Thèses : « Cocoa economy »

1

Lamberti, Filippo. « Economic history of cocoa in Southern Bahia its role on economy, society and culture ». reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/19259.

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Using an historical point of view and using the analysis of Jorge Amado in his books and works on cocoa, I will analyze the relation between Cocoa’s crop and the Bahian society that created the 'cocoa civilization' using Adonias Filho’s words. 'Cocoa' is the umbrella encompassing the varying and often conflicting demands and agendas of cocoa men and women, agencies and authorities. I will analyze the possible causes of the actual crisis of the cocoa economy in Southern Bahia.
Utilizando um ponto vista histórico e usando a análise feita por Jorge Amado nos seus livros e estudos sobre o cacau, analisarei a relação entre a cultura do cacau e a sociedade baiana que criou, segundo a definição de Adonias Filho, a 'civilização do cacau'. 'Cacau' é um conceito que reúne as múltiplas, e muitas vezes conflitantes, demandas e programas dos homens e mulheres, agências e autoridades do cacau. Analisarei as possíveis causas da crise atual da economia do cacau no Sul da Bahia.

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Palinrungi, Rafiuddin. « The institutional interests of upgrading agents in the Indonesian cocoa value chain ». Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/15617.

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In the literature on Global Value Chains (GVCs), study about sectoral upgrading and its applications in the real world has initially been applied through lead firms. Recent developments have tended to interpret upgrading as taking place through the actions of three key sets of agents: i) lead firms; ii) development agencies; and iii) states. This thesis attempts to advance understanding of upgrading processes in GVCs through an examination of those three upgrading agents in the cocoa industry of Indonesia. Particularly, the thesis addresses the question of how upgrading interventions are approached and applied by the agents, and to delineate the underlying institutional factors that influence each agent. This thesis finds that the upgrading interventions through policies and programs devised by the development agents are highly influenced by underlying institutional interests. Issues of political economy, ideological views and commercial interests strongly shape the activities of upgrading agents, and therefore the development outcomes of these interventions. Furthermore, it is mostly incidental when these interests align with the development interests of smallholder cocoa farmers. The study also found that upgrading interventions tended to perpetuate the dependency of small producers on external supports, especially their relationship with global cocoa buyers as ‘captive’ suppliers. This thesis concludes with the need to explore deeper the institutional settings within which upgrading agents are embedded, and so which influence the decision making processes in the upgrading interventions along the GVC. Successful upgrading, demands attentiveness to the perspective and interests of potential upgrading agents in the chain. This thesis presents an alternative actor-oriented approach to GVC analysis, which it is argued provides a more realistic assessment of upgrading possibilities within developing countries than previous models.

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GARDINI, MARCO. « Land and conflicts in south Togo ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/44889.

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This work analyses the relation that the inhabitants of south-western Togo entertained with land throughout the last century. It explores how modes of access to, and appropriation of, land changed over time following the rise and decline of cocoa economy, the emergence of land market and the policies implemented by central governments. Moreover, via the analyses of land conflicts held by local chieftaincies, this work highlights the plurality of strategies activated by people to reinforce or contest land claims. It argues that land conflict management is the crucial arena for the renegotiation of the legitimacy of the local social and political authorities.

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Ernst, Felix <1991&gt. « The determinants of cocoa supply in Ghana ». Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/15634.

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This thesis elaborates the determinants of cocoa supply in Ghana. It takes a detailed look on the history of cocoa production with a focus on Ghana, the institutional setup in Ghana and analyses changing factors and institution over time. The core of thesis is the analysis of the factors that have an impact on the cocoa suppply. The regression shows that the following determinants are significant in deciding the supply of cocoa beans: area harvested, yield, GDP of high income countries, oil price, the globally available stock of cocoa beans as well as the past cocoa price.

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Acquah, Edward Hans Kofi. « Economic analysis of innovation diffusion processes in agriculture : the case of hybrid cocoa seeds and cocoa spraying chemicals in Ghana ». Thesis, University of Reading, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384930.

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Hafid, Hiswaty. « Sustainability and economic governance : Reconfiguring cocoa-chocolate production networks in Indonesia ». Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/17603.

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The concept of sustainability has recently become integrated into mainstream commercial spheres of cocoa-chocolate industries, whilst the concept remains elusive and debateable in the political sphere. The sustainability initiatives attempt to improve both farm management and farmer livelihoods by voluntarily integrating certification schemes (e.g., RA, Utzcertified, and Fairtrade) along with other initiatives. Exploring the implications of the sustainability initiatives beyond vertical industrial governance, this study contributes to the extant literature on GVCS/GPNs and provides an understanding of the extension of sustainability concept into horizontal extrafirm bargaining strategies. This study highlights the increasing industrial-centred power beyond a reorganisation of industrial activities of two case studies, Mars and Nestlé. The initiatives have resulted an increase vertical coordination with the upstream cocoa production networks, as the schemes become an instrument to minimise the supply risks. Also, the horizontal engagement through public private partnerships has created a negotiation space with extrafirm actors, yet the state participation in sustainability (keberlanjutan) discourse appeared to support local industrialists and the transnational firms to secure cocoa supply. Sustainability has strengthened the firm position in the upstream production networks, but the local actors and farmers continue struggle to overcome increasing market barriers and uneven competition. Eventually, the initiatives emphasize the economic interests, but at the expense of the cheaper productive capital supplied by the smallholder farmers and creating new processes of uneven development.

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Betchem, A. Moubitang Louis Aime. « Entering cocoa business in Sub-Saharan Africa : the case of Cameroon ». reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/18358.

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The culture of cocoa is one the main drivers of Cameroonian economy, bringing many promises in term of employment and revenues. The business organization around cocoa is developing, taking into consideration, the strategy of economic development deployed by the country, its image as the fifth producer of the world and the opportunity for Cameroon to answer the market increasing demand. We have developed in this paper the business organization around cocoa in Cameroon, the implication for people and administration, its potentialities in term of development and the rules to know when entering cocoa business in Cameroon. When we undertook to work on this topic for the master thesis, it was to connect both 'our project of developing cocoa business in Cameroon' and 'the analysis of local cocoa market and its connections to the international market'. Many sources of data have been analyzed including the information collected through the Internet, the Ministry of Agriculture in Cameroon, the Ministry of Trade, the provincial delegation of agriculture of Centre, cocoa buyers’ information such as Telcar, Sic-Cacao and the Cocoa Development Corporation with is the State corporate, developing cocoa seeds and training farmers. After reviewed the literature and meeting with people, we undertook the analysis of cocoa business organization. Interestingly, the results revealed the implication of local government and the effort they are putting together to reach their objective of positioning Cameroon by 2022 as the second producer of cocoa beans with more than 600.000 tons a year. Reaching such objective means develop business opportunities in term of production, increase export capacity to capture more value and develop local pre-transforming units.

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Díaz, Gómez Jorge. « Perspectivas de la economía alternativa a la hoja de coca ». Economía, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118118.

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This essay presents the prospects of the alternative crops to the coca leaf, promoted by the Programa de Desarrollo Alternativo (PDA), that has been carried out since 1996 in the coca-growing valleys, and that currently faces a difftcult situation.Although during the 199599 period an important increase in the prices and production of coffee and cacao was observed, this situation has revertedever since, and a large increase of the price of the coca leaf, as well as a significant decrease of the prices of coffee and cacao, have been observed. Asa consequence, the small producers of the coca-growing valleys are abandoning so-called legal crops, among them coffee and cacao, and strongly retaking the production of the coca leaf.In the current situation, characterized by the lack of funding to develop alternative crops to the coca leaf, the possibility that growers agree to financealternative crops with the profits obtained from the production of the coca leaf should be considered, and, on the other hand, the government and theinternational cooperation would agree to provide training, technical assistance, as well as to build up communications and other infrastructure.
En este ensayo se examinan las perspectivas de la economía alternativa a la hoja de coca promovida por el Programa de Desarrollo Alternativo (PDA), que se ha estado implementando desde el año de 1996 en los valles cocaleros, y el cual atraviesa actualmente por una complicada situación.Si bien durante el período de 19951999, se apreció un incremento importante de la producción y los precios del café y el cacao, desde entonces se ha dado un cambio en esta situación, observándose un incremento significativo del precio de la hoja de coca y, al mismo tiempo, una disminución sustantiva de los precios del café y el cacao. Como consecuencia de este fenómeno, los pequeños productores de los valles cocaleros están abandonando los cultivos denominados lícitos, entre ellos el café y cacao, y están retornando el cultivo de la hoja de coca con mucha fuerza.En la situación actual, que se caracteriza por la ausencia de fuentes definanciamiento para desarrollar una economía alternativa a la hoja de coca, se debería explorar la posibilidad que los agricultores se comprometan a financiar la economía alternativa con los excedentes que obtienen del cultivo de la hoja de coca y, por otra parte, el gobierno y la cooperación internacionalse comprometerían a financiar la capacitación, asistencia técnica, y construir la infraestructura vial y productiva.

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Wampah, Henry Akpenamawu Kofi. « Agricultural pricing policies in developing countries : the case of cocoa pricing in Ghana ». Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=72803.

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Heirman, Jonas Leo. « The impact of international actors on domestic agricultural policy : a comparison of cocoa and rice in Ghana ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:980ac41f-a591-4e23-ab16-deb6df121573.

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The global financial and food crisis of 2007 and 2008 was followed by a surge in foreign interest and investment in African agriculture. Renewed global interest in African agriculture was also accompanied by an increase in international efforts to influence domestic agricultural policies, including in Ghana. In the context of an increasingly globalised food regime and integrated commodity markets, this thesis answers the question: to what extent do international actors impact domestic agricultural policies in Ghana? Policy 'impact' is understood as the marked influence that international actors have on policy goals and the resources, institutions, and knowledge used for achieving them. This thesis compares case studies of cocoa and rice policy over two different periods in Ghana's recent history (1983-1995 and 2003-2012) to understand how international actors use their power and resources to impact agricultural policies. The comparison of cocoa and rice policy is used to address two gaps in existing literature by examining how the impact of international actors relates to: 1) the political economy for a specific crop; and 2) the interaction between actors at international, national and local levels. Findings from the comparative analysis are then used to test existing theories for how international actors influence government policy in Africa more generally. In particular, findings provide new insights into how the impact of international actors on African agricultural policies is strongly associated with the effect of policy decisions on the longer-term political economy for a particular crop.

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Granleese, Michael. « Market organisation and the process of economic development : the case of the partially liberalised cocoa market in Ghana ». Thesis, Bournemouth University, 2009. http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/17115/.

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Within the last twenty years the link between market organisation and development has come under increased scrutiny in response to the implementation of World Bank liberalisation policies across many of sub-Saharan Africa's agriculture markets. Under the neoliberal teachings of the Washington Consensus, liberalised markets have replaced systems of government control, with disappointing results. Recognising the challenges created by the universal implementation of liberalisation policies, the attention of development economists, including the World Bank, has now turned to alternative modes of market organisation. In light of this, the following study aims to contribute to the post Washington Consensus understanding of market development through a detailed exploration of the Ghanaian cocoa market as an alternative model for market organisation within sub-Saharan agriculture. The Ghanaian cocoa market has been selected because, in contrast with its fully liberalised cocoa producing neighbours, Ghana has only undergone partial liberalisation. The Ghanaian Cocoa Board [Cocobod] maintains control over several functions across both the domestic and international dimensions of the Ghanaian cocoa chain. Given the span of the Cocobod's influence along the Ghanaian cocoa chain, it has been necessary to develop a cross disciplinary theoretical framework, using New Institutional Economics for a microanalysis of the domestic cocoa chain, and Global Value Chain analysis for a macro-analysis of the international cocoa chain. Building on a critique of the universalism inherent within the Washington Consensus, methodologically this study has attempted to achieve an in-depth understanding of the Ghanaian cocoa market. In line with the ontological approach of critical realism, this has involved the use of semi-structured qualitative interviews, throughout two independent rounds of research in Ghana. Interview data has been systematically organised and interpreted using the approach of template analysis. Based on the construction of six final templates it has been possible to deduce that direct government intervention in the areas of quality control, enforcement and a monopoly over cocoa exports appear to be having a positive impact upon market development in Ghana. Equally, it has been observed that the Cocobod may be failing to leverage the potential of private sector investment, as it struggles to adapt to partial liberalisation. In closing it is recommended that future research into models of partial liberalisation should be pursued based on the results of this study.

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Calzavara, Matteo <1997&gt. « An analysis of the consistency between companies' business model and their non-financial risk disclosure. The Case of Coca-Cola HBC and Coca-Cola European Partners ». Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/20377.

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L’obiettivo di questo elaborato è quello di provare ad identificare e verificare l’esistenza di una coerenza tra la comunicazione dei rischi non finanziari e la relativa comunicazione dei business model nei report annuali delle aziende. Questo lavoro infatti è composto da una prima ricerca accademica riguardante questi due temi principali e che risultano essere sempre più rilevanti nei contesti del corporate reporting e della sostenibilità. Questa prima parte di review accademica ha permesso di individuare il research gap alla base dell’analisi che questo elaborato intende effettuare. Dunque, l’analisi vera e propria è effettuata focalizzandosi specialmente su due importanti player della supply chain di Coca-Cola precedentemente individuati: Coca-Cola European Partners e Coca-Cola Hellenic Bottling Company. La ricerca in questione prevede un’analisi di tipo manuale e qualitativo delle informazioni contenute nei report, specialmente volta ad un tipo di valutazione testuale che si concentra sulle caratteristiche di uno specifico testo, che in questo caso viene rappresentato dall’Integrated Report delle rispettive aziende prese in esame. L’elaborato si conclude con una comparazione dei risultati ottenuti nel caso dell'analisi condotta per i rischi non finanziari con quelli risultanti dall’analisi dei business model, in modo tale da poter decretare l’esistenza di una possibile coerenza tra i due elementi in due aziende appartenenti alla stessa supply chain, con business model simili e caratterizzate dagli stessi rischi. Questo elaborato pone infatti le basi per ricerche future, data la sempre più alta importanza di una supply chain sostenibile, in cui una sempre più trasparente comunicazione dei rischi non finanziari e del business model delle aziende risulta essere essenziale per un’efficace comunicazione di come un’azienda crea valore, alla base delle scelte di investimento degli investitori e degli stakeholders di queste organizzazioni.

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Jackson, Ian. « Co-operation and constraint : Britain's influence on American economic warfare policy in CoCom, 1948-54 ». Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387887.

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Lummani, Joachim. « The social Influences on the economic decision-making of smallholder cocoa producers in Papua New Guinea : The case of processing, transport and marketing ». Thesis, Curtin University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2572.

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In Papua New Guinea, the cocoa industry has long been concerned with low smallholder productivity and the low adoption rate of research-induced technology (Proceedings of the National Cocoa Consultative Workshop 2003; Omuru et al. 2001). Recent production efficiency studies (Fleming and Lummani 2001) in smallholder cocoa production in the East New Britain province, have ascertained that many farmers are not performing to their full potential given existing technology levels. While uncovering some important findings regarding 'efficiency', these studies have given scant attention to the social context in which smallholder production is carried out. In particular, these studies ignored the fact that farmers' economic practices are greatly influenced by their society and culture. There is thus a need for supplementary studies regarding smallholder economic behaviour. This study fills this gap by investigating how social factors influence smallholders' decisions concerning the production, transportation and marketing of their cocoa. Prior to commencing this thesis, my preliminary investigations in East New Britain province suggested that transport costs bear little relationship to supply and demand market principles. For example, in 2004, a tonne load of copra cost K70 to transport to buyers in town, while a one tonne load of cocoa cost K320 over the same route. Transport costs and, similarly, marketing appear to be influenced greatly by non-market factors, such as kinship and perceptions about the relative value of the goods to be transported. Because PNG village economies exhibit a high degree of "social embeddedness", this study combines several theoretical and methodological approaches, to bring the social dimension into the analysis of cocoa economic practices.The thesis argues that socio-cultural factors greatly influence the economic behaviour and the entrepreneurial success of farmers. The results have important industry policy implications for designing agricultural extension strategies more appropriate to the socioeconomic situations of farmers.

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Ribeiro, Juliana Constantino. « UtilizaÃÃo do farelo de coco em dietas para leitÃes na creche ». Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2009. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4410.

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FundaÃÃo de Amparo Ã Pesquisa do Estado do CearÃ
Utilizou-se 32 leitÃes machos castrados e fÃmeas, de linhagem comercial, desmamados aos 21 dias de idade e com mÃdia de peso vivo de 6,2 kg, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes nÃveis (0,0; 7,0; 14,0; 21,0%) de inclusÃo de farelo de coco (FC) e formas de arraÃoamento sobre o desempenho zootÃcnico de leitÃes na fase inicial I (21 aos 42 dias de idade) e fase inicial II (43 aos 63 dias de idade) e o perÃodo total (21 aos 63 dias de idade), bem como sua viabilidade econÃmica. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos ao acaso com esquema fatorial 4x2 (quatro nÃveis de inclusÃo de FC e duas formas de arraÃoamento - dietas secas e Ãmidas) com quatro repetiÃÃes por tratamento e um animal por parcela. O critÃrio para formaÃÃo dos blocos foi o peso inicial dos leitÃes. Os resultados mostraram que para a fase inicial I e perÃodo total, o ganho de peso mÃdio diÃrio (GPMD), consumo de raÃÃo mÃdio diÃrio (CRMD) e conversÃo alimentar (CA) nÃo diferiram significativamente (P>0,05) para os diferentes nÃveis de inclusÃo de FC e formas de arraÃoamento. Para a fase inicial II, o GPMD e CRMD nÃo diferiram significativamente (P>0,05), porÃm a CA foi significativa (P<0,05). Concluiu-se que o fornecimento de farelo de coco Ã tecnicamente viÃvel atÃ o nÃvel de 21,0% nas dietas de leitÃes no perÃodo de creche, independente da forma de arraÃoamento, e que a melhor resposta econÃmica foi com o nÃvel de 21,0% de FC
It was used 32 piglets, castrated male and female, of commercial lineage, weaned at 21 days of age and with average live weight of 6.2 kg, with the objective to evaluating the effect of the inclusion of different levels (0,0; 7,0; 14,0 ; 21,0%) of coconut meal (CM) and feeding forms on the performance of piglets in the initial phase I (21 to 42 days of age), initial phase II (43 to 63 days of age), and total period (21 to 63 days of age), how so your economic viability. The experimental design used was a randomized blocks with scheme factorial 4x2 (four levels of inclusion of CM and two feed forms - dry and wet diets) with four replicates by treatment and one animal for part. The criterion used for block formation was the initial weight of piglets. The results showed that for the initial phase I and total period, the daily mean weight gain (DMWG), daily mean feed intake (DMFI) and the feed conversion (FC) did not differ significantly (P> 0.05) by inclusion of different levels of CM and feeding forms. For the initial phase II, the DNWG and DMFI did not differ significantly (P>0,05), but the CA was significant (P<0,05). It was concluded that the supply of coconut meal is viable technically up to 21,0% in the diets of piglets in the period nursery, independent of the feeding forms, and that the best economic response was obtained with the level of inclusion of 21,0% of CM

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Ribeiro, Juliana Constantino. « Utilização do farelo de coco em dietas para leitões na creche ». reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2009. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/18780.

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RIBEIRO, Juliana Constantino. Utilização do farelo de coco em dietas para leitões na creche. 2009. 84 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Zootecnia, Fortaleza-CE, 2009
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It was used 32 piglets, castrated male and female, of commercial lineage, weaned at 21 days of age and with average live weight of 6.2 kg, with the objective to evaluating the effect of the inclusion of different levels (0,0; 7,0; 14,0 ; 21,0%) of coconut meal (CM) and feeding forms on the performance of piglets in the initial phase I (21 to 42 days of age), initial phase II (43 to 63 days of age), and total period (21 to 63 days of age), how so your economic viability. The experimental design used was a randomized blocks with scheme factorial 4x2 (four levels of inclusion of CM and two feed forms - dry and wet diets) with four replicates by treatment and one animal for part. The criterion used for block formation was the initial weight of piglets. The results showed that for the initial phase I and total period, the daily mean weight gain (DMWG), daily mean feed intake (DMFI) and the feed conversion (FC) did not differ significantly (P> 0.05) by inclusion of different levels of CM and feeding forms. For the initial phase II, the DNWG and DMFI did not differ significantly (P>0,05), but the CA was significant (P<0,05). It was concluded that the supply of coconut meal is viable technically up to 21,0% in the diets of piglets in the period nursery, independent of the feeding forms, and that the best economic response was obtained with the level of inclusion of 21,0% of CM
Utilizou-se 32 leitões machos castrados e fêmeas, de linhagem comercial, desmamados aos 21 dias de idade e com média de peso vivo de 6,2 kg, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis (0,0; 7,0; 14,0; 21,0%) de inclusão de farelo de coco (FC) e formas de arraçoamento sobre o desempenho zootécnico de leitões na fase inicial I (21 aos 42 dias de idade) e fase inicial II (43 aos 63 dias de idade) e o período total (21 aos 63 dias de idade), bem como sua viabilidade econômica. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos ao acaso com esquema fatorial 4x2 (quatro níveis de inclusão de FC e duas formas de arraçoamento - dietas secas e úmidas) com quatro repetições por tratamento e um animal por parcela. O critério para formação dos blocos foi o peso inicial dos leitões. Os resultados mostraram que para a fase inicial I e período total, o ganho de peso médio diário (GPMD), consumo de ração médio diário (CRMD) e conversão alimentar (CA) não diferiram significativamente (P>0,05) para os diferentes níveis de inclusão de FC e formas de arraçoamento. Para a fase inicial II, o GPMD e CRMD não diferiram significativamente (P>0,05), porém a CA foi significativa (P<0,05). Concluiu-se que o fornecimento de farelo de coco é tecnicamente viável até o nível de 21,0% nas dietas de leitões no período de creche, independente da forma de arraçoamento, e que a melhor resposta econômica foi com o nível de 21,0% de FC

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Santos, Venússia Eliane. « A importancia da produção e do processamento do café na economia mineira ». Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2005. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/9162.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, analisar os setores de produção e de processamento de café na estrutura econômica de Minas Gerais, determinando a importância destes e seus encadeamentos na estrutura do Estado. O referencial teórico utilizado foi o modelo insumo-produto, bem como o de desenvolvimento regional. Foram calculados os índices de Rasmussen-Hirschaman, o campo de influência, os índices puros de ligações e 03 multiplicadores de produção, renda e emprego. Para tanto, utilizou-se a matriz regional de insumo-produto de 1995, para Minas Gerais. Os resultados decorrentes desta análise permitem caracterizar a estrutura produtiva de Minas Gerais, os seus setores-chave e o efeito multiplicador de cada setor econômico em termos de produção, renda e emprego. De acordo com os resultados, os setores considerados como chaves pelas abordagens adotadas (índice de Rasmussen-Hirschman e índice puro de ligação) e que apresentaram grande campo de influência foram: (4) Produtos não metálicos, siderurgia e metalurgia, (5) Mecânica, material elétrico e material de transportes e (10) Outras lndustrias de Produtos Alimentares. Quando se consideram apenas o índice de Rasmussen-Hirschman e o campo de influência, inclui-se entre os setores-chave o setor (1) Café em coco, (6) Produtos de madeira, papel, borracha e plástico e (9) Indústria do café. Com relação a análise dos multiplicadores, observou-se que os setores: (4) Produtos não metálicos, siderurgia e metalurgia, (9) Indústria do Café e (10) Outras Indústrias de Produtos Alimentares foram os que apresentaram os maiores valores em termos de geração de produto; os setores (13) Comércio, (2) Agropecuária e (3) Café em coco, em termos de geração de renda; e 03 setores (16) Serviços, (1) Café em coco e (2) Agropecuária em termos de geração de emprego. Por meio desses resultados, pode-se inferir que a indústria de café apresenta fortes Iigações para trás; já o setor de produção de café é importante em termos de encadeamentos para trás e para frente. O setor de produção do café também apresentou poder de contribuir para a geração de renda e emprego na economia mineira e a indústria de café, para a geração de produto. Em face dos resultados, conclui-se que políticas que incentivam o aumento no consumo de café podem, de maneira indireta, produzir o crescimento no próprio setor e nos outros setores da economia. Tendo em vista que a indústria de café torrado e moido tem capacidade para crescer e modernizar-se para ampliar a sua competitividade, é também um setor com potencial para receber investimentos.
The objective of this work was to analyze the coffee production and processing sectors in Minas Gerais’s economic structure, determining their importance and linkages in the structure of the State. The theoretical referential used in this research were the input-output model and the regional development. The indexes Rasmussen-Hirschman, fields of influence, pure linkages and production, income and employment multipliers were calculated using the regional input-output matrix of Minas Gerais for the year 1995. The analysis results allowed the characterization of Minas Gerais’ productive structure, its key-sectors and the multiplying effect of each economic sector in terms of production, income and employment. According to the results, the sectors that were considered keys by the used approaches (Rasmussen-Hirschman and pure linkage indexes) and presented great field of influence, were: (4) non-metallic products, siderurgy and metallurgy, (5) mechanical, electric material, and transport material and (10) other industries of food products. When only the indexes Rasmussen-Hirschman and field of influence were considered, the key-sectors (1) coffee bean, (6) wooden, paper, rubber and plastic products and (9) coffee industry were included. In relation to the multiplier analysis, the sectors (4) non-metallic products, siderurgy and metallurgy, (9) coffee industry and (10) other industries of food products gave the highest values for product generation; the sectors (13) commerce, (2) farming and (3) coffee beans for income generation; and the sectors (16) services, (1) coffee beans and (2) farming for employment generation. Through these results one can infer that the coffee industry has strong backward linkages; however the coffee production sector is important in terms of backward and fonNard linkages. The sector of coffee production also showed capacity to contribute to income and employment generation in the State’s economy, and the coffee industry for product generation. In agreement with results, the work concluded that politics that stimulate the increase of the coffee consumption can, in indirect way, result in the growth in all sectors of the economy. The coffee processing industry is a potential sector to receive investments because it has the capacity to grow and to modernize, increasing its competitiveness.
Dissertação importada do Alexandria

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Tagoe, Michael Ayitey. « Economic reform and issues of equity in rural development : an assessment of cocoa farmers' access to productive assets in the central and western regions of Ghana ». Thesis, University of Reading, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342113.

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Nascimento, Tatiane Almeida do. « Valoração do potencial de impacto econômico com a introdução de Moniliophthora roreri no Brasil ». Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2014. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5875.

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The indication of the requirements and phytosanitary measures to be required for import vegetable products depends on the potential economic impact by the introduction of pests associated with the importation desired, as well as the potential for dispersal of the pest in the area. The indication of the potential economic impact from the introduction of the pest in the country is one of the most difficult stages in the pest risk analyze, due to its complexity. In this study, we aimed to work with this value the potential economic impact after the introduction of Moniliophthora roreri. To value the potential economic impact of M. roreri, validated the model proposed by Ribeiro (2009) with data from M. perniciosa in Brazil, using data available in the literature on cocoa production from 2010 to 2013, as well as data on the impact of M. perniciosa. With the calculations, was concluded that the valuation of economic damage model proposed may be useful for estimating the economic losses in studies of future scenarios that consider the possibility of introduction of new plant pests in Brazil as well. If was M. roreri introduced in Brazil in similar conditions that occurred in Mexico, with a level of 15% incidence of disease, cause a loss of about 100 million dollars.
A indicação dos requisitos e das medidas fitossanitárias a serem exigidos para importar produtos de origem vegetal depende do potencial de impacto econômico causado pela introdução de pragas associadas à importação pretendida, bem como do potencial de dispersão da praga na área. A indicação do potencial de impacto econômico advindo da introdução da praga no país é uma das etapas mais difíceis dos estudos de análise de risco de pragas, em vista de sua complexidade. Neste estudo, objetivou-se valorar o potencial de impacto econômico após a introdução de Moniliophthora roreri. Para valorar o potencial de impacto econômico de M. roreri, validou-se o modelo proposto por Ribeiro (2009) com dados de M. perniciosa no Brasil, utilizando dados disponíveis na literatura sobre a produção de cacau de 2010 a 2013, bem como dados sobre o impacto de M. perniciosa. Com os cálculos realizados, concluiu- se que modelo de valoração de dano econômico proposto poderá ser útil para estimar as perdas econômicas em estudos de cenários futuros que consideram a possibilidade de introdução de novas pragas vegetais no Brasil, bem como. Caso M. roreri seja introduzido no Brasil e ocorram condições semelhantes às que ocorreram no México, com um nível de incidência da doença de 15%, causaria um prejuízo de cerca de 100 milhões de dólares.

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Bitencourt, Daniela Venceslau. « Potencialidades e estratégias sustentáveis para o aproveitamento de rejeitos de coco (cocus nucifera L.) ». Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2008. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/4179.

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The coconut water consumption in Brazil is increasing and significant. The great demanding is mainly supplied by the extraction of in natura water. The trouble, however, is that the coconut water consumption s increase is causing an environmental problem, since the shells, byproduct of coconut water industrialization and use, are taken to landfills and other areas considered inadequate, contributing to the increase of urban solid residue problems, mostly because this is a material of difficult decomposition, taking around eight years to complete. Therefore, the use of coconut shell as raw material to obtain products has great importance in the struggle for the minimization of solid residue produced in the different industrial and commercial processes of coconut. In this perspective, it is proposed to analyze sustainable strategies for the coconut shells use, aiming at the environmental impacts reduction and the verification of kind and level of economic and social benefits in Sergipe and Northeast conditions. Thus, this research validates the hypothesis that the coconut residue use through an agroindustrial chain directed to the generation of new products contributes to the local development as well as establishes balance between the environmental preservation and the human social and economic needs. Methodologically, this research started from exploratory and descriptive study, supported by documental and bibliographical examination as well as a field research which really provided it with the coconut dynamics and the generation of organic residue originated from its exploration in the state of Sergipe context. The sample took into account producers, distributors and consumers in order to diversify the perspective around the studied phenomenon. Therefore, different resources of data collection were used: interviews with diary entries and questionnaires. The analysis was divided into axes which allowed outline the coconut production board and its destination as well as the perception of the suppliers in relation to the coconut shell problem and its relation with the environmental matter, besides analyzing the production environmental impacts not only towards the garbage amount in Aracaju, but also the potential of coconut shell reuse in the fiber and powder manufacturing. The analysis revealed that the use of coconut shell as raw material is a viable alternative both in the environmental, social and economic perspective. It also showed that it is possible to materialize actions that promote the environmental preservation added to the capacity of creating jobs and income, strengthening the associateship and mechanisms for the individual to exercise and get full advantage of citizenship, in a proposal able to provide him with balance between the environment and development.
O consumo de água de coco verde no Brasil é crescente e significativo. A grande demanda é suprida, principalmente pela extração da água in natura. O problema, no entanto, é que o aumento do consumo da água-de-coco esta gerando um problema ambiental, uma vez que as cascas, subproduto do uso e da industrialização da água de coco, são levadas para lixões e outras áreas consideradas inadequadas, contribuindo para ampliar os problemas de resíduos sólidos urbanos. Principalmente porque é um material de difícil decomposição, levando cerca de oito anos. Por isso, a utilização da casca de coco como matéria-prima para obtenção de produtos é de grande importância na luta pela minimização dos resíduos sólidos gerados nos diferentes processos industriais e comerciais do coco. Nesta perspectiva, propõe-se aqui analisar as estratégias sustentáveis para o aproveitamento de rejeitos de casca de coco, visando à redução de impactos ambientais e à verificação do tipo e do nível de benefícios econômicos, sociais nas condições de Sergipe e do Nordeste. Desta forma, o presente estudo valida a hipótese de que o aproveitamento do resíduo do coco através de uma cadeia agroindustrial, voltada para a geração de novos produtos contribui para o desenvolvimento local, estabelecendo um equilíbrio entre a preservação ambiental e as necessidades econômicas e sociais do seres humanos. Metodologicamente, partiu-se de um estudo exploratório-descritivo, sustentado num levantamento documental e bibliográfico, bem como numa pesquisa de campo que permitiu vislumbrar no real a dinâmica do coco e da geração de resíduos orgânicos oriundos de sua exploração no contexto sergipano. A amostra levou em consideração produtores, distribuidores e consumidores de modo a diversificar o olhar acerca do fenômeno estudado. Por isso, empregaram-se diferentes instrumentos de coletas de dados: a entrevista com registro em diário de campo e questionários. A análise fora dividida eixos que permitiram delinear o quadro de produção de coco e sua destinação, bem como as percepções dos fornecedores envolvidos quanto à problemática da casca do coco e sua relação com a questão ambiental. Além de analisar o impacto ambiental desta produção não só no que se refere ao volume de lixo em Aracaju, mas também no potencial de reaproveitamento desta casca na fabricação de fibra e pó. A análise revelou que o uso dos rejeitos da casca de coco como matéria-prima é uma alternativa viável tanto na perspectiva ambiental, quanto social e econômica e que é possível materializar ações que promovam a preservação do meio ambiente somada à capacidade de gerar emprego e renda, fortalecendo o associativismo e os mecanismos para que os indivíduos possam efetivar o exercício pleno da cidadania, numa proposta capaz de proporcionar um equilíbrio entre meio ambiente e desenvolvimento.

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Sousa, Carlos Henrique Carvalho de. « Uso integrado de prÃticas de manejo na recuperaÃÃo de um solo salino-sÃdico cultivado com coqueiro ». Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9620.

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FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
Os solos afetados por sais sÃo conhecidos hÃ muito tempo, no entanto, sua extensÃo e intensidade tÃm aumentado consideravelmente, resultando na expansÃo da Ãrea degradada por salinidade e sodicidade. Assim, prÃticas de manejo adequadas para controlar a salinidade dos solos tornam-se fundamentais principalmente visando Ã sustentabilidade, alÃm de constituÃrem alternativas de uso e recuperaÃÃo do solo. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o uso integrado de prÃticas de manejo na recuperaÃÃo de um solo salino-sÃdico no PerÃmetro Irrigado Curu-Pentecoste, CearÃ, e em seguida proceder uma anÃlise de viabilidade econÃmica, utilizando indicadores de rentabilidade do processo de recuperaÃÃo. O estudo foi desenvolvido em uma Ãrea cultivada com coqueiro com cerca de 2 anos de idade e que se encontrava com desenvolvimento bastante reduzido. Inicialmente foi instalado um sistema de drenagem subterrÃneo constituÃdo de um dreno coletor aberto de 135 m, dez drenos laterais de 45 m, compostos por tubos drenoflex DN 65 mm, manta bidim OP-20 e uma caixa de brita nÂ 01. O experimento com culturas anuais foi instalado entre as fileiras de coqueiro, com os tratamentos sendo dispostos em um delineamento em blocos casualizados, em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetiÃÃes, durante dois ciclos (2009/2010 e 2010/2011). As parcelas foram formadas pelos tratamentos: T1. Subsolagem (S); T2. S + 20 Mg ha-1 de gesso; T3. S + 40 Mg ha-1 de matÃria orgÃnica; T4. S + 10 Mg ha-1 de gesso + 20 Mg ha-1 de matÃria orgÃnica; T5. S + 20 Mg ha-1 de gesso + 40 Mg ha-1 de matÃria orgÃnica, e as subparcelas corresponderam Ãs rotaÃÃes culturais algodÃo-feijÃo-de-corda (AL/FC) e girassol-feijÃo-decorda (GI/FC). A utilizaÃÃo da subsolagem juntamente com a instalaÃÃo do sistema de drenagem subterrÃneo proporcionou um rebaixamento mÃdio do lenÃol freÃtico de 0,3 m e promoveu melhorias nas condiÃÃes fÃsicas do solo aumentando a condutividade hidrÃulica. A produÃÃo do coqueiro desde a primeira colheita realizada apresentou evoluÃÃo crescente passando de 33,3 fruto/planta/ano em 2010/2011 para 152,4 frutos/planta/ ano em 2011/2012. Os resultados demonstram que o emprego dos corretivos quÃmicos e orgÃnicos contribuiu para a diminuiÃÃo dos nÃveis de salinidade e sodicidade do solo, sendo seus efeitos mais evidenciados para reduÃÃo da sodicidade, com o gesso se mostrando mais eficiente nesse processo. As maiores doses de gesso e matÃria orgÃnica aplicadas no tratamento T5 promoveram a maior produtividade do girassol e do feijÃo-de-corda. NÃo se observou diferenÃas na produÃÃo de matÃria seca da parte aÃrea entre as espÃcies nos dois anos de cultivo; no entanto, no ciclo 2010/2011 observou-se um aumento mÃdio de 114% (algodÃo) e 89% (girassol) na produÃÃo de matÃria seca, em relaÃÃo ao ciclo 2009/2010, sendo um indicativo da recuperaÃÃo progressiva do solo. Observaram diferenÃas estatÃsticas nas mediÃÃes de condutÃncia estomÃtica e das taxas de fotossÃntese e de transpiraÃÃo apenas entre Ãpocas de mediÃÃes. Os teores foliares de Na+ nas plantas de girassol e algodÃo foram reduzidos de um cultivo para outro, principalmente nos tratamentos com aplicaÃÃo de gesso. O processo de recuperaÃÃo apresentou viabilidade econÃmica Ã taxa de juros de 2% ao ano, conforme caracterÃsticas do agricultor familiar assistido pelo PRONAF. No entanto, o resultado sÃ foi possÃvel com a contribuiÃÃo da produÃÃo do coqueiro, haja vista que produÃÃo do algodÃo, girassol e feijÃo-de-corda nÃo foram suficientes para amortizar os investimentos.
The salt affected soils are known for a long time, however, the scale and intensity have increased considerably, resulting in the expansion of the area degraded by salinity and sodicity. Thus, appropriate management practices to control soil salinity become fundamental mainly aimed at sustainability, as well as being alternative uses and land reclamation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the integrated use of management practices in the reclamation of a saline-sodic soil in the irrigated Perimeter Curu-Pentecoste, CearÃ, and then carried out an economic viability analysis, using profitability indicators of process of reclamation. The study was conducted in an area cultivated with coconut with 2 years old, with the plants showing delayed development. Initially it was installed a subsurface drainage system consisting of an open drain collector of 135 m, ten side drains of 45 m, composed of pipes Drenoflex DN 65 mm, manta bidim OP-20 and a box of gravel No. 01. The experiment was installed with annual crops between rows of coconut, with treatments being arranged in a randomized block design in a split plot design with four replications during two cycles (2009/2010 and 2010/2011). The plots were formed by the treatments: T1. Subsoiling (S), T2. S + 20 Mg ha-1 gypsum, T3. S + 40 Mg ha-1 of organic matter; T4. S + 10 Mg ha-1 gypsum + 20 Mg ha-1 of organic matter; T5. S + 20 Mg ha-1 gypsum + 40 Mg ha-1 of organic matter. The subplots correspond to two crop rotation systems: cotton-cowpea (AL / FC) and sunflower-cowpea (GI / FC ). The use of subsoiling along with the installation of subsurface drainage system provided an average drawdown of the water table of 0.3 m promoted improvements in soil physical conditions by increasing the hydraulic conductivity. The production of coconut from the first sample taken showed increasing trend from 33.3 fruit / plant / year in 2010/2011 to 152.4 fruits / plant / year in 2011/2012. The results demonstrate that the use of gypsum and organic matter contributed to the decreased levels of salinity and sodicity, and their effects are more evident for reducing sodicity, with gypsum proving more efficient in this process. The highest rates of gypsum and organic matter applied in the treatment T5 promoted greater productivity for sunflower and cowpea. There were no differences in the shoots dry matter of the species within two years of cultivation, however, in the cycle 2010/2011 there was an average increase of 114% (cotton) and 89% (sunflower) relative to 2009/2010 cycle, being an indicative of the progressive recovery of the soil. Statistically significant difference in stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration were observed only between seasons. Foliar concentrations of Na+ in plants of sunflower and cotton crops were reduced in the second cycle, relative to the first one, especially in the treatments with application of gypsum. The reclamation process showed economic viability at the rate of 2% per year, according to the characteristics of the family farmer assisted by PRONAF. However, the result was only possible with the contribution of coconut production, considering that the production cotton, sunflower and cowpea were not enough to cover the investment.

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Estevez, Christopher L. « A Market Study of Organic and Fair Trade Coffee in Bolivia ». FIU Digital Commons, 2015. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2012.

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The purpose of this research is to study the commercialization of Fairtrade and Organic coffee in the Bolivia. Fairtrade and Organic coffee are alternative trade systems designed to promote the equitable and environmentally sustainable production of coffee. However, these alternative trading systems often fail to meet these goals. The producers and environment these systems are intended to protect remain marginalized. These failures are due to a number of local institutions. In order to better understand these institutions, this research conducted interviews of various stakeholders including producers, cooperative leaders, organic/Fair Trade certifiers, government agencies and private buyers. All these stakeholders influence the success of the alternative trade systems. By better understanding how these stakeholders impact the commercialization of coffee in Bolivia; new policies can be develop to improve the outcomes of alternative trade, to benefit both producers and the environment. This is especially critical in Bolivia because of the environmentally sensitive area in which coffee is grown, the potentially damaging impact of coca on the region and, the devastating economic impact to farmers.

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Santos, Lucélia Neves dos. « Arranjos produtivos do coco de babaçu e qualidade de vida na Região do Bico do Papagaio - TO ». Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11612/232.

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A extração vegetal é a atividade mais tradicional na região do Bico do Papagaio/TO, especialmente a exploração de madeiras e a do coco de babaçu. A ocorrência da palmeira Attalea spp., sinonímia Orbignya spp., conhecida como babaçu, oferece ocupação e complemento de renda para centenas de famílias por meio do seu extrativismo. Neste estudo, utilizaram-se questionários e entrevistas para mensurar o índice de condições de vida – ICV das quebradeiras, dos catadores e dos artesãos que trabalham na atividade do coco de babaçu na referida região, com objetivo de identificar os modelos extrativistas de babaçu existentes, comparando-os, entre si, de forma a analisar e a identificar qual(is) deste(s) modelo(s) podem trazer uma melhor qualidade de vida para as comunidades envolvidas. Nos resultados e discussões deste estudo, constatou-se que, dentre os modelos de aproveitamento de babaçu analisados e comparados, o modelo do projeto Arte Norte dispõe de melhor qualidade de vida para os artesãos envolvidos.
The extraction plant is the most traditional activity in the Bico do Papagaio/ TO, especially the exploitation of timber and babassu oil. The occurrence of palm Attalea spp., Synonymy Orbignya spp., Known as babassu, occupation and provides additional income for hundreds of families through its extraction. In this study, we used questionnaires and interviews to measure the index of living conditions - ICV of breakers, the collectors and artisans working in the babassu coconut activity in that region, aiming to identify models extractive babassu existing comparing them with each other, in order to analyze and identify which one (s) thereof (s) model (s) can bring a better quality of life for the communities involved. In the results and discussion of this study, it was found that among the models use babassu analyzed and compared, the project model Arts North, offers better quality of life for the artisans involved.

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Correia, Jossline Jesus. « Comparação entre o market value added e o discounted cash flow : o caso da Coca-Cola Co ». Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/19805.

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Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças Empresariais
O presente trabalho propõe-se realizar a comparação entre dois métodos distintos de avaliação de empresas - Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) e o Market Value Added (MVA), demonstrando a aplicabilidade destes dois modelos de avaliação no caso da Coca-Cola Co. É possível verificar que o disposto na literatura não é consensual. Da mesma maneira que há autores que defendem a utilização do DCF, existem outros que aconselham a utilização do MVA. Dada a falta de concordância em relação aos mencionados métodos, este trabalho pretende, também, contribuir para o presente debate. Para tal, foi realizada uma análise estratégica e financeira da empresa e do setor com base nos dados financeiros disponíveis relativos ao período de 2014 a 2018 e foram estimados os Free Cash-Flows (FCF) e o Economic Value Added (EVA©) para 2019-2023. Deste modo, foi possível estimar o valor da empresa pelos métodos do DCF e do MVA Os resultados obtidos nos dois métodos foram comparados entre si concluindo-se que os mesmo não coincidem, apesar do apresentado na literatura. Além disso, estes resultados foram comparados com o valor de mercado das ações da Coca-cola, Co. a 31 de dezembro de 2018 e apontaram para uma melhor estimação por parte do DCF em relação ao MVA.
This paper proposes to compare two different companies? valuation methods - the Discounted Cash Flow Method (DCF) and the Market Value Added (MVA), demonstrating the applicability of these two valuation models in the case of Coca-Cola, Co.. It?s possible to verify that the statements in the literature are not consensual. At the same time that some authors defend the use of DCF, there are others who advise the use of MVA. Given the lack of agreement in relation to the aforementioned methods, this work also intends to contribute to the present debate. To this end, a strategic and financial analysis of the company and the sector was carried out based on the available financial data for the period from 2014 to 2018 and Free Cash-Flows (FCF) and Economic Value Added (EVA ©) were estimated for 2019 to 2023. In this way, it was possible to estimate the company's value using the DCF and MVA methods. The results obtained in both methods were compared with each other, concluding that they do not coincide, despite the arguments presented on the literature. In addition, these results were compared to the market value of Coca-Cola, Co.'s shares at December 31st, 2018 and pointed a better estimation from the DCF relatively to the MVA.
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Sousa, Carlos Henrique Carvalho de. « Uso integrado de práticas de manejo na recuperação de um solo salino-sódico cultivado com coqueiro ». reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2012. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/18887.

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SOUSA, Carlos Henrique Carvalho de. Uso integrado de práticas de manejo na recuperação de um solo salino-sódico cultivado com coqueiro. 2012. 124 f. : Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia de Agrícola, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, Fortaleza-CE, 2012.
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The salt affected soils are known for a long time, however, the scale and intensity have increased considerably, resulting in the expansion of the area degraded by salinity and sodicity. Thus, appropriate management practices to control soil salinity become fundamental mainly aimed at sustainability, as well as being alternative uses and land reclamation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the integrated use of management practices in the reclamation of a saline-sodic soil in the irrigated Perimeter Curu-Pentecoste, Ceará, and then carried out an economic viability analysis, using profitability indicators of process of reclamation. The study was conducted in an area cultivated with coconut with 2 years old, with the plants showing delayed development. Initially it was installed a subsurface drainage system consisting of an open drain collector of 135 m, ten side drains of 45 m, composed of pipes Drenoflex DN 65 mm, manta bidim OP-20 and a box of gravel No. 01. The experiment was installed with annual crops between rows of coconut, with treatments being arranged in a randomized block design in a split plot design with four replications during two cycles (2009/2010 and 2010/2011). The plots were formed by the treatments: T1. Subsoiling (S), T2. S + 20 Mg ha-1 gypsum, T3. S + 40 Mg ha-1 of organic matter; T4. S + 10 Mg ha-1 gypsum + 20 Mg ha-1 of organic matter; T5. S + 20 Mg ha-1 gypsum + 40 Mg ha-1 of organic matter. The subplots correspond to two crop rotation systems: cotton-cowpea (AL / FC) and sunflower-cowpea (GI / FC ). The use of subsoiling along with the installation of subsurface drainage system provided an average drawdown of the water table of 0.3 m promoted improvements in soil physical conditions by increasing the hydraulic conductivity. The production of coconut from the first sample taken showed increasing trend from 33.3 fruit / plant / year in 2010/2011 to 152.4 fruits / plant / year in 2011/2012. The results demonstrate that the use of gypsum and organic matter contributed to the decreased levels of salinity and sodicity, and their effects are more evident for reducing sodicity, with gypsum proving more efficient in this process. The highest rates of gypsum and organic matter applied in the treatment T5 promoted greater productivity for sunflower and cowpea. There were no differences in the shoots dry matter of the species within two years of cultivation, however, in the cycle 2010/2011 there was an average increase of 114% (cotton) and 89% (sunflower) relative to 2009/2010 cycle, being an indicative of the progressive recovery of the soil. Statistically significant difference in stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration were observed only between seasons. Foliar concentrations of Na+ in plants of sunflower and cotton crops were reduced in the second cycle, relative to the first one, especially in the treatments with application of gypsum. The reclamation process showed economic viability at the rate of 2% per year, according to the characteristics of the family farmer assisted by PRONAF. However, the result was only possible with the contribution of coconut production, considering that the production cotton, sunflower and cowpea were not enough to cover the investment.
Os solos afetados por sais são conhecidos há muito tempo, no entanto, sua extensão e intensidade têm aumentado consideravelmente, resultando na expansão da área degradada por salinidade e sodicidade. Assim, práticas de manejo adequadas para controlar a salinidade dos solos tornam-se fundamentais principalmente visando à sustentabilidade, além de constituírem alternativas de uso e recuperação do solo. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o uso integrado de práticas de manejo na recuperação de um solo salino-sódico no Perímetro Irrigado Curu-Pentecoste, Ceará, e em seguida proceder uma análise de viabilidade econômica, utilizando indicadores de rentabilidade do processo de recuperação. O estudo foi desenvolvido em uma área cultivada com coqueiro com cerca de 2 anos de idade e que se encontrava com desenvolvimento bastante reduzido. Inicialmente foi instalado um sistema de drenagem subterrâneo constituído de um dreno coletor aberto de 135 m, dez drenos laterais de 45 m, compostos por tubos drenoflex DN 65 mm, manta bidim OP-20 e uma caixa de brita n° 01. O experimento com culturas anuais foi instalado entre as fileiras de coqueiro, com os tratamentos sendo dispostos em um delineamento em blocos casualizados, em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições, durante dois ciclos (2009/2010 e 2010/2011). As parcelas foram formadas pelos tratamentos: T1. Subsolagem (S); T2. S + 20 Mg ha-1 de gesso; T3. S + 40 Mg ha-1 de matéria orgânica; T4. S + 10 Mg ha-1 de gesso + 20 Mg ha-1 de matéria orgânica; T5. S + 20 Mg ha-1 de gesso + 40 Mg ha-1 de matéria orgânica, e as subparcelas corresponderam às rotações culturais algodão-feijão-de-corda (AL/FC) e girassol-feijão-decorda (GI/FC). A utilização da subsolagem juntamente com a instalação do sistema de drenagem subterrâneo proporcionou um rebaixamento médio do lençol freático de 0,3 m e promoveu melhorias nas condições físicas do solo aumentando a condutividade hidráulica. A produção do coqueiro desde a primeira colheita realizada apresentou evolução crescente passando de 33,3 fruto/planta/ano em 2010/2011 para 152,4 frutos/planta/ ano em 2011/2012. Os resultados demonstram que o emprego dos corretivos químicos e orgânicos contribuiu para a diminuição dos níveis de salinidade e sodicidade do solo, sendo seus efeitos mais evidenciados para redução da sodicidade, com o gesso se mostrando mais eficiente nesse processo. As maiores doses de gesso e matéria orgânica aplicadas no tratamento T5 promoveram a maior produtividade do girassol e do feijão-de-corda. Não se observou diferenças na produção de matéria seca da parte aérea entre as espécies nos dois anos de cultivo; no entanto, no ciclo 2010/2011 observou-se um aumento médio de 114% (algodão) e 89% (girassol) na produção de matéria seca, em relação ao ciclo 2009/2010, sendo um indicativo da recuperação progressiva do solo. Observaram diferenças estatísticas nas medições de condutância estomática e das taxas de fotossíntese e de transpiração apenas entre épocas de medições. Os teores foliares de Na+ nas plantas de girassol e algodão foram reduzidos de um cultivo para outro, principalmente nos tratamentos com aplicação de gesso. O processo de recuperação apresentou viabilidade econômica à taxa de juros de 2% ao ano, conforme características do agricultor familiar assistido pelo PRONAF. No entanto, o resultado só foi possível com a contribuição da produção do coqueiro, haja vista que produção do algodão, girassol e feijão-de-corda não foram suficientes para amortizar os investimentos.

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Alves, Carlos Oscar Maia. « Perfil TÃcnico e EconÃmico da ProduÃÃo de Coco no Distrito de IrrigaÃÃo Curu-Paraipaba, Estado do CearÃ ». Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=10431.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
Este trabalho buscou identificar o perfil tÃcnico e econÃmico da produÃÃo de coco no Distrito de IrrigaÃÃo Curu-Paraipaba, Estado do CearÃ. Justificou-se a importÃncia do estudo, haja vista que o referido projeto de irrigaÃÃo existe hÃ mais de trÃs dÃcadas e apresenta atualmente cerca de 679 estabelecimentos rurais administrados por pequenos produtores. Utilizou-se uma amostra de tamanho igual a 50 (cinquenta) e, como instrumentos de anÃlise, empregou-se anÃlise tabular e descritiva dos dados, alÃm das tÃcnicas de anÃlise fatorial e de agrupamento. Relatou-se que todos os estabelecimentos expressaram margem bruta e margem lÃquida positivas, mas que o nÃvel de renda auferido, tendo como referÃncia a variÃvel lucro, foi considerado como baixo Em seguida, realizou-se a identificaÃÃo de fatores tÃcnicos e econÃmicos. Pela anÃlise fatorial baseada no mÃtodo das componentes principais, identificou-se o fator econÃmico dos produtores que apÃs a rotaÃÃo varimax, captou 48,89% da variÃncia das variÃveis originais. O fator tÃcnico captou 25,49% da variÃncia. Obtidos os escores fatoriais, foram identificados trÃs grupos distintos de produtores rurais, o que demonstrou diferenciaÃÃes no nÃvel tÃcnico-econÃmico entre os agricultores familiares entrevistados. O melhor grupo identificado foi composto por apenas sete pessoas, que conseguiram bons resultados tÃcnicos e econÃmicos. Dentro do mesmo processo, identificou-se o segundo grupo, composto por 38 pessoas incluindo agricultores que nÃo atingiram resultados econÃmicos satisfatÃrios em 2012. Identificou-se, tambÃm, um grupo formado por cinco produtores em estÃdio de declÃnio. Compreendeu-se que o pequeno produtor entrevistado tem dificuldade de capital de giro para o exercÃcio de suas prÃticas agrÃcolas e que o seu acesso a linhas de crÃdito como o Pronaf poderia ser a alternativa economicamente importante. O acesso ao crÃdito rural Ã dificultado pela nÃo detenÃÃo da escritura dos estabelecimentos, de modo que a principal sugestÃo de polÃtica pÃblica para o projeto Curu-Paraipaba Ã a implementaÃÃo de um extenso processo de regularizaÃÃo fundiÃria, sem Ãnus para os agricultores irrigantes de origem.
This study aimed to identify the technical and economical profile of coconut production in the irrigation district of Curu-Paraipaba, state of CearÃ. The importance of the study was justified from the point of view that the referred project of irrigation exists for over three decades and currently has about 679 farms managed by small producers. We used a sample size equal to fifty and as tools of analysis, we used descriptive and tabular analysis of the collected data besides the techniques of factor and cluster analysis. It was reported that all establishments showed gross and net margin positive but that the level of income earned was considered low, taking as reference the variable profit. Then it was performed the identification of technical and economic factors. By the factor analysis from the method of principal components, it was identified the economic factor of producers that after varimax rotation, caught 48.89 % of the variance of the original variables. The technical factor caught 25.49 % of the variance. When the factor scores were got, it was identified three distinct groups of rural producers who showed differences at the technical â economical level among the family farmers interviewed. The best group identified consisted of only 7 individuals, who achieved good technical and economical results. Within the same process, it was identified a second group consisting of 38 individuals including farmers who did not get satisfactory economical results in 2012. It was also identified a group of 5 producers in decline stage. It was understood that the small producer interviewed has difficulty in getting working capital to operate his agricultural practices and his access to Pronaf credit could be an economically important alternative. The access to rural credit is difficult because the producers do not have the deed document of the establishments, so the main suggestion of a public policy to Curu-Paraipaba project is the implementation of an extensive process of land regularization, without cost to irrigating farmers of origin.

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Pereira, Elenildes Santana. « Formação de preços e finanças comportamentais : um estudo empírico no mercado futuro de cacau ». Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2009. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/5025.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This work aimed to exam the formation of future market prices of cocoa traded on the New York Stock Exchange, under the view of the volatility from January 1997 to August 2008, since the future market is playing an important role in making decision, focusing on maximizing returns. In a particular way, the study of volatility is an essential tool in this market, especially for pricing of assets and risk management. For this, three variants of the class of models of auto-regressive conditional heteroscedastic (ARCH), GARCH, EGARCH and TARCH, were used and showed characteristics of models that take into account the changing variance over time. The conditional variance provided by these models was used as a proxy for the volatility of returns on cocoa. The results demonstrated the persistent behavior of volatility in the period in question. This persistence indicates that the shocks on the volatility will last for long. We found evidence of inconsistency with the hypothesis of efficient markets that has the responsibility of future returns to past returns, since there is presence of auto-regressive terms in waste, captured by the ARCH effect, and also by the possibility of behavioral biases (depending on of information asymmetries in the reactions between positive and negative). The theories of modern finances predict that investors have homogeneous expectations (investors have the same information and determine the fair value for the same active base). It would therefore not be expected to have excessive volatility in the future market of the commodity cocoa, then there would be no difference of opinion among investors. However, the results showed that the volatility implies in the formation of the price of cocoa, making it impossible to explain it by traditional theories of finance, and indicate that this volatility may also result from decisions of investors from the psychological aspects that arise when forming their beliefs and preferences that, in turn, are reflected in expectations. Thus, the results suggest that Behavioral Finance can contribute to the understanding of the formation of future market prices for cocoa.
Pretendeu-se nesse trabalho analisar a formação dos preços no mercado futuro de cacau, negociados na Bolsa de Nova York, sob a ótica da volatilidade, no período compreendido entre janeiro de 1997 a agosto de 2008, uma vez que o mercado futuro vem assumindo um papel importante na tomada de decisões, com enfoque na maximização de retornos. De modo particular, o estudo da volatilidade representa um instrumento essencial nesse mercado, em especial para precificação de ativos e gestão de riscos. Para isso, utilizou-se três variantes da classe de modelos de heterocedasticidade condicional auto-regressiva, ARCH, a saber, os modelos GARCH, EGARCH e TARCH, que apresentam características de modelagem que levam em conta uma variância mudando ao longo do tempo. A variância condicional fornecida por estes modelos será utilizada como proxy para a volatilidade do retorno do cacau. Os resultados evidenciaram o comportamento persistente da volatilidade no período em questão. Esta persistência revela que os choques sobre a volatilidade irão perdurar por muito tempo. Foram encontradas evidências de incompatibilidade com a Hipótese de Mercados Eficientes, constatada na dependência dos retornos futuros a retornos passados, uma vez que há presença de termos auto-regressivos nos resíduos, capturados pelo efeito ARCH, e também pela possibilidade de vieses comportamentais (em função de assimetrias nas reações entre informações positivas e negativas). As teorias de finanças modernas prevêem que os investidores têm expectativas homogêneas (os investidores têm as mesmas informações e determinam o mesmo valor justo para os ativos base). Assim, não seria esperado que houvesse volatilidade excessiva no mercado futuro de commodity cacau, pois não haveria divergência de opiniões entre os investidores. No entanto, os resultados encontrados mostraram que a volatilidade implica na formação do preço do cacau, tornando impossível uma explicação pelas teorias clássicas de finanças, e indica que esta volatilidade pode resultar também das decisões dos investidores a partir de aspectos psicológicos que surgem quando formam suas crenças e preferências que, por sua vez, se refletem nas expectativas. Dessa forma, sugerem que as Finanças Comportamentais podem contribuir para a compreensão da formação de preços do mercado futuro de cacau.

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López, Villanes Noam. « Political spechees from local authorities about the coca leaf in the districts of Kimbir and Pichari 2006-2010 ». Revista de Ciencia Política y Gobierno, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/48654.

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The article addresses the relationship between drug trafficking and subnational politics having as unit of analysis the local authorities’ speeches of the Cuzco districts of Kimbiri and Pichari form 2006 to 2010 Based in a qualitative methodology but backed by a pair of statistical tests, it is found that candidates and then authorities have a dualistic perspective about the cultivation of coca leafs, which is directed mostly to the production of cocaine Thus, also the radicalism in the defense of coca leaf is not constant in time, but rather strategic and casual Last, based on model proposal about drug trafficking networks of influence, we conclude that the closer this illegal economic activity is at the authorities, these have an ambiguous and contradictory speech on the issue
El artículo aborda la relación del narcotráfico con la política subnacional teniendo por unidad de análisis los discursos de las autoridades municipales de los distritos cusqueños de Kimbiri y Pichari de 2006 a 2010 En base a una metodología cualitativa pero respaldada de un par de pruebas estadísticas se comprueba que los candidatos y luego autoridades no tienen una perspectiva dualista sobre el cultivo de hoja de coca cuya producción se dirige en su mayoría a la producción de cocaína Así también la radicalidad en la defensa de la hoja de coca no es constante en el tiempo, sino más bien estratégica y ocasional Por último, en base a un modelo propuesto sobre las redes de influencia del narcotráfico, se concluye que mientras más cercana se encuentre esta actividad económica ilegal a las autoridades, estas tendrán un discurso ambiguo y contradictorio sobre el tema
O artigo aborda a relação do narcotráfico com a política subnacional tendo a unidade deanalise aos discursos das autoridades municipais dos distritos cusqueños de Kimbiri e Pichari dos anos 2006 aos 2010 Na base duma metodologia qualitativa, mas apoiada de duas provas estadísticas se podem comprovar o que os candidatos e logo as autoridades, não tem uma perspectiva dualista sobre o cultivo da folha de coca o que sua produção dirige, maiormente a produção da cocaína Da mesma forma, a defensa radical da folha de coca não é constante no tempo, mas é estratégica e ocasional Finalmente, na base dum modelo proposto sobre as redes de influência do narcotráfico, pode-se concluir que se a atividade econômica ilegal fica per todas autoridades, elas tem um discurso duvidoso e com contradições sobre o tema

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Bazan, Guzman Jorge Luis, et Oscar Millones. « Una clasificación de modelos de regresión binaria asimétrica : el uso del BAYES-PUCP en una aplicación sobre la decisión del cultivo ilícito de hoja de coca ». Economía, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118039.

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En modelos econométricos clásicos de regresión binaria tradicionalmente se emplea la regresión logística, que se basa en el enlace simétrico logito. El propósito de este trabajo es presentar modelos de regresión binaria que, más bien, tengan enlaces asimétricos —aún no disponibles en software comercial—, cuando esta asimetría es más conveniente al investigador. Además, haciendo uso de un enfoque bayesiano con el programa WinBUGS, se implementa el programa BAYESPUCP, que facilitará la escritura de la sintaxis necesaria para implementar los modelos revisados. El BAYES-PUCP genera tanto las sintaxis de los modelos revisados así como de la estructura de los datos. El método es ilustrado con el caso de una muestra de agricultores que consideran la decisión de erradicar cultivos ilícitos de hoja de coca y, al mismo tiempo, se exploran factores asociados a esta decisión.

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Vizcarra, Castillo Sofía Isabel. « La economía moral de la ilegalidad en la ciudad cocalera : significados y prácticas legitimadoras del narcotráfico en la ciudad de Pichari (2000 - 2017) ». Doctoral thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2018. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/12532.

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El auge de producción de derivados cocaínicos en el Valle de los Ríos Apurímac, Ene y Mantaro, en donde se encuentra situada la ciudad de Pichari, se ha dado en las primeras dos décadas del siglo XXI. Desde ese entonces las zona ha conocido un periodo de bonanza económica y desarrollo urbano. No obstante los diversos intentos por combatir el narcotráfico han llevado a la población a movilizarse contra el Estado en la zona, incluso aquellos que no están directamente involucrados en la actividad criminal. ¿Acaso estas personas defienden el narcotráfico? Propongo que a nivel local no existe una defensa del narcotráfico sino de una economía moral de la ilegalidad que considera al narcotráfico como un medio fundamental para acceder a los ingresos necesarios para satisfacer sus necesidades de subsistencia y sus aspiraciones de bienestar en el mercado. Así, a partir del uso de la etnografía enfocada y la observación de prácticas económicas de mercado, planteo que la economía moral de la ilegalidad en la ciudad de Pichari se basa en i) arreglos económicos de mercado, ii) una ética del bienestar neo-liberal que la mayoría está dispuesta a defender y iii) en el establecimiento de normas informales que regulan el uso de la violencia y aplicación de la Ley que permiten una coexistencia relativamente pacífica entre los actores de la ciudad. A pesar de estar ampliamente enraizada en el contexto local, el desarrollo de economías morales de la ilegalidad no es un fenómeno exclusivo al Perú. La reflexión sobre este concepto aplicado a diferentes mercaderías (commodities) globales y mercados informales puede ayudar a comprender un cierto segmento de los conflictos sociales contemporáneos, si se les entiende como conflictos por acceso al ingreso monetario y al mercado
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Barriga, Flores Paola Rocio. « Funcionamiento de cooperativas cafetaleras y su impacto en la vida familiar de sus asociados : casos de familias de dos sectores de la provincia de La Convención vinculadas a la Cooperativa Maranura y a la central de cooperativas COCLA ». Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2009. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/1161.

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El café es el primer producto de exportación agrícola en el Perú, pero al contrario de otros productos de gran exportación, es producido mayoritariamente por pequeños y medianos agricultores. Por este motivo, el café debe ser acopiado para obtener volúmenes considerables y poder realizar envíos al exterior. De este modo, el café debe pasar por numerosos procesos intermedios y por distintos actores desde el momento que sale de la chacra hasta que llega a manos del comprador en el extranjero.
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Goes, Karina Cyganczuk. « Estrutura de capital e contingente conversível sob a ótica de Basiléia III : um estudo empírico sobre o Brasil ». reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/11928.

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It is a fact that banks worldwide maintain excess regulatory capital, either to minimize cost of recapitalization or to mitigate risks of financial difficulties. But only after the 2007/2008 crisis, the quality of that excess capital has been important to regulators, who proposed a new capital structure in the Basel III agreement, creating new hybrid bonds, the contingent convertible, whose main objective is to recapitalize the bank automatically in times of financial difficulties. In this context, we analyzed the 10 largest banks in Brazil in total assets, comparing the structure of each bank with straight bond, against the same structure with contingent convertible under the Basel III rules and without regulations or when they are fragile. The evidence suggests that, by the model, Brazilian banks were better capitalized with contingent convertible, than straight bond under Basel III rules, but in unregulated environments or where they are fragile, contingent convertibles induce increased risk and may lead to new financial crisis.
É fato, que os bancos do mundo inteiro mantêm excesso de capital regulatório, seja para minimizar custos de recapitalização, seja para mitigar riscos de dificuldades financeiras. Mas somente depois da crise de 2007/2008, a qualidade desse capital em excesso, passou a ganhar importância entre os órgãos reguladores, que propuseram uma nova estrutura de capital no Acordo de Basiléia III, criando novos instrumentos híbridos de capital e dívidas, os contingentes conversíveis, cujo principal objetivo é, recapitalizar o banco automaticamente em momentos de dificuldades financeiras. Neste contexto, analisamos os 10 maiores bancos do Brasil, em total de ativos, comparando a estrutura de cada banco com dívidas subordinadas, contra a mesma estrutura com contingentes conversíveis, sob as regra de Basiléia III e, em ambientes sem regulamentações ou quando estas são frágeis. As evidências sugerem que, segundo o modelo utilizado, os bancos brasileiros estariam mais bem capitalizados com contingentes conversíveis, do que com dívidas subordinadas sob as regras de Basiléia III, mas em ambientes sem regulamentação ou quando estas são frágeis, os contingentes conversíveis induzem o aumento de riscos, podendo levar a novas crises financeiras.

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Darkwah, Samuel Antwi. « The impact of cocoa industry development on the economy og Ghana ». Doctoral thesis, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-93203.

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Bisseleua, Daghela Hervé Bertin. « Ecological, social and economic determinants in cocoa production systems in southern Cameroon ». Doctoral thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-000D-F12C-1.

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Reis, Diogo André Mendes. « Contingent convertible bonds (Cocos) : do Cocos enhance financial institutions- resilience ? » Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/133349.

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This study analyzes whether Contingent Convertible Bonds (CoCos) contribute to reduce the default risk of banks and insurance firms. An event study was performed to measure CoCos’ announcement effects on Credit Default Swaps(CDS)premiums. Within banks, we conclude that CoCos with a Temporary Write-Down (TWD CoCos), CoCos which convert when CET1 Ratio falls below5.125% (Low Trigger CoCos),and Equity Convertible CoCos which transfer high amounts of wealth to shareholders at conversion (High Marginal Wealth Transfer EC CoCos)are more effective in reducing default risk. Moreover, we find that CoCos contributed to decrease CDS premiums during the Covid-19 pandemic.

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Moutinho, José Maria. « Can Cocoa become a social business in S. Tomé and Príncipe ? » Master's thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/12029.

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The present dissertation, written in the form of a regular master thesis, aims to present the Santomean cocoa industry, the industry that made the country grow since the mid-19th century which has become not more than a residual production, and its potential for generating an impactful social business. In the following pages, the dissertations’ outline is introduced. Then the reader is provided with an overview of the main literature about social entrepreneurship, impact assessment, the global cocoa industry and the Santomean historical national context. Afterwards, the thesis focuses the analysis on the Santomean cocoa industry providing an historical perspective and describing current competitive scenario, creating with this information the social business model. Finally the conclusions and limitations of this model are presented as well as the future research guidelines.
A presente dissertação, escrita na forma de uma tese de mestrado regular, tem como objetivo apresentar a indústria do cacau santomense, a indústria que fez o país crescer desde meados do século 19 que se tornou em pouco mais do que uma produção residual, e seu potencial para gerar um negócio social com impacto. Nas seguintes páginas, o esquema da dissertação é apresentado, posteriormente é dada ao leitor uma visão geral da principal literatura acerca de empreendedorismo social, avaliação de impacto, a indústria do cacau global e do contexto histórico nacional santomense. Posteriormente, a tese concentra a análise na indústria do cacau de São Tomé e Príncipe, oferecendo uma perspectiva histórica e descrevendo cenário competitivo actual, criando com esta informação o modelo de negócio social. Finalmente, as conclusões e as limitações deste modelo são apresentados, bem como as linhas de investigação futuras.

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Phillips, Lewis Kathleen E. « British imperial policy and colonial economic development : the cocoa industry in Trinidad, 1838-1939 ». 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/18454.

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Roberts, John D. « Bolivia's Coca Headache : The Agroyungas Program, Inflation, Campesinos, Coca and Capitalism In Bolivia ». 2010. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/501.

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Bolivia in the 1980s was wracked by monetary inflation approaching levels of the German Weimar Republic. Immediately following this time of great financial crisis in Bolivia, the U.N. founded a project through the U.N.D.P. to encourage peasant farmers in Bolivia to switch from growing coca (the plant used manufacture cocaine) to growing other cash crops for market. This crop substitution and development program, called the Agroyungas Project, lasted from 1985 to 1991 and is the focus of this study. While many U.N. pundits and journalists considered the program’s initial small successes promising, it has been considered since its conclusion to be a failure. The program was poorly conceived, poorly funded and poorly executed from the start. So one question remains: why was the Agroyungas Project a failure? Additionally, was the project simply a way to steer Bolivians away from the illicit coca/cocaine economy? While on the surface this might appear to be the case, one must probe the complex situations in Bolivia deeply to uncover the true missteps behind this U.N. program. By looking at the evidence, it is apparent that crop substitution programs like the Agroyungas Project failed for a variety of reasons. Besides poor planning and execution of project plans, the project’s developers, planners and workers simply did not understand Bolivian indigenous culture and Bolivian history. However, the project was not doomed to fail. The lack of knowledge and understanding of indigenous Bolivian realities, Bolivian geography and Bolivian history directly led to the failures of the Agroyungas Project.

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Santos, André Escoval dos. « The Coca-Cola Company : equity valuation ». Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/20342.

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The present dissertation aims to demonstrate the process of valuing The Coca-Cola Company (KO). Valuation is not an exact science, requiring numerous assumptions and different models to be trusted. Several theories and articles from prestigious authors were followed aiming to deliver the best possible result. There is not a consensus among authors about which method yields best results, however Discounted Cash Flow is considered the finest by most of them. Therefore, KO will be valued according to the DCF model, complemented with a relative valuation, a fundamental valuation tool when used additionally. Finally a comparison is going to be made with the 21 July 2015 J.P. Morgan report, with a recommended target price of $ 46.
A presente dissertação pretende demonstrar o processo de avaliação da The Coca-Cola Company (KO). Avaliação não é uma ciência exata, requerendo inúmeras assunções e diferentes modelos para ser fiável. Diversas teorias e artigos de prestigiados autores foram seguidos com o objetivo de atingir o melhor resultado possível. Não existe consenso entre autores sobre qual o modelo que melhores resultados obtém, no entanto o Discounted Cash Flow é considerado o melhor por maior parte deles. Portanto, a KO será avaliada de acordo com o modelo DCF, complementado com uma avaliação relativa, uma ferramenta de avaliação fundamental quando utilizada complementarmente. Finalmente será feita uma comparação será feita com o relatório da J.P. Morgan datado a 21 de Julho de 2015, com um preço alvo recomendado de $ 46.

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Lorentzen, Tomas Mikal. « Equity valuation of the Coca-Cola company ». Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/35772.

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This dissertation has taken the perspective of an Investment Bank with the purpose of valu- ing the equity of The Coca-Cola Company, one of the leading companies in the non-alcohol beverage industry and one of the most recognised brands in the world. Several methods and articles from prestigious authors are discussed to end up with the most accurate result. The valuation is carried through using a discounted cash flow model of the Company’s free cash flow to firm. To challenge or strengthen the result of the discounted cash flow valuation, it is accompanied by a relative valuation model using multiples. The multiples are based on Coca-Cola’s top competitors, as well as companies with similar characteristics.The result of the valuation is a fair price of $53.82 and a HOLD recommendation. Lastly, the result is compared to the valuation done by Barclays, an internationally recog- nised investment bank. The result ends up being below the recommendation of the investment bank. Potential explanations being different assumptions of growth rates in revenues.
Esta dissertação adota a perspectiva de um banco de investimento com o propósito de avaliar o capital da Coca-Cola, uma das empresas líderes na indústria global de bebidas não alcoólicas e uma das marcas mais reconhecidas no mundo. Diversos métodos e artigos escritos por autores de prestígio são discutidos ao longo da dissertação para o alcance de um resultado mais preciso. A avaliação da empresa foi realizada através de um modelo de fluxo de caixa descontado do fluxo de caixa livre da Coca Cola. Para desafiar ou fortalecer o resultado da avaliação do fluxo de caixa descontado, ela é acompanhada por um modelo de avaliação relativa usando múltiplos. Os múltiplos são baseados nos principais concorrentes da Coca-Cola, bem como em empresas com características semelhantes. O resultado da avaliação é um preço justo de $53,82 e uma recomendação HOLD. Por fim, o resultado é comparado com a avaliação feita pelo Barclays, um banco de investimento reconhecido internacionalmente. O resultado acaba ficando abaixo da recomendação do banco de investimento. As possíveis explicações são diferentes premissas das taxas de cresci- mento das receitas.

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Bisseleua, Daghela Hervé Bertin [Verfasser]. « Ecological, social and economic determinants in cocoa production systems in southern Cameroon / presented by Bisseleua Daghela Hervé Bertin ». 2008. http://d-nb.info/988358808/34.

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WANG, Pey-Wen, et 王佩雯. « Impact of coca production on Peruvian economic and social development (1970-1995) ». Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/99713217794461519675.

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碩士
淡江大學
拉丁美洲研究所
89
The culture of coca cultivation since Inca civilization has been a long history in Peru. Until mid-twentieth century, coca in Peru had been cultivated and produced legally mainly for its domestic chewing and medical usage, and to supply foreign demand of pharmacy and beverage market. It was not until the seventies, stimulated by international illegal cocaine demand, that Peruvian traditional legal coca production turned out to be illegal purposed industry, with stronger economic incentives working more powerfully to keep up supply. With profit way above higher than any other legal exports, the dimension of coca production booms vastly in the eighties, forming a special phenomenon called “white gold rush”. Production and exports of coca and its derivatives have many different impacts on the Peruvian economy and society. On the positive side, “coca economy” not only provides extremely poor peasant and labor families with more incomes, but also adds foreign exchange earnings that, at least in part, flow through to the legal economy and help finance imports. Besides, cash from illegal coca trade makes Peruvian local commerce in rural areas flourish. On the negative side, coca pulls human effort and land into production at the expense of possible alternative food production; holds down the incentives for legal exports; aggravates violence of terrorism and the costs to the society of trying to restrain it; causes Peasant and labor migration and ecological damage from the chemical residues used to process cocaine; and Peruvian drug abuse problems as well. Under the international anti-cocaine pressure, Peruvian government keeps cooperating with White House intercepting illegal cocaine production and smuggling in Peru. However, there are dilemmas retarding the effect of anti-coca policy, such as: technological problems of coca eradication; difficulty of quantifying area of coca plants and amount of its derivatives; corruption in the military, police, and civilian government. Despite wiped out of the Upper Huallaga Valley in the beginning of the nineties, Shining Path and MRTA guerillas may possibly take advantage of the newly flourishing coca cultivation province in southern Peru to recover their force from the decline in the future. If this should happen, Peruvian anti-coca policy and alternative crops promotion plans might be thwart by the terrorists.

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Hunzinger, Elena. « Marketing potential of Coca-Cola products in Austrian cinemas ». Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/20725.

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Stürner, Maximilian Laurenz. « Equity valuation : Coca-Cola company ». Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/35340.

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This dissertation covers the equity valuation of The Coca-Cola Company, the largest non-alcoholic beverage company in the world. The main objective of this thesis is to provide an investment recommendation based on the estimated equity value of the company. Throughout the paper, all major issues are addressed in order to provide an accurate valuation. First, different valuation approaches are explored, followed by an overview of the company and the external environment. Finally, the forecasting assumptions are shown and concluded with a comparison of the result of this thesis with the Deutsche Bank report. In addition to the DCF valuation approach, the relative valuation was chosen to test the assumptions and compare them to the current market values. Finally, through both increasing and gradual cost efficiency as well as through revenue growth in growing markets and segments, a buy recommendation is given, based on the DCF approach of $61.28 per share.
Esta dissertação cobre a avaliação patrimonial da The Coca-Cola Company, a maior empresa de bebidas não-alcoólicas do mundo. O principal objectivo desta tese é fornecer uma recomendação de investimento baseada no valor estimado do capital próprio da empresa. Ao longo do documento, todas as questões principais são abordadas, a fim de fornecer uma avaliação precisa. Em primeiro lugar, são exploradas diferentes abordagens de avaliação, seguidas de uma visão geral da empresa e do ambiente externo. Finalmente, os pressupostos de previsão são mostrados e concluídos com uma comparação do resultado desta tese com o relatório do Deutsche Bank. Para além da abordagem de avaliação DCF, a avaliação relativa foi escolhida para testar os pressupostos e compará-los com os valores de mercado actuais. Finalmente, tanto através do aumento e da eficiência gradual dos custos como através do crescimento das receitas em mercados e segmentos em crescimento, é dada uma recomendação de compra, com base na abordagem DCF de $61,28 por acção.

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Tanjung, Michelle. « Analazing the market potencial of Coca-Cola products at cinemas ». Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/21441.

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Sarmento, Tomás Maria Monteiro Leite de Morais. « The international strategy of Coca-Cola Sabco in Africa ». Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/17962.

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Les entreprises multinationales ont une influence considérable dans notre monde actuel. Elles font le lien entre les différents marchés, environnements, cultures et nations, tout en ayant la capacité de rapprocher ces extrêmes dans une scène étendue et globalisée. Bien que cela semble très philanthrope et avec des résultats positifs, il n'est pas toujours évident de connecter ces points et de les étendre à un nouveau pays, et plus particulièrement en ce qui concerne les pays en voie de développement . Dans ce document de recherche, il est proposé d'analyser la stratégie d'internationalisation de l'usine d'embouteillage et distributeur multinationale sudafricaine, connue comme Sabco. Celle-ci opère sous le nom de The Coca-Cola Company, l'une des entreprises les plus accomplie de tous les temps. L'objectif principal de cette recherche est de contextualiser les différents types de difficultés, les obstacles et les défis auxquels une multinationale peut être confrontée, et de relier les stratégies respectives mises en oeuvre par cette société pour surmonter ces problèmes. Cela se fera par l'introduction du plan de Sabco d'action en Éthiopie, au Mozambique et en Ouganda. Enfin, il sera fourni un modèle de matrice composé de trois principales variables macro-économiques qui pourraient être utiles, pour une multinationale, comme un outil complémentaire à l'appui d'une décision de la stratégie d'expansion . Dans la dernière partie, il sera présenté les limites de ce travail de recherche et les futures propositions d'études.
Multinational companies have a huge influence in the global world that we live in today. They are the bridges between different markets, environments, cultures and nations, having the capability to approximate all these extremes to one wide and globalized atmosphere. But although it seems very philanthropic and with positive outcomes, it is not always easy to connect these points and expand to a new country, especially when considering developing countries. In this research paper it is proposed to analyse the strategy of internationalization of a South African Multinational bottler and distributor, known as Sabco, that operates under the name of The Coca-Cola Company, one of the most succeed companies of all times. The main objective is to contextualize with the different types of difficulties, obstacles and challenges that a multinational can be confronted with, and link the respective strategies implemented by this company to overcome those issues. This will be done by introducing the action plan of Sabco in Ethiopia, Mozambique and Uganda. At the end, it will be provided a matrix model composed by three main macroeconomic variables which could be useful, for a multinational company, as a complementary tool to support on an expansion strategy decision. On the last part, it will be presented the research paper limitations and future research propositions.

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Cutelo, Lorena. « The Coca Cola Company - Non-alcoholic beverages : a changing business ». Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/35222.

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Chmielarska, Martyna. « A journey towards sustainability : the Coca-Cola company case study ». Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/69088.

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Responding to a challenge of sustainability and tracking the nature and scope of the company’s sustainable goals will profoundly affect the competitiveness, and perhaps even survival of the organizations. However, willing corporations still do not have efficient sustainable long-term orientation. The United Nation’s Agenda 2030 and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have pointed the direction for achieving sustainability, concurrently becoming its powerful ally. This paper walks the reader through the journey The Coca-Cola Company managers had to undergo on a way towards sustainability. It enables discussions on how to overcome managerial challenges and capabilities needed to successfully integrate sustainability into the organization’s operations and tackle arousing industrial tensions which occur along the growing trend of sustainability.

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Schneider, Stefan. « How to design a measurable shared value strategy : the case of Coca-Cola Brazil ». Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/20674.

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This dissertation in form of a case study discusses the concept of Creating Shared Value (CSV), a management strategy focused on creating business value by identifying and addressing social issues, which is seen by many as an evolution of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The main focus of this study is set on the development of a measurable shared value strategy. The case of Coca-Cola Brazil in the year 2008, when the company took the decision to develop a strategy to target the country´s low-income group, shall be used to illustrate the process of creating a successful measurable shared value strategy. This case study is aimed at both undergraduate and graduate students in the field of business taking a view at several areas such as strategy and social responsibility. In addition to the case study itself, this dissertation provides an extensive literature review and detailed teaching notes, which serve as a roadmap when using the case study for teaching purposes. The objective of the case study at hand is threefold: First, to teach how to develop a feasible, measurable shared value strategy. Second, to raise awareness about the opportunities of CSV and to show that addressing social needs is far from being a mere philanthropic activity, but rather a great source of competitive advantage. Third, the case study shall serve as a means for students to develop a stronger social mindset in their future careers.
Esta dissertação na forma de um estudo de caso discute o conceito de Criação de Valor Compartilhado (CSV), uma estratégia de gestão focada na criação de valor económico através da identificação e tratamento das problemas sociais, o que é visto por muitos como uma evolução da Responsabilidade Social Empresarial (RSE). O foco principal deste estudo é definida no desenvolvimento de uma estratégia mensurável de valor compartilhado. O caso de Coca-Cola Brasil no ano de 2008, quando a empresa tomou a decisão de desenvolver uma estratégia para atingir o grupo de baixa renda do país, deve ser utilizado para ilustrar o processo de criação de uma estratégia de valor compartilhado mensurável bem-sucedida. Este estudo de caso é destinado a estudantes de graduação e pós-graduação na área de negócios, tendo uma vista em várias áreas como estratégia e responsabilidade social. Além do estudo de caso, esta dissertação fornece uma extensa revisão da literatura e notas de ensino. O objetivo deste estudo de caso é triplo: Primeiro, para ensinar como desenvolver uma estratégia viável e mensurável de valor compartilhado. Em segundo lugar, para aumentar a conscientização sobre as oportunidades de CSV e mostrar que lidar com as necessidades sociais está longe de ser uma mera atividade filantrópica, mas sim uma grande fonte de vantagem competitiva. Em terceiro lugar, o estudo de caso deve servir como ferramenta para os alunos a desenvolver uma mentalidade social mais forte em suas futuras carreiras.

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Busnel, Romain. « L'art de saisir l'État : la défense de la culture de coca au Pérou et en Bolivie ». Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25573.

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Thèse réalisée dans le cadre d'une cotutelle entre l'Université de Montréal et l'Université de Lille
En Bolivie et au Pérou, les régions de production de coca, principales cibles des politiques de lutte contre les drogues depuis les années 1970, sont souvent considérées comme en proie à une certaine « faiblesse », « défaillance » ou « absence » de l’État, et « dominées » par le pouvoir de groupes s’adonnant à des activités criminelles. Menée à partir des cas du Tropique de Cochabamba (Bolivie) et de la Vallée des fleuves Apurímac, Ene et Mantaro (VRAEM, Pérou), premiers foyers de production nationaux d’une coca majoritairement destinée aux marchés illicites, cette recherche s’inscrit à rebours de ces analyses, en montrant que non seulement l’État est bien là, mais qu’il aussi est maintenu et saisi par les organisations rurales de défense de la coca. À partir d’une enquête ethnographique, cette thèse analyse par le bas et dans une perspective comparée les intrications entre économie illicite, mobilisations et États. Elle montre comment fédérations agricoles et syndicales s’appuient sur la coca pour construire des pratiques communales de gouvernement, des identités régionales et des cadrages suffisamment mobilisateurs pour obtenir des politiques de développement censées compenser le « narcotrafic » ou le « narcoterrorisme ». Les dirigeants des organisations sociales construisent leur leadership politique dans la lutte et se positionnent ensuite comme intermédiaires auprès de l’État. Occuper des fonctions administratives et électives leur permet alors de diriger davantage de ressources publiques vers leurs régions d’origine, de défendre la coca dans les institutions, voire de retracer les frontières entre activités légales et illégales. Culture de la coca et politiques de développement deviennent alors des ressources constitutives de l’économie morale des cultivateurs. Ces processus se donnent néanmoins à voir différemment. Au Tropique de Cochabamba, il s’agit d’une saisie corporatiste, propre aux liens forts qui unissent les syndicats de cultivateurs de coca, le MAS, parti au pouvoir jusqu’en 2019, et l’État bolivien. Cette modalité a permis aux syndicats d’obtenir des ressources publiques, des droits, de désigner ses intermédiaires en échange d’un soutien au parti et au gouvernement. Au VRAEM, le faible ancrage des partis politiques dans la société péruvienne laisse le champ libre aux dirigeants de la fédération agricole pour saisir l’État selon une logique entrepreneuriale, par laquelle ils font valoir des ressources propres et des relations pour la plupart extérieures à leur région d’origine. Le détour par ces régions éclaire les relations entre secteurs populaires et État et contribue à décloisonner l’étude des mouvements sociaux. La comparaison en miroir offre une palette d’outils pour appréhender « l’art de saisir l’État » à travers une sociologie des organisations, des syndicats et des partis politiques.
The coca growing regions of Bolivia and Peru have been a focal point of drug control policies in these two countries since the 1970s. These regions are often portrayed as being subject to a weak, failed or even absent state, and under the control of criminal groups. Focusing on the Tropic of Cochabamba (Bolivia) and VRAEM (Peru) regions, the main national hotbeds of coca mostly destined for illicit markets, this research challenges this idea by showing that not only is the State present, but that it is also maintained and seized by rural coca-producing organizations. Based on an ethnographic survey, I study from the ground and in a comparative perspective the interplay between the illicit economy, social movements and the State itself. I show how agricultural and trade union federations use coca to build communal government practices, regional identities and frameworks to mobilize and obtain development policies meant to compensate for "narcotrafficking" or "narcoterrorism". The leaders of social organizations build their political leadership from the struggle and then place themselves as intermediaries with the State. Occupying administrative and elective functions allows them to channel more public resources to their native regions, to defend coca in institutions, and even to redraw the boundaries between legal and illegal activities. As such, coca cultivation and development policies become resources that constitute the moral economy of the growers. However, the views behind these political processes differ from one region to the other. In the Tropic of Cochabamba, it is a corporatist seizing process, inherent to the strong ties between the coca growers' unions, the MAS party in power until 2019, and the Bolivian state. This has allowed the unions to obtain public resources, rights, and the appointment of its intermediaries in exchange for support to the party and the government. In the VRAEM, the weak anchoring of political parties in Peruvian society enables agricultural federation leaders to seize the state through an entrepreneurial logic. They assert their own resources and relations, mostly outside their home region. The detour through these regions sheds light on the relations between the informal popular sectors and the State and broadens the scope of the study of social movements. The comparison thus offers a range of tools to apprehend the "art of seizing the state" through a sociology of organizations, unions and political parties.
En Bolivia y en el Perú, las regiones productoras de coca, principales blancos de las políticas de lucha contra las drogas desde los años 70, suelen ser consideradas como zonas afectadas por la "debilidad", el "fracaso" o la "ausencia" del Estado y "dominadas" por el poder de los grupos criminales. Partiendo de los casos del Trópico de Cochabamba (Bolivia) y del VRAEM (Perú), principales focos nacionales de producción de una coca mayormente destinada a los mercados ilícitos, la presente investigación contrasta con esos análisis. Demuestro que no sólo está presente el Estado, sino que también está mantenido y tomado por las organizaciones rurales de defensa de la coca. Sobre la base de un estudio etnográfico, esta tesis analiza desde abajo y con una perspectiva comparativa las interrelaciones entre la economía ilícita, las movilizaciones y los Estados. Muestro como las federaciones agrícolas y sindicales usan la coca para construir prácticas comunales de gobierno, identidades regionales, marcos de acción colectiva para obtener políticas de desarrollo que supuestamente compensan al "narcotráfico" o al “narcoterrorismo". Los líderes de las organizaciones sociales construyen su liderazgo político en la lucha y se posicionan como intermediarios con el Estado. Al ocupar funciones administrativas y electivas, pueden dirigir más recursos públicos a sus regiones de origen, defender la coca en las instituciones e incluso trazar los límites entre las actividades legales e ilegales. De esta forma, el cultivo de la coca y las políticas de desarrollo se convierten en recursos que constituyen la economía moral de los agricultores. Sin embargo, estos procesos se ven de manera distinta. En el Trópico de Cochabamba, se trata de una apropiación del Estado corporativista, caracterizada por los fuertes lazos entre los sindicatos de cocaleros, el MAS, partido en el poder hasta 2019, y el Estado boliviano. Esta modalidad ha permitido a los sindicatos obtener recursos públicos, derechos y la designación de sus intermediarios a cambio de apoyo al partido y al gobierno. En el VRAEM, el escaso asentamiento de los partidos políticos en la sociedad peruana permite a los líderes de las federaciones agrícolas apropiarse del Estado a través de una lógica empresarial. Hacen valer sus propios recursos y relaciones, en su mayoría fuera de su región de origen. El camino por estas regiones aclara las relaciones entre los sectores populares y el Estado y contribuye a ampliar el estudio de los movimientos sociales. Así, la comparación ofrece una gama de herramientas para aprehender el "arte de apropiarse del Estado" a través de una sociología de organizaciones, sindicatos y partidos políticos.

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