa y honor. En torno a la historia del duelo en Inglaterra y Alemania”, en J. M. Fradera y J. Millán (eds.), Las burguesías europeas del siglo XIX. 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La virilidad como problema nacional en el regeneracionismo español (1890-1910)”, Cuadernos de Historia Contemporánea, 39 (2017) pp. 19-37.Matos e Lemos, M., “O duelo em Portugal depois da implantaçao da república”, Revista de Historia das Ideas, 15 (1993), pp. 561-597.Maupassant, G., “Un cobarde”, en Sangre y otros relatos, Madrid, Ambrosio Pérez, 1902, pp. 49-66.McAleer, K., Dueling. The cult of honor in the Fin-de-Siecle Germany, Princeton University Press, 1997.Mosse. G. L., The image of man: The creation of modern masculinity, Oxford University Press, 1996.Navarro García, M., Máximas de moral militar, Madrid, 1920.Nisbett, R. y Cohen D., “Violence and Honor in the Southern United States”, en J. E. Dizard, R. Merrill Muth y S. P. Andrews (eds), Guns in America, New York University Press, 1999, pp. 264-275Martínez Torres, R., “Introducción” a Mijáil Yúrevich Lérmontov: Un héroe de nuestro tiempo, Madrid, Akal, 2009, pp. 5-34.Nye, R. A., Masculinity and males codes of honor in modern France, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1998.Núñez Florencio, R., Militarismo y antimilitarismo en España (1888-1906), Madrid, CSIC, 1990Onieva, A. J., Pushkin, Madrid, Epesa, 1969. Parker, D. S., “Law, Honor, and Impunity in Spanish America: The Debate over Dueling, 1870-1920”, Law and History Review 19/2 (2001) pp. 311-341.Piccato, P., The Tyranny of Opinion: Honor in the Construction of the Mexican Public Sphere, Durham, Duke University Press, 2010. Ponce Alberca, J. y Lagares García, D., Honor de oficiales: los tribunales de honor en el ejército de la España contemporánea (siglos XIX-XX), Barcelona, Carena, 2000. Ramos Domingo, J., Crónica e información en el sermonario español, Salamanca, Universidad Pontificia, 2008. Ramos Yzquierdo, L., Código del duelo extractado y traducido de varios autores nacionales y extrangeros, Cienfuegos, 1889.Rangel, D. M., “O código d’honra e as alterações na prática de duelar em Portugal nos séculos XIX-XX”, Cultura, Espaço Memoria 2 (2011) pp. 244-264.Reyfman, I., “The Emergence of Duel in Russia: Corporal Punishment and the Honor Code”, The Russian Review, 54 (1995) pp. 26-43.Ruiz Albéniz, V., ¡Aquel Madrid! (1900-1914), Madrid, Artes Gráficas Municipales, 1944. Ruiz Fornells, E., La educación moral del soldado, Toledo, 1899.Sánchez, R., “Honor de periodistas. Libertad de prensa y reputación pública en la España liberal”, en R. Sánchez y J. A. Guillén (coords.), La cultura de la espada. De honor, duelos y otros lances, Madrid, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 2019, pp. 305-332.— “El duelo es una necesidad de los tiempos presentes»: opiniones sobre el carácter civilizador del duelo en la España del siglo XIX”, Memoria y civilización, 23 (2020), pp. 1-21.— “Aristocrats for Peace: The Anti-Duellist Conference of Budapest (1908)”, Ler História, 80 (2022) pp. 137-158. Sierra Valenzuela, E., Duelos, rieptos y desafíos: ensayo filosófico-jurídico sobre el duelo, Madrid, J. C. Conde y cía, 1878. Simpson, A., “Dandelions on the Field of Honor: Dueling, the Middle Classes, and the Law in Nineteenth-Century England”, Criminal Justice History, IX (1998) pp. 99-155.Sinor, D., “Duelling in Hungary between the two world wars”, Hungarian Studies 8/2 (1993) pp. 227-235.Tapia y Gil, A., Los suicidios en España, Madrid, 1900. Tovar, A., Código Nacional Mexicano del Duelo, México, Imprenta de Ireneo Paz, 1891.Urbina y Ceballos, J., marqués de Cabriñana, Lances entre caballeros, Madrid, Sucesores de Rivadeneyra, 1900. Varela Tortajada, J., El último conquistador: Blasco Ibáñez (1867-1928), Madrid, Tecnos, 2015. Vega Montes de Oca, D., Ligeras nociones de educación moral para el soldado, Madrid, 1901.Vida del Emmo. y Rvdo. Sr. Cardenal Arzobispo de Sevilla D. Marcelo Spínola y Maestre, Sevilla, 1924.Vílchez, J. F., “Cien años de la muerte de Suárez de Figueroa”, Cuadernos de periodistas, (julio 2004) pp.101-106.Yñiguez, E., Ofensas y desafíos, Madrid, Evaristo Sánchez, 1890.

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) is on the verge of commercialisation, with several companies announcing large scale production during 2023. SIBs have many similarities with lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), and offers comparable cycle life, as well as specific energies and power as LIBs while often being made with more abundant materials.[1] There is, however, a clear difference between LIBs and SIBs when it comes to the ions interaction with graphite – the standard anode in LIBs. Sodium-ions are unable to form thermodynamically stable structures inside graphite with high specific capacities,[2] often showing less than 20 mAh/g. But, in 2014 it was shown that when a diglyme (G2) based electrolyte was used suddenly 110 mAh/g of sodium-ion could be stored inside graphite through a solvent co-intercalation mechanism, i.e., solvated sodium-ions can be stored in much larger quantities in graphite than bare ions.[3] Surprisingly, even if the reaction is accompanied by a large expansion of the graphite to accommodate the solvated ions, the reaction is highly reversible and very fast, with thousands of cycles having been reported and current densities of several A/g seem to have no large impact on the storage capability.[4] The system is also able to operate at low temperatures, and shows a great deal of tunability through small changes in the electrolyte composition.[5-7] These properties opens up for applications in grid energy storage, as the system is able to deliver a moderate amount of energy, but at high power over a wide temperature range and over many cycles, while also being made by cheap and available resources. Even if several articles have been published on the subject, many fundamental questions about the reaction remain debated, such as the existence of and possible properties of an SEI that allows solvated ions through, or the stoichiometry of the reaction itself. It is often argued that either the entire solvation shell, consisting of 2 G2 molecules, is intercalated along with Na+, or partial desolvation occurs and only a part of the solvation shell enters the graphite, Figure 1. Yet, there is very little evidence for either case. Here, we report on two independent methods, one relying on ex-situ analysis of the graphite weight at different potentials and one on in-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, that shows that the reaction when using a G2 or monoglyme (G1) based electrolyte is far more complicated than previously thought and changes drastically during the sodiation process. We show that at high voltages the system is opened up by solvated ions and is subsequently flooded with solvent molecules, and these flooding events occur again during parts of the sodiation process. After the system has successfully formed a stage I compound the system enters a non-faradaic process where the free glyme molecules inside the graphite is preferentially replaced by solvated ions until the graphite reach its full storage capacity of solvated ions. The mass measurements and impedance measurements are supplemented with ab initio molecular dynamics of the electrolytes, and density functional theory simulations of solvated ions inside of graphite. The proposed electrochemical process is also compared with and corroborated by material characterisation techniques, such as electrochemical dilatometry and operando X-ray techniques, as well as NMR measurements. References: [1] P. K. Nayak, L. Yang, W. Brehm, P. Adelhelm, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 57 (2018) 102. [2] O. Lenchuk, P. Adelhelm, D. Mollenhaur, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 21 (2019) 19378-19390. [3] B. Jache, P. Adelhelm, Angewandte Chemie , 126 (2014) 10333-10337. [4] Adam P. Cohn, Keith Share, Rachel Carter, Landon Oakes, and Cary L. Pint Nano Letters 16 (2016), 543-548 [5] B. Jache, J. O. Binder, T. Abe, P. Adelhelm, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 18 (2016) 14299-14316 [6] J. Chen, Y. Peng, Y. Yin, Z. Fang, Y. Cao, Y. Wang, X. Dong, Y. Xia, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60 (2021) 23858. [7] Z-L. Xu, G. Yoon, K-Y. Park, H. Park, O. Tamwattana, S. J. Kim, W. M. Seong, K. Kang, Nat. Commun. 10 (2019) 2598. Figure 1. Schematic illustration of the co-intercalation process where fully solvated ions have entered between the graphite layers. Figure 1

Layered-type Li-rich cathode materials have attracted significant attention for the next generation Li-ion batteries, but their poor reversibility in terms of both voltage and capacity upon cycling are as prominent as their high capacity. Irreversible oxygen redox activity and surface deterioration have been deemed as the root cause and direct cause for their poor performance, respectively. To mitigate those issues, we introduce substantial amounts of oxygen vacancies into layered-type Li1.2Ni0.2Co0.2Mn0.4O2 by using CaH2 as a reduction agent. Reduced samples show higher reversible capacity due to the increased cation redox participation, but still sustain poor cyclic performance. With further fluorination to reduced Li1.2Ni0.2Co0.2Mn0.4O2-x by using NH4HF2, the reversible capacity reached 270 mAh/g and maintained its 99% after 100 cycles. STEM-EELS detects deeper F signals rather than just on surface as direct fluorination methods show, and HAXPES patterns indicate there are both ionic and covalent fluorine coordination. These results demonstrate that by the combination of oxygen deficiency introduction and surface fluorination, some F- ions could occupy the sites of oxygen vacancies near the surface rather than sole LiF generation on the surface, which illuminates a new strategy to modify the cathode materials for Li-ion batteries. The Ni0.2Co0.2Mn0.4(OH)1.6 precursor was prepared by the coprecipitation of NiSO4, CoSO4 and MnSO4, and then mixed with LiOH. The mixture was calcined with oxygen flow at 900 ℃ to obtain pristine Li1.2Ni0.2Co0.2Mn0.4O2. The pristine Li1.2Ni0.2Co0.2Mn0.4O2 was reduced by the appropriate amount of CaH2 in a vacuumed glass tube at 260 ℃, then the reduced Li1.2Ni0.2Co0.2Mn0.4O1.85 was mixed with various amounts of NH4HF2 and sintered at 450 ℃ with argon flow. Hard X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (HAXPES, at BL46XU in SPring-8) was used to investigate the coordination state of fluorine ions. The electrodes of different samples were prepared by slurrying the active material, acetylene black, and PVDF with a weight ratio of 8:1:1, then coating on the Al foil. The 2032-type coin cells were assembled for the electrochemical test. The counter electrode was lithium metal and the electrolyte was 1 M LiPF6 in EC and EMC solvent (3:7 by volume). The charge-discharge test was operated on an automatic cycling and data recording system (HJ1001SD8, Hokuto Denko). Fig. 1a shows the F 1s HAXPES spectra of fluorinated samples which were synthesized by subjecting reduced Li1.2Ni0.2Co0.2Mn0.4O1.85 to chemical fluorination using NH4HF2. When F is 0.1 stoichiometry, F ions are more covalent which implies they could mainly occupy the oxygen vacancy sites near surface. Further fluorination increased the intensity of LiF on surface. The cyclic performance of four samples is shown in Fig. 1b. The pristine sample suffered from the severe capacity decay whose drastic oxygen redox activity is deemed to cause various deterioration [1]. Direct fluorination of pristine sample had some positive effect to the cyclic performance because of the reported interface stabilization [2]. The initial capacity of the reduced sample is higher than pristine sample owing to the increased cation redox contribution, but its cyclability is still poor especially after long cycles. The important point to note is the combination of reduction and fluorination significantly improved both the capacity and cyclic performance upon 100 cycles, and the coordination and role of fluorine ions could be different from the conventional fluorination strategy. Figure 1

Digital health literacy involves the individual's ability to effectively interpret, evaluate and use health information obtained through digital media, enabling them to make decisions and have greater autonomy over their health. Considering the increasing use of digital media as a source of health information for the population, the present study aimed to evaluate the digital health literacy level of individuals who use social media. The study was conducted with a sample of 423 individuals using a digital questionnaire to obtain socioeconomic data, and the eHealth literacy scale (eHeals) instrument was used to assess the level of digital health literacy. The results indicated that higher levels of education and income correlate with higher levels of digital health literacy. The biological determinants of age and gender did not correlate with digital literacy. It is concluded that government strategies that seek to use social media such as Facebook, Instagram and Twiter as an alternative to non-formal health education should consider that the success of these strategies depends on first investing in the formal education of the population.ResumoLiteracia digital em saúde envolve a capacidade do indivíduo em interpretar, avaliar e usar de forma eficaz as informações de saúde obtidas por meio das mídias digitais, permitindo-o tomar decisões e ter maior autonomia sobre sua saúde. Considerando a crescente utilização das mídias digitais como fonte de informações em saúde para população, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar o nível de literacia digital em saúde de indivíduos que fazem uso das mídias digitais. O estudo foi desenvolvido com uma amostra de 423 indivíduos por meio de questionário digital para obtenção de dados socioeconômicos e o instrumento eHealth literacy scale (eHeals) foi utilizado para avaliar o nível de literacia digital em saúde. Os resultados indicaram que maior nível de escolaridade e renda correlaciona com maiores níveis de literacia digital em saúde. Os determinantes biológicos idade e sexo não apresentaram correlação com a literacia digital. Conclui-se que a estratégia do governo que busca, por exemplo, utilizar as redes sociais online Facebook, Instagram e Twiter como alternativa de educação não-formal em saúde deve considerar que o êxito dessa estratégia perpassa pela necessidade de investir na educação formal.Palavras-chave: Educação não-formal, Educação para saúde, Política de saúde.Keywords: Non-formal education, Health education, Health policy.ReferencesBARROS, Josiane Kelly. Adaptação transcultural e análise das propriedades psicométricas de instrumento para avaliação da literacia digital em saúde. 2019. 77 f.. Dissertação (Mestrado em Promoção da Saúde) – Centro Universitário de Maringá – UNICESUMAR, Maringá, 2019.BIRCH, David. Improving schools, improving school education health education, improving public health: The role of SOPHE members. Health Education & Behavior, v. 44, n. 6, p. 839-844, 2017. http://dx.doi: 10.1177/1090198117736353.Cohen, Jacob. Statistical Power Analysis. Current Directions in Psychological Science. v.1, n.3, p. 98–101, 1992. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10768783DINO. 62% da População Brasileira está Ativa nas Redes Sociais. Disponível em: <https://exame.abril.com.br/negocios/dino/62-da-populacao-brasileira-esta-ativa-nas-redes-sociais/>. Acesso em: 22 setembro 2019.GABARRON, Elia; ARSAND, Eirik; WYNN, Rolf. Social Media Use in Interventions for Diabetes: Rapid Evidence-Based Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research. v. 10, n.11, 2018, e-10303. https://doi: 10.2196/10303Guntzviller, Lisa; King, Andy; Jensen, Jacob; Davis. Self-Efficacy, Health Literacy, and Nutrition and Exercise Behaviors in a Low-Income, Hispanic Population. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, v. 19, n. 2, p. 489–49, 2016. http://dx.doi:10.1007/s10903-016-0384-4 HSU, Michelle; ROUF, Anika; ALLMAN-FARINELLI, Margaret. Effectiveness and Behavioral Mechanisms of Social Media Interventions for Positive Nutrition Behaviors in Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Journal of Adolescent Health. v.63, n.5, p.531-545, 2018.IBGE – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Diretoria de Pesquisas, Coordenação de Trabalho e Rendimento, Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua 2016/2018. LaBARGE, Gene; BROOM, Matt. Social Media in Primary Care. Missouri Medicine. v. 116, n.2, 2019, p.106-110.Loureiro, Luís Manuel de Jesus; Gameiro, Manuel Gonçalves Henriques. Critical interpretation of statistical results: beyond statistical significance. Revista de Enfermagem Referencia, v.3, p 151-162, 2011.MERCHANT, Raina; ASCH, David. Protecting the Value of Medical Science in the Age of Social Media and “Fake News”. JAMA Network. v.320, n.23, p.2415-2416, 2018.MORAIS, José; KOLINSKY, Régine Kolinsky. Literacia científica: leitura e produção de textos científicos. Educar em Revista, n. 62, p.143-162, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-4060.48025.MOREIRA, Flávia Moraes.; PINHEIRO, Marta Macedo Kerr. Ministério da Saúde no facebook: um estudo de caso da política de informação. Informação & Informação, v. 20, n. 3, p. 147–174, 2015.MS. Ministério da Saúde. Disponível em: <http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/saudelegis/gm/2015/prt0589_20_05_2015.html>. Acesso em: 23 setembro 2019.MUKAKA, M. M. Statistics corner: A guide to appropriate use of correlation coefficient in medical research. Malawi Medical Journal. v. 24, n. 3, p. 69-71, 2012.NORMAN, Camerin; Skiner Harvey. eHealth Literacy: Essential Skills for consumer health in a netword. Journal of Medical Internet Research. v.8, n.2, e9, 2006.NORMAN, Cameron; SKINNER, Harvey. eHEALS: The eHealth Lieracy Scale. Journal of Medical Internet Research. v. 8, n.4, e27, 2006. http://dx.doi: 10.2196/jmir.8.4.e27NUTBEAM, Don. The evolving concept of health literacy. Social Science & Medicine, v. 67, n. 12, p.2072-2078, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.09.050.PIAAC - Program for The International Assement Of Adults Competencies. U.s. Department Of Education. Literacy Domain. 2002. Disponível em: <https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/piaac/literacy.asp>. Acesso em: 27 set. 2019. OCDE.R CORE TEAM R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, 2018. Available online at https://www.R-project.org/.RAMOS, Francisco Lúzio de Paula; HORA Ádrea Leal; SOUZA, Claudia Tereza Vieria; PEREIRA, Luciana Oliveira; HORA, Dinair Leal da. As contribuições da epidemiologia social para a pesquisa clínica em doenças infecciosas. Revista Pan-Amazônica de Saúde. v.7, n.esp.,p.221-229, 2016. doi: 10.5123/S2176-62232016000500025schwitzer, Gary. Pollution of health news: Time to drain the swamp. BMJ, v. 356, j1262, 2017.SILVA, Marco Antonio Dias; WALMSLEY, Anthony Damien. Fake News and Dental Education. British Dental Journal. v.226, p.397-399, 2019. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41415-019-0079-zTENGLAND, Per-Anders. Behavior Change or Empowerment: On the Ethics of Health-Promotion Goals. Health Care Analysis, v. 24, n. 1, p. 24–46, 2016.TOMÁS, Catarina Cardoso; QUEIRÓS, Paulo Joaquim Pina; FERREIRA, Teresa de Jasus Rodrigues. Revista de Enfermagem Referência. série IV, n. 2, p.19-28, 2014.VAART, Rosalie van der; DROSSAERT, Constance. Development of the Digital Health Literacy Instrument: Measuring a Broad Spectrum of Health 1.0 and Health 2.0 Skills. Journal of Medical Internet Research, v. 19, n. 1, p.01-13, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/jmir.6709.VOSOUGHI, Soroush; ROY, Deb; ARAL, Sinan. The spread of true and false news online. Science, v. 359, p. 1146-1151, 2018.WANG, Yuxi; McKEE, Martin; TORBICA, Aleksandra; STUCKLER, David. Systematic Literatura Review on the Spread of Health-related Misinformation on Social Media. Social Science & Medicine. v.240, 112552, 2019.WASZAK, Przemyslaw M; KASPRZYCKA-WASZAK, Wioleta; KUBANEK, Alicja. Health Policy and Technology, The spread of medical fake news in social media – the pilot quantitative study, v. 7, n. 2, 115-118, 2018.e3761017

Silicon is one of the most promising anode materials because it has a very high theoretical capacity (4200 mAh g− 1). This capacity is about 10 times higher than that of carbon anode (372 mAh g− 1).[1] However, enormous volumetric change and mechanical stress occur in a silicon anode during electrochemical lithiation-delithiation. Consequently, the specific capacity is degraded during repetition of charge-discharge because of cutting off conductive paths caused by mechanical fracture. It is reported that pre-lithiation by sputtering and electrochemical methods suppresses fracture of silicon anodes by decrease in elastic modulus and yielding stress.[2] However, the reported Li-Si alloy anodes possesses the mechanical properties derived from both the deposited silicon and the voids generated during the synthetic processes. Therefore, a highly-dense alloy is necessary to investigate relationships between mechanical and electrochemical properties of Li-Si itself. We have already fabricated highly-dense amorphous silicon films by an arc plasma deposition (APD) method.[3] Thus, we attempted to fabricate highly-dense Li-Si alloy films by an APD method. The obtained Li-Si alloy films were investigated with focusing on relationships between mechanical properties and electrochemical properties. Li x Si (x = 0-3.56) alloy films were prepared on Al2O3(0001) single-crystal and Cu substrates by an APD method. Metallic lithium and B-doped silicon coated with carbon were used as target materials in the APD apparatus. The physical structures and chemical states of the obtained Li x Si alloy films were investigated with Raman spectroscopy, hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES), and neutron reflectometry (NR). Elastic modulus and hardness of the Li x Si alloy films were calculated from load-displacement curves gained by nanoindentation measurement. Constant-current charge-discharge tests were carried out with 2032-type coin cells assembled using the Li x Si films as the working electrodes, Li foils as counter electrodes, and 1 M LiPF6 in EC: DEC 3:7 vol% as electrolytes. The charge-discharge tests were conducted with constant current of 0.01-0.16 mA (1C rate), lower and upper voltages of 20 mV and 1.5 V vs. Li/Li+. In HAXPES spectra, Si 2p peaks derived from Si0 shifted to lower binding energy compared to the Si (x = 0) film as x increased. Therefore, Li x Si alloy films with different compositions were successfully fabricated by the APD method. The peaks because of Si-Si bonds in Raman spectra also shifted to lower wavenumber with the increase in x. The shifts suggest that the length of the Si-Si bonds extended with the increase in x. The NR analyses revealed that Li x Si alloy films possessed the smooth surface with the roughness less than 3 nm. The elastic modulus and hardness of Li x Si alloy films decreased as x increased, meaning that Li x Si alloy films were softer and more easily deformed compared to Si films. In addition, the elastic modulus and hardness of Li x Si alloy films were higher than those of Li x Si films previously reported,[2] suggesting that the APD method more densely made the Li x Si alloy films than the reported sputtering and electrochemical methods. Thus, the objective highly-dense films of Li x Si alloys were successfully obtained. The plateaus corresponding to the reactions of Li x Si ↔︎ Li x ’Si ↔︎ Li y Si (x < x’ < y) were observed in charge-discharge curves of Li x Si alloy films. The first discharge capacities of Li x Si alloy films were lower than the theoretical capacity of silicon. This is due to the existence of lithium in the structure by pre-lithiation. Cycle stabilities of Li x Si alloy films were superior to the Si film. To reveal factors of the cycle stabilizing, the charge-discharge reactions were analyzed with dQ/dV plots. The peaks around 0.5 V in the delithation process decreased about Si film. This decrease in the reaction peak is attributed to the decrease in the active species during the reaction process because of the fracture. In contrast, the peaks of Li x Si alloy films around 0.5 V hardly decreased. This result suggests that delamination and fracture by volumetric change during charge-discharge processes were suppressed in Li x Si alloy films because of their softness. Thus, the analyses of the highly-dense Li x Si alloy films fabricated by the APD method clarified that cycle stabilities of active materials were improved by controlling mechanical properties. [1] Ashuri, M.et al., Nanoscale 2016, 8, (1), 74-103. [2] Sitinamaluwa, H. et al., RSC Adv. 2017, 7, 13487-13497. [3] Asano, S. et al., Highly-dense and smooth amorphous silicon films fabricated by arc plasma deposition and electrochemical properties., ACSSI-17, 3A-06, 9.15.2022.

This article aims to 1) explore how retired academics experienced work-to-retirement transition and 2) offer insights that can be applied in addressing its potential opportunities and challenges. Toward this end, we conducted face-to-face interviews with retirees (n=7) from a comprehensive private university in Manila, Philippines. The descriptive phenomenological method surfaced a general psychological meaning structure depicting the participants' collective work experiences to retirement transition. Moreover, it identified three distinct but interrelated elements of the retirement phenomenon: moving on, passing time, and coming on stage. This paper contributes and supports accumulated empirical knowledge on the work-to-retirement transition that can be helpful for individuals preparing for or transitioning into retirement.References April, Kurt A., Babar Dharani, and Kai Peters. “Impact of Locus of Control Expectancy on Level of Wellbeing.” Rev. Eur. 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Baltes. “Selection, Optimization, and Compensation as Strategies of Life Management: Correlations with Subjective Indicators of Successful Aging.” Psychology and Aging 13, no. 4 (1998): 531.Gabriel, Zahava, and A. N. N. Bowling. “Quality of Life from the Perspectives of Older People.” Ageing & Society 24, no. 5 (2004): 675-691.Gall, Terry L., David R. Evans, and John Howard. “The Retirement Adjustment Process: Changes in the Wellbeing of Male Retirees Across Time.” The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 52, no. 3 (1997): P110-P117.Giorgi, Amedeo. Psychology as a Human Science: A Phenomenologically Based Approach. University Professors Press, 2020.Giorgi, Amedeo. The Descriptive Phenomenological Method in Psychology: A Modified Husserlian Approach. Duquesne University Press, 2009.Giorgi, Amedeo. “The Theory, Practice, and Evaluation of the Phenomenological Method as a Qualitative Research Procedure.” Journal of Phenomenological Psychology 28, no. 2 (1997): 235-260.Goodman, Jane, Nancy K. Schlossberg, and Mary L. Anderson. Counseling Adults in Transition: Linking Practice with Theory. Springer Publishing Co, 2006.Gorry, Aspen, Devon Gorry, and Sita Nataraj Slavov. “Does Retirement Improve Health and Life Satisfaction?” Health Economics 27, no. 12 (2018): 2067-2086.Hansson, Isabelle, Sandra Buratti, Boo Johansson, and Anne Ingeborg Berg. “Beyond Health and Economy: Resource Interactions in Retirement Adjustment.” Aging & Mental Health 23, no. 11 (2019): 1546-1554.Heaven, B. E. N., Laura JE Brown, Martin White, Linda Errington, John C. Mathers, and Suzanne Moffatt. “Supporting Wellbeing in Retirement Through Meaningful Social Roles: Systematic Review of Intervention Studies.” The Milbank Quarterly 91, no. 2 (2013): 222-287.Hedge, Jerry W., Walter C. Borman, and Steven E. Lammlein. The Aging Workforce: Realities, Myths, and Implications for Organizations. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2006.Henning, Georg, Magnus Lindwall, and Boo Johansson. “Continuity in Wellbeing in the Transition to Retirement.” GeroPsych (2016).Henkens, Kène, Hendrik P. Van Dalen, David J. Ekerdt, Douglas A. Hershey, Martin Hyde, Jonas Radl, Hanna Van Solinge, Mo Wang, and Hannes Zacher. “What We Need to Know About Retirement: Pressing Issues for the Coming Decade.” The Gerontologist 58, no. 5 (2018): 805-812.Hernaes, Erik, Simen Markussen, John Piggott, and Ola L. 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Introduction: There are numerous methods of isolating and detecting organisms that are similar and closely related; one of the most reliable method is molecular typing of 16S rRNA. Apart from being omnipresent as a multigene family, or operons; it is evolutionarily stable; the 16S rRNA gene (1,500 bp) is large enough for informatics purposes. Materials and Method: This study employed molecular sequencing of 16S rRNA by Sanger method to reveal the specific organisms’ nucleotides and blasting (BLASTn) to show the similarities between the resulting organisms and existing organisms. The 16S rRNA remains the best choice of identification process for bacteria because of its distinguishing sizes and evolutionary stability. Results: All isolates were Gram positive rods and were positive in Biochemical tests such as oxidase, catalase, citrate, and protease but were in turn negative in coagulase and indole test tests. On sensitivity test; 80% of all the isolates were resistant to common antibiotics except ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. Based on the sequence difference in the variable region (V1) of 16S rRNA as observed from the molecular sequencing results; four isolates out of ten were identified. Six were different strains of B cereus. Others isolates include: wiedmannii, thuringensis, toyonensis and pseudomycoides. Sequence analysis of the primer annealing sites showed that there is no clear‐cut difference in the conserved region of 16S rRNA, and in the gyrB gene, between B. cereus and B. thuringiensis strains. Phylogenetic analysis showed that four isolates showed high similarity to each other; hence the limited number of deletions when subjected to alignments by maximum neighborhood joining parsimony using MEGA X software. B. toyonensis, B. wiedmannii and thuringensis were distantly related. Introduction Authors Pathogens cause illness and death in some countries and it also causes infections and gastrointestinal diseases in other countries thereby causing public health concern. Pathogens are organisms capable of causing diseases. Reliable methods are needed for the detection of pathogens due to pathogen evolution as a result of new human habits or new industrial practices. Microbial classification of organisms ranges from genus to specie level depending upon the technique used either phenotypic or genotypic. Presently, molecular methods now obtain advances to allow utilization in microbiology [1]. There are numerous molecular methods which are of fast and simple application to the detection of pathogen. Among the pathogens involved in human health, Bacillus cereus is interesting due to their ability to survive in various habitats [2]. The genus Bacillus is aerobic or facultative anaerobic bacteria, gram positive spore forming rod shaped bacteria. Which can be characterized by two morphological forms, the vegetative cell which range from 1.02 to 1.2 um in width and from 3.0 to 5.0 in length, it can be straight or slightly curve, motile or non-motile, and the endospore (the non-swelling sporangium). The genus Bacillus is been characterized by the presence of endospore, which is not more than one per cell and they are resistant to many adverse environmental conditions such as heat, radiation, cold and disinfectants. It can also respire either in the presence or absence of oxygen [3]. Cell diameter of Bacillus cereus, sporangium and catalase test do not allow differentiation, where as important in differentiation among B. anthracis, B. cereus, B. thuringiensis can be considered by parasporal crystals and the presence of capsule. [4] Showed a B. thuringiensis strain capable of producing a capsule resembling that of B. anthracis. Most species of the genus display a great kind in physiological characteristics such as degradation of cellulose, starch, pectin, agar, hydrocarbons, production of enzymes and antibiotics and other characteristic such as acidophile, alkalinophile, psychrophile, and thermophile's which allows them to adapt to various environmental conditions [5]. In differentiating between species of the genus Bacillus it was difficult at early attempts when endospore formation and aerobic respiration were the main character used for classification. As reported by many authors that at molecular method level, the differentiation between B. thuringiensis and B. cereus is also very difficult. cereus can survive at the temperature between 4°c and 55°c. The mesophile strains can grow between the temperature of 10°c and 42°c, while psychotropic strains can survive at 4°c, whereas other strains are able to grow at 52 to 55°c. B. cereus vegetative cells grow at pH between 1.0 and 5.2. Heat resistant strain can survive and multiply in wet low acid foods in temperature ranging from 5 to 52°c. The survivability of B. cereus spores at 95°c decreases when the pH level decreases from 6.2 to 4.7 [6]. B. cereus can grow in the presence of salt with concentration up to 7.5% depending on the pH value. thuringiensis possesses a protein crystal that is toxic to insects. This toxin protein was first known as parasporal crystalline inclusion but was later referred to as π - endotoxin or in other ways known as insecticidal crystal protein [7]. Strains of B. thuringiensis bacteria possess a wide range of specificity in various orders of insects such as Lepidoptera, dipteral, coleoptera. These strains of bacteria produce crystalline proteins known as cry protein during sporulation. When B. thuringiensis infects an insects, it will cause the insect to loose appetite, enhances slow movement and over time the insect will die due to crystals of proteins that have been dissolved in the insect's stomach. In the cultivation of vegetable crops, the plant can be attack by many types of pests. Hence, in overcoming pest attacks farmers often use pesticides that contain active synthetic materials. Many negative effects arise from the folly use of chemical pesticides. Among the negative effect is the increase of pest population, resistance, death of natural enemy population and increase in residue level on Agricultural product which makes it unsafe for public consumption [8]. Therefore, it is necessary to find an alternative method in the control of crop pest. The best alternative that can be done is to replace the chemical insecticide with biological control which involves the use of living things in the form of microorganisms. In these profiling microbial communities, the main objective is to identify which bacteria and how much they are present in the environments. Most microbial profiling methods focus on the identification and quantification of bacteria with already sequenced genomes. Further, most methods utilize information obtained from entire genomes. Homology-based methods such as [1–4] classify sequences by detecting homology in reads belonging to either an entire genome or only a small set of marker genes. Composition-based methods generally use conserved compositional features of genomes for classification and as such they utilize less computational resources.Using the 16S rRNA gene instead of whole genome information is not only computational efficient but also economical; Illumina indicated that targeted sequencing of a focused region of interest reduces sequencing costs and enables deep sequencing, compared to whole-genome sequencing. On the other hand, as observed by [8], by focusing exclusively on one gene, one might lose essential information for advanced analyses. We, however, will provide an analysis that demonstrates that at least in the context of oral microbial communities, the 16S rRNA gene retains sufficient information to allow us detect unknown bacteria [9, 10]. This study aimed at employing 16S rRNA as an instrument of identification of seemingly close Bacillus species. Abbreviations BLAST, Basic Local Alignment sequence Tools; PCR, Polymerase Chains reactions; rRNA, ribosomal RNA; Material and methods T Sample collection. Soil samples were collected from three sources from Rice, Sugar Cane, vegetables and abandoned farmland in January 2019. The samples were labeled serially from Sample 1 to Sample 10 (S1 to S10). Bacterial culture: A serial dilution of 10 folds was performed. Bacterial suspension was diluted (10-10) with saline water and 100 μl of bacterial suspension werespread on Nutrient Agar plate and incubated for 24 hours. Bacterial colonies were isolated and grown in Nutrient Broth and nutrient agar. Other microbiological solid agar used include: Chocolate, Blood Agar, EMB, MacConkey, Simon citrate, MRS Agar. Bacteria were characterized by conventional technique by the use of morphological appearance and performance on biochemical analysis [11]. Identification of bacteria:The identification of bacteria was based on morphological characteristics and biochemical tests carried out on the isolates. Morphological characteristics observed for each bacteria colony after 24 h of growth included colony appearance; cell shape, color, optical characteristics, consistency, colonial appearance and pigmentation. Biochemical characterizations were performed according to the method of [12] Catalase test: A small quantity of 24 h old culture was transferred into a drop of 3% Hydrogen peroxide solution on a clean slide with the aid of sterile inoculating loop. Gas seen as white froth indicates the presence of catalase enzyme [13] on the isolates. DNA Extraction Processes The extraction processes was in four phase which are: Collection of cell, lyses of cell, Collection of DNA by phenol, Concentration and purification of DNA. Collection of cell: the pure colonyof the bacteria culture was inoculated into a prepared sterile nutrient broth. After growth is confirmed by the turbidity of the culture, 1.5ml of the culture was taken into a centrifuge tube and was centrifuge at 5000 rpm for 5 minutes; the supernatant layer was discarded leaving the sediment. Lyses of cell: 400 microns of lyses buffer is added to the sediment and was mixed thoroughly and allow to stand for five minutes at room temperature (25°c). 200 microns of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) solution was added for protein lyses and was mixed gently and incubated at 65°c for 10 minutes. Collection of DNA by phenol; 500 microns of phenol chloroform was added to the solution for the separation of DNA, it was mixed completely and centrifuge at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes. The white pallet seen at the top of the tube after centrifugation is separated into another sterile tube and 1micron of Isopropanol is added and incubated for 1hour at -20°c for precipitation of DNA. The DNA is seen as a colorless liquid in the solution. Concentration and purification of DNA: the solution was centrifuge at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes. The supernatant layer was discarded and the remaining DNA pellets was washed with 1micron of 17% ethanol, mixed and centrifuge at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes. The supernatant layer was discarded and air dried. 60 micron TE. Buffer was added for further dissolving of the DNA which was later stored at -40°c until it was required for use [14]. PCR Amplification This requires the use of primers (Forward and Reverse), polymerase enzyme, a template DNA and the d pieces which includedddATP, ddGTP and ddTTP, ddNTP. All this are called the master mix. The PCR reactions consist of three main cycles. The DNA sample was heated at 940c to separate the two template of the DNA strand which was bonded by a hydrogen bond. Once both strand are separated the temperature is reduced to 570c (Annealing temperature). This temperature allows the binding of the forward and reverse primers to the template DNA. After binding the temperature is raised back to 720c which leads to the activation of polymerase enzyme and its start adding d NTPs to the DNA leading to the synthesize of new strands. The cycles were repeated several times in order to obtain millions of the copies of the target DNA [15]. Preparation of Agarose Gel One gram (1 g) of agarose for DNA was measured or 2 g of agarose powdered will be measured for PCR analysis. This done by mixing the agarose powder with 100 ml 1×TAE in a microwaveable flask and microwaved for 1-3 minutes until the agarose is completely dissolved (do not over boil the solution as some of the buffer will evaporate) and thus alter the final percentage of the agarose in the gel. Allow the agarose solution to cool down to about 50°c then after five minutes 10µL was added to EZ vision DNA stain. EZ vision binds to the DNA and allows one to easily visualize the DNA under ultra violet (UV) light. The agarose was poured into the gel tray with the well comb firmly in place and this was placed in newly poured gel at 4°c for 10-15 mins or it sit at room temperature for 20-30 mins, until it has completely solidified[16]. Loading and Running of samples on Agarose gel The agarose gel was placed into the chamber, and the process of electrophoresis commenced with running buffer introduced into the reservoir at the end of the chamber until it the buffer covered at least 2millimeter of the gel. It is advisable to place samples to be loaded in the correct order according to the lanes they are assigned to be running. When loading the samples keep the pipette tip perpendicular to the row of the wells as by supporting your accustomed hand with the second hand; this will reduce the risk of accidentally puncturing the wells with the tip. Lower the tip of the pipette until it breaks the surface of the buffer and is located just above the well. Once all the samples have been loaded it is advised to always avoid any movement of the gel chamber. This might result in the sample spilling into adjacent well. Place the lid on the gel chamber with the terminal correctly positioned to the matching electrodes on the gel chamber black to black and red to red. Remember that DNA is negatively charged hence the movement of the electric current from negatively charged to the positively charged depending on the bandwidth in Kilobytes. Once the electrode is connected to the power supply, switch ON the power supply then set the correct constant voltage (100) and stopwatch for proper time. Press the start button to begin the flow of current that will separate the DNA fragment.After few minutes the samples begins to migrate from the wells into the gel. As the DNA runs, the diaphragm moves from the negative electrode towards the positive electrode [17]. PCR mix Components and Sanger Sequencing This is made up of primers which is both Forward and Reverse, the polymerase enzyme (Taq), a template DNA and the pieces of nucleotides which include: ddNTP, ddATP, ddGTP and ddTTP. Note that the specific Primer’s sequences for bacterial identification is: 785F 5' (GGA TTA GAT ACC CTG GTA) 3', 27F 5' (AGA GTT TGA TCM TGG CTC AG) 3', 907R 5' (CCG TCA ATT CMT TTR AGT TT) 3', 1492R 5' (TAC GGY TAC CTT GTT ACG ACT T) 3' in Sanger Sequencing techniques. BLAST The resulting genomic sequence were assembled and submitted in GenBank at NCBI for assignment of accession numbers. The resultant assertion numbers were subjected to homology search by using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) as NCBI with the assertion number MW362290, MW362291, MW362292, MW362293, MW362294 and MW362295 respectively. Whereas, the other isolates’ accession numbers were retrieved from NCBI GenBank which are:AB 738796.1, JH792136.1, MW 015768.1 and MG745385.1.MEGA 5.2 software was used for the construction of phylogenetic tree and phylogenetic analysis. All the organisms possess 100% identities, 0% gaps and 0.0% E.value which indicated that the organisms are closely related to the existing organisms. The use of 16S rRNA is the best identification process for bacteria because 16S rRNA gene has a distinguishing size of about 500 bases until 1500bp. Rather than using 23S rRNA which is of higher variation, The 16S rRNA is adopted in prokaryotes. 18S rRNA is used for identification in Eukaryotes Results The results of both the conventional morphological and cultural identification was correlated with the molecular sequencing results. Six isolates were confirmed B. cereus species while the other four isolates were. B. wiedmannii, B. thuringiensis, B. toyonensis and B. pseudomycoides.The 16S rRNA sequence of six isolates MW 362290.1- MW362295.1 were assigned accession numbers and deposited in the GenBank while the other four sequences were aligned to those available in the NCBI database. The alignment results showed closely relatedness to LT844650.1with an identity of 100% to 92.2% as above. The six isolates of Bacillus cereus great evolutionary relatedness as shown in the phylogenetic tree constructed using MEGA X software. Results The results of both the conventional morphological and cultural identification was correlated with the molecular sequencing results. Six isolates were confirmed B. cereus species while the other four isolates were. B. wiedmannii, B. thuringiensis, B. toyonensis and B. pseudomycoides.The 16S rRNA sequence of six isolates MW 362290.1- MW362295.1 were assigned accession numbers and deposited in the GenBank while the other four sequences were aligned to those available in the NCBI database. The alignment results showed closely relatedness to LT844650.1with an identity of 100% to 92.2% as above. The six isolates of Bacillus cereus great evolutionary relatedness as shown in the phylogenetic treeconstructed using MEGA X software. Discussion The results obtained in this study is consistent with the previous studies in other countries22,23 The results of the phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA isolate of in this study was similar to the housekeeping genes proposed by [18, 19]. In comparing this study with the earlier study, B. cereus group comprising other species of Bacillus was hypothesized to be considered to form a single species with different ecotypes and pathotype. This study was able to phenotypically differentiated B. thuringiensis, B. pseudomycoides, B. toyonensis, B. wiedmannii and B. cereus sensu strito. Despite differences at the colonial appearance level, the 16S rRNA sequences have homology ranging from 100% to 92% providing insufficient resolution at the species level [6, 7, 18].After analysis through various methods, the strain was identified as Gram-positive bacteria of Bacillus cereus with a homology of 99.4%. Cohan [20] demonstrated that 95–99% of the similarity of 16S rRNA gene sequence between two bacteria hints towards a similar species while >99% indicates the same bacteria.The phylogenetic tree showed that B. toyonensis, B. thuringiensis and B. wiedmanniiare the outgroups of B. cereus group while B. pseudomycoides are most closely related to B. cereus group [19, 21, 22]. Conclusion In the area of molecular epidemiology, genotypic typing method has greatly increased our ability to differentiate between micro-organisms at the intra and interspecies levels and have become an essential and powerful tool. Phenotypic method will still remain important in diagnostic microbiology and genotypic method will become increasingly popular. After analysis through various methods, the strain was identified as Gram-positive bacteria of Bacillus cereus with a homology of between 100% and 92.3%. 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