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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Church and state – Portugal – History »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Church and state – Portugal – History"

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Santos, Paula Borges. « Relations between Church and State in Portugal in the Transition to Democracy ». Portuguese Studies 28, no 1 (2012) : 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/port.2012.0005.

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Adinolfi, Goffredo. « Le destre radicali e il liberalismo portoghese : alle radici di una dittatura ». MEMORIA E RICERCA, no 30 (juillet 2009) : 109–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/mer2009-030011.

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- The aim of this article is to analyze the continuing clashes that opposed liberals and absolutists in the Portugal between the nineteenth to the twenty's century. This was a struggle characterized by constant double-crossings and standstill. Losers, never defeated until the end, were never overcome in the new regime, leaving open lines of fracture and continuing instability between: state-church and republic-monarchy. The Miguelistas, absolutist "resistant" to modernization of the country, a symbol of a deep and archaic country, seems to be missing when, facing the crisis of the late twentieth century, riding the fortunes of the new conservative nationalism, came to a new fortune. Oliveira Salazar was one of the main exponents of this deep Portugal based on the old / new ideology laid the foundation for the establishment of the Estado Novo corporatist and organic state.Parole chiave: Portogallo, Assolutismo, Oliveira Salazar, Liberalismo, Fascismo, Penisola Iberica Portugal, Absolutism, Oliveira Salazar, Liberalism, Fascism, Iberian peninsula
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FEITOZA, PEDRO. « Experiments in Missionary Writing : Protestant Missions and the Imprensa Evangelica in Brazil, 1864–1892 ». Journal of Ecclesiastical History 69, no 3 (22 mars 2018) : 585–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046917002809.

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The Imprensa Evangelica, published between 1864 and 1892 in Brazil by Presbyterian missionaries, furnished Brazilian Evangelical minorities with a means of crafting new religious identities and of asserting their presence in the public arena. Its editors defended the political rights of non-Catholics in the country, took part in religious controversies with Catholic publications in Brazil and Portugal, and intervened in on-going public debates on the separation of Church and State and the abolition of slavery. This article also examines how the periodical's circulation generated new reading practices in Brazil.
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Dubrovskaya, Dinara V. « From Papal Envoys to Martyrs of the Faith : An Attempt in Generalization of Franciscan preaching in China in the 13th– 18th Centuries ». Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva : istoriia i sovremennost, no 5 (2021) : 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080016686-1.

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The article is an attempt to systematize the preaching of the Franciscan order in China, starting with the papal embassies to the Great Khans who conquered the Middle Empire and founded the Yuan dynasty until the end of the 20th century. The author groups the information into several major periods, suggesting a five-stage periodization of the Franciscan presence in the Far East. A change in the preaching paradigm is noted during the 700 centuries of the fickle Minorites’ presence in China. While the first reconnaissance missions, achieving modest success in preaching to non-Chinese subjects of the Mongol emperors, were mainly diplomatic in nature, in modern times the mission, enjoying the support of the Spanish Padroado system, is purposefully concentrated on preaching work, especially among the poor segments of the population. Since the 16th century begins a change in the entire logistic paradigm of the Far Eastern missionary work. If in the Middle Ages the Pope had enough to send several barefoot Franciscans to the Tatars, then in modern times the church is already forced to reckon with the countries that divided the world, initiating the Age of Exploration, first of all, with Spain and Portugal, the two then superpowers, each of which supported their own preachers, competing for influence in India, China and Japan and giving the task of preaching Christianity an additional political dimension, laden with rivalry and intrigue. The article is a continuation of the piece by the same author, focusing on theoretical foundations of the Franciscan proselytization, published earlier [Dubrovskaya, 2020(1)].
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Silva, José Luís Coelho da, Ana Sofia Afonso et Miguel Durães. « Ciência-Religião no caso de Galileu Galilei : Que relações veiculadas na literatura infantil e juvenil ? » História da Ciência e Ensino : construindo interfaces 20 (29 décembre 2019) : 275–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.23925/2178-2911.2019v20espp275-288.

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Resumo A História da Ciência tem revelado uma relação entre Ciência e Religião pautada pela complexidade, constatando-se a mudança das fronteiras entre estas duas esferas ao longo dos tempos e afirmando-se a impossibilidade de compreender o modo como se relacionam se desenquadradas dos respetivos contextos históricos sob o risco de se gerarem artificialismos ou anacronismos. A relação entre Galileu e a Igreja Católica é, entre outros, um caso exemplificativo. Neste contexto e sabendo-se que esta relação é abordada em livros de literatura infantil e juvenil, emerge a importância de refletir sobre o modo como estes livros induzem uma visão da relação Ciência-Religião. A definição do objetivo de investigação – Identificar o tipo de relação Ciência- Religião veiculada em livros de literatura infantil e juvenil publicados em Portugal sobre a vida e obra de Galileu Galilei – determina o recurso à técnica de análise de conteúdo, em função de categorias definidas a priori, e aplicada a um corpus de análise constituído por dez livros. A análise efetuada mostra que é veiculada predominantemente uma visão simplista da relação Ciência-Religião, reforçando um posicionamento popular de conflito permanente. Revela-se importante refletir sobre a pertinência da exploração da relação Ciência-Religião nestes livros, considerando não só a relação entre a sua complexidade e o nível etário e os conhecimentos dos destinatários mas também a necessidade de evitar veicular visões deformadas. Palavras-chave: Relação Ciência-Religião, Galilei Galilei, Literatura infantil e juvenil Abstract The history of Science has shown a complex relation between Science and Religion. It has put in evidence how the borders between these two spheres have been changing throughout time, and has stated the importance of the historical contexts to understand the interplay between them. Indeed, neglecting these historical contexts increases the risk of creating artificialism or anachronism. The relation between Galileo and the Catholic Church is, among others, an exemplary case. In this case, and because this relation is approached in children and youth’s literature, it is important to reflect on how these books induce a vision of the relation Science-Religion. The aim of the study – to identify the type of relation Science-Religion covered in children and youth’s books published in Portugal about the life and work of Galileo Galilei – implies the use of a content analysis technique, in which a priori categories were defined and employed in a corpus of analysis composed by ten books. Data analysis shows that the books often cover a simplistic vision of the relation Science-Religion, which reinforce the popular perspective of permanent conflict. It is important to reflect on the relevance of exploring the relation Science-Religion in this type of books. This requires to have in consideration not only the complexity of the relations, the age and knowledge of the readers, but also the need to avoid covering deformed visions. Keywords: Relation Science-Religion, Galileo Galilei, Children and Youth ́s literature
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Fraser, James W. « Church, State, and School ». History of Education Quarterly 45, no 3 (2005) : 461–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2005.tb00049.x.

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Meyer Resende, Madalena. « A Holy Alliance between the Catholic Church and Constitution-Makers ? The Diffusion of the Clause of Cooperation in Third Wave Democracies ». Politics and Religion 11, no 1 (8 mai 2017) : 55–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755048317000311.

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AbstractWhat explains the adoption of the regime of cooperation between church and the state in the democratic constitutions of Spain and Poland, while Portugal maintained a regime of strict separation in the United States and French tradition? The explanation could be that a consensual constitution-making process resulted in a constitutional formula accommodating religion and guaranteeing religious freedoms. Alternatively, the constitutional regime of cooperation could result from the diffusion of international norms to national constitutions, in this case, the cosmopolitan law of the church. The article process-traces the constitution drafting processes and finds that the emergence of a constitutional consensus among secularist and constitutional drafters in Spain and Poland was based on the Vatican Council II doctrine and facilitated by the intervention of the Catholic hierarchies. In Portugal, the violent context of the revolution excluded the church, and the constitutional regime of strict separation between church and state was adopted.
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Paula Borges Santos. « Relations between Church and State in Portugal in the Transition to Democracy ». Portuguese Studies 28, no 1 (2012) : 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5699/portstudies.28.1.0077.

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Dreisbach, Daniel L., et Philip Hamburger. « Separation of Church and State ». American Journal of Legal History 47, no 3 (1 juillet 2005) : 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30039538.

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Buckley, Thomas E., et Gerard V. Bradley. « Church-State Relationships in America ». Journal of American History 75, no 1 (juin 1988) : 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1889678.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Church and state – Portugal – History"

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Geiter, Steffan James. « The Church, State, and Literature of Carolingian France ». Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3076.

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This thesis examines the eighth century rise in power of the Carolingian Church and the Carolingian dynasty through an early promise of religious revival, monarchial revival, and increased Papal power. Such aims gained the Carolingians a powerful in the Church. Aided by Boniface (672-754 AD) and the Church, the Carolingians replaced the Merovingians in Francia. In conjunction with this revival, Church scholars dictated a reformation of kingship in treatises called the Speculum Principum. A king’s position became tremulous when they strayed from these rules, as it betrayed their alliance. Ultimately, Louis the Pious (778-840 AD) faced deposition after they disagreed on his appointments and adherence to the ideologies of the Speculum Principum.
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Doria, Luís. « Do Cisma ao Convénio : Estado e Igreja de 1831 a 1848 / ». Lisboa : Impr. de Ciências Sociais, 2001. http://www.gbv.de/dms/sub-hamburg/338077421.pdf.

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Szajkowski, B. « Roman Catholic Church-State relations in Poland 1944-1983 ». Thesis, Bucks New University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378427.

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Freese, John Richard. « A symbolic analysis of state educational policy and reaction in a selected state, 1915-1925 ». Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186216.

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The role of nonpublic schools within American society has often been debated and challenged, yet for over three hundred and fifty years such schools have existed within what is now the United States. A significant portion of these nonpublic schools have been parochial schools operated by Lutheran denominations. Lutheran parochial schools were established by most European Lutheran immigrant groups to the United States, but the majority were established by German immigrants. German Lutheran immigrants to the United States initially established and maintained parochial schools to perpetuate their language, their culture, and their doctrinal standards. During World War I, extraordinary pressures from society and from the state came to bear on German Lutheran parochial schools. This study examined the public opinions and state policies within Nebraska from 1915-1925, as applied to German Lutheran parochial schools. The symbolic approach toward organizations was the analytical frame used for this study.
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Law, Wing Leung. « Church and state relations in contemporary China : a case study of the Wenzhou Catholic Church ». HKBU Institutional Repository, 2010. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1196.

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Greenlee, Patricia Annettee. « Separation of Church and State : A Diffusion of Reason and Religion ». Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2006. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2237.

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The evolution of America's religious liberty was birthed by a separate church and state. As America strides into the twenty first century the origin of separation of church and state continues to be a heated topic of debate. Conservatives argue that America's version of separation of church and state was birthed by principles of Christian liberty. Liberals reject this idea maintaining that the evolution of a separate church and state in America was based on enlightened thinking that demanded rational men should have religious liberty. The best way to achieve this was by erecting a wall of separation between church and state. Sources used in this study include The Letters of Roger Williams, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, and the Diary of Isaac Backus, along with many other primary and secondary sources. This study concludes that America’s religious freedom, conceptualized in its separate church and state is a creation of both reason and religion.
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MacNeill, Molly. « Church and state : public education and the American religious right ». Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21237.

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In the late 1970's and 1980's, education issues formed a pivotal part of the American religious conservative agenda. The issues of school prayer, textbook content and the teaching of evolution in particular inspired lively debate and committed activism on the part of conservative Protestant leaders and activists. Confronting the behemoth of secular humanism, these leaders sought to win converts and to foment action in the converted through two separate modes of rhetoric: the emotional, which used impassioned arguments, and the intellectual, a more phlegmatic approach used to achieve political ends. Finding their roots in the 1920's, conservative Protestants have placed paramount importance on education issues throughout American history, believing that the United States is a fundamentally Christian nation, founded on a normative Protestant world view, and that American children should be taught according to these principles.
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Kim, Soo-Chan. « Church-state relations in the history of the Presbyterian churches in Korea ». Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274817.

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The purpose of this thesis is to challenge the existing research which has blamed the Korean conservative Presbyterian churches’ apolitical attitude and their ignoring of their socio-political responsibility on account of their conservative theological thinking.  It also seeks to analyze and re-evaluate the conservative churches from a socio-theological perspective because hitherto the research has neglected the social factors which have played an important role in influencing their attitude no less than the theological factors. The historical period covered by this research is from 1884, the year the first Protestant missionary arrived in Korea, to the early 1990s.  The reason is that during this period the church had had a relationship with three very different ruling political powers:  (1) the Japanese colonial government, (2) the United States Military Government (USMG) and the first Korean republic ruled by a Christian president and (3) the military regime led by three Buddhist presidents which had ruled Korea until 1992.  While the Korean Presbyterian churches in a different political setting maintained the principle of the separation of church and state, they formed and developed a different political ecclesiology in their own interests and kept a close relationship with the establishment for different reasons.
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Weimer, David E. « Protestant Institutionalism : Religion, Literature, and Society After the State Church ». Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493395.

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Even as the Church of England lost ground to political dissent and New England gradually disestablished its state churches early in the nineteenth century, writers on both sides of the debates about church establishments maintained their belief in religion’s role as a moral guide for individuals and the state. “Protestant Institutionalism” argues that writers—from Herman Melville and Harriet Beecher Stowe to George Eliot and Elizabeth Gaskell—imagined through literature the institutions that would produce a religiously sound society as established churches began to lose their authority. Drawing on novels and poems as well as sermons and tracts about how religion might exist apart from the state, I argue that these authors both understood society in terms of institutions and also used their literature to imagine the institutions—such as family, denomination, and nation—that would provide society with a stable foundation. This institutional thinking about society escapes any literary history that accepts Protestant individualism as a given. In fact, although the US and England maintained different relationships between church and state, British authors often looked to US authors for help imagining the society that new forms of religion might produce precisely in terms of these institutions. In the context of disestablishment we can see how the literature of the nineteenth century—and nineteenth-century novels in particular—was about more than the fate of the individual in society. In fact, to different degrees for each author, individual development actually relies on the proper understanding of the individual’s relationship to institutions and the role those institutions play in supporting society
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Gillespie, Susan W. « Church, State, and School : The Education of Freedmen in Virginia, 1861-1870 ». W&M ScholarWorks, 1998. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626178.

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Livres sur le sujet "Church and state – Portugal – History"

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Carvalho, José. Jesuítas na 1a. República : Os mártires do regime em Portugal. Lisboa : Fonte da Palavra, 2013.

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Portuguesa, Universidade Católica, dir. Catolicismo e liberalismo em Portugal (1820-1850). Lisboa : Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda, 2009.

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Santos, Paula Borges. Igreja Católica, estado e sociedade, 1968-1975 : O caso Rádio Renascença. Lisboa : Imprensa de Ciências Sociais, 2005.

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As congregações religiosas em Portugal (1901-1926). Lisboa : Junta Nacional Investigaciones Cientificas, 2003.

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Villares, Artur. As congregações religiosas em Portugal (1901-1926). [S.l.] : Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 2003.

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O estado, a igreja e a sociedade em Portugal (1832-1911). [Lisboa] : Imprensa Nacional Casa da Moeda, 1998.

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Franco, José Eduardo. O mito dos Jesuítas em Portugal, no Brasil e no Oriente : (séculos XVI a XX). Lisboa : Gradiva, 2006.

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de, Albuquerque Martim, et Meneses Miguel Pinto de, dir. Orações de obediência : Dos reis de Portugal aos sumos pontífices. Lisboa : Edições Inapa, 1988.

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Reis, A. do Carmo. O liberalismo em Portugal e a igreja católica : A época de Sua Majestade Imperial e Real D. Pedro. Lisboa : Editorial Notícias, 1988.

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La Iglesia Católica en Galicia, 1910-1936 : Entre la revolución de Portugal y la cruzada de España. Santiago de Compostela : Tórculo Edicións, 2012.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Church and state – Portugal – History"

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Wilson, John F., et Donald L. Drakeman. « Introduction ». Dans Church and State in American History, 1–14. Fourth edition. | New York : Taylor & Francis, 2019. | Previous edition cataloged under title as both “authors” considered editors. : Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429022401-1.

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Wilson, John F., et Donald L. Drakeman. « The Language of Colonial Establishments (–1700) ». Dans Church and State in American History, 15–40. Fourth edition. | New York : Taylor & Francis, 2019. | Previous edition cataloged under title as both “authors” considered editors. : Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429022401-2.

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Wilson, John F., et Donald L. Drakeman. « Ethnic Diversity and Evangelical Differentiation (1700–1760) ». Dans Church and State in American History, 41–57. Fourth edition. | New York : Taylor & Francis, 2019. | Previous edition cataloged under title as both “authors” considered editors. : Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429022401-3.

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Wilson, John F., et Donald L. Drakeman. « The Struggle for Independence and the Terms of Settlement (1760–1820) ». Dans Church and State in American History, 58–97. Fourth edition. | New York : Taylor & Francis, 2019. | Previous edition cataloged under title as both “authors” considered editors. : Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429022401-4.

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Wilson, John F., et Donald L. Drakeman. « The Era of Republican Protestantism (1820–1860) ». Dans Church and State in American History, 98–143. Fourth edition. | New York : Taylor & Francis, 2019. | Previous edition cataloged under title as both “authors” considered editors. : Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429022401-5.

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Wilson, John F., et Donald L. Drakeman. « The Recognition of American Pluralism (1860–1920) ». Dans Church and State in American History, 144–91. Fourth edition. | New York : Taylor & Francis, 2019. | Previous edition cataloged under title as both “authors” considered editors. : Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429022401-6.

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Wilson, John F., et Donald L. Drakeman. « Mainstream Pluralism (1920–1960) ». Dans Church and State in American History, 192–251. Fourth edition. | New York : Taylor & Francis, 2019. | Previous edition cataloged under title as both “authors” considered editors. : Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429022401-7.

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Wilson, John F., et Donald L. Drakeman. « Dimensions of Inclusive Pluralism (1960– ) ». Dans Church and State in American History, 252–402. Fourth edition. | New York : Taylor & Francis, 2019. | Previous edition cataloged under title as both “authors” considered editors. : Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429022401-8.

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Wilson, John F., et Donald L. Drakeman. « Dimensions of Inclusive Pluralism (1960– ) ». Dans Church and State in American History, 403–528. Fourth edition. | New York : Taylor & Francis, 2019. | Previous edition cataloged under title as both “authors” considered editors. : Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429022401-9.

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Basil, John D. « Imperial Russia’s Canonists and the Issue of Church and State ». Dans New Perspectives in Modern Russian History, 65–79. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22210-0_5.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Church and state – Portugal – History"

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Ramírez, Rafael, Nuno Mendes et Paulo B. Lourenço. « Structural performance of the church of São Miguel de Refojos ». Dans IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019 : Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. Zurich, Switzerland : International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.1576.

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<p>This paper addresses the study of the structural stability of the church of São Miguel de Refojos, in Cabeceiras de Basto (Portugal). The building presents low to moderate structural damage, as well as other non-structural problems mainly related to the high presence of water. The work is divided into three main tasks, namely inspection and diagnosis of the building, preparation and calibration of a numerical model, and finally, structural analysis. The structure nonlinear behavior is evaluated and pushover analyses are used to assess the seismic performance. In addition, the stability of the church for horizontal actions is verified by means of limit analysis. The results are evaluated in terms of capacity curves, deformation, structural damage patterns and collapse mechanisms. The present study allowed to obtain detailed and reliable knowledge of the conservation state and structural safety of the historical church.</p>
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Rocco, A., D. V. Oliveira, E. Garbin et F. M. Fernandes. « Analysis of the "Ponte do arco" Stone Masonry Arch Bridge ». Dans IABSE Symposium, Wroclaw 2020 : Synergy of Culture and Civil Engineering – History and Challenges. Zurich, Switzerland : International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/wroclaw.2020.0934.

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<p>The “Ponte do Arco” stone masonry arch bridge is located in the north of Portugal, in the municipality of Marco de Canaveses, district of Porto. The bridge is immersed in a remote natural environment and is part of the Romanesque Route, which links buildings and structures built in the area during the Romanesque Period. The “Ponte do Arco” bridge is a fine example of this type of architecture and, therefore, it deserves devoted conservation and maintenance works. The geometry of the bridge, the internal structure of the pavement and the damage state were characterised by using two non-destructive techniques, photogrammetry and ground penetrating radar, and by performing a damage survey. The data collected was used to perform limit and finite element analyses in order to estimate the structural safety level of the structure. The paper presents the structural appraisal, resulting from the non-destructive surveys and the numerical analyses.</p>
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Slavko Dragović, Magdalena, Aleksandar Čučaković et Milesa Srećković. « Geometric approach to the revitalization process of medieval Serbian monasteries ». Dans The 13th International Conference on Engineering and Computer Graphics BALTGRAF-13. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/baltgraf.2015.009.

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Among the standard approaches concerning cultural heritage preservation, the architectural point of view deserves particular attention. The special place in medieval Serbian history of architecture belongs to the world famous monastery complexes Studenica, Dečani and Gračanica. Beside them numerous significant monuments (churches and monasteries) exist as witnesses of the national testimony, currently in the state of ruins, archaeological sites, or damaged ones. A lot of them have adequate needs for revitalisation, where the start point is engineering documentation. The focus of the research is on the role of specific geometric and engineering graphics tasks when these areas are concerning. Monastery church devoted to Introduction of Holy Theotokos in village Slavkovica (near town Ljig), with three old sarcophaguses, dated back to 15th century, is presented and analysed from several aspects:measuring, architectural style characteristics - geometric design, 3D modelling (classical-CAD and terrestrial photogrammetric) with visualization and presentation.The attention was paid on preservation of authentic architectural style and medieval building techniques, which allow imperfections in realization.The opinion of experienced scientists and specialists involved in all the phases of monument's revitalisation has been followed as a guideline to the final result – a proposed geometric design of the revitalised church in Slavkovica.
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Ceriachi, Melissa. « RECOVERY OF A SEVERELY DETERIORATED PAINTING : THE MARTYRDOM OF SAINT SEBASTIAN BY GIOVANNI SANTI (15TH CENTURY). INTEGRATIVE PROPOSAL ». Dans RECH6 - 6th International Meeting on Retouching of Cultural Heritage. València : Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/rech6.2021.13492.

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This contribution examines a painting on wood: The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian, by Giovanni Santi. This work of art is the altarpiece of the chapel dedicated to the saint, located in Urbino's Church of San Bartolomeo. The history of this work of art is inextricably linked to that of its conservation: initially, the artwork was difficult to read due to the serious state of deterioration of the paint layer, with a loss of significant portions of the painting, including pictorial parts that played a decisive role in the rendering of the image. This had significant implications when it came to choosing the methodology for the pictorial reintegration of the painting. The aim was to reduce the negative effects caused by the state of deterioration as much as possible, to improve the readability of the work. Following a conservative restoration of the panel and of the polychromy, and after submitting it to art historian officer for a careful and close evaluation, a differentiated pictorial reintegration of the work was planned, applying the Florentine “selezione cromatica" method for the main figure, Saint Sebastian, and for all lacuna treatments. This intervention was carried out using tempera colours, overlapping by hatching three pure colours, chosen from the primary and secondary colours. I continued the “selezione cromatica” on the integrations, using varnish colours until achieving the desired tone, maintaining a tone of brilliancy and chromatic vivacity similar to the painting by Santi. The other parts of the painting had been very seriously damaged due to irrecoverable losses and can no longer be reconstructed; these were treated by experimenting with the “chromatic abstraction” reintegration with tonal variations within the layers of abstraction. The method involves the application of a cross-hatching where no shape is reconstructed, in a four-colour scheme (yellow, red, green/blue, black), in tempera colours.
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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Church and state – Portugal – History"

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Racu, Alexandru. The Romanian Orthodox Church and Its Attitude towards the Public Health Measures Imposed during the COVID-19 Pandemic : Too Much for Some, Too Little for Others. Analogia 17 (2023), mars 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55405/17-3-racu.

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This paper discusses the religious dimension of the public debate concerning the public health measures adopted by the Romanian authorities during the pandemic and focuses on the role played by the Romanian Orthodox Church within this context. It delineates the different camps that were formed within the Church in this regard and traces their evolution throughout the pandemic. It contextualizes the position of the Church in order to better understand it, placing it within the broader context of the Romanian society during the pandemic and integrating it within the longer history of post-communist relations between the Romanian Orthodox Church, the Romanian state and the Romanian civil society. It analyses the political impact of the public health measures and the role of the Church in shaping this impact. Finally, starting from the Romanian experience of the pandemic and from the ideological, theological and political disputes that it has generated within the Romanian public sphere, it develops some general conclusions regarding the relation between faith, science and politics whose relevance, if proven valid, surpasses the Romanian context and thus contributes to a more ecumenical discussion regarding the theological, pastoral and political lessons that can be learned from an otherwise tragic experience.
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