Thèses sur le sujet « Climatic tracers »
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Duvert, Clement. « Stream & ; groundwater responses to episodic recharge : Integrating time-series analysis & ; environmental tracers ». Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/94989/12/Clement_Duvert_Thesis.pdf.
Texte intégralBouchet, Marie. « Coherent dating of deep polar ice cores and implications for understanding climate mechanisms ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASJ020.
Texte intégralIt is possible to gain insights from past climate natural variability in order to constrain the response of the climate system to change in the external forcing and future projections. Paleoclimate data provide empirical estimates of pre-anthropic large-scale climate change across a range of timescales, including the long timescales (several thousand years) associated with the glacial-interglacial transitions of great amplitude that affected Earth's climate every ~100 thousand years over the past million years. This is of particular interest for climatic projections, as it may allow for the estimation of the rate of ice cap melting. Furthermore, paleoclimate data can be employed to investigate "tipping point" events, which show the potential for rapid (over a few decades) and significant instabilities in the climate system. Among the paleo archives, deep polar ice cores are distinctive in that they offer direct records of ancient global atmospheric composition in greenhouse gases and documented past local changes in snowfall and temperature. My PhD focused on the EPICA Dome C (EDC) drilling site in East Antarctica which provides the oldest continuous ice core record so far. It documents climate change that occurred over a wide range of timescales (from a few decades to several thousands of years) over the past 800,000 years. While water isotopes are classically used to infer past temperature and accumulation rate when measured in ice cores, we show that δ¹⁵N of N2 measured in air bubbles trapped in ice core can be a complementary tool. δ¹⁵N of N2 indeed reflects the depth of bubble enclosure in the ice sheet, itself driven by surface temperature and snow accumulation rate at surface. A new record of δ¹⁵N of N2 over the last 800 kyr is presented and provides an accurate identification of the lead-lag relationship between atmospheric CO₂ and Antarctic climate over deglaciations. Secondly, I developed a precise, coherent timescale for five deep polar ice cores, spanning the past 800,000 years, known as the Antarctic Ice Core Chronology (AICC) 2023. This timescale is built using the probabilistic dating model Paleochrono-1.1 and constrained by new EDC measurements and glaciological modeling outputs. This permitted to reduce the average uncertainty of the EDC age scale from 1,700 to 900 years. The revised chronology aligns better with independent and absolute chronologies of other paleo archives.Furthermore, we proposed a methodology for constructing coherent, relative, and absolute chronologies for marine and glacial archives over past glacial-interglacial cycles. Evaluating the sensitivity of the coherent chronology to dating methodologies produced robust error bars, aiding in the precise identification of climatic event sequences (e.g. relative timing of changes in insolation, atmospheric greenhouse gases, global sea level, and regional temperatures) during glacial-interglacial transitions. In a preliminary study, we identify a few-year lead of atmospheric CO2 with respect to sea level in six of the seven latest deglaciations. Further research is needed to study the implications of such chronologies to understand the causal relationships between external forcing and the climate's internal response.My approach combined glaciological and statistical modeling with an experimental analysis of air trapped in EDC ice core and a data analysis of various paleo records from polar ice cores, marine sedimentary cores and speleothems. My research contributes significantly to improving climate reconstructions from ice cores, reducing dating uncertainties, and developing coherent chronological frameworks. These advancements enhance our understanding of the climate's response to an external forcing and of the interactions between different Earth System components during glacial-interglacial transitions
Burn, Laurie. « Isotopic and elemental tracers in ice and snow as indicators of source regions of aerosols and changing environmental conditions ». Thesis, Curtin University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/152.
Texte intégralDelfim, Ricardo. « Estudo espaço-temporal da variação dos parâmetros físicos e químicos no transecto 30ºS do Oceano Atlântico Sul ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/21/21133/tde-27032013-140708/.
Texte intégralIn the 90s comes the first attempt of generate data able to legitimize a comprehensive global climate model: The Wolrd Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE). Within various subprograms inserted into the WOCE, highlight the WOCE Hydrographic Program (WHP). The JAMSTEC (Japan Marine Science and Technology Center), after about a decade back to reoccupy some stations of WOCE-WHP, with a program called BEAGLE (Blue Earth Global Expedition), proposing to detect and quantify changes related to global warming. The 1st Trans-Atlantic Oceanographic Commission (TAI 2009) was also created as a project of A10 section reoccupation, aiming to identify spatial and temporal changes in oceanographic parameters after two decades WOCE-WHP and BEAGLE sampling. The A10 section, represents the axis of South Atlantic Ocean (~ 30?S). Considering the values of temperature and salinity the presence of at least five water masses can be inferred: i) Surface Tropical Water (ATS) above isopícnal ?0 = 26.70, ii) South Atlantic Central Water (ACAS) below the isopícnal ?1 = 27.05 iii) Antarctic Intermediate Water (AIA) below the isopícnal ?2 = 27.20, (iv) North Atlantic Deep Water (APAN) below the isopícnal ?3 = 27.70, v) Antarctic Bottom Water (AAF). On the superficial layers of the three programs, it was noted an inverse proportionality between the concentrations of nutrients and dissolved oxygen. The TAI program, throughout the A10 transect, showed the lowest concentrations of nutrients below 1000 dbar. The warmer in the superficial layers was WOCE-WHP. On the layers above the thermocline (~ 1000 dbar), the BEAGLE Program around East Basin, showed some anomalies that suggest its sampling happened during some more intense upwelling activity, for its year than in years of WHP- WOCE and TAI programs. But based on the results of the TAI Program, at the east end of the South Atlantic Basin, it\'s possible to infer that there is upwelling of South Atlantic Central Water (ACAS), coming from about 900 dbar depth on the South African continental shelf.
Pourrier, Jonathan. « Caractérisation des processus de transferts et d’interactions entre les compartiments hydrologiques, hydrogéologiques et cryosphériques d’un bassin versant andin semi-aride soumis à une forte variabilité climatique (Vallée de l’Elqui – Chili) ». Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20108/document.
Texte intégralThe north Chile is affected by an arid to semi-arid climate, associated with a strong seasonal to inter-annual variability. In this region, while mountainous areas are supporting low areas, the availability of water resources remains limited. In order to improve the water management in these basins, it is necessary to precise how the high areas support the low areas, and to characterize water transfers and interaction processes between the constitutive compartments of the hydrosystem. This work concern the characterization of the hydrodynamic behavior of the Elqui watershed from the headwaters, in the Andes, to the valleys, ranging between 500 and 2000 m.a.s.l.In the headwaters, the interactions processes between cryospheric and hydrologic compartments and their impact on water transfers to the low areas are characterized. The behavior of unglacierized or partially glacierized watershed is also studied. In the low area of the watershed, the study mainly considers groundwater-surface water interactions under semi-arid context and the impact of the climatic variability on these processes. This study is based on more than 40 years of hydro-meteorological data available in the lower zone of the basin, completed by hydrological measurements in the upper zone (> 2000 m.a.s.l.) and chemical (majors and traces elements) and isotopic samples (²D, 18O) over the whole study area realized between 2011 and 2013.This work demonstrated that the conceptual model of the Elqui basin hydrological behavior, generally accepted, was incomplete. In the high area (> 2000 m.a.s.l.), the study of a glacierized watershed show that the function of the cryosphere overpass the water production with some compartments storing water during humid periods and draining their water content during dry periods. This process buffers the temporal variability of precipitations and melting rates in the high area. Physico-chemical analysis, allows to identify some ignored aquifer compartments, as the volcanic and plutonic compartments. The results of this study improve the knowledge about interactions processes between cryospheric, hydrologic and hydrogeologic compartments, which precise the hydrological functioning of the high area. The interpretation of the hydrological behavior of the high altitude area allows to better understand the way that it support the low area, and the way that climate variability may affects it.In the low area, results show that the groundwater-surface water interaction potential is good between alluvial and hydrological compartments, but also between the plutonic and the alluvial compartments. The study of hydro-meteorological and physico-chemical data allowed to characterize the type of exchanges that take place between groundwater and surface water. In some sectors the main process is the recharge of the alluvial compartment by the hydrological compartment, while in other sectors the processes show a seasonal variability with periods of alluvial compartment recharge and periods of hydrological compartment support. The answer of these processes face to climatic and anthropic forcing will constrain the evolution of the availability and quality of the water resources in the Elqui basin. Finally, the results of this study will certainly allow to better anticipate the future modifications of the semi-arid mountainous watershed hydrological functioning
Capell, René. « Modelling dominant runoff processes using tracers and landscape organisation in larger catchments ». Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2011. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=186120.
Texte intégralArmandine, Les Landes Antoine. « Impact des variations climatiques sur les ressources hydrogéologiques ». Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1S101/document.
Texte intégralGroundwater resources represent approximately 98% of global freshwater resources available for humans on our planet; therefore groundwater is fundamental resource of our societies. Due to climate change and strong link between climate and the cycle of water, an understandable concern is appeared about the potential impacts of climate change on water resources. Nowadays, growing body of evidence supports the fact that changes in climatic conditions (temperature, precipitation, evaporation…) impact the hydrologic cycle and consequently groundwater resources. The identification of groundwater sensibility to climate variations has become essential. The climate is a highly complex system where its variations drive by many factors both natural and human occurs on all time scales. Climatic changes are not a new phenomenon, groundwater resources have already been impacted by effects of climatic variations, are impacting presently and will be in the future. The work carried out under this thesis covered this problematic to characterize the groundwater resources sensibility to climate variations. With the help of environmental tracers analyzed at the regional scale, impacts of major climate events occurred since the last millions years (marine transgression and glacial period) have been identified in the current hydrogeologic system. Then, support by hydrogeological modeling the impact of climate change has been studied through the specific relationships between groundwater and surface water bodies and ocean. All these studies highlight the important sensibility of groundwater resources to climate variations in terms of quality (salinization) and quantity (lower water levels). Hydrogeological resources are particularly sensitive to climate and hydrological variations (recharge changes, seawater intrusion…), as well as to non-climatic factors (human activities). Thus groundwater resources management needs to consider both climatic and non-climatic risks and the long-term adaptation of these systems
Ternois, Yann. « Contribution des traceurs organiques a l'etude des paleo-climats ». Paris 6, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA066409.
Texte intégralMarques, Alessandra Abe Pacini Schmidt. « The role of hydrogen and beryllium isotopes as tracers of solar and climate variability ». Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 2010. http://urlib.net/sid.inpe.br/mtc-m19/2010/09.10.18.49.
Texte intégralThe history of Earth's climate and the role of solar activity as a driver of the observed changes can be recovered through the study of natural records. Among them, stable isotopes of hydrogen and cosmogenic radioisotopes of beryllium are usually analyzed, especially from ice cores and air samples. In this thesis, deuterium/hydrogen ratio from ice cores and $^7$Be activity from air samples are analyzed to study the role of different climatic and solar phenomena in their variation. Deuterium isotope data were obtained from polar (Greenland, Antarctic) and equatorial (Andes) regions for the last four decades (1951-1994). It has been found that deuterium series present a decadal cycle, which might be a direct influence of solar irradiance modulation on the hydrological cycle. Furthermore, the results emphasize the importance of the local climatic system on the deuterium isotopic temporal variability. Berylium-7 data were obtained from near-ground air samples measured since 1987 around the Angras Nuclear Power Station (with 3-month time resolution) , in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and also from air-samples acquired by our own instrumentation installed in the campus of University of Rio de Janeiro State since late 2008 (with weekly time resolution). Data and model results from Oulu University, Finland, were also used in the $^7$Be variability study. For the Brazilian isotopic data, the dominant driver of its modulation was found to be the regional precipitation pattern, with the local production by cosmic-rays having a minor effect on its variability. Moreover, our results indicate that anomalous events of tropospheric dynamics may also imprint information about air masses 3-D movement in the near-ground air $^7$Be data. Thus, this thesis explores the information contained in the studied isotopic time series, showing the potential scientific uses of them and highlighting the necessity of more careful interpretations of the isotopic modulation as proxies of climatic and solar variations.
Drösler, Matthias. « Trace gas exchange and climatic relevance of bog ecosystems, Southern Germany ». [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=977967735.
Texte intégralVadsaria, Tristan. « Identifier et modéliser les facteurs ayant contribué à la formation du dernier épisode de sapropèle en mer Méditerranée ». Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV076/document.
Texte intégralSapropel events are anoxic crisis occurring quasi-periodically (21000 years) since the Mediterranean Sea became semi enclosed around 14 Ma ago, with only one connection to the global ocean through the Gibraltar strait. The high level of organic content found in sapropels suggests the shutdown of the deep ventilation, and an enhanced biological activity leading to the accumulation of organic material in sediments for thousands of years. Numerous studies highlighted the role of African monsoon enhancement, linked to precession variation, as the trigger of sapropels. The increased precipitation over the Nile catchment provided a huge amount of freshwater through the Nile River into the salty Eastern Mediterranean, leading to a strong stratification of the water column, the reduction of intermediate and deep convection and ultimately to the development of anoxic environment. This hypothesis was robust enough to explain the sapropels due to the correlation between their frequency and precession variation. However, the diversity of these events in strength, duration and cyclicality cannot be entirely explained with this sole hypothesis. This is the case, for instance, of the last sapropel event, “S1”, which occurred between 10.5 and 7 ka BP, at the end of the last glacial episode. Recent works depicted the non-synchronous timing of the precession, monsoon enhancement and S1 deposition, and invoked other factors, such as sea level rise and climate variation to drive the establishment of anoxic environment in Mediterranean Sea. In this thesis, we investigate, with the help of climate modeling, the contribution of the Nile River during S1 but also other factors potentially more important. First, we took advantage of recent εNd data investigation during S1 to include this tracer, which is appropriate to assess the paleo-oceanic circulation, in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model at 1/8° to represent properly the changes in convection. In a second part, to account for other hydrological changes linked with the Early Holocene climate, we developed a global-regional model architecture to represent the Mediterranean region climate and its oceanic circulation. Finally, we use this model to evaluate the deglaciation of the Eurasian ice-sheet through the Black Sea toward the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. The main results show the capability of simulated εNd to capture the convection changes in response to high freshwater input, validated by data. Our model architecture allows the simulation of the Mediterranean Early Holocene climate and associated hydrological changes with a numerical cost lower than the coupled configuration. Finally, the continental deglaciation would be complementary to the sea level rise to destabilize the deep ventilation and lead to favorable condition to the development of S1. In summary, we developed three different approaches and dedicated tools to investigate the hydrological perturbations occurring prior to Early Holocene over the Mediterranean basin, which drastically modified the ocean dynamics to favor anoxia crisis
Colbert, Angela Joy. « Sensitivity of North Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Tracks to Climate Variability and Climate Change ». Scholarly Repository, 2010. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_theses/64.
Texte intégralLorrain, Anne. « Utilisation de la coquille Saint-Jacques comme traceur environnemental : approches biologique et biogéochimique ». Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00452437.
Texte intégralCasado, Mathieu. « Water stable isotopic composition on the East Antarctic Plateau : measurements at low temperature of the vapour composition, utilisation as an atmospheric tracer and implication for paleoclimate studies ». Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV058/document.
Texte intégralIce cores enable reconstruction of past climates, from among others water stable isotopic composition (δ18O, δ17O et δD). On the East Antarctic Plateau, very cold temperature and low accumulation provide the longest ice core records (up to 800 000 years) but embrangle the interpretation of isotopic composition. First, reconstructions of temperature variations from ice core water isotopic composition are based on models used to describe the evolution of the isotopic composition of the vapour and of the condensed phase over the entire water cycle. These models have been developed during the last decades and depend upon precise determinations of isotopic fractionation coefficients associated to each phase transition and upon hypotheses to describe cloud microphysics.During the formation of snowflakes at low temperature, two types of isotopic fractionations need to be taken into account: equilibrium fractionation, associated to the vapour to ice phase transition and kinetic fractionation associated to the difference of diffusivity of the different isotopes. At low temperature, determinations of equilibrium fractionation coefficients present important discrepancies and have never been realised for temperature below -40°C. However, mean annual temperature at Dome C is around -54°C reaching -85°C in winter. For the diffusivities of the different isotopes, they have never been measured at temperature below 10°C. All these gaps result in important uncertainties on the link between isotopic composition and temperature, especially for cold and dry conditions such as encountered on the East Antarctic Plateau.Furthermore, because of the very low amount of precipitation, physical processes affecting the isotopic composition of the snow after the deposition of snowflakes can results in an important contribution to the isotopic budget. In order to estimate the impact of the post-deposition processes on the water vapour isotopic composition, it is necessary to characterise the isotopic fractionation at the snow/atmosphere interface for temperature down to -90°C.In order to improve isotopic paleothermometer performances, it is primordial to study processes affecting snow isotopic composition. Toward this goal, my Ph-D has been at the interface between monitoring of processes affecting isotopes, both in laboratory experiments and field studies, and instrumental development to push the limits of water vapour isotopic composition trace detection. On one hand, new developments in optical feedback frequency stabilisation applied for the first time to water isotopic composition monitoring provide performances beyond any commercial instrument and can be used for thorough processes studies. The laser frequency is stabilised by optical feedback from an ultra-stable cavity to the hertz level. Then, the light is injected in high performances cavity with a sensibility of 10-13 cm-1.Hz-1/2. This enables measuring isotopic composition with a precision below the ppm level.On the other hand, laboratory experiments have supported theories about isotopic fractionation associated to the vapour to ice phase transition and to kinetic fractionation linked to the difference of diffusivities of the different isotopes. Finally, these physical models have been collated to field measurements realised at Dome C in Antarctica, which are among the first water vapour and snow isotopic composition measurements realised inland Antarctica. These measurements show how important is the contribution of the sublimation condensation cycles to the snow isotopic composition budget on the East Antarctic Plateau
Vicari, Rosa. « Digital traces of climate risks : assessing the communication impact of Paris resilience strategy ». Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1168.
Texte intégralClimate pressures contribute to the complexity of urban systems that have multiple functions and interacting components. The concept of resilience introduces a holistic approach, embracing both the physical environmental and the socio-economic components of cities. This thesis contributes to the current need to forge this link when studying climate-related risks in urban areas. More specifically, it attempts to answer the question: how can we assess the impact of communication on urban resilience?‘Resilience thinking’ involves overcoming fragmentation in risk management, by creating synergies among stakeholders. It is a challenge that illustrates the importance of the ‘social construction of reality’: a specific dimension of the city that corresponds to the perceptions and attitudes of the urban community regarding an issue or solution. Identifying relevant communication indicators is a prerequisite to collecting meaningful data on stakeholder views and evaluating their impact on resilience.With these premises in mind, the thesis proposes new communication indicators. These indicators have been created and tested in the context of the Paris region to investigate the communication processes that underlie local climate resilience strategies.The first part of this study revolves around the communication actions implemented in Paris by local, national and international authorities in the framework of flood resilience strategies. Recurrent and relevant communication variables have been identified and used as a basis to outline communication indicators.Some of these indicators have then been tested. A first series of experiments are based on research methods that are usually adopted by SIA (Social Impact Assessment) experts. Exploration techniques of unstructured big data (advanced text mining and complex network representation) have been used for a second set of experiments.The experiments based on SIA techniques (press coverage monitoring, a questionnaire and interviews) have been carried out in the framework of the communication strategy of Interreg NWE IVB RainGain, a European project on urban flood resilience.Communication impact has been evaluated in both quantitative (frequency of communication activities and audience size) and qualitative terms (knowledge transfer and risk perception reduction). Impact evolution over time and correlations with another resilience driver (weather hazards) have been also addressed.The experiments based on text mining and network representation have resulted into an analysis of the socio-semantic networks that underlie digital communications.Four corpora of texts have been extracted from the Web: tweets and press news covering the Seine River flood of 2016 and the Alpes-Maritimes flood of 2015; public authorities’ documents on flood risk management in the Paris region, released from 2003 to 2017.The analysis of the corpora was supported by open source software (Gargantext and Gephi) and it has involved several steps: extraction of hundreds of key terms; network representations based on key term co-occurrences; cluster visualisation based on adjacency matrix; quantitative analysis of the nodes and edges. This has allowed appraising the most prominent topics and actors, as well as frequent connections and clusters of topics and actors that characterise the media and political debates.Through a comparison of the four corpora, it has been possible to observe ho these patterns change in the context of two different extreme weather events, in the short-term and in the long-term
Anderson, David. « Feature tracking validation of storm tracks in model data ». Thesis, University of Reading, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269957.
Texte intégralKarroca, Ornela <1986>. « Molecular tracers and untargeted characterization of water soluble organic compounds in polar ice for climate change studies ». Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/14079.
Texte intégralGuido, Zack, Jennifer C. McIntosh, Shirley A. Papuga et Thomas Meixner. « Seasonal glacial meltwater contributions to surface water in the Bolivian Andes : A case study using environmental tracers ». ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626096.
Texte intégralVadsaria, Tristan. « Identifier et modéliser les facteurs ayant contribué à la formation du dernier épisode de sapropèle en mer Méditerranée ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV076.
Texte intégralSapropel events are anoxic crisis occurring quasi-periodically (21000 years) since the Mediterranean Sea became semi enclosed around 14 Ma ago, with only one connection to the global ocean through the Gibraltar strait. The high level of organic content found in sapropels suggests the shutdown of the deep ventilation, and an enhanced biological activity leading to the accumulation of organic material in sediments for thousands of years. Numerous studies highlighted the role of African monsoon enhancement, linked to precession variation, as the trigger of sapropels. The increased precipitation over the Nile catchment provided a huge amount of freshwater through the Nile River into the salty Eastern Mediterranean, leading to a strong stratification of the water column, the reduction of intermediate and deep convection and ultimately to the development of anoxic environment. This hypothesis was robust enough to explain the sapropels due to the correlation between their frequency and precession variation. However, the diversity of these events in strength, duration and cyclicality cannot be entirely explained with this sole hypothesis. This is the case, for instance, of the last sapropel event, “S1”, which occurred between 10.5 and 7 ka BP, at the end of the last glacial episode. Recent works depicted the non-synchronous timing of the precession, monsoon enhancement and S1 deposition, and invoked other factors, such as sea level rise and climate variation to drive the establishment of anoxic environment in Mediterranean Sea. In this thesis, we investigate, with the help of climate modeling, the contribution of the Nile River during S1 but also other factors potentially more important. First, we took advantage of recent εNd data investigation during S1 to include this tracer, which is appropriate to assess the paleo-oceanic circulation, in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model at 1/8° to represent properly the changes in convection. In a second part, to account for other hydrological changes linked with the Early Holocene climate, we developed a global-regional model architecture to represent the Mediterranean region climate and its oceanic circulation. Finally, we use this model to evaluate the deglaciation of the Eurasian ice-sheet through the Black Sea toward the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. The main results show the capability of simulated εNd to capture the convection changes in response to high freshwater input, validated by data. Our model architecture allows the simulation of the Mediterranean Early Holocene climate and associated hydrological changes with a numerical cost lower than the coupled configuration. Finally, the continental deglaciation would be complementary to the sea level rise to destabilize the deep ventilation and lead to favorable condition to the development of S1. In summary, we developed three different approaches and dedicated tools to investigate the hydrological perturbations occurring prior to Early Holocene over the Mediterranean basin, which drastically modified the ocean dynamics to favor anoxia crisis
Casado, Mathieu. « Water stable isotopic composition on the East Antarctic Plateau : measurements at low temperature of the vapour composition, utilisation as an atmospheric tracer and implication for paleoclimate studies ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV058.
Texte intégralIce cores enable reconstruction of past climates, from among others water stable isotopic composition (δ18O, δ17O et δD). On the East Antarctic Plateau, very cold temperature and low accumulation provide the longest ice core records (up to 800 000 years) but embrangle the interpretation of isotopic composition. First, reconstructions of temperature variations from ice core water isotopic composition are based on models used to describe the evolution of the isotopic composition of the vapour and of the condensed phase over the entire water cycle. These models have been developed during the last decades and depend upon precise determinations of isotopic fractionation coefficients associated to each phase transition and upon hypotheses to describe cloud microphysics.During the formation of snowflakes at low temperature, two types of isotopic fractionations need to be taken into account: equilibrium fractionation, associated to the vapour to ice phase transition and kinetic fractionation associated to the difference of diffusivity of the different isotopes. At low temperature, determinations of equilibrium fractionation coefficients present important discrepancies and have never been realised for temperature below -40°C. However, mean annual temperature at Dome C is around -54°C reaching -85°C in winter. For the diffusivities of the different isotopes, they have never been measured at temperature below 10°C. All these gaps result in important uncertainties on the link between isotopic composition and temperature, especially for cold and dry conditions such as encountered on the East Antarctic Plateau.Furthermore, because of the very low amount of precipitation, physical processes affecting the isotopic composition of the snow after the deposition of snowflakes can results in an important contribution to the isotopic budget. In order to estimate the impact of the post-deposition processes on the water vapour isotopic composition, it is necessary to characterise the isotopic fractionation at the snow/atmosphere interface for temperature down to -90°C.In order to improve isotopic paleothermometer performances, it is primordial to study processes affecting snow isotopic composition. Toward this goal, my Ph-D has been at the interface between monitoring of processes affecting isotopes, both in laboratory experiments and field studies, and instrumental development to push the limits of water vapour isotopic composition trace detection. On one hand, new developments in optical feedback frequency stabilisation applied for the first time to water isotopic composition monitoring provide performances beyond any commercial instrument and can be used for thorough processes studies. The laser frequency is stabilised by optical feedback from an ultra-stable cavity to the hertz level. Then, the light is injected in high performances cavity with a sensibility of 10-13 cm-1.Hz-1/2. This enables measuring isotopic composition with a precision below the ppm level.On the other hand, laboratory experiments have supported theories about isotopic fractionation associated to the vapour to ice phase transition and to kinetic fractionation linked to the difference of diffusivities of the different isotopes. Finally, these physical models have been collated to field measurements realised at Dome C in Antarctica, which are among the first water vapour and snow isotopic composition measurements realised inland Antarctica. These measurements show how important is the contribution of the sublimation condensation cycles to the snow isotopic composition budget on the East Antarctic Plateau
Day, Christopher Charles. « Trace-metals and isotopes in carbonates : understanding past climate records ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.555370.
Texte intégralSoubrand-Colin, Marilyne. « Localisation, distribution et mobilité des ETM dans des sols développés sur roches basaltiques en climat tempéré ». Limoges, 2004. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/dc748927-4074-49be-a246-c087bcc555a1/blobholder:0/2004LIMO0046.pdf.
Texte intégralSix soils from the French Massif Central, submitted to different microclimatic environments, have been studied in order to determine the distribution and speciation of metallic trace elements (MTE) in the solid fraction of soils developed on weathered basalts and basanites. The tertiary basaltic rocks, and their subsequent developed soils, present high Cr (248-455 mg/kg) and Ni (126-237 mg/kg) contents. These soils are all andic soils, rich in organo - complexes but presenting no allophane. Three different approaches were combined to study the fate and the mobility of the MTE during supergene alteration. The mineralogical study of the unweathered rocks pointed out that MTE are present in the chromiferous spinels, the titanomagnetites and in the ferromagnesian silicates (forsterite and augite). The hydrolysis of the ferromagnesian silicates as well as the spinels resistance to alteration are the two main parameters respectively controlling the released of the MTE and their retention in clays associated to the authigenic iron oxides. Isovolumic balance and enrichment factor are the two quantitative methods carried out to evidence the pedological and lithological roles of these parameters involved in the MTE distribution in the three soils developed on basalts. This study confirmed the mineralogical control on the Cr and Ni distribution whereas the Cu and Zn distribution is related to organic matter and organo - minerals complexes. Despite the alteration strength of the mineralogical carriers, Cr and Ni tend to be partially released from the leaching of andosols in colder and higher rainfall conditions on the contrary to the andic cambisols environments where Cr and Ni are preserved. The organic components role is evidenced by the immobilisation of Cu and Zn whereas the major elements (Na, Mg, Ca, Si) are highly released. The selective extractions confirmed the main association of Cu with the soil organic components. This study highlight the low potential mobility of the MTE in mountainous temperate climate on the contrary to previous works carried out in warmer climate environments
Winkler, Renato. « Triple-oxygen isotopic composition of meteoric waters : 17 O-excess a new tracer of the hydrological cycle ». Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VERS0040.
Texte intégralIce cores from polar ice sheets (Antarctica and Greenland) provide a precious climate archive which has allowed us to document the past climate and environment. The ice core records permit to gain insight in the mechanisms of global climate and help to predict future climate change. This PhD thesis has made use of the water isotopic composition of polar ice cores to investigate the mechanisms of the global hydrological cycle, which is a key element of Earth's Climate system. In our work we have analyzed 17O-excess (triple-oxygen isotopic composition of water) of meteoric waters which is a tracer of relative humidity over the ocean at evaporation. Our work has let to progress in the following aspects : analytical work in the laboratory and field (NEEM, Greenland) improved the robustness of 17O-excess calibration and consolidated its use as a tracer of the relative humidity at evaporation for the present and past climate ; while 17O-excess is a very valuable tracer of relative humidity of the oceanic source of coastal ice core sites in Antarctica, 17O-excess records from remote regions of the East Antarctic Plateau are not suitable as tracers of past relative humidity over the ocean. This finding is linked to results provided by our modelling studies where we could show that 17O-excess in ice from these remote sites (e. G. Vostok) is influenced by local effects (temperature or stratospheric input) ; isotopic analysis of snow together with General Circulation Modelling at Vostok revealed for the first time a possible stratospheric water vapour input at Vostok and suggested Mass-Independent Fractionation effects on the inter annual 17O-excess variability
Arnoux, Marie. « Interactions lacs-eaux souterraines et sensibilité aux changements climatiques et environnementaux ». Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS581/document.
Texte intégralIn the face of modern anthropogenic pressures, the preservation of freshwater resources, particularly groundwater, is paramount. This study investigates interactions between small lakes and groundwater in Quebec, where more than 10% of the territory is covered by freshwater including one million inventoried lakes, to determine whether these lakes may be used as indicators of groundwater change. Twenty-one kettle lakes, set in fluvioglacial deposits, have been specifically targeted for this study due to the high likelihood of connection to shallow unconfined aquifers. Groundwater flows were quantified via lake water balances coupled with two natural tracers of groundwater: stable isotopes of water and Radon-222. On a regional scale the majority of these lakes are characterized by an important annual groundwater inflow and a short-to-medium groundwater flushing time. Daily multi-layer modeling of one of the study lakes, Lake Lacasse, highlights the importance of conducting measurements of these complementary tracers on the water column at the local scale. Different climate and environmental change scenarios were tested to determine the long-term evolution of lake geochemistry. The results indicate that the sensitivity of the isotopic composition of lake water to changes in recharge by year 2050 is mainly controlled by the amount of the total lake balance contributed by groundwater, with an optimum sensitivity for 50-80% of the total inflows contributed by groundwater. This research demonstrates that the geochemical signatures of lakes can be used to indicate future groundwater change in response to climate and environmental evolution, which may assist in improvements to the sustainable management of freshwater resources
Follows, Michael John. « A statistical-dynamical climate model to trace gas transport and chemistry in the troposphere ». Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278041.
Texte intégralBourdin, Clément. « Enregistrement des variations climatiques par les éléments traces dans les spéléothèmes ». Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00863089.
Texte intégralDuval, Bastien. « Ecodynamics of trace metals and metalloids in Pyrenean lakes in relation to climate change and anthropogenic pressure ». Thesis, Pau, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PAUU3046.
Texte intégralThe management and conservation of Pyrenean high mountain lakes within the current context of climate change and increasing anthropogenic pressure require detailed knowledge of their biogeochemical functioning. In this doctoral thesis, five sampling campaigns were carried out (2017-2019) in more than 20 alpine lakes. The analysis of water samples allowed us to study the occurrence, the depth profiles, the geographical distribution and the seasonal trends of a large array of physico-chemical and biogeochemical parameters. Specifically, the cycle of carbon dioxide (CO2) and the fate of Potentially Harmful Trace Elements (PHTEs) were investigated. The mercury (Hg) was specially studied through the development of an analytical procedure for the measurement of trace concentrations in natural waters and through biogeochemical investigations on the distribution and the fate of Hg species in the water column, as well as in sediment archives.The new and robust procedure developed in this work to measure the total alkalinity (TA) and the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) allowed us to determine the other two parameters of the CO2 system, the pH and the fugacity of CO2 (fCO2). The bedrock characteristics of the watershed appear to be the most important parameters influencing the acid status of the studied lakes. Moreover, obtained fCO2 values indicate that lakes are sources of CO2 for the atmosphere.The measurement of various physico-chemical parameters allowed us to discriminate and classify the studied lakes according to their water geochemistry, highlighting the importance of the trophic status of the lakes, the geological background and the atmospheric inputs. The occurrence, sources and behaviour of the PHTEs were investigated with evidence of a contrast between geological and atmospheric inputs. Intensive monitoring revealed some PHTEs to be highly sensitive to environmental changes such as temperature and redox conditions.Monitoring natural concentrations of total Hg in aquatic systems remains a difficult challenge and there is a need for the development of low cost and easy handling analytical methods. The method for analysis of trace Hg concentrations developed and optimized in this work was successfully operational and exhibits a suitable limit of detection and an excellent reproducibility. Hg speciation results in the water column demonstrated the pristine state and the dynamic of the Pyrenean lakes. The homogeneity in the non-gaseous total Hg concentrations in the studied lakes confirmed the absence of local sources and the potential use of these ecosystems as sentinels of regional to global Hg contamination. While inorganic mercury (iHg) did not show seasonal variations, monomethylmercury(MMHg) was significantly higher in autumn 2018 and dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) varied strongly within and among lakes. In-situ experiments confirmed the conditions that promote Hg methylation (stratified anoxic waters), demethylation and photoreduction (intense UV light).The historical Hg record in sediment archives highlighted temporal trends in Hg accumulation rates (HgARs) with a progressive increase since the 16th Century and the industrialization, mirroring the Hg production in Almadén mines (Southern Spain). Besides, Hg stable isotopes allow the identification of distinct anthropogenic sources as well as past climate variability.Overall, environmental changes in lake ecosystems, induced by either climatic conditions (temperature, light intensity) or anthropogenic pressure (atmospheric inputs, eutrophication, atmospheric CO2) are likely to produce significant impacts among CO2, specific PHTEs and Hg biogeochemical cycles in mountainous ecosystems
Cartapanis, Olivier. « Variabilité de la zone de minimum d’oxygène du Pacifique Est équatorial au cours du Quaternaire récent ». Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4365/document.
Texte intégralThis thesis aims at documenting the spatiotemporal variations of the Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ) of the northeastern Pacific, and identifying the mechanisms that caused theses variations. The study is based on the geochemical analyses of major, minor, and trace elements of sediments from the northeastern Pacific, by combining ICP-MS and XRF scans measurements. These measurements allowed distinguishing the effect of biologic productivity and oceanic ventilation on sediment oxygenation. I was able to highlight the predominant impact of the productivity off the Baja California Margin (23°N), which varied in phase with the high northern Atlantic temperature across the past 120,000 years. Moreover, oceanic ventilation did play an important role off the Papagayo Gulf (12°N), because of the advection of water mass coming from the high northern and southern latitudes. OMS intensity in the northeastern Pacific could thus be influenced by changes in the atmospheric and oceanic circulation, in relation to high northern and southern latitudes climates
Knowland, Katherine Emma. « Linking mid-latitude storms, atmospheric composition and climate variability ». Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15975.
Texte intégralChristensen, Torben Rojle. « Exchange of radiatively active trace gases in tundra environments, with particular attention to methane ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319526.
Texte intégralLavergne, Aliénor. « Evaluation de l'archive naturelle cernes d'arbre comme traceur du climat passé au nord de la Patagonie ». Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV004/document.
Texte intégralThe Southern Hemisphere, and particularly southern South America, are very under-represented in global climate reconstructions due to a lack of robust paleoclimatic data. My thesis was therefore focused on the evaluation of the tree-ring archive, which is widespread along the Andes, as a paleoclimatic tracer. I studied the regional response to external climate forcing of two native species (Fitzroya cupressoides and Nothofagus pumilio) in northern Patagonia (41°S, Argentina), by analysing their different physical tree-ring parameters. In this perspective, I analysed the temporal variations of the width and of the oxygen and carbon isotopic compositions of the cellulose of their rings and related them to local and large-scale climate variations. Two major results of my thesis have emerged: I highlighted (1) non-linear growth responses over time related to shifts in climate regimes and, (2) the potential of cellulose delta18O and delta13C to record summer-autumn temperature variations over a large area in the mid latitudes of South America (35°-55°S). As their variations are strongly linked to temperature the isotopic tools can be used to reconstruct chronologies of temperature but also of climate modes such as the Southern Annular Mode
Lavergne, Aliénor. « Evaluation de l'archive naturelle cernes d'arbre comme traceur du climat passé au nord de la Patagonie ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV004.
Texte intégralThe Southern Hemisphere, and particularly southern South America, are very under-represented in global climate reconstructions due to a lack of robust paleoclimatic data. My thesis was therefore focused on the evaluation of the tree-ring archive, which is widespread along the Andes, as a paleoclimatic tracer. I studied the regional response to external climate forcing of two native species (Fitzroya cupressoides and Nothofagus pumilio) in northern Patagonia (41°S, Argentina), by analysing their different physical tree-ring parameters. In this perspective, I analysed the temporal variations of the width and of the oxygen and carbon isotopic compositions of the cellulose of their rings and related them to local and large-scale climate variations. Two major results of my thesis have emerged: I highlighted (1) non-linear growth responses over time related to shifts in climate regimes and, (2) the potential of cellulose delta18O and delta13C to record summer-autumn temperature variations over a large area in the mid latitudes of South America (35°-55°S). As their variations are strongly linked to temperature the isotopic tools can be used to reconstruct chronologies of temperature but also of climate modes such as the Southern Annular Mode
Martias, Chloé. « Dynamique de la matière organique dissoute colorée et fluorescente en zone lagonaire tropicale dans le Pacifique Sud (Nouvelle Calédonie) : influences climatiques et anthropogéniques ». Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0133/document.
Texte intégralNew Caledonia (South-West Pacific) is a tropical area under strong environmental pressure (climate change and local anthropogenic forcing). The aim of this thesis was to gain a better understanding of the colored (CDOM) and fluorescent (FDOM) dissolved organic matter dynamic in the New Caledonia Lagoon where strong ultramafic erosion pressure is associated with trace metals (i.e., nickel, manganese and cobalt). 3D spectrofluorimetry was used to characterize the CDOM/FDOM. The West and East coasts were sampled during one year and a half in a context of El Niño (2015-2016), interrupted by strong rainy events (storms) and during CALIOPE 3 cruise (East coast). A parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) of EEMF led to the identification of 5 fluorophores: marine humic-like, 2 tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like peaks (T2 peak) from the biological balance between phytoplankton and bacterioplankton and a terrestrial humic-like from rivers draining caledonian coast. The CDOM signal at 350 and 442 nm had a strong dependency on river inputs accentuated during storms and revealed photodegraded CDOM. The FDOM signal in the East showed a seasonal cycle (wet/dry season) contrary to the West coast depending on sporadic rainy events. Data acquired during the CALIOPE 3 were coupled with trace metal concentrations, biogeochemical parameters, and plankton communities. Some fluorophores displayed a preferential association with nickel and cobalt. The complexation capacities of these fluorophores toward trace metals were revealed by a quenching experiment that allowed to derive complexation constants
Berry, Ryan S. « Rapid Savanna Response to Changing Precipitation Intensity ». DigitalCommons@USU, 2016. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4971.
Texte intégralAbadie, Cyril. « Les isotopes du fer comme traceurs du cycle du fer dans le secteur atlantique de l'océan Austral ». Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2922/.
Texte intégralIn wide parts of the ocean, iron is a limiting element for phytoplankton growth due to its very low dissolved concentrations. It is thus a fundamental element of the global carbon cycle and climate. However, its cycle is still not well known. We thus used iron isotopes in order to better constrain its cycle in the Southern Ocean. Our measurement of iron isotopic compositions allowed us to characterize each iron source in this area, but also to evidence processes that we could not have evidenced using iron concentrations only. We have shown that the non reductive release of dissolved iron from the South African margin sediments is a major source of dissolved iron in the vicinity of this margin. A hydrothermal contribution above the mid-oceanic ridge, and lithogenic inputs of different origins in the Weddell Gyre compared to the rest of the section have been characterized. We have estimated the isotopic fractionation factors associated to key processes of the iron cycle, notably in surface waters for the biological uptake of iron by phytoplankton, at intermediate depths for the organic matter remineralization, and in deeper samples for the sorption processes. Our results suggest that the main process releasing dissolved iron in the deep ocean is iron desorption from inorganic particles, contrary to the commonly accepted hypothesis according to which it would be in situ organic matter remineralization
Arias, Ruiz Camilo. « High resolution climate records from modern and last interglacial periods derived from giant clam shells (Tridacnidae) in Sulawesi, Indonesia ». Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT4081/document.
Texte intégralGiant clam shells (Tridacnidae family) were used to reconstruct climatic conditions during the last interglacial periods in Indonesia's Sulawesi Island. Geochemical analyzes on modern shells have shown that these organisms actually record the variation of the environment in which they live, in terms of: temperature, salinity, precipitation and nutrient inputs. The main results were the reproducibility of the geochemical signal in two different species, as well as the recording of the climatic anomalies related to the La Niña phenomenon in 2010. Uranium-series dating revealed reefs formed at the beginning of the last interglacial period (MIS-5) and the penultimate interglacial or MIS-7. The comparison between modern and fossil reconstructions gave the following main results: 1) colder average temperature conditions with reduced seasonality for both periods (beginning of MIS-5 and MIS-7) due to drier conditions.2) These parameters respond systematically to a decrease / increase of the sea level and testify the strong interaction between the atmospheric and ocean circulation in the region3) The interannual variability of SST / SSS presents oscillations in the same amplitude as today for the MIS-5 period, however for MIS 7, these oscillations are reduced around 50% compared to the current interglacial4) The Mg/Ca ratio has a strong taxonomic variation, additional studies are needed to remove the biological factor related to geochemical signal. 5) Ba/Ca present a potential use as tracers of upwelling processes and/ or variations in salinity. Giant clam shells (Tridacnidae family) were used to reconstruct climatic conditions during the last interglacial periods in Indonesia's Sulawesi Island. Geochemical analyzes on modern shells have shown that these organisms actually record the variation of the environment in which they live, in terms of: temperature, salinity, precipitation and nutrient inputs. The main results were the reproducibility of the geochemical signal
Shah, Syed Asif Ali <1990>. « Reconstruction of past atmospheric deposition of trace elements in a coastal Antarctic ice core climate archive ». Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/10526.
Texte intégralGeibel, Marc Christoph [Verfasser], Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Weigand et Christoph [Akademischer Betreuer] Gerbig. « Measurement of climate-relevant trace gases via infrared spectroscopy / Marc Christoph Geibel. Gutachter : Wolfgang Weigand ; Christoph Gerbig ». Jena : Thüringer Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Jena, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1016620160/34.
Texte intégralZaharescu, Dragos G., Peter S. Hooda, Carmen I. Burghelea, Viktor Polyakov et Antonio Palanca-Soler. « Climate change enhances the mobilisation of naturally occurring metals in high altitude environments ». ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/615547.
Texte intégralOurbak, Timothée. « Variations climatiques interannuelles à interdécennales dans le Pacifique tropical telles qu'enregistrées par les traceurs géochimiques contenus dans les coraux massifs ». Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13193.
Texte intégralLouarn, Essyllt. « Étude de la variabilité de la circulation des masses d'eau profondes en Atlantique Nord en relation avec le climat : utilisation des traceurs transitoires halocarbonés ». Brest, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BRES2035.
Texte intégralThe North Atlantic deep circulation variability is studied regarding global change. The variability is assessed using halocarbonated tracers (CFC-11, CFC-1 2, CFC-113 and CC14) and studying hydrographic cruises spanning from 1991 to 2006. In this work, water mass formation (Mediterranean Sea Water and Labrador Sea Water) and North Atlantic deep water masses properties and transport variability are studied. First, in the Gulf of Cadiz, the presence of a old and high-silicate water, caracterized as Antarctic lntermediate Water, is observed. That water is seen as participating to the lower Mediterranean Sea Water out of the Gulf. The formation site of the upper Labrador Sea Water is observed wider than formerly considered. It forms every year in the central Labrador Sea, that zone, under certain conditions, extends to the north South of Greenland (2005). Under severe wintertime, deep convection can occur in the Imminger Sea as observed in this study in 1997 and 2002. Second, the variability of the Labrador Sea Water is high since the 90’s. A reduction of the maximal convection depth is observed, at the same time the CFC-1 1 transport decreased at the level of the LSW. The Denmark Strait Overflow Water variability observed in the lmminger Sea is linked to a change in proportion of different waters composing it, in particular the presence of Polar Surface Water. Finally the CFC-11 fluxes north of the North Atlantic show a diminution of the air-sea exchange above that area especially in 2006 due to a decrease of the winter mixed layer depth, supporting a decrease of the uptake of anthropogenic carbon in that area
Martias, Chloé. « Dynamique de la matière organique dissoute colorée et fluorescente en zone lagonaire tropicale dans le Pacifique Sud (Nouvelle Calédonie) : influences climatiques et anthropogéniques ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0133.
Texte intégralNew Caledonia (South-West Pacific) is a tropical area under strong environmental pressure (climate change and local anthropogenic forcing). The aim of this thesis was to gain a better understanding of the colored (CDOM) and fluorescent (FDOM) dissolved organic matter dynamic in the New Caledonia Lagoon where strong ultramafic erosion pressure is associated with trace metals (i.e., nickel, manganese and cobalt). 3D spectrofluorimetry was used to characterize the CDOM/FDOM. The West and East coasts were sampled during one year and a half in a context of El Niño (2015-2016), interrupted by strong rainy events (storms) and during CALIOPE 3 cruise (East coast). A parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) of EEMF led to the identification of 5 fluorophores: marine humic-like, 2 tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like peaks (T2 peak) from the biological balance between phytoplankton and bacterioplankton and a terrestrial humic-like from rivers draining caledonian coast. The CDOM signal at 350 and 442 nm had a strong dependency on river inputs accentuated during storms and revealed photodegraded CDOM. The FDOM signal in the East showed a seasonal cycle (wet/dry season) contrary to the West coast depending on sporadic rainy events. Data acquired during the CALIOPE 3 were coupled with trace metal concentrations, biogeochemical parameters, and plankton communities. Some fluorophores displayed a preferential association with nickel and cobalt. The complexation capacities of these fluorophores toward trace metals were revealed by a quenching experiment that allowed to derive complexation constants
Austin, P. J. E. « Palaeoconductivity, lake level fluctuations and trace element history of the Aral Sea since 400 AD : assessing the impact of natural climatic variability and anthropogenic activity ». Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2008. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446039/.
Texte intégralPotier, Hugo. « Major and trace elements in the changing Arctic environment : interactions between C-N-Mo-V biogeochemical cycles ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2024SORUS094.pdf.
Texte intégralClimate change is deeply affecting the functioning of Arctic ecosystems through increases in temperature and precipitation in these environments. In particular, the increase in primary productivity resulting from the lifting of thermal and hydric constraints on plant growth, coupled with changes in the nature of the plant cover and the thawing of permafrost, is likely to induce significant constraints on the biogeochemical cycles of elements composing organic matter, especially carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). An important lever to reduce nitrogen limitation of plant growth could be to increase the flux of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), a microbial process that requires, among other elements, molybdenum (Mo) or vanadium (V). The abundance of these two trace elements may thus limit the availability of nitrogen and, therefore, the plant growth in those ecosystems. The aim of this research work is to improve our understanding of the interactions between the biogeochemical cycles of major (C, N) and trace (Mo, V) elements in these environments. It explores the potential of using stoichiometric data collected in subarctic habitats with contrasting plant and soil characteristics of the Abisko region (northern Sweden). The quantification of elemental stocks in aboveground biomass and soils highlighted the importance of variations in plant community composition for the distribution of these stocks in biomass compartments with different dynamics, as well as the relatively weak links in elemental stocks between aboveground biomass and soils. Considering several processes potentially involved in soil surface enrichment of Mo and V, both elements have distinct behaviours in light of the respective contribution of lithogenic and biological influences and the role of physicochemical conditions for their mobility. A modelling approach highlighted the strong links between N, Mo and V in soil stoichiometry and suggested that organic soils have a relatively important nitrogen-fixing activity. The results of this thesis highlight the strong interaction between major and trace elements, their expected modifications as induced by changes in vegetation in the Arctic, and the potential limitation of BNF by the availability of Mo and V. These results call for a more detailed characterisation of the bioavailability of these trace elements to microbial communities combined with measurements focusing on the BNF process in order to further explore these limitations. Finally, this work points out the need to continue exploring the interaction of biogeochemical cycles of major and trace elements for the future of Arctic ecosystems
Hoppe, Charlotte Marinke [Verfasser]. « A Lagrangian transport core for the simulation of stratospheric trace species in a Chemistry Climate Model / Charlotte Marinke Hoppe ». Wuppertal : Universitätsbibliothek Wuppertal, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1062997387/34.
Texte intégralBoyd, Meighan. « Speleothems from Warm Climates : Holocene Records from the Caribbean and Mediterranean Regions ». Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-121750.
Texte intégralDenna avhandling bidrar till ökad kunskap om klimatets variationer och miljön i två geografiskt skilda områden på låga breddgrader och under tidsperioder inom den Holocena epoken. Genom att använda en droppsten (stalagmit) från Gasparee-grottan, Trinidad, som ett paleoklimatarkiv, har det bland annat varit möjligt att visa att Trinidad upplevde torrare förhållanden under den snabba klimatförändring som observerats ske för 8200 år sedan på många platser i världen. Denna torrare klimatsituation i Trinidad föreslås vara ett resultat av en sydlig förflyttning av den intertropiska konvergenszonen. Övriga stalagmiter som studerats för denna avhandling kommer från Kapsia-grottan och Alepotrypa-grottan som finns på Peloponnesos-halvön i Grekland. Resultaten därifrån speglar dels klimat- och vegetationsvariatoner och dels graden av mänsklig aktivitet, under tiden för ca 8000 år sedan till för 1000 år sedan. Alepotrypa-grottan är känd för att vara en av de större Neolitiska boplatserna i Grekland. Isotop- och spårämnesanalyser av stalagmiterna har bidragit med ny kunskap om tidpunkten för mänsklig aktivitet, hur människorna påverkade grott-miljön samt hur klimatet varierat efter det att grottan, genom en tektonisk händelse, stängdes för människans inverkan. Snabba klimatförändringar, för 4200 och 3200 år sedan, observerade i andra regioner, rekonstrueras här för första gången på Peloponnesos. En snabb förändring mot torrare förhållanden observeras även för 1600 år sedan. De klimatstyrande processerna föreslås vara en kombination av storskaliga processer som den nordatlantiska oscillationen och mer regionala processer som det så kallade North Sea Caspian Pattern Index. Variationer i spårämnen i stalagmiterna efter att Alepotrypa-grottan stängdes kan kopplas till två vulkaniska utbrott, nämligen det Minoiska utbrottet av Thera på ön Santorini kring 3600 år sedan och utbrottet av Somma (Vesuvius) kring 2700 år sedan. Spårämnesvariationer under bo-perioden ger tydliga indikationer på människans påverkan på grottmiljön och som delvis kan länkas till specifika aktiviteter, som eldning av dynga i grottan. Avhandlingen är ett resultat av en framgångsrik kombination av klimatstudier och arkeologisk kunskap och utgör ett viktigt underlag för fördjupat interdisciplinärt forskningssamarbete i Alepotrypa-grottan.
At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript. Paper 5: Manuscript. Paper 6: Manuscript.
Beny, François. « High resolution study of the deep-water Southern Ocean circulation during the last climatic cycle using geochemical and mineralogical proxies in marine sediments : implication for the CO2 cycle ». Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1R031.
Texte intégralThis PhD thesis provides new insights into both the deep Southern Ocean circulation and CO2 cycle based on geochemical, radiogenic isotopes and clay mineralogical signatures of the terrigenous fractions transported by the main deep-water masses using sediment cores recovered in the South Atlantic sector (core MD07-3076Q, central South Atlantic) and in the South Indian sector (core MD12-3396Q) of the Southern Ocean.A careful preliminary study of the geological properties of the potential sediments sources to the Southern Ocean and of the source-to-sink transportation patterns of detrital particles was crucial to develop a well constrained provenance study in this rather complex area. These preliminary data demonstrated that it was absolutely necessary to work on distinct grain-size fractions in the South Atlantic Ocean in order to efficiently track different water masses. Such an approach successfully permits: (1) provenance identification of the various grain-size fractions (clay, cohesive silt and sortable silt); (2) an assignment of each grain-size fraction to a specific water-mass; (3) the reconstruction of the main deep water-mass pathways past changes, (4) to reconstruct paleoenvironmental changes over South America during the Holocene.Overall, our data support the conclusions drawn using other proxies: Strong southern deep-water masses (i.e. AntArctic Bottom Water, AABW, and Circumpolar Deep Water, CDW) and weak southern North Atlantic deep-water (NADW) prevailed during the last glacial period. The transition from this glacial state to the modern period likely happened during the Bølling Allerød (B/A) with: (1) a southward migration and a deepening of the NADW into the South Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, (2) a retreat to the South and a slowdown of the southern deep-water masses.In addition, this study successfully permits the distinction between the AABW and the ACC (that includes CDW) in both sectors of the Southern Ocean. This enabled the quantification of the relative contribution to sedimentation of all the main deep-water masses in each sector (i.e. AABW, CDW and NADW in the South Atlantic sector; ACC and AABW in the South Indian sector). Thanks to this distinction, it was possible to provide evidences of previously unknown AABW activities through time, and to study the dynamical interactions between the AABW and the LCDW in the South Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. We show that Heinrich Events (HE) 1, 2 and 3 are preceded by a modification of the Southern Ocean overturning circulation, and especially associated to a significant increase in AABW contribution to sediment deposition. Consequently, this work highlights that a change in the Southern Ocean overturning circulation can play a major role or even trigger the Heinrich Events. Our data also indicates that the turbulent mixing was stronger during HE 2 than during HE 1, even though HE 2 is muted in atmospheric CO2 records. This suggests that the exchanges between the deep ocean and the atmosphere might have been disabled due to dynamical/physical barrier resulting from background conditions involved by low obliquity during the last glacial period. At the very end of this glacial period, our data indicate a substantial “pulse” of AABW speed and northern extent in the South Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. This "pulse" is concomitant with the first increase of the ventilation recorded in the same sediment core and ends with the beginning of the HS 1, a period of rising atmospheric CO2. These observations suggest that this rapid incursion of AABW into the South Atlantic Ocean may be responsible of the breakdown of the physical/dynamical barrier between the deep CO2-rich ocean and the surface, enabling the exchange between these CO2-rich waters and the atmosphere during the HS 1, and thus, the rise of atmospheric CO2 during the last deglaciation
Gabrieli, Jacopo <1980>. « Trace elements and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in snow and ice sampled at Colle Gnifetti, Monte Rosa (4450 m) during the last 10.000 years : environmental and climatic implications ». Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/872.
Texte intégralBermudez, Cella Mauricio Alberto. « Exhumation cénozoïque dans les Andes vénézuéliennes : apport de la thermochronologie par traces de fission ». Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10224.
Texte intégralThis dissertation presents the results and observations of an investigation on the long-term (Miocene to present) exhumation history of the Venezuelan Andes, and the relationships between inherited structures and development of topography in response to tectonic and surface processes. The Venezuelan Andes are ideal for understanding the relationships between these processes, because they have involved through inversion and reactivation of pre-existing structures, they are associated with a major climatic gradient due to the orograpic effect of the belt and extensive data is available concerning their recent tectonic evolution. This mountain belt is the result of transpression caused by oblique convergence of the continental Maracaibo block and the South America Plate, controlled, on a larger scale, by the triple junction between the South American, Caribbean and Nazca plates. The complex kinematics of triple plate interaction and the continuous evolution of related structures coupled with surface processes have profoundly affected the evolution of the Venezuelan Andes
Bermudez, Cella Mauricio Alberto. « Exhumation Cénozoïque dans les Andes Vénézuéliennes : apport de la thermochronologie par traces de fission ». Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00450838.
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