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Livres sur le sujet « Cognitive precursor »

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Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 1 avril 2023

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1

Prinz, Jesse. Hume and Cognitive Science. Sous la direction de Paul Russell. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199742844.013.19.

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This contribution is concerned with the relevance of Hume’s empirical approach to the study of the mind for contemporary cognitive science. It is argued that Hume’s views, empirically founded as they were on observation and introspection and concerning ideas and concepts, passion and sympathy, and moral sentimentalism, find considerable support in the findings of contemporary research. To this extent, Hume may well be considered a precursor to many of today’s cognitive scientists, even though they do not generally draw directly from his work. The fundamental significance of Hume’s own work is that it shows that philosophy has always had an empirical dimension.

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2

Seyfarth, Robert M., et Dorothy L. Cheney. Primate social cognition as a precursor to language. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199541119.013.0004.

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3

Legerstee, Maria. Infants' Sense of People : Precursors to a Theory of Mind. Cambridge University Press, 2006.

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4

Legerstee, Maria. Infants' Sense of People : Precursors to a Theory of Mind. Cambridge University Press, 2005.

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5

Legerstee, Maria. Infants' Sense of People : Precursors to a Theory of Mind. Cambridge University Press, 2005.

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6

Infants' Sense of People : Precursors to a Theory of Mind. Cambridge University Press, 2005.

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7

Legerstee, Maria. Infants' Sense of People : Precursors to a Theory of Mind. Cambridge University Press, 2006.

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8

Legerstee, Maria. Infants' Sense of People : Precursors to a Theory of Mind. Cambridge University Press, 2005.

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9

Legerstee, Maria Theresia. Infants' Sense of People : Precursors to a Theory of Mind. Cambridge University Press, 2005.

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10

Waldmann, Michael R. Causal Reasoning. Sous la direction de Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.1.

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Although causal reasoning is a component of most human cognitive functions, it has been neglected in cognitive psychology for many decades. To date, textbooks on cognitive psychology do not contain chapters on causal reasoning. The goal of this Handbook is to fill this gap, and to offer state-of-the-art reviews of the field. This introduction to the Handbook provides a general review of different competing theoretical frameworks modeling causal reasoning and learning. It outlines the relationship between psychological theories and their precursors in normative disciplines, such as philosophy and machine learning. It reviews the wide scope of tasks and domains in which the important role of causal knowledge has been documented. In the final section it previews the chapters of the handbook.

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11

García-Cazorla, Angels, et Rafael Artuch. Brain Serotonin Deficiency. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0032.

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Brain serotonin deficiency is a heterogeneous condition whose etiology remains unknown in the majority of cases. Strong evidence supports a major role for brain serotonin deficiency in common conditions such as depression and other psychiatric and cognitive disorders, which are probably due to interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Mendelian monogenic conditions leading to brain serotonin deficiency have also been identified, but they are rare. These diseases are associated with defects in other neurotransmitters (primarily dopamine), and it is difficult to link serotonin deficiency with specific neurological syndromes. Secondary serotonin deficiency is also common. In adults, when serotonin deficiency is thought to contribute to neurological symptoms such as sleep disturbance and alterations in behavior, treatment with serotonin precursors may be useful.

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12

Whaley, John, John Sloboda et Alf Gabrielsson. Peak experiences in music. Sous la direction de Susan Hallam, Ian Cross et Michael Thaut. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199298457.013.0042.

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Musical-peak experiences are a significant component of the lives of many people. They are powerful, valued, have lasting effects, and – for some – are a reason for continued engagement with music. This article highlights research on the peak experience, emphasizing literature focusing on music-specific peaks. After outlining four studies fundamental to the study of peaks in music, a section discusses precursors to peaks and proposed differences between those who have achieved peaks and those who have not. A section on the cognitive, perceptual, emotional, and physical phenomena associated with peak experiences is thenfollowed by an investigation on the after-effects of peaks. Next, a section discussing methodologies for the investigation of musical-peak experiences highlights the possibilities and difficulties of this work. Finally, a brief section summarizes the contents of the article and looks towards the future of research in this field.

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Beauchaine, Theodore P., et Sheila E. Crowell, dir. The Oxford Handbook of Emotion Dysregulation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190689285.001.0001.

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Emotion dysregulation—which is often defined as the inability to modulate strong affective states including impulsivity, anger, fear, sadness, and anxiety—is observed in nearly all psychiatric disorders. These include internalizing disorders such as panic disorder and major depression, externalizing disorders such as conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder, and various other disorders including schizophrenia, autism, and borderline personality disorder. Among many affected individuals, precursors to emotion dysregulation appear early in development, and often predate the emergence of diagnosable psychopathology. Collaborative work by Drs. Crowell and Beauchaine, and work by many others, suggests that emotion dysregulation arises from both familial (coercion, invalidation, abuse, neglect) and extrafamilial (deviant peer group affiliations, social reinforcement) mechanisms. These studies point toward strategies for prevention and intervention. The Oxford Handbook of Emotion Dysregulation brings together experts whose work cuts across levels of analysis, including neurobiological, cognitive, and social, in studying emotion dysregulation. Contributing authors describe how early environmental risk exposures shape emotion dysregulation, how emotion dysregulation manifests in various forms of mental illness, and how emotion dysregulation is most effectively assessed and treated. This is the first text to assemble a highly accomplished group of authors to address conceptual issues in emotion dysregulation research; define the emotion dysregulation construct at levels of cognition, behavior, and social dynamics; describe cutting-edge assessment techniques at neural, psychophysiological, and behavioral levels of analysis; and present contemporary treatment strategies. Conceptualizing emotion dysregulation as a core vulnerability to psychopathology is consistent with modern transdiagnostic approaches to diagnosis and treatment, including the Research Domain Criteria and the Unified Protocol, respectively.

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Pachankis, John E., et David J. Lick. Sexual Minority Stigma and Health. Sous la direction de Brenda Major, John F. Dovidio et Bruce G. Link. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190243470.013.29.

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Emerging evidence demonstrates that sexual minority individuals experience disproportionate physical health burdens compared to heterosexuals because of their exposure to stigma. Due in part to increased public recognition of this stigma, recent decades have witnessed the collection of high-quality data exploring its links with adverse health. This chapter reviews this accumulating evidence. It first describes historical trends that have enabled the scientific study of sexual minority physical health. Next, it reviews sexual orientation disparities in physical health and factors that have been proposed to account for these disparities, with a particular focus on stigma and minority stress as precursors of adverse health. It then outlines potential cognitive–affective, behavioral, and physiological processes linking minority stress with poor health. It also highlights bidirectional processes that might operate between stigma and health. The chapter concludes by suggesting several promising opportunities for future research in this nascent field of inquiry.

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Burrell, James R., et John R. Hodges. Dementia. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199658602.003.0010.

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Cognitive neurology has exploded over the last century, and especially over the last 20 years. From the distinction of dementia as a pathological entity, rather than just ‘normal’ ageing, to more sophisticated sub-classification of dementia syndromes, much has been learned, though great challenges remain. From an incredible array of worthy research studies, ten landmark papers in the field of dementia are presented in this chapter. With regard to Alzheimer’s disease, the following are discussed: the initial description of the disease, both clinically and pathologically; the development of meaningful clinical assessment measures; the early clinical manifestations and genetic causes; the precursors to symptomatic treatment; the use of neuroimaging to identify amyloid pathology in vivo; and the staging of Alzheimer’s pathology. The clinical features and genetic causes of frontotemporal dementia, an important non-Alzheimer’s primary dementia syndrome seen especially in younger patients, are also discussed.

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Nieder, Andreas. Neuronal Correlates of Non-verbal Numerical Competence in Primates. Sous la direction de Roi Cohen Kadosh et Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.027.

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Non-verbal numerical competence, such as the estimation of set size, is rooted in biological primitives that can also be explored in animals. Over the past years, the anatomical substrates and neuronal mechanisms of numerical cognition in primates have been unravelled down to the level of single neurons. Studies with behaviourally-trained monkeys have identified a parietofrontal network of individual neurons selectively tuned to the number of items (cardinal aspect) or the rank of items in a sequence (ordinal aspect). The properties of these neurons’ numerosity tuning curves can explain fundamental psychophysical phenomena, such as the numerical distance and size effect. Functionally overlapping groups of parietal neurons represent not only numerable-discrete quantity (numerosity), but also innumerable-continuous quantity (extent) and relations between quantities (proportions), supporting the idea of a generalized magnitude system in the brain. Moreover, many neurons in the prefrontal cortex establish semantic associations between signs and abstract numerical categories, a neuronal precursor mechanisms that may ultimately give rise to symbolic number processing in humans. These studies establish putative homologies between the monkey and human brain, and demonstrate the suitability of non-human primates as model system to explore the neurobiological roots of the brain’s non-verbal quantification system, which may constitute the phylogenetic and ontogenetic foundation of all further, more elaborate numerical skills in humans.

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Sugden, David A., et Helen C. Soucie. Motor development. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199232482.003.0014.

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This chapter examines motor development from a number of perspectives. The first two sections overview a description followed by possible explanations of motor development. These sections are predicated on the assumption that two major questions permeate motor development: the first question asks what happens during development, describing and analysing the changes that occur; the second, a more difficult question, examines the possible explanations as to what are the mechanisms that are driving these changes. A third section provides an overview of recent work in the area of infant and early childhood development utilizing concepts from dynamic systems theory and ecological psychology. A fourth part examines two relatively recent ideas from early childhood and motor development. The first one promotes the idea of embodied cognition where a child’s physical, social, and linguistic interaction with the environment may be the root of flexible intelligent behaviour. The second one looks at the way in which some development is atypical, through an examination of precursors in early infancy being possible predictors for later problems. Finally, an example of atypical development is illustrated through a description of the condition known as developmental coordination disorder.

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