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Mark, Erin M. « Cognitive Activity and Intelligence : Implications for the Cognitive Reserve Model ». Ohio : Ohio University, 2007. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1173277687.
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Mårdh, Selina. « Cognitive erosion and its implications in Alzheimer’s disease ». Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Psykologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-91890.
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The aim of the present thesis was twofold, first to map the semantic memory decline in Alzheimer patients over time, second to take the patient’s perspective and create a multifaceted picture of the individual with Alzheimer’s disease through the study of memory, awareness, central coherence and emotions. Further issues concerned how Alzheimer individuals handled their cognitive erosion in everyday life and if they were well calibrated with their spouse in disease related matters. Two studies were performed, the first involved a longitudinal study of sematic deterioration, the second had a mixed methods design involving both quantitative and qualitative measures as in neuropsychological assessment and interviews. Through the longitudinal study it could be concluded that the nature of semantic deterioration is best described as loss of memory information rather than problems in accessing the information. It was further concluded that semantic concepts gradually lose their specific features during course of illness. The results from the second study revealed that the Alzheimer individuals were aware of their disease although they could not foresee the implications of their cognitive shortcomings in their everyday life. They evidenced weak central coherence, in that they were unable to infer details into a meaningful whole. This implies that they perceive their surrounding world in a fragmented way as consisting of separate objects rather than a comprehensible context. Concerning emotions it was found that they responded to negatively valenced words in the same way as normal ageing individuals, although being impaired in their response to positively and neutral words. Finally, the Alzheimer individuals and their spouses were not well calibrated regarding disease related issues. The findings of the present thesis have important clinical implications and gives valuable input to the understanding of the individual with Alzheimer’s disease.Föreliggande avhandling hade två huvudsyften; dels att kartlägga försämringen av semantiskt minne hos Alzheimerpatienter över tid; dels att ta patientens perspektiv och skapa en mångfacetterad bild av individen med Alzheimers sjukdom. Fyra begrepp studerades i relation till detta, nämligen minne, medvetande, central koherens och emotioner. Ytterligare aspekter som studerades var hur Alzheimerindivider hanterar sina kognitiva tillkortakommanden i sin vardag samt hur väl kalibrerade de är med sin make/maka angående sjukdomsrelaterade frågor. Två studier genomfördes varav den första var en longitudinell studie av semantisk minnesförsämring och den andra hade en ’mixed methods’ design, inkluderande både kvantitativa (neuropsykologiska tester) och kvalitativa (intervjuer) metoder. Resultaten från den longitudinella studien avslöjade att semantiska begrepp som inte längre är välrepresenterade hos individen har gått förlorade snarare än att det skulle vara från om att individerna inte kan plocka fram informationen. Vidare kunde konstateras att semantiska begrepp gradvis tappar sina nyanser i takt med att sjukdomen fortskrider. Den andra studien visade att Alzheimerindividerna var medvetna om sin sjukdom och sina minnesproblem men att de inte kunde förutsäga vilka problem deras kognitiva tillkortakommanden skapade i deras vardag. De konstaterades ha svag central koherens vilket innebär att de ser sin omgivning på ett fragmentariskt sätt utan att kunna få ihop de olika objekten runt omkring sig till en meningsfull kontext. Vad gäller emotioner så kunde konstateras att Alzheimerindivider reagerar likadant som normalt åldrande individer på negativt laddade ord men att de är signifikant försämrade i förmågan att känna igen positiva och neutrala ord. Alzheimerindividerna och deras make/maka var inte väl kalibrerade vad gäller sjukdomsrelaterade frågor. Avhandlingens resultat har viktiga kliniska implikationer och ger ett värdefullt bidrag till förståelsen av en individ med Alzheimers sjukdom.
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Lorenz, Romy. « Neuroadaptive Bayesian optimization : implications for the cognitive sciences ». Thesis, Imperial College London, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/51419.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Cognitive neuroscientists are often interested in broad research questions, yet use overly narrow experimental designs by considering only a small subset of possible experimental conditions. This limits the generalizability and reproducibility of many research findings. In this thesis, I propose, validate and apply an alternative approach that resolves these problems by building upon neuroadaptive experimental paradigms, and combines real-time analysis of functional neuroimaging (fMRI) data with a branch of machine learning, Bayesian optimization. Neuroadaptive Bayesian optimization is a powerful strategy to efficiently explore more experimental conditions than is currently possible with standard methodology. In the first study (Chapter 3), I demonstrate the validity of the approach in a proof-of-principle study involving audio-visual stimuli with varying perceptual complexity. In a subsequent study (Chapter 4), I test the generalizability of the framework to paradigms with lower effect sizes and investigate how automatic stopping criteria could further boost the efficiency of the approach. This is followed by three studies in which I apply neuroadaptive Bayesian optimization to tackle different research questions within the cognitive neurosciences. In the first application study (Chapter 5), I employ the approach to identify the exact cognitive task conditions that optimally dissociate between two frontoparietal brain networks. For the second application (Chapter 6), I use neuroadaptive Bayesian optimization in a study involving non-invasive brain stimulation in order to find the stimulation parameters that elicit optimal network coupling in a frontoparietal network. In the third application study (Chapter 7), I show how adaptive Bayesian optimization can be used beyond the field of cognitive neuroimaging; I investigate the phenomenon of phosphene perception caused by non-invasive brain stimulation by optimizing based on preference ratings given by the participants. As a whole, this thesis provides evidence that neuroadaptive Bayesian optimization can be used to formulate new and exciting research questions within cognitive neuroscience. I argue that the approach could broaden the hypotheses considered in cognitive neuroscience, thereby improving the generalizability of findings. In addition, Bayesian optimization can be combined with preregistration to cover exploration, mitigating researcher bias more broadly and improving reproducibility.
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Martinez, Isabel. « The cognitive reality of prolongational structures in tonal music ». Thesis, University of Roehampton, 2007. https://pure.roehampton.ac.uk/portal/en/studentthesis/the-cognitive-reality-of-prolongational-structures-in-tonal-music(f2243f60-a91a-4a18-9839-3d46c20b0267).html.
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This thesis investigates the psychological implications of prolongation, a structural phenomenon of tonal music, which is described in the musicological literature as an elaborative process in which some pitch events - such as chords and notes - remain as if they were sounding even though they are not physically present.
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McCaslin, David F. « The Cognitive Implications of Aristotelian Habituation and Intrinsic Valuation ». Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1245.
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Habituation in the Aristotelian tradition claims that we develop our moral virtues through repeated and guided practice in moral actions. His theory provides important insights for moral education and as a result many contemporary philosophers have debated how to properly interpret his writing. This thesis will explore Aristotelian habituation and the competing interpretations surrounding it, namely the cognitivist and mechanical views. It will then criticize the mechanical view and argue that the intrinsic valuation of virtuous actions evidences a cognitivist interpretation of habituation in the Aristotelian tradition.
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Gaonac'h, Daniel. « Psychologie cognitive et éducation : implications dans l'enseignement des langues étrangères ». Dijon, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1987DIJOL001.
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L'objectif principal de ce travail est d'analyser les références théoriques de la didactique des langues étrangères LE dans le domaine de la psychologie. La première partie constitue une approche historique, ou sont examinés les courants théoriques constitutifs de ce domaine de recherche : behaviorisme et néo-behaviorisme, gestaltpsychologie, cognitivisme. On a cherché à montrer en particulier que la lecture qu'on peut faire actuellement du "passage" du behaviorisme au cognitivisme en psychologie ne rend nullement compte du caractère non linéaire de l'évolution de la psychologie, des interactions complexes entre courants théoriques, ni du rôle que peuvent avoir des facteurs externes (notamment le développement de la didactique) sur la dominance de tel ou tel courant. La seconde partie cherche à rendre compte de la grande quantité de travaux qui constituent le domaine actuel de la psycholinguistique appliquée aux LE - on examine d'un point de vue critique l'opposition entre acquisition d'une part (position "développementale", insistant sur les similitudes entre processus d'acquisition de la langue maternelle (LM) et d'une LE), et apprentissage d'autre part (position défendant la spécificité des conditions de la maitrise d'une LE). - l'étude de la lecture dans une le permet d'examiner comment sont mis en œuvre, dans une situation nouvelle et problématique pour l'apprenant, des mécanismes bien maitrises par ailleurs dans sa LM. - l'acquisition des "compétences de communication" relève pour une part d'une problématique identique (transfert ou réapprentissage de ces compétences) ; c'est aussi un thème qui conduit à reposer le problème des acquisitions dans des termes nouveaux : l'inscription des acquisitions dans les activités de langage, et en particulier dans les interactions langagières. - les approches théoriques récentes visent à rendre compte des activités cognitives du locuteur apprenant, dans l'utilisation et l'acquisition d'une LE. Elles développent des concepts sur lesquels on doit pouvoir se fonder pour élaborer un modèle du locuteur en le : gestion, régulation, métacognitionThe main purpose of this work is to analyze the theoretical references of second language (sl) teaching in the area of psychology. The first part is an historical approach, in which are examined the theoretical trends that constitute this field of research : behaviorism and neo-behaviorism, gestalt-psychology, cognitivism. In particular, we have tried to demonstrate that the way we can now interprete the "transition" from behaviorism to cognitivism in psychology doesn’t account for the non-linear nature of the evolution of this domain, nor for the complex interactions between theoretical approaches, nor for the role played by external factors (especially teaching development) on the predominance of one approach or another. The second part attempts to account for the large quantity of works that constitute the present area of psycholinguistics applied to sl : - we examine, with a critical point of view, the opposition between acquisition on the one hand ("developmental" position, with insistance on similiraties between first language and sl acquisition processes), and learning on the other hand (specificity of sl acquisition processes). - the study of reading in a sl is used to examine how the learner brings into play, in a new and problematical situation, some processes that are efficient in his first language. - the acquisition of communicative competences is partly a matter for an identical issue (transfer or relearning of these competences) ; it is also a topic that raises again the problem of acquisition in new words : subordination on language activities, particularly on language interactions. - recent theoretical approaches aim to account for cognitive activities of the speaker learner, in sl use and acquisition. They develop some concepts on which it would be possible to base oneself to elaborate a model of the subject in sl : monitoring, regulation, meta-cognition
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Gilbert, Marion Grantham Youngs Richard Chalmer. « Cognitive development and humor comprehension with implications for teaching methodology ». Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 1990. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p9115223.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis (Ed. D.)--Illinois State University, 1990.Title from title page screen, viewed November 23, 2005. Dissertation Committee: Richard C. Youngs (chair), Walter D. Pierce, Elmer A. Lemke, Larry D. Kennedy. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-76) and abstract. Also available in print.
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Abramiuk, Marc Alexander. « Cognitive implications of an economic approach to Classic Maya exchange ». Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444481/.
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The objective of this thesis is to explore the notion of extended mind, specifically how dynamic social phenomena, such as social interaction, can be seen to constitute a cognitive process. To do this it is explained that not only do representations form in the minds of individuals through an individual's nervous system and body, but that representations can also be seen to form in the minds of individuals through participation in social institutions. The social institution with which this thesis is concerned is exchange, and a case study of Classic Maya ground stone exchange serves as an illustration of how the notion of social institutions as sources of cognition can be applied to the archaeological record. The view of cognition adopted in this thesis is based in part on recent advances in cognitive scientific research, which proposes that cognition arises from dynamical systems to which individuals are attuned. These dynamical systems are thereby considered cognitive systems. Much cognitive research has focused on cognition that arises via the nervous system or motor actions of individuals. This thesis proposes that social systems can be seen to form dynamical systems to which people are attuned and, as such, social systems can also be regarded as cognitive systems or, more accurately, as supra-individual cognitive systems. Supra-individual cognitive systems generate representations a phenomenon I refer to as interiLalization that manifest themselves in the social environment as well as in the individual brain. In turn, once representations become mentally processed by an individual, they can be expressed through action affecting the functional organization of the supra-individual cognitive system I refer to this phenomenon as externalization. One implication of this thesis is that archaeologists can become involved in lines of inquiry that generate hypotheses about representations experienced by people in the past. Representations proposed to have been experienced by people in the past can be rigorously described that is, described in a way that can be critically examined by mathematically modeling and analyzing supra-individual cognitive systems that can be inferred to have existed in the past. In this thesis, the view of cognition I employ and the methodology for realizing this view of cognition constitute the first steps toward a cognitive archaeology that is concerned with the modeling and analysis of supra-individual cognitive systems.
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Zhang, Ling. « Malleability of cognitive style and its implications for management practice ». Thesis, University of Leeds, 2005. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/594/.
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The study examined the extent to which cognitive style is fixed or malleable. It involved a comparison of cognitive styles between the Chinese and British nationals to determine the effect of culture on cognitive style. The study also sought to explore the effect of acculturation on the way individuals process information. The contribution of the present research is to increase knowledge of cognitive style and the acculturation process. It provides information for industry and education about how training and development strategies could be designed to improve the success of international assignments. The research employed a multi-method methodology as a framework for the research. A longitudinal, quasi-experimental sample survey was conducted with 125 Chinese and 36 British subjects engaged in a postgraduate course in a British University. In this phase of the study, subjects completed the Allinson-Hayes Cognitive Style Index (CSI) twice over a six-month period. Based on these results, the research moved to Phase II to explore the relationship between cognitive style and a range of acculturation variables by adopting a cross-sectional sample survey and in-depth interviews. In the sample survey, interaction efficiency and acculturative stress were measured respectively by Ward's Sociocultural Adaptation Scale (SCAS) and Zung's Self-Rating Depression Scale (SRDS), and motivational orientation was measured by a range of self-developed questions. The final part of this second phase adopted inductive methodology and contained 19 follow-up semistructured interviews with specially selected participants to explore how crosscultural experience could affect cognitive style. Several key findings emerged from the research. First, differences were noted between home and Chinese subjects, and a further administration of the CSI after a period of six months showed a significant shift towards an analytical cognitive style for Chinese students but not for home students. This provided some support for the hypothesis that cognitive style is malleable. The pattern of change was not, however, consistent within the Chinese sample, and the overall change was not as anticipated. Second, past Western experience, pre-departure training and socialising with home nationals from motivational orientation were associated with the change in cognitive style. Third, while data from the sample survey do not support a correlation between interaction effectiveness and level of acculturative stress with a change in cognitive style, cross-cultural differences between the British and Chinese nationals were detected. This suggests that both nationals had different experiences which might influence their information processing style. Finally, results from interviews do point to possible directions for future research, e. g. perception of the host culture.
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Shockley, Paul R. « The cognitive sense of illumination in view of postmodern implications ». Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1999. http://www.tren.com.
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Gaonac'h, Daniel. « Psychologie cognitive et éducation implications dans l'enseignement des langues étrangères ». Lille 3 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37597775k.
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Sun, Chen Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences. « The hippocampal "Event Code" : implications from Descartes to Gridworld ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/127883.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, May, 2020Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 165-183).
The brain codes continuous spatial, temporal, and sensory changes in daily experience. Recent studies suggest the brain also tracks experience as segmented subdivisions (events), but the neural basis for encoding events remains unclear. Here, I present our recent advances to understand the encoding of distinct events at the single cell level. We did preliminary work which revealed distinct neural mechanisms for encoding different spatial contexts. Following this work, we designed a novel maze task for mice which permitted the isolation of neural signals tracking "events" as abstract and discrete entities, separate from sensory changes. This maze task was composed of 4 materially indistinguishable lap events. Using this maze, we reported hippocampal CA1 neurons whose activity was modulated not only by spatial location, but also lap number. These "event-specific rate remapping" (ESR) cells remain lap-specific even when the maze length was unpredictably altered within trials, suggesting ESR cells treated lap events as fundamental units. The activity pattern of ESR cells was reused to represent lap events when the maze geometry was altered from square to circle, suggesting it helped transfer knowledge between experiences. ESR activity was separately manipulable from spatial activity, and may therefore constitute an independent hippocampal code: an "event code" dedicated to organizing experience by events as discrete and transferable units.
by Chen Sun.
Ph. D.
Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences
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Porter, Kristen M. « An Exploratory Study of the Need for Cognition in Children and Adolescents ». University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1290134272.
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Floyd, Shelley Ann. « Neuropsychological, Cognitive and Physiological Implications of Barefoot Running on Working Memory ». UNF Digital Commons, 2015. http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/556.
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The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of barefoot versus shod running on working memory. I recruited exercise science students from the University of North Florida who exercised recreationally. Participants ran both barefoot and shod while hitting targets (poker chips) on a running track and without targets. I measured working memory using backward digit recall and also recorded participants’ heart rate, speed, and target accuracy. The main finding from this study was that working memory performance increased in the barefoot condition when participants hit targets (poker chips). This result supports the idea that additional attention is needed when running barefoot to avoid stepping on objects that could potentially cause harm to the foot. Significant increases in participant’s heart rate were also found in the barefoot condition but not in the shod condition. No significant differences found in participants’ speed in the barefoot or shod condition, nor were there any in the target or no target condition. Together, these findings suggest that individuals working memory increases after at least sixteen minutes of barefoot running if they have to look at the ground to avoid objects that may cause harm to their feet. Barefoot running may help individuals of all ages; from delaying the onset of cognitive deterioration in the elderly, obesity prevention for individuals of all ages, to providing a boost in cognitive performance for children who are behind their peers in school.
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Beste, Christian, Moritz Mückschel, Madlen Paucke et Tjalf Ziemssen. « Dual-Tasking in Multiple Sclerosis – Implications for a Cognitive Screening Instrument ». Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-233900.
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The monitoring of cognitive functions is central to the assessment and consecutive management of multiple sclerosis (MS). Though, especially cognitive processes that are central to everyday behavior like dual-tasking are often neglected. We examined dual-task performance using a psychological-refractory period (PRP) task in N = 21 patients and healthy controls and conducted standard neuropsychological tests. In dual-tasking, MS patients committed more erroneous responses when dual-tasking was difficult. In easier conditions, performance of MS patients did not differ to controls. Interestingly, the response times were generally not affected by the difficulty of the dual task, showing that the deficits observed do not reflect simple motor deficits or deficits in information processing speed but point out deficits in executive control functions and response selection in particular. Effect sizes were considerably large with d∼0.80 in mild affected patients and the achieved power was above 99%. There are cognitive control and dual tasking deficits in MS that are not attributable to simple motor speed deficits. Scaling of the difficulty of dual-tasking makes the test applied suitable for a wide variety of MS-patients and may complement neuropsychological assessments in clinical care and research setting.
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Kalra, Priya. « Implicit Learning : Development, Individual Differences, and Educational Implications ». Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:16460206.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This dissertation attempts to link models from cognitive neuroscience with problems and models from education research as well as to advance our understanding of implicit learning. In addition to a review of the current understanding of implicit learning from psychology and neuroscience, an essay on the potential applications of implicit learning to education and two empirical studies comprise this document.
The first study compares implicit learning in adults and children to address the question of developmental invariance in implicit learning. One novel aspect of this study is the use of a battery of implicit learning tasks, as well as comparison explicit learning tasks. Although gross differences were not found between adults and children in the implicit learning tasks, nevertheless first-level item analysis revealed that children and adults may differentially exploit stimulus frequency information to perform the tasks.
The second study uses parallel forms of multiple implicit learning tasks to determine the reliability of implicit learning tasks for adult participants. Contrary to the prevailing view of implicit learning, stable individual differences were found. Correlations between individual implicit learning and certain non-cognitive traits (such as conscientiousness) were found, but IQ was not correlated with implicit learning.
Finally, the implications of these findings for basic research as well as for the possibility of applying implicit learning to K-12 instruction are discussed.Human Development and Education
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Pinon-Vignaud, Marie-Laure. « Le genre et le nombre du syntagme nominal : traitement lexical et implications neuropsychologiques ». Poitiers, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994POIT5028.
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Le genre (masculin, feminin) apparait, en langue francaise, comme un systeme de classification des items de la langue, systeme comprenant deux modalites: une modalite semantique (genre fonde sur une caracteristique sexuelle) et une modalite plus formelle (fixee par convention). Les filles et les garcons traitent de facon differente la premier modalit e (ex: ami-amie); les premieres utilisent la caracteristique semantique "sexe", les seconds, une analyse morphologique. Par contre, quel que soit son sexe, le sujet utilise une analyse de la syllabe finale pour determiner le genre dit "formel" (ex: soleil-lune) et une analyse des relations d'un item avec d'autres mots du lexique lorsque cet item est nouveau donc de genre inconnu. L'etude du traitement du genre, dans un etat dementiel, precise ces hypotheses et confirm e l'equivalence des deux categories de genre masculin et feminin. Au niveau du syntagme nominal, les irregularites apparaissent lorsque le nombre s'ajoute. L'etude des modeles de syntaxe et de morphologie lexicale fait supposer une insertion, dans un arbre de derivation, plus profonde du nombre et plus superficielle du genre, hypothese verifiee experimentalement. Les etudes, chez l'aphasique, confortent cette facon d'apprehender la realisation du genre et du nombre et precisent le mode de realisation des differents marquages du genreThe gender (masculine, feminine) appears, in french, like a classification system. This system (includes two modalities: one sexual gender, for example: brother-sister and one conventional gender, for example: chair (feminine) or seat (masculine). Boys and girls are of the first modality differently, girls using the sexual language semantic and boys using a morphological analysis. However, whatever the sex, the subject uses an analysis of the final syllabe in order to determine the formal gender, for example : the sun (masculine) - the moon (feminine). In addition, where is an analysis of an item in relation to its adjectives, for example, or others words within the lexique when its gender is unknown. The study of the use of the gender in a deteriorated state, confirms these hypotheses and the equality of the two masculine and feminine categories. With the nominal substantive, the irregularities appear when the numbers increase. The study of the syntax modality and the lexical morphology implies an insertion within a tree of derivations; the higher the numbers position and the more superficial the gender, an experimentally confirmed hypothesis. The studies in aphasia renforces the method of understan ding the effects of the gender and number, and in explaining the method of determining the differents features of the gender
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El-Bakri, Nahid Karrar. « Estrogen effects on different neurotransmitters in rat hippocampus : implications for cognitive function / ». Stockholm, 2004. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2004/91-7140-118-0/.
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Wagner, Sigmund A. « Environmentally-oriented consumer behaviour : a cognitive study with implications for communications management ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319031.
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Collins, Julie. « Spatially structured cognitive models of semantic information : the implications for computerised databases ». Thesis, Aston University, 2006. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/12265/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Existing theories of semantic cognition propose models of cognitive processing occurring in a conceptual space, where 'meaning' is derived from the spatial relationships between concepts' mapped locations within the space. Information visualisation is a growing area of research within the field of information retrieval, and methods for presenting database contents visually in the form of spatial data management systems (SDMSs) are being developed. This thesis combined these two areas of research to investigate the benefits associated with employing spatial-semantic mapping (documents represented as objects in two- and three-dimensional virtual environments are proximally mapped dependent on the semantic similarity of their content) as a tool for improving retrieval performance and navigational efficiency when browsing for information within such systems. Positive effects associated with the quality of document mapping were observed; improved retrieval performance and browsing behaviour were witnessed when mapping was optimal. It was also shown using a third dimension for virtual environment (VE) presentation provides sufficient additional information regarding the semantic structure of the environment that performance is increased in comparison to using two-dimensions for mapping. A model that describes the relationship between retrieval performance and browsing behaviour was proposed on the basis of findings. Individual differences were not found to have any observable influence on retrieval performance or browsing behaviour when mapping quality was good. The findings from this work have implications for both cognitive modelling of semantic information, and for designing and testing information visualisation systems. These implications are discussed in the conclusions of this work.
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Rondal, Jean-Adolphe. « Développement exceptionnel du langage dans le syndrome de Down : une étude de cas et ses implications pour le problème des relations entre cognition et langage, et autres questions de modularité du langage ». Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05H029.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Une analyse modulaire n'avait pas été appliquée jusqu'ici au fonctionnement langagier des sujets handicapés mentaux. Ce fut l'objet du présent travail, lequel a consisté également à synthétiser la littérature existant sur un petit nombre de cas exceptionnels de développement du langage chez ces sujets, et à effectuer une analyse approfondie du fonctionnement langagier d'un sujet trisomique 21 présentant des capacités phonétique-phonologiques et morphosyntaxiques pratiquement normales tant au plan expressif qu'au plan réceptif. Les données issues de ces analyses confirment les indications de modularité rapportées dans littérature à propos d'autres cas pathologiques. Le sujet adulte trisomique 21 standard étudie présente une importante dissociation entre les aspects computationnels et les aspects conceptuels de son langage. Les premiers sont virtuellement normaux; les seconds se situent à un niveau correspondant aux capacités cognitives non linguistiques. On s'est efforce de poursuivre plusieurs pistes explicatives pour rendre compte des données mises en évidence. La conclusion est que le cas en question, de même que d'autres cas dans la littérature, sont interprétables en termes d'une préservation des programmes génétiques qui régentent le développement des noyaux centraux des grammaires selon les hypothèses théoriques chomskyennesA modular analysis had not been applied to the language functioning of mentally retarded subjects so far. This was the objective of the present work as well as to review a small number of exceptional cases of language development in mentally retarded subjects as appeared in the literature, and to analyze the language functioning of an adult subject with trisomy 21 with exceptional phonological and morph-syntactic abilities. Data confirm the modularity indications obtained in other analyses of pathological cases. The subject with trisomy 21 studied presents an important dissociation between the computational and the conceptual aspects of her language. The first ones are virtually normal; the second ones are at the level of her nonlinguistic cognitive functioning. Several explanatory hypotheses were investigated. The conclusion is that the case in question, as well as other corresponding cases in the literature, can be interpreted in terms of a preservation of the genetic programmes regulating core grammar development according to recent chomskyan theories
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Vidal, Piñeiro Dídac. « Multimodal characterization and modulation of large-scale memory networks : Implications for cognitive aging ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/291686.
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As neurocognitive decline is probably the greatest threat to healthy aging in our society it is necessary to know the factors that are associated with neurocognitive frailty or protection such as the expression of brain networks that support cognition.
Aging is characterized by several cognitive changes including significant decreases of long-term episodic memory. Different structures especially the medial temporal lobe (MTL), the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the Default-Mode Network (DMN) regions are essential for this cognitive function. Neuroimaging techniques characterized aging, among others, as alterations in the expression of large-scale functional networks; usually assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
On the other hand, plasticity can be conceptualized as an intrinsic property of the human brain that allows to overcome the limitations of the genome and to adapt to environmental pressures, physiological changes and experiences thus being essential for learning and memory, while reduced in aging and several neurodegenerative disorders. The study of the mechanisms of plasticity in humans has greatly benefited from the introduction of noninvasive brain stimulation techniques as they allow the characterization of local plasticity mechanisms and a causal approximation to the study of brain networks. One of this is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) which is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction acting through brief application of magnetic fields and causing depolarization of the underlying neurons. Combined with other techniques such as fMRI or MR spectroscopy (MRS) is able to measure induced brain effects outside the motor cortex. Repetitive TMS transiently induce changes in the activity of underlying (and distal interconnected) regions which lasts several minutes and are understood as induction of cortical plasticity mechanisms. Induced-TMS changes in cortical excitability can provoke behavioral and cognitive changes and allow to study the involvement of certain regions in specific process and to assess the state of local cortical plasticity mechanisms thus helping to understand mechanisms underlying cognitive changes.
The main objective of this thesis is to characterize and modulate large-scale networks involved in episodic memory, with a special focus on the implication and application in cognitive aging through the use of multimodal neuroimaging and induction controlled experimentally, mechanisms of cortical plasticity. A second object is to reveal the relationship between plasticity mechanisms, studied through the TBS, and the intrinsic brain connectivity assessed by fMRI.
Three studies have been carried: The first study has been focused on the modulation of memory function and networks through the application of TMS. The second was centered on the relationship between anteroposterior DMN connectivity and structural and perfusion measures in healthy elders. The third study was focused on the implementation of a protocol able to produce regional neurotransmitters concentration modulations in key DMN node through TMS (evaluated with MRS).
The main conclusions are: 1) large-scale brain networks, specifically frontal and DMN networks are fundamental to understand decline and preservation of episodic memory in aging. 2) Anteroposterior DMN connectivity is decreased in aging and predicts memory function. 3) In aging, anteroposterior DMN connectivity relates to the grey and white matter integrity in areas of high age-related susceptibility. 4) The left inferior frontal cortex exerts top-down influences over primary visual areas specifically during semantic encodings. 5) TMS over memory networks is able to induce physiological changes that persist the period of stimulation in local and distal regions reflected by BOLD and neurotransmitter concentration changes. 6) TMS effect shows a statedependency effect regarding brain connectivity. 7) Neurotransmitter modulation after TMS is a useful tool to assess the state of local plasticity mechanisms in critical areas of both the healthy and pathological aging brain.Els països desenvolupats estan experimentant increments substancials en la proporció de població envellida (Cohen, 2003). La vellesa comporta un deteriorament tant cognitiu com motor, i, més important, representa el major factor de risc per a varies malalties neurodegeneratives com la malaltia de Alzhèimer (AD; Hebert et al., 2003). És d’una importància socioeconòmica primordial promoure la independència funcional i la qualitat de vida en la vellesa. Donat que en aquests moments el declivi neurocognitiu constitueix el major perill per a un envelliment sà en la nostre societat, és absolutament necessari conèixer aquells factors que es relacionen amb fragilitat o protecció neurocognitiva com n’és l’expressió de les xarxes cerebrals que sostenen la cognició. OBJECTIUS : L’objectiu principal d’aquesta tesi és aprofundir en la caracterització i la modulació de les xarxes a gran escala implicades en la memòria episòdica a llarg termini focalitzat en les implicacions i aplicacions en l’envelliment cognitiu a través de l’ús multimodal de tècniques de neuroimatge i la inducció controlada, de forma experimental, de mecanismes de plasticitat cortical. Un segon objectiu és revelar la relació entre els mecanismes de plasticitat, estudiats a través de la TBS, i la connectivitat intrínseca del cervell avaluada a través de la fMRI. Per a assolir aquest objectius s’han realitzat tres estudis, breument detallats a continuació: Estudi I: L’objectiu d’aquest estudi s’ha centrat en la modulació, a través de l’aplicació de TMS, del rendiment en una tasca de memòria episòdica així com de les xarxes neurals que suporten aquesta funció a través de l’aplicació de TBS. Estudi II: Aquest estudi s’ha focalitzat en la avaluació de la relació entre la connectivitat entre el còrtex prefrontal medial i l’escorça posteriomedial pertanyents ambdós a la DMN i mesures de perfusió, integritat de la substancia blanca i de la substancia gris en subjectes amb envelliment sà. Estudi III: L‘objectiu d’aquest estudi s’ha enfocat en la modulació de la concentració de neurotransmissors en nodes locals i distals de la DMN (inferior parietal esquerre i precuneus) a través de la inducció controlada de plasticitat i avaluat a través de la MRS. CONCLUSIONS Les principals conclusions derivades dels estudis que conformen aquesta tesis són els següents: 1) Les xarxes cerebrals a gran escala, específicament les xarxes frontals i de la DMN són fonamentals per a poder comprendre el declivi i preservació de la memòria episòdica en l’envelliment. 2) La connectivitat anteroposterior de la DMN està disminuïda en l’edat i prediu la funció mnèsica. 3) En subjectes envellits, la connectivitat anteroposterior de la DMN es relaciona amb la integritat de la substancia gris i blanca en àrees de gran susceptibilitat als efectes de l’edat que compren, però no es limita, a la topologia de la DMN. 4) El còrtex inferior frontal esquerra exerceix influències de caràcter top-down sobre àrees visuals primàries específicament durant codificacions de tipus semàntic que sembla estar relacionat amb la preservació de material codificat de forma profunda en l’envelliment 5) L’aplicació de TBS sobre xarxes relacionades amb la codificació verbal es capaç d’induir canvis fisiològics que perduren al període d’estimulació tant en regions locals con distals reflectit a través de canvis en la senyal BOLD i de modulacions de la concentració de neurotransmissors. 6) L’efecte de la TBS sobre les xarxes de memòria mostra un efecte d’statedependency degut a la connectivitat intrínseca del cervell tant en repòs com durant tasques mnèsiques. 7) La modulació de neurotransmissors en resposta a la TBS avaluada amb MRS és una tècnica útil per avaluar l’estat dels mecanismes locals de plasticitat en àrees crítiques per l’envelliment sà i patològic.
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Chapko, Dorota. « Life-course determinants of resilience to cognitive ageing : empirical evidence and policy implications ». Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2016. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=230978.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Introduction: Understanding the life-course determinants of resilience to brain ageing could significantly reduce the burden of cognitive impairment and dementia on individuals, heath care providers, and societies. The focus of this work is the concept of cognitive reserve (CR), which implies that some individuals are able to remain cognitively healthy despite the accumulation of age-related neuropathology. Methods: The determinants of brain structure and function were statistically modelled using three ongoing ageing cohort studies [Aberdeen Birth Cohort of 1936 (ABC1936), Aberdeen Children of the 1950s (ACONF), The Three-City French Cohort (3C)]. First, I performed a systematic literature review to identify life-course determinants of CR. Then, I examined whether other potentially modifiable life-course factors such as birth weight, mid-life occupational profile, and late-life social relationships and technology use provided individuals with greater CR. I modelled data in STATA and SPSS/AMOS. Results: I found that the effects of low birth weight and pre-term delivery on cognitive functions persists into mid-life (ACONF). I showed that childhood intelligence at age 11 has almost twice the protective effect on cognitive ageing than mid-life occupation (ABC1936). The quantity and quality of social relationships (3C), and the aspects of technology use in latelife (ABC1936) did not provide greater CR. Conclusion: Early-life factors contribute to later-life brain health. A major implication of this work is that studies and/or programs should consider a life-course perspective (with a focus on early-life) to accurately assess and to improve the brain health of older adults.
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Dubé, Joseph L. B. « Cognitive novelty and hemispheric asymmetry, implications for lateral transfer of training in normals ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq22075.pdf.
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Roughsedge, Bethany. « Parental factors and thinking skills in young children : Implications for cognitive behaviour therapy ». Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.514375.
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Pina, Patricia E. (Patricia Elena). « Cognitive and operational implications of non-homogeneous aircraft equipage for aviation system transformation ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/42198.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, September 2007."August 2007."
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 85-87).
The air traffic management system is currently experiencing a significant transformation to provide better quality service and to match the increasing air traffic demand. This transformation requires airlines to retrofit their fleet. However, airlines implement new operating capabilities at different rates resulting in long transition periods in which aircraft with different equipage levels coexist in the same airspace. Mixed equipage environments can increase controller workload and task complexity, limit the operational benefits of new operating capabilities, and deteriorate the overall system performance. This study proposes a three dimensional approach to explore mixed equipage effects: (1) understand cognitive implications for controllers, (2) understand operational implications for users, and (3) understand system level implications. To further investigate mixed equipage effects and to illustrate the proposed approach, this study analyzed the implementation of reduced separation standards in the North Atlantic. An experimental analysis was conducted to study the integration of mixed separation standards. Results show significant human factor concerns. Controllers had higher error rates at very low mixed equipage levels. Results also suggest that a contributing causal factor may have been that participants employed inadequate system abstractions based on their current mental models. Airspace segregation based on equipage levels is recommended in the North Atlantic to alleviate controller cognitive limitations and ensure incentives for equipped aircraft. Segregation can facilitate the transition to reduced separation standards.
(cont.) A preliminary estimation of the operational benefits that segregation could offer to equipped aircraft in the North Atlantic was performed. We developed a simplified model of the jet stream and its operational cost impact and contrasted the results with a statistical analysis of actual North Atlantic flight times. It was found that the model made optimistic predictions of flight time reduction. Based on the statistical analysis, the incentive for equipped aircraft in a segregated environment in the North Atlantic was estimated by a gain of 4 minutes. This figure is a preliminary estimation and further analysis with larger data samples is required to validate it.
by Patricia E. Pina.
S.M.
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Boulougouris, Vasileios. « Neuroanatomical & ; neurochemical modulation of cognitive flexibility : implications for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611496.
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Lounes, Naima S. « Cognitive remediation therapy in anorexia nervosa : implications for treatment developments and research trials ». Thesis, Canterbury Christ Church University, 2014. http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/12809/.
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Though Cognitive Remediation Therapy (CRT) for anorexia nervosa shows promising evidence, questions remain regarding specific mechanisms of change. This mixed methods study aimed to explore both longitudinal patient data (neuropsychological and self-report measures, before and after CRT) and therapist experiences of delivering CRT and their perceptions regarding what it offers. All patients had received treatment in a specialist inpatient unit. Complete data were available for both individual (n=56) and group (n=43) CRT; clinical audit data were also available. Semi-structured interviews of 11 therapists were analysed using Thematic Analysis. Statistically significant improvements were found in cognitive flexibility task performance for individual CRT (medium effect) and in self-reported cognitive flexibility for group CRT (medium effect). Three main themes were identified from the therapist interviews: “Anorexia and its treatment”, “CRT - its characteristics and delivery” and “CRT and its effectiveness”. The quantitative findings replicated some previous results and the therapist interviews provided insights regarding not only CRT’s delivery but adaptations made according to individual need and complexity. Both individual and group CRT appear to be feasible interventions for future trials but questions remain around CRT’s specific effects. Recommendations are made for future research studies on this complex intervention.
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Halldorsdottir, Thorhildur. « Comorbid ADHD : Implications for Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy of Youth with a Specific Phobia ». Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/56618.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Objective: Although findings have been mixed, accumulating evidence suggests that co-occurring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnoses and symptoms negatively predict cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) outcomes for anxious youth. The current study extends past research by examining the association of not only ADHD but also other features of ADHD with treatment outcomes of youth who received an intensive CBT for a specific phobia. Method: 135 youth (ages 6-15; 52.2% female; 88.2% white) were randomized to either an individual or parent-augmented intensive CBT targeting a specific phobia. Latent growth curve models were used to explore the association of ADHD symptoms, effortful control, sluggish cognitive tempo, maternal depression and the two treatment conditions (i.e., individual versus parent-augmented) with pre-treatment severity of the specific phobia and the trajectory of change in the severity of the specific phobia from pre-treatment to the 6-month follow up after the intervention. Results: As expected, higher levels of ADHD symptoms were associated with lower levels of effortful control and increased maternal depression at pre-treatment. Contrary to expectations, ADHD symptoms and its associated difficulties were not significantly associated with treatment outcomes. Conclusion: Overall, the findings lend support to the generalizability of intensive CBT for a specific phobia to youth with comorbid ADHD and associated difficulties. Implications and limitations of the study are discussed.Ph. D.
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Dube, Joseph L. B. (Joseph Louis Brant) Carleton University Dissertation Psychology. « Cognitive novelty and hemispheric asymmetry ; implications for lateral transfer of training in normals ». Ottawa, 1997.
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Kumar, Angela Ewell. « The Influnce of Metacognition on Managerial Hiring Decision Making : Implications for Management Development ». Diss., Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30644.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Cognitive processing has a primary role in decision making. In addition, metacognition, the regulation and knowledge of cognition, affects decision making in a consistent and predictable way. Novices explain situations in a simple way. Novices are more likely to make inappropriate decisions. Research suggests that training the novice on efficient use of metacognitive strategies can improve decision outcomes. The influence of metacognitive strategies on managerial decisions has received little attention. Two questions developed to guide this research. First, how do expert and novice managers differ on metacognitive awareness? And second, how does the level of metacognitive awareness influence successful hiring decisions? Subjects for this study were thirty-one hiring managers employed by a large national corporation. And two hundred eight-five hiring professionals from an association.
Data collection involved four sources: (1) A hiring ratio used to report hiring outcomes, (2) Five hiring scenarios provided a measure of managers' ability to select the most appropriate candidate; (3) A 52-item instrument designed to assess metacognitive awareness in both knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition; and (4) demographic data relating to expertise and experience in hiring. The results identified that metacognition has three underlying structures that influence hiring decision making. Expert and novice managers differ in a consistent way on metacognitive awareness. In exploring and testing the ill-defined mental process model of hiring decision making a methodological tool was established. And the results provided important implications for human resource development professionals with respect to the relevance of metacognitive awareness on managerial development and instructional design.Ph. D.
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Simpson, Tom. « The role of the environment in cognitive development : implications for the nativist/empiricist debate ». Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369916.
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Zmarowski, Amy L. « Astrocytes Regulate Cortical Ach Release Via Kynurenic Acid : Implications For Cognitive Impairments In Schizophrenia ». Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1217199677.
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LINDSAY, DAWN LOUISE. « A MODEL OF MEMORY AND AROUSAL : IMPLICATIONS FOR POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER ». University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1028055626.
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Mahfoudhi, Abdessatar. « Morphological and phonological units in the Arabic mental lexicon : Implications for theories of morphology and lexical processing ». Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/29232.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This dissertation investigates the cognitive relevance of selected morphological and phonological units in the Arabic mental lexicon. The morphological units are sound and weak roots, etymons, phonetic matrices, and sound and weak patterns. The phonological units are vowels and consonants. The work is motivated by a controversy in Arabic morphology that is paralleled by a cross-linguistic debate in lexical processing. There are two views in Arabic morphology, the stem-based theory and the morpheme-based theory that is represented by two sub-theories. The first sub-theory argues that derivations are based on roots and patterns and the second proposes that the root should be replaced by the etymon and the phonetic matrix. The morpheme-based theory is congruent with lexical processing hypotheses that propose that complex words are accessed and represented as morphemes. The stem-based theory maintains that derivation is stem or word-based and is in line with the whole word hypothesis of lexical processing.
These theoretical positions on Arabic morphology and lexical processing were tested in six priming experiments. One objective of these experiments was to test which of these morphemes prime word recognition. Another objective was to test the prediction of connectionism, another lexical processing hypothesis, that priming time correlates with prime-target overlap. A third objective was to examine how abstract the processing of these morphemes could be. The cognitive status of vowels and consonants was tested using a letter-circling task.
The results of the online studies have shown that both roots and etymons facilitate word recognition significantly more than orthographic controls. However, non-ordered etymons, phonetic matrices, and patterns did not facilitate word recognition. Weak roots had priming effects only when primes and targets shared a vague semantic relationship. There was no correlation between priming time and meaning and/or form overlap. The lack of priming with non-ordered etymons suggests that there could be limits on abstractness in lexical processing. The results of the offline task suggest that root consonants are more salient than other letters. On the whole, the results support a morpheme-based theory of Arabic morphology and a localist view of lexical processing that assumes a morphemic stage in word recognition.
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Sanchiz, Mylène. « Vieillissement cognitif et connaissances antérieures dans la recherche d'informations : étude des processus cognitifs et implications ergonomiques ». Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU20102/document.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Rechercher de l’information sur Internet avec un moteur de recherche est une activité complexe qui exige des utilisateurs un grand nombre de traitements. Les travaux de recherche sur les effets du vieillissement en RI ont montré que les utilisateurs âgés ont de moins bonnes performances, passent plus de temps à évaluer les pages de résultats du moteur de recherche et reformulent moins que les jeunes. Ces difficultés seraient dues au déclin des habiletés cognitives fluides comme la flexibilité cognitive, la vitesse de traitement ou le rafraichissement en mémoire de travail. Pour comprendre comment le vieillissement cognitif affecte l’activité de RI, nos travaux ont investigué les stratégies de recherche élaborées par les utilisateurs jeunes et âgés ainsi que les processus cognitifs impliqués. La première partie de ce travail s’est attaché à étudier, au travers de 2 expérimentations, comment les connaissances antérieures peuvent soutenir l’activité de recherche des utilisateurs plus âgés et les aider à répondre aux exigences de la RI selon le niveau de complexité des tâches de recherche. La deuxième partie du travail de recherche a investigué le rôle de deux dispositifs d’aide à la RI : l’un maximisant les effets bénéfiques des connaissances antérieures par un dispositif de pré-activation (étude 3), et l’autre soutenant le maintien du but en mémoire de travail (étude 4). Nos résultats ont montré que les utilisateurs plus âgés ont davantage de difficultés que les jeunes à évaluer les pages de résultats du moteur de recherche et à reformuler leurs requêtes (ils produisent moins de nouveaux mots clés et utilisent plus de mots clés issus des problèmes de recherche). En outre, la phase initiale de l’activité de recherche s’est avérée être plus critique pour les adultes âgés qui produisent des requêtes initiales moins élaborées et passent plus de temps sur la première page de résultats du moteur de recherche. Les connaissances antérieures sur le domaine peuvent toutefois soutenir le niveau d’élaboration des requêtes des utilisateurs plus âgés et améliorer les stratégies de recherche. Par ailleurs, pré-activer les connaissances antérieures peut soutenir l’élaboration de stratégies de recherche descendantes et améliorer le contenu sémantique des requêtes des âgés (particulièrement dans un domaine pour lequel ils ont de faibles connaissances antérieures). Enfin, l’outil d’aide soutenant le maintien du but en mémoire de travail favorise des stratégies de recherche plus flexibles en améliorant la reformulation des requêtes (temps de reformulation plus courts) et en aidant l’exploration en début d’activité. Ces travaux de recherche posent les bases d’un nouveau modèle cognitif de l’activité des RI pour les utilisateurs plus âgésSearching for information with a search engine is a complex activity that requires users to perform a series of cognitive processes. Prior works showed that older users can have lower search performance, they spent more time on the search engine result pages and they produce fewer queries than young ones. Older users’ difficulties are mainly caused by the age-related decline of fluid abilities such as cognitive flexibility, processing speed or update in working memory. To understand the effects of aging on information search with a search engine, we studied the search strategies elaborated and the cognitive processes involved by young and older adults. The first part of the present work investigated how prior knowledge about the search topic can support older users’ on-line search behavior and help them deal with the search task complexity (2 experiments). The second part of our work analyzed the role of two information search support tools. One tool aimed at optimizing the benefits of domain knowledge by pre-activating prior knowledge (experiment 3) whereas the other aimed at supporting search goal refreshing in working memory (experiment 4). Results showed that older users had more difficulties evaluating the search engine results pages and reformulating than young ones (i.e. they produced fewer new keywords and used more keywords extracted from the search problem statement in their queries). The initial stage of the search represented a challenge for older users who formulated initial queries that were less elaborate and spent longer dwell time on the first search engine page than young ones. Prior knowledge can improve older users’ reformulation and support more elaborate search strategies. In addition, pre-activating prior knowledge can foster top-down search strategies and improve the semantic content of the queries produced by older users (especially in a domain for which they have low prior knowledge). The support tool helping search goal refreshing in working memory fostered more flexible search strategies and improved reformulation (i.e. reduced the time needed by older users to reformulate). Eventually, our research work led us to elaborate a new cognitive model of information search with a search engine that takes into account the role of aging
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Skagerlund, Kenny. « Implications of dysphoria on driving ability : A study using a driving simulator paradigm ». Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-59055.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The project of enhancing traffic safety is a continuous effort that will not cease in its aspirations. In fact, as technology evolves and additional digital artifacts are implemented into our cars, the attention to traffic safety becomes even more important. Driving a car through urban and rural environments is a cognitively challenging task that especially tax attentional resources, and as more artifacts compete for our attention during driving, the adherence to traffic safety is vital. Thus, factors that influence driving ability, such as sleep, nutrition and – perhaps - emotions are of great interest. An earlier study by Bulmash et al. (2006) hypothesized that individuals with Major Depressive Disorder would perform worse than controls in a study using a driving simulator; their hypothesis was confirmed. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate whether dysphoric individuals show reduced driving performance relative to controls. The notion of dysphoria refers to mild depression in a non-clinical sense. This was investigated using a driving simulator that measured Lateral Positioning (Standard Deviation of Lateral Position - SDLP) on the road, Brake Reaction Time (BRT) and performance on a secondary task (Peripheral Detection Task - PDT). Dysphoric individuals were identified using the Major Depression Inventory (MDI). The hypothesis was partly confirmed, as dysphoric individuals did indeed show more variable positioning on the road. However, performance differences on PDT and BRT were not significant. The results indicate that the negative influence of mood on driving ability is not a discrete phenomenon primarily manifested in individuals with clinical depression, but is rather a continuous phenomenon. The results should be of special interest to clinicians that evaluate individuals with depressive tendencies, as well as the academic community in general since the insights into the impact of emotions on cognitive performance are inconclusive and still not clearly understood. These results might also be of interest in other domains of high complexity, where human performance is of great importance, such as Command and Control, nuclear power plants and control rooms in general.
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Marczinski, Cecile Anne. « Separate specific and nonspecific influences on the repetition effect : implications for aging / ». *McMaster only, 2001.
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Kristiansson, Mattias. « Memory, aging and external memory aids : Two traditions of cognitive research and their implications for a successful development of memory augmentation ». Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-71616.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The topic of this thesis is how the decline of cognitive abilities and memory functioning in elder people can be assisted by external memory aids. This issue was approached through a combination of methods. The starting point was a literature review of two approaches to the study of memory – the traditional where memory functions are located in the brain and the situated where remembering transcends over external resources, and by a literature review on declining memory abilities in elderly people. An ethnographic study of everyday remembering in an older population, aged from 72 to 91, found many instances of the spontaneous use of the environment to support a declining memory ability, which in turn suggest that the traditional approach to memory research is of limited value when studying everyday memory abilities in older people. A study on existing memory aids, as well as memory aids currently under development in research laboratories showed that these technologies are primarily based on an explicit or implicit traditional view of memory that disregard several aspects of remembering in the natural world. It is therefore suggested that future development of memory aids could fruitfully benefit from a distributed and situated approach, where the individuals‘ current use of external memory aids are used as the starting point, with the goal of extending and amplifying methods and artefacts already spontaneously in use.
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Willis, Timothy John. « Affective Dispositions and Cognitive Skills in Critical Thinking : Implications for Measurement, Training, and Team Performance ». [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0001335.
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Phelps, Caroline Emily. « Affective and cognitive impairments in chronic pain and their implications for co-morbid psychiatric disorders ». Thesis, University of Bristol, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.715775.
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Kjellander, Daniel. « Beauty and the Blend : Implications of Cognitive Constraints and Word Class Distribution in Lexical Blending ». Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Engelska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-118194.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This master thesis investigates underlying principles and usage-based aspects of lexical blending. In a corpus study examining the lexical items, or matrix words, republican, liberal, and vegetarian it was found that there were three cognitive constraints influencing their potential to form blends. Mapping of a prefixation schema onto the lexical item republican was shown to fuel blend formation. Neighborhood effects and morphological lexicalization, on the other hand, were observed to have a negative influence on the possibility to form blends from the terms liberal and vegetarian. Also, an examination of word class distribution in the matrix words and their blend and compound derivatives showed that the patterns of the blends were less consistent than the compounds. These findings point to an important duality in the derivative blends. While they operate in an interplay with regular morphological processes they are at the same time creatively elaborated in use. Therefore blends exhibit a fundamental aspect of language, which is phrased as the dynamic interrelatedness between socio-pragmatic motivation and schematization, or pattern-finding. This positions blending not in the margin, but at the centre of studies on language development.
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Bygrave, Patricia, et n/a. « Music as a cognitive developing activity : implications for learning and for the learning disabled child ». University of Canberra. Education, 1985. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060622.143654.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Various cognitive learning theories have been examined for the purpose of considering music
as an activity developing cognitive processes.
It was felt that an exploration of these
theories could offer insights into how music
can be used to demonstrate cognitive
development in learning and in children with
learning disabilities. In an attempt to
illustrate the relationship between music and
cognition, concepts in the theories of Piaget,
the Neo-Piagetians (Case, Pascaul-Leone, Biggs
and Collis), Bruner, Ausubel, Vygotsky, Luria
and Leont'ev have been discussed in association
with music activities. It is argued that
music can be identified as a cognitive activity
and applied to learning and to learning
disabilities through recognised special
education approaches; these include
perceptual-motor, multi-sensory, languagedevelopment
related, developmental and
behavioural.
The theories of Vygotsky, Luria and Leont'ev -
the 'troika' - are considered in greater
detail. Their theories, although focussing on
concepts of language in cognitive development,
appear to offer a means for the wider
application of music to cognitive development.
Vygotsky's developmental hierarchy, Luria's
brain functional system, and Leont'ev's theory
of activity have been amalgamated into a
theoretical framework demonstrating the
processing of information through music
activity leading to cognitive development.
This framework provides for an investigation
into learning capacities and learning
potential, relevant to cognitive development in
learning and in the learning disabled child.
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Ross, Jonathan Lewis. « The effects of cognitive learning styles on human-computer interaction, implications for computer-aided learning ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq20851.pdf.
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Shaw, Samantha Katherine. « The cognitive representation of the self-concept : an investigation into the implications of attachment style ». Thesis, Cardiff University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.439255.
Texte intégral
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Nugent, Scott. « Brain energy metabolism in older adults : implications for the risk of age-related cognitive decline ». Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5842.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract : Normal aging is accompanied by several metabolic and structural changes in the brain and a heightened risk of cognitive decline. These brain changes may increase the chances of later developing Alzheimer’s disease. The first major objective of the present work was to quantify, through positron emission tomography (PET) and volumetric magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques, the effects of normal aging on brain metabolism and structure. Our results indicate that brain glucose hypometabolism can be present in older individuals who remain cognitively normal. Cognitive status was assessed using age-normalised neuropsychological tests. Brain glucose hypometabolism was quite specific and affected primarily the prefrontal cortex and the caudate nucleus. Due to the high variation in plasma ketones, brain ketone hypometabolism per se was not present in older persons (≥65 years old). However, a lower rate constant for brain ketone uptake was fairly widespread in our healthy older group. Lower regional brain volume during normal aging was widespread throughout the cortex and was more apparent than cortical thickness loss. The second major objective was to characterize brain ketone and glucose metabolism in the context of mild Alzheimer’s disease. Glucose hypometabolism in Alzheimer’s disease was present in the temporoparietal cortex when compared with cognitively normal older adults. However, no significant differences in brain ketone metabolism or rate constant were found between the two groups. Alternative energy sources to glucose may therefore be beneficial to the Alzheimer’s disease brain, at least early in the disease process, in order to maintain neuronal capacity and limit synaptic loss and decline in memory and cognition. // Résumé : Au cours du vieillissement normal, le cerveau va subir plusieurs changements métaboliques et structuraux qui vont accroitre le risque de déclin cognitif et du fait même augmenter le risque de développer la maladie d’Alzheimer. Les objectifs du présent travail étaient de : 1) quantifier l’effet du vieillissement normal sur la structure et le métabolisme du cerveau, grâce aux techniquesd’imagerie tomographie par émission de positons et l’imagerie par résonance magnétique ; 2) caractériser le métabolisme cérébral des deux substrats
énergétiques du cerveau, le glucose et les cétones, dans un contexte de la maladie
d’Alzheimer. Nos résultats indiquent qu’un hypométabolisme du glucose est présent chez
des personnes âgées (65 ans et plus) qui démontrent pourtant une cognition normale. Cette diminution du métabolisme cérébral du glucose est observée spécifiquement au niveau des régions du cortex préfrontal et du noyau caudé. Du fait d’une grande variabilité au niveau des concentrations plasmatiques en cétones, aucune diminution du métabolisme des cétones n’a été constatée chez les personnes âgées. En revanche, la constante de transfert des cétones au cerveau était globalement diminuée. En ce qui concerne l’atrophie cérébrale au cours du vieillissement normal, nous avons observé qu’elle était globale, qu’elle concerne l’ensemble du cerveau et qu’elle était plus marquée que la diminution de l’épaisseur corticale. En comparant des personnes âgées en bonne santé à des personnes ayant la maladie d’Alzheimer, nous avons également confirmé que chez ces dernières, le métabolisme du glucose est diminué spécifiquement au niveau du cortex temporopariétal. Cependant, aucune différence entre les deux groupes de personnes n’a été observée en ce qui concerne le métabolisme cérébral des cétones. Ainsi en fournissant des substrats énergétiques autres que le glucose, il serait donc possible de maintenir les capacités neuronales, limiter la perte synaptique et ralentir le déclin cognitif. Ceci pourrait constituer une stratégie prometteuse dans la prévention et le traitement complémentaire au début de la maladie d’Alzheimer.
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McNelis, Kathleen. « The underlying dimensionality of people's implicit job theories across cognitive sets : implications for comparable worth / ». The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487262513406512.
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Kutschera, Ida. « Cognitive style and decision making : implications of intuitive and analytical information processing for decision quality / ». view abstract or download file of text, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3061952.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2002.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 136-142). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Matyi, Joshua M. « Lifetime Estrogen Exposure and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor : Implications for Cognitive Decline in Late Life ». DigitalCommons@USU, 2018. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7064.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Cache County Study on Memory in Aging (CCSMA) is a longitudinal population-based study which took place in Cache County, Utah. The study followed 5092 older-adult residents (aged 65+) for approximately 12 years to examine risk and protective factors for dementia. Participants completed dementia screening and follow-up assessments across four triennial visits. Additionally, researchers gathered information regarding demographics, reproductive history (e.g. age of menopause; hormone replacement therapy [HRT]) and other health-related factors, such as physical activity. Genotyping of DNA was completed for a genetic variation of genes for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a protein found in the brain associated with neuronal health and survival.
Estrogen has been associated with cognitive health and has been shown to interact with BDNF in the brain to promote neuronal survival. The current research investigated the associations between estrogen, BDNF, and cognitive decline in older adult women from the CCSMA. An examination of how reproductive history, including the reproductive window (age of menarche to menopause) and use of HRT, affects the cognitive health of women in older adulthood can provide a clearer understanding of how estrogen exposure across the lifespan contributes to cognition in late life. This research can be helpful in determining the implications of events such as pregnancy, breastfeeding, surgical menopause and use of HRT on cognitive decline. Additionally, an investigation of how these reproductive factors interact with BDNF genetics is important to understand gene-by-environment interactions.
The results of the current project demonstrated that increased lifelong estrogen exposure, both in the form of the reproductive window and HRT use, had small cognitive benefits for women in late life. Additionally, it was shown that women who initiated HRT use closer to menopause had increased cognitive status compared to those who initiated later. The specific BDNF gene under investigation was not associated with cognitive status in late life, neither was the interaction between BDNF and lifetime estrogen exposure. This research contributes to the discussion of sex-dependent factors of cognitive health and can help provide a better understanding late life cognitive decline.
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Zarbo, Cristina. « Behind common symptoms and psychosocial implications of endometriosis : the role of cognitive and personality factors ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Bergamo, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10446/128554.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Endometriosis is known to be associated with severe painful symptomatology, infertility, low quality of life and high psychological distress. The aim of this doctoral thesis was to explore the role of cognitive and personality factors (e.g. coping strategies, metacognitive beliefs, worry and perfectionistic traits) on pain perception, quality of life and mental health in women with a diagnosis of endometriosis. Three scientific studies about these topics were introduced after an initial general introduction.
In general, studies included in this dissertation found that: a) Pain plays an important role in affecting different domains of quality of life and mental health in women with endometriosis; b) Negative metacognitive beliefs have a negative impact on sexual distress, over and above dyspareunia or general chronic pain, both cross-sectionally and
longitudinally (i.e. after three months); c) Women with high-pain endometriosis show higher levels of worry personality traits than women with low-pain endometriosis, and higher catastrophization as coping strategy than healthy women without endometriosis; d) High perfectionistic personality traits and importance given to parenthood are
associated with low quality of life specifically related to infertility problems.
Findings of these studies suggested that cognitive and personality factors play a key role in the understanding of pain-symptomatology, quality of life and mental health of women with endometriosis. These results may provide important clinical suggestions for multidisciplinary management of this population.