Thèses sur le sujet « Clains made »

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)<br>Autor no autoriza el acceso a texto completo de su documento<br>La presente investigación tiene como objetivo principal considerar la ilegalidad y efectos negativos de las cláusulas “Claim Made” incorporadas en algunos contratos de seguro de responsabilidad civil, para lo cual y a través de doctrina nacional e internacional, jurisprudencia y pólizas depositadas en la Superintendencia de Valores y Seguros se advertirá lo atentatorio que significa su establecimiento en este tipo de seguros. Otro punto importante que pretendo analizar en esta investigación, son las diferentes discusiones doctrinales en el mundo sobre temas tales como desde cuándo se produce el daño, la acción directa del tercero perjudicado y los siniestros de cola larga. Para ello, se explicará inicialmente la institución del contrato seguro, en cuanto al concepto, características, tipos de contratos, formas de convenirlo, principios que lo inspiran, obligaciones de las partes y demás interesados, entre otros temas relacionados. Luego se tratará el contrato de seguro de responsabilidad civil en particular, su historia, concepto, características, la acción directa, el hecho dañoso, entre otras materias y se finalizará este trabajo con en análisis de las cláusulas “Claim Made”.

Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2008.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 16).<br>In order to assess the veracity of a green claim made by CNW marketing research Inc., I created a green baloney detection kit. It will serve as a guiding post by which anyone can assess the potential environmental impact of any action taken on the basis of the claims made by CNW in their dust to dust report. In their report they state that after doing an extensive life cycle analysis of several cars sold in the United States in 2005, they found that high fuel economy did not necessarily correlate to a smaller environmental impact, but rather the biggest contribution to the environmental impact of automobiles is in their end-of-life disposal. My green baloney detection kit will be an adaptation of Carl Sagan's original baloney detection kit, which is a series of probes which serve as a pillar for detecting fallacious arguments or claims. My enquiries show that the Dust to Dust report does not pass the green baloney detection kit and with it nontechnical environmentally conscious automotive consumers can determine that the claims made by CNW are not scientifically sound and so their decisions should be based on those claims.<br>by Irina Mateko Azu.<br>S.B.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the phenomenon of feminist artistic collectives. It explores the reasons that led to feminist art as a collective activity, especially from the second wave of feminism. The thesis confronts the typical modalities of male presence in the art world, the myth of the exceptional individual and the solitary approach to the artistic work . My perspective focuses on critical reviews that thematize artistic work as a collective activity, case study’s analysis and interview. The first chapter analyzes the figure of the “genius” artist and its conception in the Western tradition of Art History. It discusses how social systems disadvantage women artists, discussing the sociological theory of Howard S. Becker and the sociological perspective of Natalie Heinich. The second chapter investigates how Feminism theorized the arts, their idea of the professional artist and the collective as a way to escape the professional and cultural isolation where they have been relegated for decades. The third chapter analyzes Feminist Art History from its beginning in the late Sixties/early Seventies, referring to feminist artistic collective actions and artworks. It reviews some of the actions of the pioneering feminist artists who began to theorize and spread feminism in the art field. The fourth chapter eventually examines the case studies of the feminist artistic collective Claire Fontaine and its relation with Carla Lonzi, one of the pioneering Italian feminist theorists and art critics.

Mestrado em Gestão e Estratégia Industrial<br>A compreensão da influência que as alegações têm na decisão de compra dos consumidores, constitui uma oportunidade para as marcas de produtos alimentares, que poderão, através dessa informação, criar valor para o consumidor e assim ganhar vantagem competitiva no mercado. A revisão de literatura existente sobre o impacto das alegações no consumidor tem evidenciado que as mulheres são um dos grupos com atitude mais favorável em relação às alegações. Existem também evidências que a geração Millennials preocupa-se mais com os benefícios que os produtos têm por questões de saúde e bem-estar, investindo assim na compra de alimentos com alegações. Face ao exposto, foram realizados dois focus groups com o objetivo de explorar melhor as diferenças existentes entre géneros, da geração Millennials, no que toca à atitude face às alegações presentes nas embalagens de produtos alimentares. Através dos resultados dos focus groups concluiu-se que as participantes femininas da presente investigação têm maior conhecimento e maior perceção sobre as alegações nutricionais e de saúde, assim como uma atitude mais favorável em relação a produtos com alegações e ainda uma maior perceção sobre a compra destes produtos, comparativamente com os homens. O que vem confirmar algumas das conclusões alcançadas em revisões de literatura anteriores sobre o tema e dar resposta às questões de pesquisa da presente investigação. Por outro lado, embora existam todas estas diferenças entre géneros, podemos afirmar que ambos os géneros têm maior intenção de compra por produtos com alegações nutricionais, quando confrontados com o mesmo produto sem a alegação.<br>Understanding the influence that nutrition and health claims have on consumers purchasing decisions is an opportunity for food brands, which through this information, they can create consumer value and gain competitive advantage in the market. A review of the existing literature regarding the impact of claims on consumers has shown that women are one of the most supportive attitude groups regarding the nutritional and health claims. Also, there is evidence that the Millennials generation is getting more concerned regarding the health benefits of products and, because of that, they are increasingly purchasing more food with claims. In the light of the above, two focus groups were held to better explore the existing gender differences of the Millennials generation, regarding the attitude towards the health and nutritional claims on the packaging. Through the results of the focus groups, it was concluded that the female participants of the present research have a better knowledge and perception about the nutritional and health claims, as well as a more favorable attitude towards products with claims and even a greater perception about the purchase of them, compared to men, which confirms some of the conclusions reached in previous literature revisions on the subject and answers the research questions of the present investigation. On the other hand, while there are differences, we can accurate argue that both genders have higher purchase intention for products with nutritional claims, when confronted to the same product without the claim.<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

A participação materna e da família junto ao filho prematuro internado, assume importância fundamental na perspectiva do cuidado humanizado em unidades neonatais. Neste contexto, o presente estudo tem como objetivos identificar e analizar os significados atribuídos pela equipe de saúde acerca da participação das mães/pais no cuidado ao filho hospitalizado e analisar as possibilidades que a equipe aponta para transformar a prática assistencial para favorecer essa participação. Trata-se de estudo com delineamento na abordagem qualitativa. O estudo foi realizado na unidade neonatal do Hospital Central “Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto”, na cidade de San Luis Potosí, México. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevistas gravadas com 23 profissionais que aceitaram participar do estudo, sendo direcionada por três questões norteadoras. As falas foram submetidas à análise de conteúdo, modalidade da análise temática. A coleta foi realizada no período de setembro de 2003 a setembro de 2004. Da análise das entrevistas emergiram seis núcleos de sentido: A presença das mães/pais favorece a estabilidade clínica do prematuro e o seu processo de crescimento e desenvolvimento; A participação possibilita a interação mãe-filho e o estabelecimento do vínculo afetivo; A mãe é treinada para a alta do filho; A mãe ajuda a enfermagem nos cuidados do filho hospitalizado; A presença das mães/pais modifica o ambiente da unidade neonatal; Favorecendo a participação das mães/pais: obstáculos e sugestões. Concluiu-se que a equipe de saúde considera importante esta participação, mas há barreiras decorrentes da inexistência de uma filosofia institucional, de postura, de preparo dos profissionais, assim como, deficiências de infra-estrutura física e de recursos humanos. Torna-se fundamental implementar estratégias visando viabilizar a maior participação da mãe e família no cuidado ao prematuro em unidade neonatal, rumo à assistência integral e humanizada.<br>La participación materna y de la familia junto a su hijo prematuro internado, asume importancia fundamental en la perspectiva del cuidado humanizado en unidades neonatales. En este contexto, el presente estudio tiene como objetivos identificar y analizar los significados atribuidos por el equipo de salud acerca de la participación de las madres/padres en el cuidado a su hijo hospitalizado y analizar las posibilidades que el equipo apunta para transformar la práctica asistencial en el sentido de favorecer esa participación en un hospital de la ciudad de San Luis Potosí, México. Se trata de un estudio delineado en el abordaje cualitativo. El estudio fue realizado en la unidad neonatal (UN) del Hospital Central “Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto”, en la ciudad de San Luis Potosí, México. La recolección de datos fue realizada por medio de entrevistas grabadas con 23 profesionales que aceptaron participar del estudio, se direccionaron por tres preguntas norteadoras. Los relatos fueron sometidos al análisis de contenido, modalidad de análisis temático. La recolección fue realizada en el período de septiembre de 2003 a septiembre de 2004. Del análisis de las entrevistas emergieron seis núcleos de sentido: La presencia de la madre/padres favorece la estabilidad clínica del prematuro y su proceso de crecimiento y desarrollo; La participación posibilita la interacción madre-hijo y el establecimiento del vínculo afectivo; La madre es entrenada para el alta del hijo; La madre ayuda a enfermería en los cuidados del hijo hospitalizado; La presencia materna/de los padres modifica el ambiente de la unidad neonatal; Favoreciendo la participación de las madres/padres: obstáculos/sugerencias. Se concluyó que el equipo de salud considera importante esta participación, sin embargo, hay barreras derivadas de la falta de una filosofía institucional, de la postura y falta de preparación de los profesionales, de las deficiencias de infraestructura física y de recursos humanos. Se vuelve fundamental implementar estrategias con la visión de viabilizar la mayor participación de la madre y la familia en el cuidado al prematuro en la unidad neonatal, rumbo a la asistencia integral y humanizada.

碩士<br>逢甲大學<br>統計學系統計與精算碩士班<br>101<br>Due to high economic and social inflation, as well as increases in claim frequency, loss trends for many liability lines increased dramatically. The industry introduced claims-made coverage to reduce the pricing risk inherent in long-tailed liability. In this study we describe in depth the claims-made concept itself: how it differs from traditional occurrence coverage, what its special features are illustrated by examples and provide more detail as to how pricing risk is reduced. Finally, we propose an approach for rating claims-made coverage and provide examples to illustrate the approach under simple assumptions.

碩士<br>淡江大學<br>保險學系保險經營碩士在職專班<br>94<br>Liability insurance is one of the most potential lines in the future. Insurance companies are creating all kinds of liability insurance. But current liability insurance is different from the old design which was only written on the occurrence basis. More and more liability insurances, especially professional liability insurances, are written on a claims-made basis. Currently, the practical use of claims-made policies is not mature in the domestic insurance market. In addition, there is some confusion over the definitions of claims-made basis which at times are still not clear enough. Because of the complication of claims-made basis policies, it is easy to have quarrels between the insurer and the insured. In order to reduce the issues, we should have more understanding of the claims-made basis. Researching the relevant laws and referring to foreign experiences will improve the design of a claims-made policy to protect the two parties of the insurance contract. This article mainly focuses on the followings: (1) the differences between occurrence basis and claims-made basis; (2) the whole system of Claims-made basis policies; (3) the differences between claims-made basis and claims-made and reported basis, with the relevant legal basis for claims made basis; and (4) the problems resulting from claims-made basis using in Taiwan insurance market and the suggestions for solving the problems.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the claims made basis civil liability insurance and the challenges that its application raises, applying it to the institute of environmental liability. The Insurance Contract Law admits the validity of the claims made clause in the Article 139, number 3, which establishes the possibility of delimiting the temporal coverage of the contract taking into account the date of the claim. In a brief description, our study is directed specifically to the analysis of the content of the claims made clause, to the legality of its normative content, to the impact of this clause in determining the concept of claim, to determining the moment of claim and ending with a practical hypothesis, which allows us to prove in practice the conclusions drawn in the present investigation. Briefly, our legal analysis resulted in the understanding that the normative content of the claims made clause when applied to purposed cases related to environmental liability does not merit legal censorship, that the concept of loss is identified with the exteriorization of facts of the insured for the insurer and the knowledge of the insurer and that the determination of the moment of the claim coincides with the insured's citation in the case of the legal claim. From a theoretical point of view, the study of this subject can help us to understand the resolution of the practical hypothesis that we are presenting throughout the present thesis and we believe that it is indispensable for the better comprehension of the claims made basis civil liability insurance.<br>A presente Dissertação de mestrado propõe-se investigar o contrato de seguro de responsabilidade civil de base reclamação e os desafios que a sua aplicação pode suscitar, utilizando, como exemplo paradigmático, o instituto da responsabilidade ambiental. A LCS admite a validade da cláusula claims made no artigo 139.º, n.º 3, que veio consagrar a possibilidade de delimitação da cobertura temporal do contrato atendendo à data da reclamação. Numa breve descrição, o nosso estudo é dirigido concretamente à análise do conteúdo da cláusula claims made, à legalidade do seu teor normativo, ao impacto desta cláusula na determinação do conceito de sinistro, à determinação do momento da reclamação e termina com uma hipótese prática relativa à responsabilidade ambiental, que nos permitirá comprovar, em termos práticos, as conclusões extraídas ao longo da presente investigação. De modo sucinto, da análise jurídica realizada resultou o entendimento de que o conteúdo normativo da cláusula claims made ao ser aplicado aos casos que propusemos relativos à responsabilidade ambiental não merece censura legal, que o conceito de sinistro se identifica com a exteriorização dos factos do segurado para o segurador e do conhecimento deste último e que a determinação do momento da reclamação coincide com a citação do segurado no caso da reclamação judicial. O estudo teórico desta temática, aliado à resolução das hipóteses práticas que vamos apresentando ao longo da presente dissertação, revelaram-se indispensáveis para a melhor compreensão do seguro de responsabilidade civil de base reclamação.

D.Phil.<br>The endocrine system regulates important physiological processes in an organism. Numerous natural and synthetic chemicals are released into the environment and can disrupt the normal functioning of the endocrine system, influencing physiological processes even at relatively low concentrations. These chemicals are known as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). These compounds are highly persistent in nature due to a resistance to biodegradation, and because of their hydrophobicity. EDCs bio-accumulate especially in the fatty tissue of aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Developmental and reproductive disorders are potentially harmful effects of exposure. EDC sources include agricultural and urban runoff, and industrial effluent discharges that eventually pass through sewage- and wastewater treatment plants. These chemicals degrade at various rates and to varying extents during treatment processes, forming many new chemicals. Methods to predict the occurrence of endocrine disruption include the occurrence of intersex, and changes in spermatogenesis and secondary sexual characteristics (SSCs) of supposedly exposed organisms. The urogenital papilla (UGP) is a SSC whose development and morphology is hormonally controlled and may be influenced when exposed to EDCs. The sharptooth catfish (Ciarias gariepinus) is often used in environmental toxicity studies. Sex is determined by the external dimorphic UGP found only in males. Intersex has been observed in this species in South African freshwater systems. A field study was carried out in the Rietvlei (RVD) and Marais (MD) dams in the Rietvlei Nature Reserve (RNR). MD acts as a sedimentation dam before water enters RVD, and is theoretically more polluted. The RNR system receives effluent from various domestic and industrial sources including agriculture, industries, informal settlements and municipal sewage treatment plants. Four sampling surveys, two low and two high flow, were carried out over a period of two years. Supposedly male catfish (n=97) were collected and identified as male or possible intersex based on the UGP. Water and sediment was collected for target EDC and endocrine disrupting metal (EDM) analyses. Fish length and mass, and UGP length and width were measured. Laparotomy was performed and gonads were inspected macroscopically for alterations. A section of the gonad and the entire UGP was removed and processed according to standard techniques for histological analysis. The gonadosomatic- (GSI), hepatosomatic- (HSI) and UGP length (UGPLI) indices were calculated. Fish fat was removed and analysed for target EDCs.

The objective of the present diploma thesis was to verify the influence of monosex populations in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fishfarming on growth rate, growth heterogeneity, feed conversion ratio, yield and product quality in the operating conditions of a small fish farm with a recirculating aquaculture system. In six tanks with a volume of 0,3 m-3, 60 individuals with an average unit weight of 614 ? 135 g, all-male, all-female and mixed- sex (in 2 repeats each) were deployed. The fish were fed with feed in the usual and registered feed doses 4 times a day. At the end of the experiment, 119 days average fish weight reached 1445 ? 911 g. The composition of the populations was found to have a statistically significant effect on the food conversion ratio, gonadosomal index, and fillet yield. Statistically significant differences were not found in specific growth ratio (SGR), growth heterogeneity, or muscle composition (fat and protein content). The yield of fillets without skin reached only 40.74 ? 1.81% for all-female group. An economically advantageous alternative to a mixed -sex groupe with a sex ratio of 1: 1 was a all-male fishfarning groupe where the yield of skinless fillets was 46.99 ? 1.12%. Food conversions were also more favorable for all-male groups (FCR = 1.08 ? 0.08 and 1.04 ? 0.12) compared to all-female (FCR = 1.18 ? 0.21 and 1.25 ? 0.19 ). The fat content of the muscle at the end of the experiment varied between 5.10-10.53% for each group without proven dependence on the type of the group, the protein content showed only minimal differences, varied between 15.18 and 16.46%, dry mass contained muscle from 24.23 to 27.95% without proven dependence on the type of occupancy. Significant economic impact has the composition of groups when evaluating the yield of fillets without skin as the final product.

JEL Classification System: K29, K39<br>O Homem, no âmbito das várias componentes da sua vida, procura prevenir-se contra a aleatoriedade dos acontecimentos cuja verificação não domina, embora não possa, em definitivo, eliminar o risco. A vida comporta riscos e o risco faz parte da vida. Mas pode adotar determinados comportamentos que permitam minorar as consequências adversas em caso de ocorrência do risco. Um deles consiste na celebração do contrato de seguro, através da transferência das consequências económicas da verificação do risco para uma entidade seguradora. De forma a balizar a extensão da responsabilidade do segurador diante da verificação do sinistro, surge a temática da delimitação temporal da cobertura da apólice, que se traduz na definição do período de tempo durante o qual o segurador aceita vincular-se à transferência do risco para a sua esfera jurídica. Nos seguros de responsabilidade civil, a dimensão temporal do período em que a apólice produz os efeitos de cobertura do risco deve ser perspetivada atendendo a que, não raras vezes, a produção do dano manifesta-se tardiamente em relação à respetiva causa geradora. Diante de um processo sinistral complexo e que integra várias fases, será necessário eleger um determinado momento para a ocorrência do sinistro e averiguar se o contrato de seguro se encontra em vigor para efeitos de acionamento da cobertura.<br>The Human Being, in every aspect of his life, aims to prevent himself from the randomness of the events which acknowledgment doesn’t prevail, however he can’t, in fully extent, delete the risk. Life has risks and the risk is part of life. But we can adopt certain behaviors that allow the decrease of the adverse consequences if the risk occurs. One of them consists in the celebration of the insurance contract, through the transference of the economic consequences of the risk verification to an insurance entity. In order to delimit the extent of the insurance liability before the occurrence of the claim, it is important to address the issue of temporal delimitation of the insurance policy, which is reflected in the definition of the temporal period during which the insurer agrees to be bound by the transfer of risk to judicial sphere. When it comes to the liability insurance, the temporal dimension of the period in which the policy produces hedging effects should be taken into account given that, often, damage production manifests late in regard to the respective generating cause. Faced with a complex claim process that includes several phases, it must be necessary to choose a certain moment for the occurrence of the damage and determine if the insurance contract is in force for the cover drive effects.

Liability insurance concerns an insured’s insurance of its legal liability towards a third party for the latter’s loss. This specialised type of insurance is rather neglected in South African insurance law. There is a lack of understanding of the intricacies of liability insurance and its unique challenges. This flows primarily from its complex nature as third-party insurance, which involves legal obligations between multiple parties, and a lack of statutory regulation of the distinctive contractual aspects of liability insurance. Furthermore, limited authority exists on contentious legal aspects as a result of the relatively small number of judicial decisions in this field of law. It is also evident that liability insurance constantly evolves as new grounds of liability emerge and new insurance products develop in response to the changing demands of society. The rise of consumerism and the increase in third-party claims amplify the economic significance of the law of liability insurance in South Africa. A substantial knowledge gap remains in our jurisprudence, irrespective of the recent introduction of new statutory instruments aimed at regulating insurance practice in general. These reforms have not as yet been applied critically to liability insurance, and no specialised legislation in South Africa regulates aspects of this branch of insurance as is the case with microinsurance. The focus in this thesis is on two main issues: the insurer’s duty effectively to indemnify the insured, and the insurer’s defence and settlement of third-party claims brought against the insured. As a subsidiary theme, this thesis analyses legal uncertainties that may persist during pre-contractual negotiations, the liability insurance contract lifecycle, and even after the expiry of the contract. Legal challenges can be addressed by novel and creative application of the national law. Potential solutions can be gleaned from the other progressive jurisdictions reviewed – English and Belgian law. It is evident that this research may prompt Parliament to develop specific rules and regulations for liability insurance contract law. This thesis includes a check list of some of the most important disclosure duties for procuring liability insurance cover, its operation, and claims processes.<br>Mercantile Law<br>LL.D.