Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Christian democracy – Europe »

Créez une référence correcte selon les styles APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard et plusieurs autres

Choisissez une source :

Consultez les listes thématiques d’articles de revues, de livres, de thèses, de rapports de conférences et d’autres sources académiques sur le sujet « Christian democracy – Europe ».

À côté de chaque source dans la liste de références il y a un bouton « Ajouter à la bibliographie ». Cliquez sur ce bouton, et nous générerons automatiquement la référence bibliographique pour la source choisie selon votre style de citation préféré : APA, MLA, Harvard, Vancouver, Chicago, etc.

Vous pouvez aussi télécharger le texte intégral de la publication scolaire au format pdf et consulter son résumé en ligne lorsque ces informations sont inclues dans les métadonnées.

Articles de revues sur le sujet "Christian democracy – Europe"

1

Merutiu, Monica D. « Christian Heritage and Democracy in Europe ». Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 21, no 1 (2009) : 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jis2009211/23.

Texte intégral
Résumé :
The Judeo-Christian tradition has put its imprint on a fascinating and complex creation: Europe. Looking at the European stage today, one cannot help notice its struggles, challenges, and changes. The core of European unity cannot be stable and durable if the spiritual dimension is left aside, considered unimportant compared to the political and economic dimensions. In an era said to experience "pathologies of reason" and "pathologies of religion," the interdependence of reason and religion in a democratic, liberal state becomes highlty relevant. Understanding the complementarity between Christian values and the democratic ideal is the key to a genuine democracy that remains true to its goals. Maritain insisted that democracy needs virtue, and hence must not be separated from its moral dimension.
Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.
2

Kaiser, Wolfram. « Christian Democracy in Twentieth-Century Europe ». Journal of Contemporary History 39, no 1 (janvier 2004) : 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009404039888.

Texte intégral
Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.
3

Medhurst, Kenneth. « Christian democracy in Europe : a comparative perspective ». International Affairs 70, no 3 (juillet 1994) : 571–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2623775.

Texte intégral
Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.
4

SARDARYAN, G. Т. « REASONS FOR THE CRISIS OF CHRISTIAN DEMOCRACYIN WESTERN EUROPE ». Political Science Issues, no 3(33) part : 9 (18 décembre 2019) : 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.35775/psi.2019.33.3.007.

Texte intégral
Résumé :
The article discusses the causes and characteristics of the crisis of Christian democracy in West European countries in the second half of the XX century and at the present stage. The author notes that the crisis manifests itself in several directions: on the one hand, it is expressed in a significant decrease of the electoral support of the Christian Democratic parties in most West European countries and, on the other, in the crisis of the European Union as an integration project of a united Europe, the founders of which were the authors of the concept of the pan-European Christian republic. The article analyzes both external and internal reasons of the loss by the Christian Democrats of their ruling status in Europe. The key factor contributing to the development of the crisis is the desire of the demochristians to expand their electoral base bysecularizing their ideology and moving away from the fundamental Christian Democratic principles.
Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.
5

Kobets, Yuliia. « Christian democracy as a modern political doctrine ». Good Parson : scientific bulletin of Ivano-Frankivsk Academy of John Chrysostom. Theology. Philosophy. History, no 14 (29 janvier 2020) : 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.52761/2522-1558.2019.14.11.

Texte intégral
Résumé :
Christian Democracy is one of the youngest political doctrines of our time, a product of the twentieth century. But it influenced the formation of the post-war order of Europe, of the world, and the formation of new political parties and whole party systems, and a new type of political culture. The reaction of Christianity to manifestations of anti-clericalism and socialism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. became Christian democracy. Christian democracy is a fairly broad concept. In its content, it includes the direction of socio-political thought, political movement as well as a network of public organizations and associations. The article discusses the essence of the concept "Christian democracy", its contentfulness in the twentieth century. The key stages of the development of modern political doctrine of Christianity and the main principles are analyzed. The article traces the institutional development of Christian-democratic organizations. Particular attention is devoted to the Christian Democratic parties of the countries of Western Europe, which are the most powerful in the world. Characteristics of the development of Christian Democratic parties in Ukraine are given, and tendencies of their further development are revealed. The question of the ideological and social significance of Christian democracy in the context of the formation of Western political culture is explored. The basic tasks and directions of development of Christian Democratic Movement as Important Parameters of Christian Politics, and the Importance of Political Participation of Christian Parties in the World and in Ukraine are formed. The main principles of Christian democracy are outlined: solidarity, subsidiarity, personalism, responsibility, decentralizationю These principles laid the specific understanding of the concept of "person-society-state". The concept of the doctrine of Christian democracy as the basis for the formation of a pluralistic society and a deligatory state is highlighted.
Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.
6

Gottfried, Paul. « The Rise and Fall of Christian Democracy in Europe ». Orbis 51, no 4 (janvier 2007) : 711–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2007.08.012.

Texte intégral
Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.
7

Tjalve, Vibeke Schou. « Judeo-Christian democracy and the Transatlantic Right : Travels of a contested civilizational imaginary ». New Perspectives 29, no 4 (6 novembre 2021) : 332–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2336825x211052979.

Texte intégral
Résumé :
“Judeo-Christian civilization” and “Christian democracy” have emerged as darling far Right tropes, seemingly uniting radical conservatives in the US and Europe behind a single, geopolitical imaginary. This article presents a brief political-conceptual story of how “Judeo-Christianity” and “Christian democracy” became a rhetorical meeting ground for radical conservatives across the Atlantic. But it also sheds light on why deep, historical, intellectual, and ethnographic divides beneath, make those grounds highly unstable terrain. Divides not only between European and American traditions of liberalism and conservatism but also between the experiences and practices of state power that inform them. Beneath the slogans of Christian democracy espoused in such disparate contexts as Charlottesville and Budapest, move different legacies, memories, enemies.
Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.
8

CORDUWENER, PEPIJN. « DEMOCRACY AS A CONTESTED CONCEPT IN POST-WAR WESTERN EUROPE : A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF POLITICAL DEBATES IN FRANCE, WEST GERMANY, AND ITALY ». Historical Journal 59, no 1 (27 octobre 2015) : 197–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x14000673.

Texte intégral
Résumé :
ABSTRACTThis article explores how political parties in France, West Germany, and Italy conceptualized democracy and challenged the conceptions of democracy of their political adversaries between the end of the 1940s and the early 1960s. It studies from a comparative perspective the different conceptions of democracy held by Christian democrat, Left-wing, and Gaullist political actors and shows how these diverged on key issues such as the economic system, foreign policy, the separation of powers, electoral systems, and the use of state institutions in the defence of democracy against anti-democratic forces. In this way, the article reveals how in the first fifteen years after the Second World War, government and opposition parties disputed each other's democratic credentials and political legitimacy, and it thereby reconsiders the claim that there existed a broad consensus on the meaning of democracy among political elites in post-war Western Europe. It is argued that these different conceptions of democracy only started to converge after they had clashed during political crises at the turn of the 1960s in all three states. This study thereby contributes to an enhanced understanding the formation of the post-war democratic order in Western Europe.
Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.
9

Λάβδας, Κώστας. « Stathls Ν. Kalyvas, The Rise of Christian Democracy in Europe ». Επιστήμη και Κοινωνία : Επιθεώρηση Πολιτικής και Ηθικής Θεωρίας 4 (24 septembre 2015) : 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/sas.748.

Texte intégral
Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.
10

Grzymala-Busse, Ann. « Why there is (almost) no Christian Democracy in post-communist Europe ». Party Politics 19, no 2 (10 juin 2011) : 319–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354068811407596.

Texte intégral
Résumé :
Compared to its West European counterparts, post-communist Christian Democracy is notable for its lack of success. Even in the most religious of post-communist democracies, no Christian Democratic (CD) party has claimed a plurality of the electorate. At the same time, there is a considerable range in average electoral support from 1990 to 2010, i.e. from 0.7 percent in Estonia to as high as 18.4 percent in Slovakia. The most successful CD parties have arisen in Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Slovenia and Lithuania, and (with qualifications) in Macedonia. The reasons for this success lie not in popular religiosity, state–church conflict or alliances between CD parties and churches. Instead, where parties can point to a history of nation and state-building in the inter-war period, they receive an initial electoral boost from this historical legacy. Yet even these favourable historical reputations have transitory effects: by the second or third elections, the impact of inter-war support rapidly faded.
Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Thèses sur le sujet "Christian democracy – Europe"

1

Öhlén, Mats. « The Eastward Enlargement of European Parties : Party Adaptation in the Light of EU-enlargement ». Doctoral thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för humaniora, utbildnings- och samhällsvetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-28635.

Texte intégral
Résumé :
The aim of the study is to map out and analyse the integration of political parties from Central and Eastern Europe into the main European party families. The prospect of eastern enlargement of the EU implicated opportunities and above all challenges for the West European party families. The challenges consisted of integrating new parties with a different historical legacy. The study focuses on mainly how the European party families handled these challenges and what motives that have driven them in this engagement. At a more general level the thesis sketches two alternatives interpretations of the process: Western neo-colonialism and contribution to democratisation. The method used for the study is comparative case-study method and the main sources that have been utilised are party documents and in-depth interviews. The study is delimited to the three main European party families: the Christian democrats, the social democrats and the liberals. The countries of interest in Central and Eastern Europe are those postcommunist countries that became EU-members in 2004 and 2007: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia. The time-frame is limited to the first party contacts in 1989 to the final inclusion of the new parties in 2000-2006. The results suggest that the European parties have responded with ambitious means to the challenge of integrating new parties from a postcommunist context. They have set up new coordinating bodies and organised educational programmes for the applicant parties, mainly directed to young politicians. The Christian democrats and the social democrats have also used parallel organisations as buffer-zones, which provided certain flexibility. As for motives, the Christian democrats stand out as the party family with the clearest power-oriented motives. At the other end, the liberals stand out as the party family that is most steered by ideology and identity. The social democrats went through a change with ideological considerations dominating the early phase and became increasingly poweroriented as the EU enlargement drew closer. When it comes to the two alternative interpretations of this process, the main conclusion is that they are intertwined and more or less impossible to separate from each other.
Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.
2

Boivin, Hélène. « Louis Terrenoire, un fidèle à l’ombre du général de Gaulle 1908-1992 ». Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUL105.

Texte intégral
Résumé :
Grand oublié de l’histoire du gaullisme, Louis Terrenoire en est pourtant l’un des représentants les plus attestés. Rien ne prédisposait ce Lyonnais d’origine, issu d’une famille modeste, d’abord engagé dans les actions du catholicisme social puis du syndicalisme chrétien à connaître une carrière politique inscrite en tout point dans le sillage du Général. Monté à Paris en 1932 pour entrer au journal L’aube lancé par Francisque Gay, Louis Terrenoire noue des premiers contacts avec les milieux politiques de la démocratie chrétienne. Il se distingue surtout par son engagement en tant que journaliste dans la lutte contre les fascismes. Mobilisé en 1939, il part au combat avec la volonté de défendre la patrie ainsi que ses valeurs républicaines et chrétiennes. Refusant l’armistice, il gagne très tôt les rangs de la Résistance, non en réponse à l’Appel du 18 juin qu’il n’entend pas mais pour prolonger un combat antifasciste entamé dans les années 1930. C’est au cours de ses années de résistance puis en déportation que Louis Terrenoire se découvre gaulliste et commence à se construire une identité politique indissociable du Général. En 1945-1946, il débute une carrière de parlementaire sous l’étiquette MRP. Après la rupture du « parti de la fidélité » avec le Général, Louis Terrenoire décide de le quitter en 1947 pour servir le général de Gaulle. Battu en 1951, il redevient député en 1958 et le reste jusqu’en 1973. Il participe à l’exercice du pouvoir au cours de la guerre d’Algérie en tant que ministre de l’Information, puis ministre délégué aux Relations avec le Parlement de février 1961 à avril 1962 en même temps que porte-parole d’un Général très ouvert au débat en conseil des ministres. Cet itinéraire politique est placé sous le signe d’une fidélité indéfectible à un homme – le général de Gaulle –, à ses idées, et à son œuvre, qui en fait un « baron » à part jusqu’à mort
Greatly forgotten in the history of Gaullism, Louis Terrenoire is nevertheless one of the most attested representatives of it. Nothing predisposed this Lyonnais, from a modest family, first engaged in the actions of social Catholicism and then Christian trade unionism, to have a political career that was in every respect in the wake of the General. Louis Terrenoire went to Paris in 1932 to join the newspaper “L'aube” launched by Francisque Gay, and made his first contacts with the political circles of Christian Democracy. He stands out above all for his commitment as a journalist in the fight against fascism. Mobolized in 1939, he went into battle with the will to defend the country as well as its republican and christian values. Refusing the armistice, he very early won the ranks of the Resistance, not in response to the Appeal of June 18 that he did not hear but to prolong an antifascist struggle begun in the 1930s. It was during his years of resistance and then in deportation that Louis Terrenoire discovered himself to be a Gaullist and began to build a political identity inseparable from the General. In 1945-1946, he began a parliamentary career under the MRP label. After the break-up of the “loyalty party” with the General, Louis Terrenoire decided to leave him in 1947 to serve General de Gaulle. Beaten in 1951, he became a Member of Parliament again in 1958 and the rest until 1973. He took part in the exercice of power during the Algerian war as Minister of Information, then as Minister Delegate Relations with Parliament from February 1961 to April 1962 and at the same time as spokeman for a General who was very open to debate in the Council of Ministers.This political itinerary is based on an unfailing loyalty to a man- General de Gaulle-, to his ideas and to his work, which makes him a “ baron” apart until his death
Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.
3

Dilling, Matthias. « Organizational choices and organizational adaptability in political parties : the case of Western European Christian democracy ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8e6a932c-ca78-4520-8458-b67608c917f7.

Texte intégral
Résumé :
While political parties in Europe are incredibly adaptable organizations, they have varied in the extent to which they are able to adapt to social and political transformations. I explain parties' adaptability in two steps. 1) Adaptability depends on factionalism in a nonlinear way. Giving too much room and no room at all to factions undermines a party's ability to adapt. 2) Factionalism depends on early organizational characteristics. The more centralized the initially introduced leadership selection process is, the more party elites will be incentivized to form factions. This argument applies to political parties that allow for internal competition and elect their leaders according to formal rules. I use statistical tools, a medium- and small-N analysis and systematic process tracing to test my framework against competing explanations. I focus on Christian democracy to use a most-similar system design. The main empirical part of the thesis relies on a structured focused comparison of the Italian DC, Austrian ÖVP and German CDU. It is guided by a nested analysis and builds on a large amount of primary data which has not been analyzed before. I test my theory on the additional cases of the Portuguese, Dutch and Luxembourgian Christian Democrats and the French MRP. My main finding is that early organizational choices matter. The initial form the leadership selection process takes has a decisive impact on the incentives of intra-party actors to form factions. The initial level of factionalism becomes deeply entrenched in the party's organization and internal code of practice. This explains why party elites are unlikely to change it when they realize that their party's level of factionalism undermines its adaptability. Moving beyond the focus of path dependence on a single level has thus important implications for the literature on party politics, factionalism, party organizations and institutional development.
Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.
4

Keller, Megan. « The Two Conversions of John Newton : Politics & ; Christianity in the British Abolitionist Movement ». Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1873.

Texte intégral
Résumé :
This thesis interrogated the relationship between abolition and the evangelical revival in Britain through the life of John Newton. Newton, though not representative of every abolitionist, was a vital figure in the movement. His influence on Hannah More and William Wilberforce along with his contributions to the Parliamentary hearings made him a key aspect of its success. How he came to fulfill that role was a long and complex journey, both in terms of his religion and his understanding of slavery. He began his life under the spiritual direction of his pious, Dissenting mother, became an atheist by nineteen, and then an influential, evangelical minister in the Church of England in his later adulthood. In the midst of that journey, Newton was impressed, joined the crew of a slave ship, was himself enslaved, became a slave ship captain, and then, eventually, a fervent abolitionist. Though it was far from straightforward, Newton's evangelical Calvinistic theology seems to have driven him to ultimately condemn the slave trade. Understanding the relationship between Newton’s two conversions—to evangelical Christianity and abolitionism—gives modern readers’ insight into the intellectual roots of the abolitionist movement more broadly, the dynamics between Christianity and politics, as well as how individual moral choice can affect history.
Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.
5

VAN, KERSBERGEN Kees. « Social capitalism : a study of Christian democracy and the post-war settlement of the welfare state ». Doctoral thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5309.

Texte intégral
Résumé :
Defence date: 20 December 1991
Examining board: Prof. Gøsta Esping-Andersen (EUI, supervisor) ; Prof. Franz-Xaver Kaufmann (Universität Bielefeld) ; Prof. Hans Keman (Free University, Amsterdam) ; Prof. Roger Morgan (EUI) ; Prof. John D. Stephens (Northwestern University, USA)
First made available online: 7 June 2016
Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Livres sur le sujet "Christian democracy – Europe"

1

1966-, Kaiser Wolfram, et Gehler Michael, dir. Christian democracy in Europe since 1945. Portland, OR : Frank Cass, 2004.

Trouver le texte intégral
Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.
2

1966-, Kaiser Wolfram, et Gehler Michael, dir. Christian democracy in Europe since 1945. London : Routledge, 2004.

Trouver le texte intégral
Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.
3

1944-, Hanley D. L., dir. Christian democracy in Europe : A comparative perspective. London : Pinter Publishers, 1994.

Trouver le texte intégral
Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.
4

The rise of Christian Democracy in Europe. Ithaca, N.Y : Cornell University Press, 1996.

Trouver le texte intégral
Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.
5

1944-, Hanley D. L., dir. Christian democracy in Europe : A comparative perspective. London : Pinter, 1996.

Trouver le texte intégral
Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.
6

Mario, Caciagli, et Institut de Ciències Polítiques i Socials., dir. DC, Christian democracy in Europe : Barcelona 1992. Barcelona : ICPS, 1992.

Trouver le texte intégral
Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.
7

1948-, Kselman Thomas A., et Buttigieg Joseph A, dir. European Christian democracy : Historical legacies and comparative perspectives. Notre Dame, Ind : University of Notre Dame Press, 2003.

Trouver le texte intégral
Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.
8

name, No. European Christian democracy : Historical legacies and comparative perspectives. Notre Dame, IN : University of Notre Dame Press, 2003.

Trouver le texte intégral
Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.
9

Durand, Jean-Dominique. L' Europe de la Démocratie chrétienne. Bruxelles : Editions Complexe, 1995.

Trouver le texte intégral
Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.
10

Delamare, Charles. L' Europe, incarnation de la démocratie chrétienne : Un dialogue. Paris : L'Harmattan, 2003.

Trouver le texte intégral
Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.

Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Christian democracy – Europe"

1

Gebhardt, Stanisław. « The Christian Democratic Union of Central Europe ». Dans Christian Democracy Across the Iron Curtain, 411–24. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64087-7_15.

Texte intégral
Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.
2

Varsori, Antonio. « Not Only De Gasperi : Italian Christian Democrats’ Commitment to Europe ». Dans Christian Democracy Across the Iron Curtain, 91–104. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64087-7_4.

Texte intégral
Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.
3

Milbradt, Georg. « The Prospects of Christian Democracy in Contemporary Europe : Experiences from Germany ». Dans Christian Democracy Across the Iron Curtain, 439–48. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64087-7_17.

Texte intégral
Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.
4

Pasture, Patrick. « Catholic and Christian Democratic Views on Europe Before and After World War II : Continuities and Discontinuities ». Dans Christian Democracy Across the Iron Curtain, 25–55. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64087-7_2.

Texte intégral
Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.
5

Jansen, Thomas. « The European Union of Christian Democrats, 1965–1976 ». Dans The European People's Party, 46–53. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780333995297_5.

Texte intégral
Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.
6

Jansen, Thomas. « What is the Meaning of ‘Christian Democracy’ in the European Context ? » Dans The European People's Party, 123–27. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780333995297_13.

Texte intégral
Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.
7

Kaiser, Wolfram. « Europeanization of Christian Democracy ? Negotiating Organization, Enlargement, Policy and Allegiance in the European People’s Party ». Dans Societal Actors in European Integration, 15–37. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137017659_2.

Texte intégral
Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.
8

Naimark, Norman M. « The Soviets and the Christian Democrats : the Challenge of a ‘Bourgeois’ Party in Eastern Germany, 1945–9 ». Dans The Soviet Union and Europe in the Cold War, 1943–53, 37–56. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25106-3_3.

Texte intégral
Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.
9

Tate, Andrew. « Teaching Marilynne Robinson, Democracy and the Mystery of American Belonging Through the Post-Christian Eyes of Millennial Brits : “Homesick for a place I never left” ». Dans Contemporary American Fiction in the European Classroom, 221–36. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94166-6_14.

Texte intégral
Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.
10

« Christian Democracy in Continental Europe ». Dans What is Christian Democracy ?, 193–247. Cambridge University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108368162.008.

Texte intégral
Styles APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, etc.
Nous offrons des réductions sur tous les plans premium pour les auteurs dont les œuvres sont incluses dans des sélections littéraires thématiques. Contactez-nous pour obtenir un code promo unique!

Vers la bibliographie