Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Church duties »

Church organizations are non-profit organizations operating in the religious sector. Church financial management requires good and adequate internal control to protect and secure church assets from fraud, damage, and waste due to ineffective use of assets. Sacralization is a factor that gives rise to blind trust in financial managers and spiritual leaders in the church. This study aims to analyze the influence of trained accounting personnel, attitudes toward the importance of internal control, and separation of duties on the level of internal control of church finances. The sample used was 115 pastors at the HKBP Church in Jakarta, Indonesia. Data were obtained by distributing questionnaires to pastors as respondents. The analysis technique is carried out using multiple regression. The results of this study show that trained accounting personnel, attitudes about the importance of internal control implementation, and the existence of separation of duties in church organizations have a significant effect on the level of internal control of church finances. The results of the study strengthen support for the implementation of effective church financial internal control, which requires increasing the competency of accounting staff through accounting training, the attitude of organizational members to support the implementation of the church’s financial internal control system to make it more accountable, and the existence of a clear separation of duties within the organization to avoid fraud.

The Catholic Church appoints lay catechists to carry out the duties of the faithful in the five areas of church duties. This article describes how lay catechists in the Parish of the Holy Spirit, Ru'a, in the Diocese of Ruteng in East Nusa Tenggara Province carry out the duties of the faithful in the five areas of church duties. The aim is to find models, forms, and challenges of lay catechist duties. The research method is descriptive qualitative, where five catechists serving in the Parish of the Holy Spirit Ru'a were interviewed in depth. In addition to them, the research also gathered information from the priest and parishioners where they work. As a result, the five lay catechists have played an essential role in five areas of the Church's pastoral work in Ru'a Parish. In carrying out their duties, they receive support and challenges from the people and the pastoral situation in the area. This research concludes that lay catechists in Ru'a Parish have carried out the tri-duties of the Church's mission according to the gospel mandate in the five areas of church duties. Their contribution has been positive in growing the faith of the people. However, they have faced many challenges, including the mindset of the people who valued the pastoral work of the clergy more than the laity. This study recommends that parishes pay more attention to the pastoral work of catechists and educate parishioners to have a more positive mindset in appreciating the pastoral work of lay catechists.

For the Orthodox Church, the priesthood is the cornerstone of its role and what it means. From a functional point of view, the priesthood is an accumulation of duties and rights that are specific and found only within the Church, including the legitimacy of the exercise of these duties and rights.

Abstract: Local Church Leaders are one component of spiritual leaders who are responsible for church growth, specifically among the Gospel Tabernacle Church of Indonesia in Sintang Regional West Kalimantan. The aims of this study is to examine and describe the efforts that have been made by the Sintang Regional Gospel Tabernacle Church Indonesia Management in improving the performance of the services of the local church leaders in the district Kelam Permai. The method in this research is an explanatory sequential and then arranges the results to explan the more detail with qualitative reasearch. The samples are Local Church Leader of Dait Kelam Permai, Genezaret Kebong and Karunia SP 7 Sepan Lebang purposively selected. All local church leaders in these 3 churches have received training and guidance from Sintang Regional of Gospel Tabernacle Church of Indonesia Management. Data collection techniques are through observation, quesionnaires, and interviews. Data is collected and analyzed quantitativly, through the relative frequency distribution table, dan described qualitatively. The results showed that, 12 local church leaders from the Gospel Tabernacle Church Indonesia of Dait Kelam Permai have the ability to carry out their duties and functions, 14 local church leaders in Genezaret Kebong can carry out their duties and functions, 7 local church leaders in Karunia SP 7 Sepan Lebang can carry out their duties and funtions properly. All the knowledge and skills possessed by local church leaders in these 3 churches are the real impact of all the efforts made by the Sintang Regional Gospel Tabernacle Church of Indonesia Management. The efforts made by the Gospel Tabernacle Church Indonesia of Sintang Regional Management are providing seminars and training, mentoring, preparing supporting facilities and infrastructure, and coordinating, communicating and evaluating the services of local church leaders.

This paper aims to analyze the relationship between the role of the Spirit of God and the growth of the Church by using a qualitative descriptive method related to the experience of the early Church. Today, some churches are led and managed like a company based on worldly principles by ignoring the vital role of the Holy Spirit in them. Data collection was carried out through the Bible, journal literature, and books, as well as interviews. The result: First, through His role, the Spirit of God equips and prepares believers in the context of carrying out ministry duties. Second, through His part, the Spirit of God in cooperating with believers produces church growth in all aspects. In conclusion, the relationship between the role of God's Spirit and church growth is to equip and prepare believers to carry out their ministry duties according to their calling and to work with them to produce church growth according to God's plan.

The church electoral roll performs a number of important functions within the Church of England, yet the qualifications for enrolment as set out in the Church Representation Rules, and the basis on which a person's name may be removed from the roll, are far from clear. This article considers critically the criteria for enrolment (especially the meaning of ‘habitual’ attendance at public worship), the duties of the electoral roll officer, and the rights of appeal against his decisions. It concludes by drawing attention to the requirement for every parish to prepare a new roll in 2007.

The Bible is God's Word written by the prophets through His guidance and also through God's breath itself in ancient times. As God's creation, church people need to build relationships through the intimacy of reading, contemplating and carrying out God's heart through God's Word contained in the Bible. In fact, most Christians and even young people think that this is not important so that there is a tendency for church members to rarely read the Bible. Therefore, the strategy of God's servant is really needed in motivating church members so that the love of reading the Bible increases and continues to be maintained for the continuity of church discipleship and the spiritual growth of mature congregations. This study aims to describe the duties of a servant of God in carrying out his duties as a pastor of the congregation and how the church creates devices, facilities, programs, methods or technology in order to motivate the congregation to cultivate reading the Bible in creative ways, as well as to guide and direct the congregation to grow in the knowledge of God and to accompany each member of the congregation to grow spiritually to mature one's faith in Jesus Christ.

At the Canon Law presently being in vigor, a Diocesan Bishop is called a shepherd. His main task in a local church is a leadership of triply character: teaching, sanctifying, and guiding that is ruling. I consequence the legislator enumerates several duties in connection with this task, which could be called the pastoral duties. The author in his article has analyzed the rules regarding those duties. A diocesan bishop as a successor of the Apostles has a specific power in the local church, which is put in his charge, and for this reason he can undertake necessary pastoral actions which are in line with the Church’s universal mission. He also is a visible sign of the unity in the community of the people of God. The author has also analyzed several other factors which condition the value and efficiency of a diocesan bishop’s services.

The Code of Canon Law of 1983 came up with a list of obligations and duties of the Catholic faithful. This list is analogical to those of the charters of fundamental rights and freedoms found in the documents of international law and in the constitutions of democratic countries. the inspiration of church law by civilian law was a reality from the very beginnings of the development of Canon Law: first by Roman Law, in the modern world by complex codifications of civil law, and after Vatican II also the idea of universal human rights. The specifics of the Catholic Church in relation to a democratic state is the incorporation of the subject of law into the Church through baptism which brings, above all, duties and obligations. Thus the catalogue which may now be seen in the Code contains first and foremost a list of duties, not rights, which are not stressed in the modern state. In fact, the modern state has very few demands; often just the payment of taxes and compulsory school attendance. The article deals with the individual obligations and rights found in the Code of Canon Law and compares them with their analogies in constitutions. The concept of civil and canonical norms tends to get closer primarily in the case of inspiration by natural law, whereas the obligations of the faithful represent a specifically ecclesiastical goals, for which no analogy in civil law can be found. After all, the supreme law of the Church is the salvation of souls, indeed, the state does not have such a supernatural goal.

Alena Adamcová Name of thesis: Cardinal Beran`s Contribution to the field of pastoral work Abstract Cardinal Josef Beran`s personality is shown from the point of view of a pastoral worker and a pastor with the help of analysis of Beran`s written works, namely within his pedagogical and educational activities, in the time of internment and in the Roman exile. The work describes Cardinal Beran`s pastoral activity as a pedagogue, a diocesan bishop and a cardinal based also on the research of other available sources

Zusammenfassung Diese Untersuchung besteht aus sechs Hauptpunkten. Nach der Einleitung (I.) zum Thema, werden unter II. verschiedene Begriffe definiert und die Inhalte gegenüber verwandten Gebieten abgegrenzt. Als dritter Hauptpunkt (III.) folgt eine Untersuchung zu den klassischen Typologien der Pflichtenkollisionen. Dieses Thema wurde in der Vergangenheit in der Theologie und Philosophie immer wieder breit diskutiert. Unter IV. werden die Pflichtenkollisionen im lukanischen Doppelwerk untersucht. Diese exegetische Analyse soll aufzeigen, wie Jesus und die Apostel solchen Situationen begegnen und damit umgegangen sind. In diesem Zusammenhang wird auch die Frage nach möglicher Schuld, als Konsequenz, untersucht. Der fünfte Hauptpunkt (V.) beschäftigt sich mit dem richtigen Verhalten in Pflichtenkollisionen. Einerseits wird die Position des Autors näher begründet und andererseits ein Vorschlag für eine Wertreihenfolge als Richtschnur im Konfliktfall angeboten. Im letzten Teil (VI.) werden die Erkenntnisse der Untersuchung auf sieben konkreten Fälle von Pflichtenkollisionen aus der Gemeinde und der Geschäftswelt praktisch angewendet.
This analysis consists of six main sections. Following the introduction of the theme (I), various terms are defined (II), and the contents are distinguished from related topics, with pertinent reasons given. The third (III) section consists of the results of my research on the classic typologies of conflicting duties. In the past, this subject has been widely discussed in the theological and philosophical circles. In the fourth (IV) section, conflicting duties are examined in light of Luke's writings. The goal of this exegetic analysis is to show how Jesus and the apostles met such situations, and how they dealt with them. In connection with this topic, the question of possible guilt, as a consequence, is researched. The fifth (V) section deals with proper behaviour toward conflicting duties. On one hand, the position of the author is established, and on the other hand a proposal is offered for a prioritization of values as a guiding principle in conflict situations. In the last section (VI), the findings of the research are applied practically to seven concrete examples of conflicting duties within the church and society.
Systematic Theology & Theological Ethics
M. Th. (Theological Ethics)

A problemática do trabalho é a chave da questão social e da vida social. É pelo trabalho que o ser humano se realiza como pessoa. A Igreja Católica desde cedo teve a noção do valor do trabalho como tendo um caráter positivo, educativo e meritório (LE 5 e 6). Pelo trabalho o homem realiza-se, valoriza-se e contribui para prossecução do Bem e para a criação dos bens (CV 36). Mas é a partir de 1891 com a encíclica Rerum novarum de Leão XIII que se encontra um corpus referente à sociedade. De facto esta encíclica é tida como a Magna Carta da atividade cristã no campo social. Nomeadamente sobre a questão operária e doutrina católica acerca do trabalho tendo em vista a promoção de uma ordem social justa. Esta precisão foi usada por Pio XI na Quadragesimo Anno, 39. Se de início os papas se ocupavam sobretudo com a questão operária e outros aspetos da situação social, rapidamente o corpo Doutrinal da Igreja se tornou mais amplo e coerente. Passou então a ser apelidado de Doutrina Social da Igreja. Os acontecimentos históricos e os novos problemas sociais impeliram a Igreja a uma urgente mas duradoura reflexão, que acabou por exprimir um desenvolvimento orgânico do seu ensino, bem como os vetores de inspiração para um programa de ação. Tendo em conta esse percurso, esta investigação analisará cinco conceitos essenciais da Doutrina Social da Igreja sobre o trabalho, de 1891 até à atualidade. São eles: 1- O primado do trabalho sobre o capital. 2- A noção de bem comum. 3- O salário justo. 4- Os direitos e deveres dos trabalhadores. 5- O conceito de empresa como comunidade de pessoas gerando lucros e a exigência da sua distribuição. Para isso serão analisadas as encíclicas papais sobre a questão laboral compreendidas entre o período de 1891 a Bento XVI, privilegiando sobretudo a Rerum novarum a Laborem exercens e a Caritas in veritate respetivamente dos papas Leão XIII, João Paulo II e Bento XVI e tendo sempre presente os cinco conceitos referidos. Pretende-se ainda: aplicar esses mesmos conceitos à realidade laboral dos trabalhadores e empresários e verificar quantitativamente o impacto dos mesmos nas práticas laborais; verificar as áreas de influência nas mesmas práticas e comportamentos laborais; analisar os resultados e a sua interpretação social e religiosa. O estudo está dividido em duas partes. Na primeira parte far-se-á uma revisão da literatura sobre a Doutrina Social da Igreja sobre o trabalho, no que concerne aos cincos princípios ou conceitos. A sua escolha é justificada por abranger o núcleo central da Doutrina Social da Igreja sobre a temática laboral, quer de empregados, quer de empregadores. Não pretende ser exaustiva, mas focalizada nas encíclicas papais no período já mencionado. A segunda parte apresentará uma análise quantitativa sobre a forma de questionário. Este tem como abrangência o tecido populacional e o espaço geográfico do Minho, e a componente empresarial nos ramos: têxtil, calçado e imobiliário. O questionário estuda as áreas de influência e o impacto da Doutrina Social da Igreja nas práticas e comportamentos dos trabalhadores e empresários no seu local de trabalho. A análise desse impacto será delimitada à problemática laboral e aos cinco princípios. Deste modo, esta investigação teve como objectivo o desenvolvimento e validação de um instrumento de avaliação baseado nos princípios estruturantes da Doutrina Social da Igreja, para aplicação em contexto empresarial. A construção do questionário decorreu ao longo de quatro fases: revisão teórica e delimitação conceptual do constructo a avaliar; desenvolvimento dos itens e definição dos parâmetros de avaliação; avaliação qualitativa dos itens - reflexão falada; e análise das características psicométricas do questionário. O questionário foi preenchido por 501 trabalhadores e empresários da região Norte. Procedeu-se à eliminação dos itens com correlações com o total da escala inferiores a .50, garantindo assim um maior rigor de validade da escala e uma melhor reorganização dos itens nas diferentes dimensões. Da análise fatorial foram extraídos 4 fatores com valores próprios superiores a 1 explicando 57% da variância total: (1) Trabalho: identidade pessoal e social, (2) Dimensão económica da actividade empresarial, (3) Dimensão humanista da actividade empresarial, (4) Trabalho: direitos e deveres. Foram encontrados índices de consistência interna elevados na escala total (.95) e nas quatro dimensões da mesma (.91, .88, .84 e .88). As qualidades métricas do instrumento revelaram-se bastante satisfatórias a nível de fidelidade interna e validade interna, o que assegura a utilização do questionário, como válido, em contexto empresarial.
The work issue is the key for the so called social question and social life. It is through work that man fulfills himself as a person. The Catholic Church very early had a clear notion of this value and saw work as having a positive, educative and merits character. Our investigation is going to cover the period from 1891 up to actuality. It is from 1891 with the encyclical Rerum novarum of Leo XIII that can be found a corpus referring to society. This encyclical is understood as being the Magna Carta for the Christian activity on the social ground. In the beginning the popes were mainly concerned with the workers question and the Catholic Doctrine about work, bearing in mind, the just social promotion. During this period the popes were dealing mainly with the workers question and other aspects on the social question. But rapidly the Doctrinal corpus of Catholic Church became more broad and embracing. It came to be called the Social Doctrine of the Church. The historical events and new problems impelled the church to a fast and long reflection, in order to express an organic development of action and Church´s teaching. Having this course in mind, this investigation will analyze five essential concepts from Church´s Social Doctrine about work from 1891 till nowadays. They are as follows: 1- Primacy of labor over capital. 2- The notion of common-good. 3- The just salary. 4- The rights and duties of workers. 5- The concept of enterprise as a community of people generating profits and its distribution requirement. Our objective is to analyze the pope encyclicals about the labor issue from 1891 up to Benedict XVI. But having a strong emphasis on: Rerum novarum, Laborem exercens and Caritas in veritate, respectively from Leo XIII, John Paul II and Benedict XVI and direct related to these five principles. Apply those to the reality, both on employers and employees and quantitatively verify the impact and the influence areas. Analyze the results and its social and religious interpretation. Our research is divided in two parts. The first will be a bibliography revision about Church Social Doctrine referring those five concepts. The second one will be quantitative analyses under the form of an inquiry. The broadness will be the population and the geographic territory of Minho. This inquiry will cover the textile, the footwear and the real estate sector. It aims to quantify the impact of the Social Doctrine on the practices and behaviors of workers and entrepreneurs on their working place. This investigation had the objective, the development of an assessment tool based on the structural principles of Church Social Doctrine, to be applied to a business context. The construction of this questionnaire, answered by 501 workers and employers in the North of Portugal, resulted over four phases. We proceed, to the disposal of items with correlation with the total scale smaller than .50, thus ensuring more rigorous validity and better items organization, in different dimensions. Out of factor analysis were extracted four factors with eigenvalues over 1, explaining 57% of total variance: (1) Work: personal and social identity. (2) Economic dimension of business activity. (3) Humanistic dimension. (4) Work: rights and duties. Were found high levels of internal consistency at the total scale (.95) and on the four dimensions (.91, .88, .84 e .88). The instrument metric qualities proved highly satisfactory, as far as internal reliability and validity levels are concerned, which ensures the use of this questionnaire in a business (enterprise) context.

“Well, Miss Grey, what do you think of the new curate?” asked Miss Murray, on our return from church the Sunday after the re-commencement of my duties. “I can scarcely tell,” was my reply: “I have not even heard him preach.” “Well, but...

Abstract There are profound similarities between the laws of Protestant churches across the world. These similarities have enabled Protestants to contribute imaginatively to the work of the ecumenical panel that issued its Statement of Principles of Christian Law in 2016. These principles reflect in large measure the laws of churches in the various Protestant traditions in a multiplicity of legal instruments—from constitutions to books of church order. It is possible to postulate the category of Protestant church laws as they apply to so many aspects of Protestant ecclesial life—from the rights and duties of members and church governance, through doctrine, worship, and rites of passage, to property and church-state relations. In all this, what is remarkable is the unifying potential of law within Protestantism.

This chapter gives a brief overview of the place of cardinal portraits within early modern portraiture as a whole. It explores how certain typologies specific to cardinals evolved in different media over the period. It also considers how these images carried unique meanings and functions that depended on the particular office and duties of the cardinal.

After the end of the Second World War, the Serbian Orthodox Church found itself in new social and political circumstances, but also in the legal system of socialist Yugoslavia, which was significantly different from the legal system of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. In 1946, the new communist government adopted the Constitution of the Federative People's Republic of Yugoslavia, which, among other things, standardized the relationship between the Church and the state. On the territory of the newly formed socialist Yugoslavia, which had just come out of the war, the war against the Serbian Orthodox Church was still raging. From the positions of the new state authorities, liquidations and persecution of bishops, priests and believers of the Serbian Orthodox Church were carried out. Several laws were adopted that were directly directed against the Serbian Orthodox Church and other traditional churches and religious communities. The Law on the Serbian Orthodox Church from 1931 was repealed by the decision of the new communist government, as well as all other regulations that were passed until April 6, 1941. The Holy Council of Bishops of the Serbian Orthodox Church could not be convened in a regular or extraordinary session in wartime conditions and due to the imprisonment of Serbian Patriarch Gavrilo (Dožić). On November 14, 1946, Patriarch Gavrilo returned to the country and assumed his patriarchal duties. The Holy Synod of Bishops of the Serbian Orthodox Church, under the presidency of Patriarch Gavrilo, convened the Holy Synod of Bishops of the Serbian Orthodox Church for the first regular session after six years of being prevented from convening the highest church body. The session of the Holy Council of Bishops of the Serbian Orthodox Church was held from April 24 to May 21, 1947 in Belgrade. Although there is a belief that amendments to the Constitution of the Serbian Orthodox Church from 1931 were adopted at that session or that the "Constitution was changed", based on the relevant archival material and on the basis of the formal-legal element of this general ecclesiastical-legal act, it is established that The Holy Synod of Bishops, regardless of the numerous norms that have been retained from the Constitution of the Serbian Orthodox Church since 1931, actually adopted the new Constitution of the Serbian Orthodox Church. The subject of this work is the Constitution of the Serbian Orthodox Church from 1947, which is still in force in the Serbian Orthodox Church today.

Abstract Infrared lock-in thermography systems are frequently utilized for non-destructive failure analysis of integrated circuits due to sensitivity of the thermal detector to small temperature changes from electrical activity. This thermal sensitivity can also be leveraged for design verification and debug of device thermal management via absolute temperature mapping. The application of temperature mapping to a device under test (DUT) that requires boards and sockets, such as in tester based applications, has traditionally been challenging, due to the requirement that the DUT not be moved and the difficulty of heating the DUT through the thermal mass of the boards and sockets to which the DUT is mounted. This paper describes a proposed alternative single-temperature in-situ calibration method to eliminate the need for a heated thermal chuck for absolute temperature mapping. Preliminary results are promising and show that the new alternative single-temperature in-situ method results in temperature measurements within 1 °C close to room temperature and within 2.5 °C at elevated temperatures up to approximately 75 °C, as compared to the 1 °C accuracy of the current standard two-temperature in-situ method. While this alternate method is not as accurate as the standard two-temperature in-situ calibration method, the fact that it can be performed at a single room temperature means that it enables absolute temperature mapping for use cases requiring boards or socketed DUTs, as is the case for tester applications. An example characterization of a DUT utilizing varying clock signal inputs shows the added flexibility and ease of setup that the alternative single-temperature workflow brings, creating new opportunities for use-cases such as boards and testers where the use of a heated thermal chuck is not viable.