Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Code-sharing Agreements »

This paper addresses the issue of inter-organizational information-sharing alliances and their impacts on firm values from the perspective of inter-organizational coordination between partners in the airline industry setting. We investigate the shareholder wealth effects of inter-organizational information-sharing alliance arrangements, using 131 cede sharing agrc.unems in the airline industry betwcm 1984-1997. Employing event study methodology, we find that the information-sharing alliances between similar partners did create positive value in terms of stock returns at the time of alliance announcements to major US airlines. However, alliances between dissimilar partners resulted in significant losses of shareholder value to the major airlines. These results strongly support our main hypotheses, that information- sharing alliances arc successful and the benefits of such alliances are realized only when coordination difficulties can be effectively dealt with.

Mawah is an agreement made between the owner of the property and the manager in which the proceeds will be divided based on the agreed agreement. Each agreement can be verbal or written, as long as the conditions for the validity of the agreement as stipulated in Article 1320 of the Civil Code are fulfilled. Generally, mawah agreements are made in the agricultural, land, plantation, animal husbandry sectors, and so on. This research aims to examine how the profit sharing agreement of mawah for livestock between farmers and livestock owners in Pasie Raja District, Aceh Selatan Regency, how to resolve profit sharing disputes in the practice of mawah on livestock and how the perspective of civil law on dispute resolution related to profit sharing. The method used in this research is empirical juridical. Collecting data in the field through interviews with respondents and informants, as well as documentation of activities in the field. The results of the study show that the agreement on the practice of mawah for livestock is still carried out orally. In the implementation of the mawah profit sharing agreement, there are differences between male buffalo, female buffalo that have never given birth, and female buffalo that have given birth. Efforts to resolve profit-sharing disputes in the practice of mawah on livestock are by way of deliberation or kinship, and the perspective of civil law regarding dispute resolution related to mawah profit sharing is appropriate, because the settlement route taken is non-litigation.

First, we revisit the concepts of airline marketing strategy, its components, code-share agreements, Business Model Canvas (BMC) and the benefits of marketing via strategic alliances. Due to the growth in the low-cost airlines sector and air transport passengers, traditional airlines have become increasingly exposed to a highly competitive international market, with airfares having to be reduced and efficiency increased. In response, airline companies have shifted their focus to investing in airline marketing and strategy research. In the meantime, passenger expectations change, and markets evolve rapidly. Hence, this case study is aimed at examining recent trends in passenger satisfaction and expectations, with reference to the marketing factors and airline cooperative strategies of Qantas and Thai Airways. For the study, both qualitative and quantitative approaches were employed and the results are presented separately. In the quantitative section, the BMCs of Qantas and Thai Airways are discussed to determine whether these two airlines can implement the code-sharing agreement. In the following part, customer satisfaction and expectations survey results are used to identify optimal marketing strategies and to formulate recommendations.

The relationship between creditors and debtors is unique. Creditors need debtors as customers and bind them in credit agreements. Creditors tend to be suspicious of debtors as debtors selectively disclose information. This relationship follows the agency theory. Creditors always want a fair and equal position with other creditors. This research is unique in discussing the situation between creditors in the concept of negative pledge and pari passu pro-rata parte. Aside from that, the study also observes the relationship between creditors and debtors in credit agreements and discusses solutions that can be given by debtors to creditors so that the pari passu pro-rata parte principle can be achieved. The pari passu pro-rata parte principle is regulated in the Indonesian Civil Code article 1131 - 1132 and Law on Bankruptcy article 176 jo. 189. The methodology used is the normative juridical method, specifically hermeneutics and idiographic from the economic and financial perspective. The research concluded that debtors and creditors could ensure a fair and equal position by implementing negative pledge through Master Credit Agreement and Security Sharing Agreement. Future research should study on the role of curators and judges as key people to keep the concept of negative pledge running well.

Recognised as an excellent tool for competition in the current liberalised framework of international air transport, code-sharing is becoming a common practice, as an integral part of the activity of an airline, with obvious implications for both airlines and passengers.
This thesis presents two predominant legal implications of such a practice, involving two carriers for a single flight: the contracting carrier and the operating carrier.
First, this study aims at examining the relationship between users/passengers and code-share partners, more particularly identifying the practice as misleading due to the non-disclosure of the actual operator of the flight, which is magnified by the inaccuracy and shortcomings of computerised reservation systems (CRS). The regulatory framework in this regard is described and the legal obligation to disclose the identity of the actual carrier is given top priority. The delimitation of operational responsibilities will also be addressed (inadmissible passengers, overbooking and baggage concerns). The private agreement between the code-share partners will be given importance in ascertaining the liability issues.
Second, the current international liability regime is analysed with a view to consider the code-sharing scenario. The potential conflict between the different international legal regimes governing air carriers' liability is highlighted in order that this aspect be taken into account by the code-share partners in their contractual agreement.
Last but not least, some provisions of the new Montreal Convention of 28 May 1999 will be examined. A closer look will be given specifically to those provisions of Chapter V that are particularly applicable to a code-sharing situation.

This dissertation deals with international transport law and looks at the development of bilateral air service agreements governing international scheduled flights from their inception after the Chicago Conference of 1944 until the present day. The Chicago Conference left a legacy of separation in airline services. Scheduled and nonscheduled flights came into existence and bilateral agreements are needed to regulate international scheduled services. The relationship between the state and its designated airline forms the pivot of the bilateral relationship. However, the aviation relationship between state and airline and between states inter se face challenges as globalisation and development take place in the air transport industry. New methods of cooperation now exist which need to be adapted to suit the needs of individual countries and airlines. South Africa has accepted the challenges of development and undertaken modern methods of cooperation such as code-sharing.
Law
LL.M.

Data integration is a basic need for a CASE environment because individual tools operate on data that are of interest to other tools. For example, many CASE analysis and design tools produce code templates representing the interfaces between system components. These templates are of interest to tools that assist in code generation since they specify an interface between system components that ideally is maintained during the implementation process. Likewise, changes made to these interface descriptions during the implementation process often have an impact on the design of the system as reflected in the analysis and design tool. Many approaches have been developed to facilitate the sharing of data between components of a CASE environment. These approaches differ both in the mechanisms used to provide this support and in the degree of support provided. In this chapter we consider some concepts central to the problem of data integration, discuss the major strategies adopted to provide data integration, and analyze the strengths and weaknesses of these strategies. Finally, we discuss particular mechanisms that reflect these strategies. If environment components are to share data, then two issues must be addressed. First, agreements must be made between components concerning what data are stored, where, and how they are accessed. Second, the components must share a common understanding of the meaning of the data. We refer to the first issue as data persistence, and the second issue as data semantics. These two issues provide the backdrop for our discussion of the principal types of mechanisms for data integration. One type of mechanism focuses on different storage strategies, and the second type of mechanism focuses on semantic agreements. Although we consider each separately, no mechanism exclusively addresses only data persistence or data semantics. In practice, all mechanisms address both data persistence and data semantics to varying degrees. There are two basic strategies that support storage and sharing of persistent data. The first involves data import and export, whereby tools maintain separate databases for their unique data, and sharing is accomplished by some translation from an internal form to an external form to make it available to other tools.

The concept of eLearning has grown exponentially in recent years. Indeed, what was but a few decades ago exclusively reserved for classroom attendees of university institutions and their closed intranets has today become a publicly accessible source of information, with public and private-owned eLearning MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses) platforms dominating the digital landscape and bringing with them a plethora of services such as video courses, certifications and employee recruitment. Nonetheless, while adding significant public value, such platforms still fail to completely bridge the gap between academia and industry in the hands-on knowledge application sense. This is especially true for domains such as machine learning that are known to require tremendous computational resources if one wishes to transition from simplistic lab exercises to complex state-of-the-art models, which is something a MOOC - or most academic institutions for that matter - simply cannot afford. Private cloud providers have taken up the challenge here and opened their offerings to the research community with programs such as TensorFlow Research Cloud, CNTK on Microsoft Azure, MXNet on Amazon AWS, to name but a few. Nonetheless, access to such resources remains limited: either the resources themselves are scarce and consequently freely available only to a restricted research community, or they are free for a limited time, or they follow a freemium model. This paper describes a novel distributed publicly-hosted overlay network that provides free collaborative eLearning material and computational resources to its users. Unlike most of its P2P counterparts in existence today that address alternative public needs (i.e. anonymity, file sharing, ...), it offers unlimited runtime access to all the computational resources that collectively define its topology. In this respect, an example use case is one wherein a distributed machine learning system can be orchestrated by any user and freely deployed for execution on any number of available nodes within the network, without any limitation other than that of the underlining hardware and network latency performance capabilities themselves. Additionally, source code and accompanying eLearning courses are regularly published to the network and made freely available by users belonging to the academic and subject matter expert practitioner community, implementing solutions ranging from simple classroom exercises to entire production-ready systems. The network is collaborative by design, such that learning material can be collectively worked on and published, training data can be shared and successfully deployed software solutions can be load-balanced and made accessible to the entire community. Moreover, the distributed network follows a decentralized model governed by a handful of master nodes that, similarly to all its other nodes, are hosted by the users themselves, and in this sense constitutes a novel cloud offering maintained by the general public rather than any given private cloud provider. Finally, we argue that beyond its educational and computational power offerings, the described network likely constitutes the best test platform for any designed software system: indeed, given the volatile nature of the network (wherein user-hosted resources can join or go offline at any moment), we claim that any software system that can "survive" and maintain its levels of SLA (service level agreement) on this network is guaranteed to perform similarly or better on a more traditional pay-per-usage cloud provider infrastructure.