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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Chocolate industry – Germany – History »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Chocolate industry – Germany – History"

Eversole, Robyn. « The Chocolates of Sucre : Stories of a Bolivian Industry ». Enterprise & ; Society 3, n^o 2 (juin 2002) : 209–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700011654.

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Chocolate is a Sucre trademark, one of the few products that this Bolivian city regularly markets to other parts of the country. Despite Sucre's long history of chocolate production, however, the city's chocolate industry at the turn of the twenty-first century remains small, unable to export, and generally uncompetitive with products from neighboring countries. Yet Sucre's chocolate-making enterprises have not disappeared; they continue to produce on a small scale in the face of mass-produced, imported brands. In this article, the history of Sucre's chocolate industry is examined to shed light on larger issues of industrial development and “underdevelopment” in Sucre and on the roots of the city's strong artisan identity.

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Montagna, Maria Teresa, Giusy Diella, Francesco Triggiano, Giusy Rita Caponio, Osvalda De Giglio, Giuseppina Caggiano, Agostino Di Ciaula et Piero Portincasa. « Chocolate, “Food of the Gods” : History, Science, and Human Health ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n^o 24 (6 décembre 2019) : 4960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16244960.

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Chocolate is well known for its fine flavor, and its history began in ancient times, when the Maya considered chocolate (a cocoa drink prepared with hot water) the “Food of the Gods”. The food industry produces many different types of chocolate: in recent years, dark chocolate, in particular, has gained great popularity. Interest in chocolate has grown, owing to its physiological and potential health effects, such as regulation of blood pressure, insulin levels, vascular functions, oxidation processes, prebiotic effects, glucose homeostasis, and lipid metabolism. However, further translational and epidemiologic studies are needed to confirm available results and to evaluate other possible effects related to the consumption of cocoa and chocolate, verifying in humans the effects hitherto demonstrated only in vitro, and suggesting how best to consume (in terms of dose, mode, and time) chocolate in the daily diet.

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Sturny, Arno. « Raising the bar : a story of bean-to-bar chocolate production in New Zealand ». Hospitality Insights 3, n^o 2 (3 décembre 2019) : 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/hi.v3i2.62.

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Chocolate is considered one of the most gratifying confections there is, and this holds as true in New Zealand as elsewhere in the world. Evidence of this high interest in chocolate in New Zealand is demonstrated in the arrival of small artisanal bean-to-bar chocolate makers in the early 2000s; the voting of Whittaker’s as New Zealand’s single most trusted brand for eight years running (Reader’s Digest New Zealand’s Most Trusted Brand) [1]; the reporting on the economic, social and cultural impacts of the closure of the Cadbury chocolate factory in Dunedin [2]; and the opening of the first fair trade chocolate factory, Sweet Justice Chocolate Factory, in Christchurch by Trade Aid New Zealand [3]. These examples also demonstrate a clear transformation within New Zealand’s commercial chocolate production, reflecting worldwide changes in multinational confectionery companies but also the emergence of artisanal production that directly addresses issues of sustainability and transparency [4, 5]. While broader culinary traditions in New Zealand have been well-documented, the food history of chocolate production has not yet been explored. Consequently, this study explored the history of chocolate production in New Zealand, with a specific focus on bean-to-bar products [6]. The study, based on a narrative history and interviews with current bean-to-bar chocolate makers in New Zealand, traced the history of bean-to-bar chocolate production in New Zealand. This process allowed for a multi-faceted reconstruction and interpretation of historical data to help understand various transformations within New Zealand’s chocolate industry, an industry long dominated by multinational companies such as Cadbury and Nestlé. This domination by overseas companies has recently been challenged by the emergence of small artisanal bean-to-bar chocolate makers and the rise of local chocolate company, Whittaker’s. Among the key findings was evidence of the maturing of the local chocolate industry to the point where it is clear that New Zealand-made chocolate is now widely viewed and trusted by local consumers as a high-quality product. This trust extends to both the current strong player in the market, Whittaker’s, and equally to smaller artisanal bean-to-bar chocolate makers, a confidence in product comparable to the New Zealand craft beer industry and the more well-established wine industry. The research also finds that the emergence of more artisanal bean-to-bar chocolate makers, and their focus on more transparency around the production of chocolate, reflects similar trends overseas. The findings highlight the fragile structure surrounding growth and sustainability in the chocolate production industry, with the view that closer ties should be formed with New Zealand’s Pacific cacao-growing neighbours. The findings point to the need for additional research around the history of food in New Zealand, an area of study often undervalued in academia [7]. The findings of the research are timely as they highlight opportunities for the industry to place current worldwide sustainability concerns in perspective with a view to the future – a future that New Zealand chocolate manufacturers cannot avoid. The historical archival data captured together with the contemporary voices of New Zealand’s new generation of chocolate makers combine to tell a story of creativity and competition. The original research this article is based on can be accessed here: https://openrepository.aut.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10292/12970/SturnyA.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y Corresponding author Arno Sturny can be contacted at: arno.sturny@aut.ac.nz References (1) Trusted Brands New Zealand 2019. Most Trusted. http://www.trustedbrands.co.nz/default.asp#mostTrusted (accessed Jun 1, 2019). (2) Cadbury’s Dunedin Factory Faces Closure, 350 Jobs on the Line. The New Zealand Herald, Feb 16, 2017. https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=11801779 (accessed Jun 2, 2019). (3) Trade Aid. The Sweet Justice Chocolate Factory. https://www.tradeaid.org.nz/trade/the-sweet-justice-chocolate-factory/ (accessed Mar 24, 2019). (4) Fountain, A.; Huetz-Adams, F. 2018 Cocoa Barometer; 2018. http://www.cocoabarometer.org/cocoa_barometer/Download_files/2018%20Cocoa%20Barometer%20180420.pdf (accessed Oct 13, 2018). (5) Squicciarini, M. P.; Swinnen, J. F. M. The Economics of Chocolate; Oxford University Press: Oxford, U.K., 2016. (6) Sturny, A. Raising the Bar: A Story of Bean-to-Bar Chocolate Production in New Zealand; Master’s Thesis, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand, 2018. https://openrepository.aut.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10292/12970/SturnyA.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y (accessed Nov 25, 2019). (7) Belasco, W. G. Food Matters: Perspectives on an Emerging Field. In Food Nations: Selling Taste in Consumer Societies; Belasco, W., Scranton, P., Eds.; Taylor & Francis: London, 2002, pp 1–22. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239586863 (accessed Jun 15, 2019).

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Kvaal, Stig, et Per Østby. « Sweet danger – negotiating trust in the Norwegian chocolate industry 1930–1990 ». History and Technology 27, n^o 1 (mars 2011) : 91–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2011.548974.

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Onyshchuk, Mykhaylo. « The book industry in Germany ». Вісник Книжкової палати, n^o 6 (24 juin 2021) : 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36273/2076-9555.2021.6(299).18-26.

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The article analyzes book publishing, book distribution in Germany. Some features and tendencies of development of the German book industry in the modern period are covered. The article analyzes the geography of large publishing centers, shows German publishing houses that have their own history, traditions, market segment, publish books in the relevant field of knowledge, and finally have their own philosophy. Export markets of German books, problems of distribution of editions abroad are considered. Book market segments are highlighted. The role and place of e-book publishing, audiobook sector, e-book are clarified in the general system of the book industry. The features of book distribution, sales volumes of the largest publishers of Germany, specifics of activity of book trade networks are shown.

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Overy, R. J. « State and Industry in Germany in the Twentieth Century ». German History 12, n^o 2 (1 avril 1994) : 180–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gh/12.2.180.

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Overy, R. J. « State and Industry in Germany in the Twentieth Century ». German History 12, n^o 2 (1 juin 1994) : 180–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635549401200203.

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Deeg, Richard. « Industry and Finance in Germany since Unification ». German Politics and Society 28, n^o 2 (1 juin 2010) : 116–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2010.280208.

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Since German unification there have been dramatic and highly visible changes in the German financial system and relations between banks and firms in Germany. The traditional Hausbank system has weakened, as securities markets have become more important for both borrowers and savers. The demands of financial investors on how German firms manage themselves have—for better or worse—become increasingly influential in this time. In this article, I advance the thesis that bank-industry relations in Germany became increasingly differentiated, with one set of firms moving into an institutional environment readily characterized as market-based finance. Meanwhile, most German firms remain in a bank-based environment that, while not quite the same as the Hausbank model that prevailed at the time of unification, is still easily recognized as such. These changes in the financial system have had numerous consequences for the German economy, including increased pressure on firms to make greater profits and increased pressure on labor to limit wage gains and make concessions in the interest of corporate competitiveness.

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Gutwein, Daniel. « Jewish financiers and industry, 1890–1914 : england and Germany ». Jewish History 8, n^o 1-2 (mars 1994) : 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01915913.

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Rego, Joseph, Daylyn Niren et Shilpa Hinduja. « The Paradox of Chocolate. » Deakin Papers on International Business Economics 1, n^o 2 (1 décembre 2008) : 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/dpibe2008vol1no2art201.

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If any man has drunk a little too deeply from the cup of physical pleasure; if he has spent too much time at his desk that should have been spent asleep ; if his fine spirits have become temporarily dulled; if he finds the air too damp, the minutes too slow, and the atmosphere too heavy to withstand; if he is obsessed by a fixed idea which bars him from any freedom of thought: if he is any of these poor creatures, we say, let him be given a good pint of amber-flavoured chocolate and marvels will be performed” — Anthelme Brillat-Savarin (1755–1826) Scientifically proven to be a mood elevator due to its ability to promote serotonin in the brain, chocolate is popular for it s aphrodisiac, relaxing, euphoric and stimulating characteristics. Renowned as a universally craved food, a majority of chocolate cravers, or chocoholics, have failed to find any close substitutes that can replace this divine invention (Parker, Parker and Brotchie, 2006). Chocolate holds the ability to transcend beyond merely a food, stimulating irrational behavioural tendencies within people even turning them into addicts. The history of chocolate dates back to approximately 600 AD when the cocoa beans were discovered in the lowlands of south Yucatan in the Maya. It was initially consumed as a beverage known as chocolate only by the emperors until it was developed as edible chocolate. Chocolate had an unpleasant taste and its transformation to a desirable flavour is an interesting historical mystery. Chemically, chocolate is composed of cocoa mass, cocoa butter and added sugar. Cocoa mass forms the base product which is obtained by processing the cocoa bean while cocoa butter is the natural fat fro m the cocoa bean which melts at room temperature to provide the creamy “melt in the mouth” sensation. Sugar was added as a primary ingredient by Europeans to appeal to their palate when chocolate was introduced from America (Parker, Parker and Brotchie, 2006). The present day chocolate industry is a mature and vibrant one consistently generating sales

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Thèses sur le sujet "Chocolate industry – Germany – History"

Thomas, Drew B. « The industry of evangelism : printing for the Reformation in Martin Luther's Wittenberg ». Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14589.

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When Martin Luther supposedly nailed his Ninety-Five Theses in 1517 to the Castle Church door in Wittenberg, the small town had only a single printing press. By the end of the century, Wittenberg had published more books than any other city in the Holy Roman Empire. Of the leading print centres in early modern Europe, Wittenberg was the only one that was not a major centre of trade, politics, or culture. This thesis examines the rise of the Wittenberg printing industry and analyses how it overtook the Empire's leading print centres. Luther's controversy—and the publications it produced—attracted printers to Wittenberg who would publish tract after tract. In only a few years, Luther became the most published author since the invention of the printing press. This thesis investigates the workshops of the four leading printers in Wittenberg during Luther's lifetime: Nickel Schirlentz, Josef Klug, Hans Lufft, and Georg Rhau. Together, these printers conquered the German print world. They were helped with the assistance of the famous Renaissance artist, Lucas Cranach the Elder, who lived in Wittenberg as court painter to the Elector of Saxony. His woodcut title page borders decorated the covers of Luther's books and were copied throughout the Empire. Capitalising off the demand for Wittenberg books, many printers falsely printed that their books were from Wittenberg. Such fraud played a major role in the Reformation book trade, as printers in every major print centre made counterfeits of Wittenberg books. However, Reformation pamphlets were not the sole reason for Wittenberg's success. Such items played only a marginal role in the local industry. It was the great Luther Bibles, spurred by Luther's emphasis on Bible reading, that allowed Wittenberg's printers to overcome the odds and become the largest print centre in early modern Germany.

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Kube, Sven. « Born in the U.S.A. / Made in the G.D.R. : Anglo-American Popular Music and the Westernization of a Communist Record Market ». FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3656.

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Scholars from various disciplines have demonstrated that popular culture factored significantly in Cold War contestation. As a pervasive form of cultural content and unifying medium for baby boomers worldwide, pop music played an important part in the power struggle between the era’s two adversarial camps. Historical studies of the past thirty years have identified initiatives of cultural diplomacy, from radio broadcasting to live concert tours, as key to disseminating Western music in Eastern Bloc societies. This project explains how cultural commerce across the divide of the Iron Curtain familiarized millions of music fans in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) with popular sounds from the United States, the United Kingdom, and other Western democracies. Detailing a process that affected all Bloc states in similar ways, it seeks to enrich the scholarly discourse on the role of pop culture in the twentieth century’s defining ideological conflict. Through analysis of previously unavailable or inaccessible sources, the dissertation reconstructs the economic development of a communist culture industry and measures the commercial significance of Western commodities in one Eastern Bloc marketplace. Drawing on untapped archival files, it traces the evolution of Deutsche Schallplatten (German Records) from a small private firm into a flagship enterprise on the GDR’s cultural circuit. It illuminates how dependency on technology and resources from capitalist countries prompted East Germany’s managers to prioritize the westward export of classical recordings for the purpose of earning hard currencies. Based on oral histories of contemporary witnesses, it documents how the Amiga label through the parent company’s business ties to capitalist partners advanced the import of Western jazz, blues, rock, pop, and dance music to exhaust the purchasing power of the home audience. Empirically evaluating formerly classified production data for a total of 143 million records, it reveals how the state-owned monopolist engineered a de facto takeover of the domestic marketplace by American, British, and West German performers to achieve high profitability. The dissertation argues that intensifying Westernization of its walled-in music market exemplified the GDR’s decision to concede the Cold War battle over cultural preferences and political loyalties of its citizens out of economic necessity.

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Kessel, Nils. « Nebenwirkungen der Konsumgesellschaft ? : Geschichte des Arzneimittelgebrauchs in Westdeutschland, 1950-1980 ». Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAB006.

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Cette thèse a pour objectif d'analyser les tentatives conceptuels et méthodologiques déployées par des acteurs du monde académique, médical, industriel et politique pour étudier l'usage des médicaments en Allemagne de l'Ouest entre 1950 et 1980. Elle étudie la « mise en problème » de la consommation comme une menace sociale. Enfin, la thèse décrit les traductions scientifiques qui permettent de faire circuler le concept de consommation de médicaments entre différentes sphères sociales. Au niveau méthodologique cette thèse combine l'histoire des concepts comme l'a suggéré Reinhart Koselleck avec une histoire des technologies (pharmaceutiques). La thèse mobilise les archives de l'entreprise IMS Health Allemagne qui ont pu être exploitées pour la première fois. Au-delà de ce corpus important, un certain nombre d'archives publiques et privées a été exploité
This thesis examines the conceptual and methodological attempts academics, physicians, industrialists and policymakers used for investigating drug use in West Germany between 1950and 1980. lt studies the "problematization" of consumption as a social threat. Finally, the thesis describes processes of scientific translation that allowed the concept of drug consumption to circulate between different social spheres. Methodologically this thesis relies on Reinhart Koselleck's works on the history of concepts (Begriffsgeschichte), which are then combined with a history of (pharmaceutical) technologies. For the first time, IMS (Medical Statistics lnstitute in West Germany later IMS Health) pharmaceutical market and prescription data for West Germany from 1959 to 1980 could be analyzed in a historical study. Beyond this important body, research was done in several public and private archives

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Oyetoyan, Oludamilola Iyadunni. « Towards vocational translation in German studies in Nigeria and beyond ». Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-206869.

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Innerhalb des Faches ‚Auslandsgermanistik‘ existieren bislang keine einheitlichen überschaubaren Richtlinien und Handlungsschritte für die Lehre des berufsorientierten Übersetzens auf allen sprachlichen Leistungsniveaus in Fremdsprachenstudien. Trotz der Einbeziehung der Sprachmittlung in den Gemeinsamen Europäischen Referenzrahmen (GER), ist hier ein professioneller Gebrauch der sprachmittlerischen Fertigkeiten in der Auslandsgermanistik nicht einbezogen (Fitzpatrick 1997:66). Daraus folgt die noch existierende Trennung der Fertigkeiten, die in den Fächern Übersetzungswissenschaft und Fremdsprachenstudien (im konkreten Fall hier: Auslandsgermanistik) zu trainieren sind. Weitere Folgen solcher Abgrenzungen lassen sich in einem sich noch entwickelnden Land wie Nigeria finden. In diesem Land gibt es aufgrund der Nichtverfügbarkeit von qualifizierten Lehrenden im Fach ‚Übersetzen‘ (de-en, en-de) keine funktionale Übersetzerausbildung, es fehlt auch eine Berufsorientierung im Germanistikstudium für nigerianische Germanistikstudierende. Außerdem bedürfen die Wirtschaftsbeziehungen zwischen Nigeria und Deutschland einer funktionierenden und belastbaren ‚Arbeitsbühne‘, die die Weiterentwicklung der Wirtschaft im Bereich der sprachlichen Dienstleistungen fördert und nicht, wie bisher, einschränkt. In dieser Dissertation wurde daher untersucht, wie das berufliche Übersetzen im Rahmen einer berufsbezogenen Fremdsprachlehre eingebunden werden kann. Am Beispiel des Germanistikstudiengangs in Nigeria lässt sich das anpassungsfähige Modell eines berufspraktischen Lehrplans zum Übersetzen ‚VOTT‘ als Zusatz zu den schon bestehenden Lehrplänen entwickeln.

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CHIAPPARINO, Francesco. « Le fabbriche del cioccolato : settore e impresa in Germania, Svizzera e Italia tra il tardo '800 e la Prima Guerra Mondiale ». Doctoral thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5738.

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Defence date: 28 April 1995
Examining Board: Prof. Albert Carreras (Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, supervisore) ; Prof. Peter Hertner (IUE, supervisore esterno) ; Prof. René Leboutte (IUE) ; Prof. Ulrich Wengenroth (Technische Universität, München) ; Prof.ssa Vera Zamagni (Università di Bologna)
First made available online: 30 August 2016

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ACKERMANN, Ute. « Geheimrezept oder chemische Reaktion ? Die westdeutsche chemische Industrie (1950-1964) : Firmen, Produkte und Märkte ». Doctoral thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5701.

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DECLERCQ, Robrecht. « The Leipzig fur industry as an industrial district : collective action, lead firms and world market transformation (1870-1939) ». Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/35018.

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Defence date: 11 February 2015
Examining Board: Professor Dr. Heinz-Gerhard Haupt (EUI/Supervisor) ; Professor Dr. Youssef Cassis (EUI/Second Reader)
While it has been commonly held that both industrialisation and the emergence of modern capitalism favoured the rise of big business, regionally entrenched and decentralised modes of production have nonetheless persisted. The concept of the industrial district, which describes the spatial concentration of small to medium-sized firms and highly specialised businesses in a single sector, is one of the most well-known examples of such an alternative to big business and corporate development. The robustness of districts has been traditionally explained by a number of advantages that were generated through the proximity of firms: a predisposition towards cooperation, inter-firm networks, and the sharing of innovations or technological modifications. These factors mitigate the costs of decentralisation. A large number of historical studies have used the concept of the industrial district in order to revive 'alternative' worlds of industrialisation, to nuance the spread of corporate development, and to modify teleological accounts of modern capitalism. Most importantly, the emphasis on geographically defined industrial districts has revealed regional dynamism and economic variety beneath the level of national statistics.

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Heiduschke, Sebastian. « The afterlife of DEFA in post-unification Germany : characteristics, traditions and cultural legacy ». Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/3438.

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WARNER, Isabel. « The deconcentration of the West German steel industry,1949-1953 ». Doctoral thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/6014.

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WITSCHKE, Tobias. « Gefahr für den Wettbewerb ? : die Fusionskontrolle der Europäischen Gemeinschaft für Kohle und Stahl (EGKS) und die Rekonzentration der Ruhrstahlindustrie 1950-1963 ». Doctoral thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/6021.

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Defence date: 11 December 2003
Examining board: Prof. Alan S. Milward, IUE (directeur de thèse) ; Prof. Patrick Fridenson, EHESS ; Prof. Werner Plumpe, Universität Frankfurt ; Prof. Pascale Winand, IUE
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

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Livres sur le sujet "Chocolate industry – Germany – History"

1944-, Dickinson Joe, dir. Chocolate : The British chocolate industry. Botley, Oxford : Shire Publications, 2011.

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Frederic, Morton, dir. Chocolate, an illustrated history. New York : Crown Publishers, 1986.

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The chocolate chronicles. Lombard, Ill : Wallace-Homestead Book Co., 1985.

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Chocolate moulds : A history & encyclopedia. Oakton, Va : Oakton Hills Publications, 1987.

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The chocolate conscience. London : Chatto & Windus, 1987.

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Ginger, Park, dir. Chocolate Chocolate : A the true story of two sisters, tons of treats, and the little chocolate shop that could. New York : Thomas Dunne Books, 2011.

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Jacques, Mercier. Le chocolat belge. Bruxelles : Glénat, 1989.

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López, José Daniel Gómez. La industria del chocolate en Villajoyosa. [Alicante] : Universidad de Alicante, 1997.

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Robertson, Jill. MacRobertson : The chocolate king. South Melbourne, Vic : Lothian Books, 2004.

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Krámský, Stanislav. Kniha o čokoládě : Historie výroby čokolády a cukrovinek v českých zemích. Sous la direction de Feitl Josef et Broncová Dagmar. Praha : Milpo media, 2008.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Chocolate industry – Germany – History"

McNabb, David E. « Commerce and Industry in a United Germany ». Dans A Comparative History of Commerce and Industry, Volume II, 113–33. New York : Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137503305_8.

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McNabb, David E. « The Germany Economy After Reunification ». Dans A Comparative History of Commerce and Industry, Volume II, 97–112. New York : Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137503305_7.

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McNabb, David E. « Commerce and Industry in a United Germany, 1871–1914 ». Dans A Comparative History of Commerce and Industry, Volume I, 125–42. New York : Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137503268_8.

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Plumpe, Gottfried. « Industry, Technical Progress and State. The Synthesis of Rubber in Germany 1906–1944/45 ». Dans German Yearbook on Business History 1985, 97–124. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71196-1_6.

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Walters, Dale. « Food of the Gods ». Dans Chocolate Crisis, 1–10. University Press of Florida, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683401674.003.0001.

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This chapter deals with the history of cacao and cocoa, from its primary center of diversity in the Amazon basin to its cultivation in numerous countries across the humid lowland tropics. It covers the use of cocoa by pre-Colombian cultures from more than 5000 years ago to the Mayans and Aztecs, its “discovery” by Columbus in the late fifteenth century, and its popularity in Europe from the sixteenth century to the present. It follows the journey of this remarkable plant, from use of its beans as currency in Central America until the early to mid-nineteenth century, through to its place at the center of a multi-billion-dollar global chocolate industry.

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Berghahn, Volker R. « Chapter Six WRITING THE HISTORY OF BUSINESS IN THE THIRD REICH Past Achievements and Future Directions ». Dans Business and Industry in Nazi Germany, 129–48. Berghahn Books, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781782389750-008.

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Hinch, Ronald. « Chocolate, slavery, forced labour, child labour and the state ». Dans A Handbook of Food Crime, 77–92. Policy Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447336013.003.0006.

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The objective in this chapter is to review the history of slave labour in the cocoa industry, including forced labour and unpaid child labour, to illustrate how governments often collaborate with the cocoa industry to create and perpetuate these abuses. Slavery in the cocoa industray is a serious form of food crime affecting husdreds of thousands of workers in the cocoa industry. The chapter traces the history of slavery in the cocoa industry from the arrival of Europeans in the Americas in the late fifteenth century to its contemporary forms in West Africa. It illustrates the often explicit but somemtimes passive complicity of governments in creating and protecting the slave trade in the name of protecting both private commericial interests as well as the interests of the State. Some of the proposed solutions to ending the slave trade in the cocoa industry are also discussed.

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Hickel, Erika. « Das Kaiserliche Gesundheitsamt (Imperial Health Office) and the chemical industry in Germany during the Second Empire : partners or adversaries ? » Dans Drugs and Narcotics in History, 97–113. Cambridge University Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511599675.006.

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Swade, Doron. « Automatic computation ». Dans The History of Computing : A Very Short Introduction, 43—C3.P72. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198831754.003.0003.

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Abstract This chapter describes automatic computation in the pre-electronic era, i.e. up to the late 1930s. It traces the main systems devised using mechanical and electromechanical technologies to perform numerical computation. Analogue and digital computers are described. It introduces automatic digital computation through the 19th-century mechanical calculating engines of Charles Babbage. It explores his aspirations for machine computation and his collaboration with Ada Lovelace. It offers correctives to received perceptions. It describes the principles and use of analogue computers for calculation and for solving equations, including Kelvin’s tide predictor, Phillips’ economics computer, and Bush’s electrically driven differential analysers. It traces the revival of automatic digital computation through initiatives in Germany and the US: Zuse’s mechanical and electromechanical machines in Berlin, the machines of Stibitz at Bell Labs using electromechanical relays, and Aiken’s hybrid machine, the Harvard Mark. I. It demonstrates examples of two repeated themes: the challenges of emerging new technologies and the stimulus of war. It discusses the ambitions for the machines and the uses to which they were put. Each is located in the overall developmental arcs of industry, use, and public perception. It recounts the misunderstood origin story of the word ‘bug’.

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Pforr, Christof, et Andreas Megerle. « Management of geotourism stakeholders experiences from the Network History of the Earth ». Dans Geotourism : the tourism of geology and landscape. Goodfellow Publishers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.23912/978-1-906884-09-3-1085.

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A sharp increase in interest in geotourism worldwide in recent years has transformed many suitable regions into unique geotourism destinations opening up great opportunities for geoconservation and regional sustainable development. To fully capitalize on this potential, however, it is essential to bring together the fragmented stakeholders from the public and private sectors and establish appropriate structures and processes to facilitate their effective communication and collaboration. Only through such a partnership can an adequate knowledge base, built on diverse experiences and expertise, be established to provide certainty and guidance in the sustainable development of local geotourism products. Thus, effective communication networks and an open exchange of information are cornerstones of a successful implementation of geotourism in a region. The Network History of the Earth is a case in point for such a successful geotourism partnership. It was founded in 1997 as a framework for cooperation between a range of diverse stakeholders working together to develop a high quality sustainable tourism product based on the unique georesources of South-West Germany (Pforr and Megerle, 2006). South-West Germany mainly comprises the State of Baden-Württemberg and covers an area of 35,752 square kilometres with a population of around 10.7 million people (see Figure 8.3). A typical feature of the state is its wide variety of natural landscapes which can be subdivided into three main landforms, the Upper Rhine Graben (Oberrheingraben) in the west surrounded by the Black Forest (Schwarzwald) in the east and the Vosges Mountains (Vogesen) on the western French side, the southwestern cuesta landscape (Schichtstufenland) gently sloping towards the south-east as well as the Alpine piedmont (Alpenvorland). These diverse and distinct landscapes form the resource base of tourism, and, in some cases, like the jurassic geopark Swabian Alb and the mining areas of the Black Forest, also for geotourism (Geyer and Megerle, 2003). The service sector industries contribute almost 34 per cent to the state’s economic activities with tourism being an important industry for the state in general, but especially economically significant for regional areas.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Chocolate industry – Germany – History"

Bostenaru Dan, Maria. « Carol Cortobius Architecture ». Dans World Lumen Congress 2021, May 26-30, 2021, Iasi, Romania. LUMEN Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/wlc2021/08.

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Carol Cortobius was an architect trained in Germany, with an initial practice at Otto Wagner in Vienna, who worked for the Hungarian community in Bucharest building churches. An introduction on the catholic Hungarian community in Bucharest will be given. Dănuț Doboș in a monograph of one catholic church in Bucharest offers an overview of all his works. For the three catholic churches on which he intervened (two built, one restored, but altered now) there are monographs showing archive images not available for the general public. Apart of the catholic churches (two of the Hungarian community) he also built the baptist seminar. Particularly the first built church, Saint Elena, is interesting as an early example of Art Deco and will be analysed in the context of the Secession in Vienna and Budapest, which will be introduced. With help of historic maps the places of the works were identified. Many of them do not exist today anymore because of demolitions either to build new streets or those of the Ceaușescu period (ex. the opereta theatre, a former pharmacy). Images of these were looked for in groups dedicated to he disappeared Uranus neighbourhood The paper will show where these were located. Some of the common buildings have an interesting history, such as the first chocolate factory. Another interesting early Art deco building is the pelican house. There are common details between this and the restored church. The research will be continued with archive research in public archives when the sanitary situation will permit.

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Pillay, Nischolan, et Yashaen Luckan. « The Practicing Academic : Insights of South African Architectural Education ». Dans 2019 ACSA Teachers Conference. ACSA Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.teach.2019.22.

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Architectural education, in the past had a grounding in a strict apprentice or pupillage method of training architects. The apprentice was someone who worked or trained under a master that transferred skill through a “hands on” approach. Architecture was regarded as one of the arts and there was no formal training to qualify one as an architect. It was through the acclaimed Vitruvius that the architectural profession was born. Vitruvius had published “Ten Books on Architecture” that led to an attempt to summarize professional knowledge of architecture and in doing so became the first recognizable architect. The architectural profession spread throughout Europe in the mid-16th century and the builder and architect became two distinct characters. Although architecture had become a profession, it wasn’t up until the late 17th century that architecture became an academic pursuit through an institutionalized educational system known as École des Beaux Arts, however the pursuit of a strict academic scholar was not the focus. At the beginning of the 1800’s, The University of Berlin in Germany forged the fundamental research and scholarly pursuit. Architecture, like the professions of medicine, law etc. became a system of academic pursuit where professors concentrated deeply on academics first and professional work second. It is through the lens of history we can decipher how architecture became an academic discipline almost de-voiding it of its vocational nature. In its current standing, various universities place a high emphasis on research output from their academic staff. Presently, architecture schools in South Africa recruit lecturers on their academic profiles, rather than their vocational experience. The approach of which has devalued the input of industry into education. It has been noted that there has been an increase in an academic pursuit rather than a professional one for the lecturers that teach architecture. This research explores the views of academics on architectural education, teaching methods and the importance of practice at South African universities. The authors of this research provide an auto-ethnographic insight into their invaluable experience of being academics at two large Universities in South Africa and concurrently run successful practices. The research makes use of a mixed method approach of secondary data from literature and semi-structured interviews posed to academics. Initial findings reveal that academics are pushing the industry to play a part in the education of architects; however, the extent must be determined. If industry plays a role in the education of architects, what factors are considered and how does this inter-twine with the academic nature of training? What strategies are academics employing to make sure students are vocationally well trained and academically capable? Another important question to ask is what qualities make an academic architect in the 21st century?

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